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E Ugène Louis Simon 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA ugène Louis Simon E El aracnólogo que enseñó al mundo los insectos de Venezuela 14 SEPTIEMBRE 2017, JORGE M. GONZÁLEZ Hacienda en San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela. Óleo de Ferdinand Bellermann (Museos Estatales de Berlín, Alemania) Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717), reconocida naturalista e ilustradora científica de origen alemán, fue la hija del grabador de origen Suizo Matthäus Merian der Ältere (1593-1650) e hijastra del pintor alemán Jacob Marrel (1613?-1681). Talentosa artista, Maria no solo aprendió a pintar bajo la tutela de Marrel y su discípulo Abraham Minjon (1640-1679), sino que también siguió https://wsimag.com/es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/30312-eugene-louis-simon 1/13 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International la tradición de su familia paterna, aprendiendo las técnicas del grabado. Desde niña se fascinó con los insectos y sus ciclos de vida, dedicándose a estudiar, de manera autodidacta, la metamorfosis de tan curiosas criaturas, fenómeno poco entendido entonces. Publicó sus hallazgos en una serie de libros, ilustrados con hermosas láminas en las que varios insectos y sus ciclos biológicos aparecen asociados a algunas plantas. En 1699, luego de una vida con numerosos altibajos, obtiene permiso de la ciudad de Ámsterdam, donde vivía, para pasar cinco años en Surinam estudiando y pintando especies del nuevo mundo. Maria y su hija más joven, Dorothea Maria (1678-1743), quien también llegaría a ser reconocida pintora y cuyo padre fue el también pintor Johan Andreas Graff (1636-1701), se dirigieron a la colonia holandesa en Suramérica. Allí estudiarían los ciclos de vida de insectos, otros artrópodos y plantas locales hasta su regreso a Europa en 1701. Merian publicaría un libro con algunas de sus más hermosas láminas, producto de su aventura suramericana. Ese trabajo lo titularía Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium (La metamorfosis de los insectos de Surinam). En el prefacio de tan hermosa obra Maria Sybilla nos dice que: «En Holanda, con mucho asombro he visto animales hermosos provenientes de las Antillas Orientales y Occidentales [...]. En estas colecciones encontré innumerables insectos, sin embargo, al ser sus orígenes y reproducción desconocidos, nos lleva a preguntarnos cómo es que se transforma, comenzando como orugas y crisálidas y así sucesivamente. Todo esto me ha conducido, al mismo tiempo, a emprender este largamente soñado viaje a Surinam». https://wsimag.com/es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/30312-eugene-louis-simon 2/13 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International Mi curiosidad sobre Maria Sybilla Merian comenzó cuando, alguna vez, en la biblioteca del Real Jardín Botánico de Kew, un investigador, al enterarse de mi interés por los insectos, tuvo la amabilidad de enseñarme algunas láminas de su maravilloso libro sobre los insectos de Surinam. Otras láminas impresas por ella, principalmente con flores, se exhibían en las paredes del recinto. Por supuesto que al ver tan hermosas acuarelas con insectos y algún otro bicho quedé «enganchado» en los trabajos de tan talentosa dama. Desde entonces me han impresionado dos en particular. Una con una planta de piña en cuyas hojas «posan» varias cucarachas, cuatro ninfas y un adulto, mientras que otro adulto aparece como si volara entre las hojas de la planta y sus alas están totalmente extendidas. La otra acuarela de mis recuerdos nos presenta una rama de guayabo con varias hormigas legionarias, también conocidas como marabuntas, unas arañas- cangrejo gigantes en varios estados de desarrollo, y dos tarántulas de patas rosadas, una de las cuales pareciera intentar alimentarse de un tucusito rubí. Esta última lámina es notoria, especialmente por las tarántulas que en ella aparecen. El ilustre botánico, padre de la taxonomía, Carl Linné (1707-1778), describió a tan curioso arácnido (así como muchos otros bichos) basado en las figuras de Merian. Al ver a esta criatura sobre el ave, Linné decidió llamarla Avicularia avicularia, nombre que básicamente significa pajarito en latín. Intentaba el sabio sueco referirse a la aparente dieta de estas grandes arañas según parece apreciarse en el dibujo. En realidad, solo las tarántulas de gran tamaño pueden, algunas veces, consumir pequeños vertebrados incluyendo quizás ciertas aves. Poco sabía el ilustre botánico, padre de la taxonomía, sobre los hábitos de estos arácnidos, quienes más frecuentemente se alimentan de otros artrópodos. https://wsimag.com/es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/30312-eugene-louis-simon 3/13 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International Quien ciertamente fue un reconocido aracnólogo, con un enorme conocimiento sobre arañas, incluyendo tarántulas, al haber estudiado y descrito unas cuantas, es el naturalista e investigador francés Eugène Louis Simon (1848 – 1924). Eso nos lo hacen saber Norman Platnick y Robert Raven en su excelente trabajo de 2013 sobre historia de la sistemática de las arañas: «If you simply parse the list of currently valid species by author, it turns out that the 10 most prolific authors have jointly described almost one-third of the total: Eugène Simon leads the list by far, having described 3.789 of the currently valid spider species...». En total Simon escribió 350 trabajos científicos, de los cuales 328 fueron dedicados a la aracnología. Tanta información pudo obtener el científico gracias a que fue también un viajero incansable y recorrió varios lugares del planeta, recolectando no solo arañas, sino animales diversos, vertebrados e invertebrados, e incluso plantas, que hoy se guardan y continúan estudiando en algunos museos europeos, pero principalmente en el museo que sería su lugar de trabajo en París. Tuvo la oportunidad de visitar Venezuela y recorrió diversas zonas del país durante varios meses entre 1887 y 1888. Los numerosos ejemplares que recolectó entonces sirvieron para generar las primeras listas faunísticas del país suramericano, refiriéndose la mayoría de dichas listas a insectos. Este significativo aporte fue relevante en el desarrollo de la entomología venezolana. Eugène Louis Simon nace en París, el 30 de abril de 1848. Su padre, médico, nunca ejerció su profesión, dedicándose a administrar la fortuna y empresas de la familia. Desde muy joven, Eugène demostró su gran interés por las ciencias naturales y un particular aprecio por las arañas. Su precocidad fue tal que a los 14 años es admitido como miembro de la Sociedad Entomológica https://wsimag.com/es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/30312-eugene-louis-simon 4/13 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International de Francia y a los 16 publica su Histoire naturelle des araignées, la cual, con mayor edad y conocimientos, mejoraría y actualizaría, convirtiéndola en una de sus obras mas celebradas. En la sentida nota necrológica escrita por el profesor François Picard (1879-1939) leemos: «Avec Eugène Simon, la Société entomologique de France perd le plus ancien de ses membres. Il y était entre en 1863, âgé seulement de 16 ans, Il fut donné, en effet, d’une précocité intellectuelle qui s’observe parfois chez quelques mathématiciens, mais dont il n’est peut-être pas d’exemple parmi les naturalistes: il n’avait que 16 ans lorsqu’il écrivit la première édition de son 'Histoire générale des Araignées', ouvrage déjà plein d’érudition, et qu’on a peine à croire sorti de la plume d’un adolescent». Eugène cursaría estudios universitarios en La Sorbona, París. Estudió bajo la tutela de los reconocidos investigadores franceses Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885), Claude Bernard (1813-1878) y Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers (1821-1901). Una vez graduado, lo contrata el Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, París, donde trabajará como investigador asociado. Desde allí, se dedicaría principalmente al estudio de los arácnidos. Sin embargo, sus inquietudes naturalistas le motivaron a estudiar aves, especialmente colibríes, crustáceos, plantas, hongos y algunos grupos de insectos. La fortuna familiar, además, le permitió viajar por varios países enfocándose en la recolección de material zoológico, así como plantas y hongos. Muchos de estos pasarían a enriquecer las colecciones tanto del Museo de Historia natural de París, como la suya personal. Realizó viajes de estudio y recolecta a numerosas localidades de Francia. También estuvo en Sicilia (Italia) (1864), España (1865 y 1868), Córcega (Francia) y Marruecos (1869), Túnez y Argelia https://wsimag.com/es/ciencia-y-tecnologia/30312-eugene-louis-simon 5/13 9/14/2017 Eugène Louis Simon - Wall Street International (1875 - 1884), Venezuela (1887-1888), la región del mar Rojo, en Egipto (1889), Filipinas (1890), Ceilán (hoy Sri Lanka) (1892) y Suráfrica (1893). Su experiencia y conocimientos aumentan considerablemente gracias al estudio de los numerosos ejemplares obtenidos durante sus viajes, lo cual le estimula a retomar y mejorar su primera obra, según comenta el aracnólogo y entomólogo francés Lucien Berland (1888-1962): «Ces déplacements interrompaient à peine le travail sédentaire, et des notes variées se succédaient rapidement, ayant pour objet l’étude des Arachnides confies par des voyageurs ou des musées, ou recueillis par lui-même. Mais tout cela n’était qu’un travail préparatoire à son œuvre maitresse, à laquelle il cessait de penser. Armé enfin d’un matériel suffisant il put entreprendre la 2e édition de l’'Histoire naturelle des araignées', dont le 1er fascicule parut en 1892». Aunque mantiene el título original de aquel trabajo juvenil, esta nueva edición estará mucho mejor preparada y ampliada de tal manera que se convierte en uno de sus trabajos de investigación más importantes. Los dos volúmenes generados por esta segunda edición serían publicados en ocho partes entre los años 1892 y 1903. Es un trabajo tan relevante que entre esa fecha y hoy se han publicado unas 21 ediciones. Los investigadores Robert Samm y André Leetz en su serie de biografías «Aracnólogos Famosos» aparecidas en la revista alemana Arachnoligisches Magazin nos aseguran que sin duda Simon ha sido el estudioso de arañas más importante que la ciencia ha tenido: «Er war mit Sicherheit der größte Arachnologe, den die Wisseschaft bis heute hervorgebracht hatte».
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