NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION

450 Nordic Competition I urban projects I & quality of life The Nordic Democratic I welfare model in I urban spaces transition Ideas & strategies Innovation and I I inclusion New urban I communities NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION Holmbergs, Malmö —2014 Malmö Holmbergs, Print Komm. Sønderborg Forsyning, Sønderborg Grontmij, fem credit: haver’, /‘De 42 Page Fotoco city, credit: your Grow - Fredericia from /Photos 7&38 Pages Larsson Fredrik credit: /Kulturväven, 27 Page Paul:74 credit: photo, aerial Tromsø Background: Henning Larsen Architects credit: Aalborg, in residences of Youth Illustration right: Bottom credit: Rosengård, in handstand doing Boy Right: Liljeroth Eric credit: Arkiv, Museets Nordiska from Photo Top left: credit: city, your —Grow Fredericia left: Bottom / collage photo Cover Photography ArchitectsGehl specialist, &Urban Aarhus Architecture, Tom Nielsen ArchitectsGehl T www.gehlarchitects.com www.nordiccitynetwork.com Ewa Westermark Team Editorial Kommune Odense Poulsen Henrik Stad Malmö Network & Stadsbygningsdirektør Christer Larsson Network Riisom Per Steering Committee ArchitectsGehl Juul Schmidt Pernille &Graphics Layout ArchitectsGehl Vogel Kielgast Louise &Text Editor Network. for City Nordic Architects Gehl by produced is paper discussion The Network. City Nordic of the members –all cities Nordic 18 from projects urban selected of 450 analysis on an based It is development. current status of Nordic urban urban of Nordic status current the about paper a discussion is his Anders Hansson Anders Fotoco (Flickr) , Director, Nordic City City Nordic , Director,

, Professor School of School , Professor , Seniorkonsulent, Seniorkonsulent, , , Chairman Nordic City City Nordic , Chairman , Partner, Partner, , , Project Manager, Manager, Project , , Designer, Designer, ,

NORDIC URBAN SOCIETIES IN TRANSITION

The Nordic societies are changing and so are the Nordic cities. After half a century of building up what has now been well known internationally as the Nordic social model current debates evolve around questions like:

—­ What does the future Nordic welfare model look like?

— How can the model be reformed in a way that builds on the Nordic values and strenghts?

— And what role do the Nordic cities play in this transformation process?

Nordic City Network wants to initiate a debate around those issues. To do so the network has selected and compiled 450 urban projects that are considered important for the transformation process of the cities and societies as a whole. Some projects have already been implemented, some are in the process making, yet others are only now being planned. We look at the desired and expected impact that these projects will have on the urban culture and the transformation process.

There are no clear conclusions but we have identified 8 trends across the 450 Nordic urban projects which point towards central Nordic values, and suggest possible new versions of the Nordic welfare (city).

1 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION NETWORK CITY NORDIC PROJECTS450 URBAN CITIES 18 2 3 2 1 cities. The mission of network the is : collaborative development projects Nordic across the new initiates and The network seminars hosts which See cities on map. the Finland. and Nordicacross the region : Norway, Sweden, Denmark from planners of 18 second the regional level cities and ofNordic Tank urban Network City aThink is www.nordiccitynetwork.com 450nordicDownload projects here:

trust and values. values. and trust experiment, the model, Nordic social of cities people, and the power of represented the in Nordic network Nordic cities with the potentials theTo development enfuse of the societies. urban innovative, competitive and cultural attractive, functional, sustainable, To develop the Nordic cities as development. center ofculture urban and deomocracy at and thewelfare To put people, community, values, Stavanger Kristiansand

/ Sønderborg I Fredericia Aalborg I Aarhus I I I I Odense I I Tromsø 18 CITIES / 450 URBAN PROJECTS

I Trondheim

Umeå I

I Vaasa

I Lillestrøm I I Uppsala Eskilstuna

I Norrköping I Linköping

I Lund I Malmö Odense 3 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION of Are notions REVISITED VALUES NORDIC 4 competition? of city in thename being eroded Photo from Rosengård by Anders Hansson Anders by Rosengård from Photo equality nature a demonstrate cities or doNordic commodity become a Has nature respect for ? (Nordiska Museets Arkiv) Museets (Nordiska Liljeroth Eric by Photo ? community of Sense the increase today institutions welfare Do CORE VALUES — Sense of — Trust Community — Equality — Solidarity — Flexibility — Democracy — Respect for — Inclusion nature

Photo by Eric Liljeroth Photo by Lars Gemzøe (Nordiska Museets Arkiv) Do public Are we seeing Do current spaces in the the emergence Nordic urban Nordic cities of new spaces development build trust? of urban projects incor- democracy? porate flexible solutions to accomodate future needs?

5 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION MODEL NORDIC THE & CITIES VERSION 2.0. VERSION CITY WELFARE NORDIC is in transition : in is Nordic the city that demonstrating welfare We have identified a number trendsof indications of anewversion of the Nordic welfare city. and inthis critical of period timewesee innovation, and movingonto anewera focusing onknowledge and to reinvent themselves, letting go of anindustrial past Many of the Nordic cities are inthe process of having are the cities. societies, butthe Nordic societies are changing andso manifestations of the creation of the Nordic welfare The Nordic cities are to alarge extent physical 6 I I (the state) more anchored. to locally notionsmore of community abstract from shifting of also is community worlds. life their Hence, sense the on focus is rather the people and ideology, and aresult of is aplan that nois longer perceived asystem as The city living. experience of urban and of ideas attractiveness around Nordic cities now welfare center visions for new the versions of the competition. aresult the global As position a in actors themselves as lives Nordic the cities now have to for framework functioned people’s awell- at securing aimed was city welfare traditional If the

I I I I inspiration. people, for places information and work, to places meet to places other for places activities, public debate, leisure for places various relax, to differentmeet many – needs places today’sin Nordic cities have to people.between The public spaces public help spaces develop trust citizens the byincluding many and relationships, forof and building life for quality arenas become important in-between but spaces have they modern the Welfarein City vers 1.0 The public no longer are spaces as our cities. become they so much more present in engagement.openness and In doing way –emphasising inclusion,formal community, but aless do in they so sense of forinstitutions building social important still cities are Welfare Nordic the in institutions I Increased multi-functionality I in the Nordic cities – in the way campus areas are developed, multi- functionality in relation to welfare institutions, and in relation to transport hubs – helps to support and strengthen the Nordic sense of community, based on maybe not so much a homogenic population, but at least to a high degree of a ’integrated’ population. This is the basis for a high I Individual freedom and sense of degree of trust in society and creates a I community are still at play in the foundation for solidarity. The sense of new versions of Nordic welfare community is a crucial reason why the cities. Many public space projects Nordic countries view publicly funded and new development areas get buildings in such a positive way. The realised aiming to meet individual sense of community is maintained needs of self-expression (the creative and fostered not only through co- class). This goes hand in hand with ownership, but equally through our intiatives aiming at strengthening use of the buildings – many different people’s engagement and possibilities users at the same time. for public meetings, thus reinforcing the democratic city.

7 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION I I

reformation of the Nordic welfare model? challenges? —inawaythat contributes to a following potentials andbyaddressing current realised bystrengthening andbuilding onthe more importantly, howcan this future image be future image needs to stand more clear? And knowledgemodern cities, butperhaps this represent acommon andshared wishto become Current Nordic urban projects seem to 8 POTENTIALS FUTURE URBAN I I of of places new constitute spaces and potential between people links onfocusing building hubs Nordic the in New transport cities to more contributing thus open integrated, and cities the becoming in are areas campus New environments. learning Inclusive universities. universities. schools not and secondary just and primary astronger is focus on lacking currently is inclusive the city. strengthening What and for developing knowledge societies future the represents This amajor systems. opportunity city. city. democratic the of potential the strengthening Nordic the in cities represent for relevant areas hub projects transport planned being currently Nordic the to democratic The many tradition. whichof spaces, contribute physical meeting newcities role types providing play in avital fora, relationships played being out virtual in DEMOCRACY INCLUSION in the Nordic the in educations . In times of times more. In more and I I I I I I between citizens and decisionbetween and citizens makers. through urban development initiatives? development urban through strengthened further be potential this how can reformation of Nordic the society, welfare but development future the in potential and New communities represent urban agreat their strengthen to development business strategic their away as inspiration for an as could companies serve in Nordic the in institutions welfare cities today, of the many The openness characterising build to helps include exclude, inclusion rather than this and new, Nordic the spaces in more cities informal more to public formal Contrary spaces the TRUST FLEXIBILITY among citizens as well as as well as citizens among . FUTURE URBAN CHALLENGES

Regionalisation Cultural diversity I Our Nordic societies are becoming I How could the Nordic cities more proactively I increasingly complex and interconnected and I minimize the segregation processes currently this poses new challenges in terms of people taking place by constructively using the having to navigate and feel comfortable in this increased cultural diversity as a ressource in new landscape. Cities and how they act and the future development of the Nordic welfare collaborate at regional scale will have a great model? impact on the sense of community. I How can cultural, ethnic and social differences I Currently the Nordic cities are still working I more actively come into play acknowledging I to find their role in the urban hierarchy – the innovation and new solutions needed for not least in terms of securing quality of life the future, relying on input from the many across regional borders. This requires an even different people making up the Nordic urban stronger focus and understanding of cities societies? not only as generic service-structures but as arenas for peoples different and increasingly I Do we have to develop new processes of heterogeneous lifestyles and mobilitypatterns I CONSENSUS to embrace the increased cultural diversity?

Innovation I Cities all over the world focus on building good Urban nature I universities as part of an urban development. I Nature in urban development is subject to It is interesting how the Nordic cities to a I many – often conflicting interests. This poses large degree build not only on elite education a great - but also to a large extend overlooked and research. A challenge for the future is : - challenge for the Nordic cities. When how do we continue to INCLUDE all forms of discussing the attractiveness of these cities in knowledge as part of the innovation processes a competition-perspective, urbanised nature needed to develop our cities and the Nordic could represent a major unexplored ressource. welfare model? I What types of interstitial spaces are needed I for these innovation processes to happen? And how can we create these types of spaces? I One could also ask whether the strong focus I on education and technology is too narrow a strategy or whether other strategies are needed in order to develop and attract businesses of the future? What are the urban conditions stimulating businesses of the future? Perhaps primary education is more vital than university education?

9 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION 8 TRENDS 8 HOW VALUE NORDIC DO THE CITIES .... 10 & REGIONALISATION REGIONALISATION & CITY COMPETITION COMPETITION CITY PUBLIC PUBLIC SPACE Page 28 Page 12 Page

DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS & INNOVATION& WELFARE WELFARE BUSINESS BUSINESS Page 16 Page Page 32 Page

8 TRENDS

CULTURAL INFRA- & ETHNIC STRUCTURE DIVERSITY Page 24 Page 20

THE CITIZEN NATURE IN Page 36 THE CITY Page 40

11 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION comes into focus ways. innew However, itis unclear other cities inthe world –are controlled bythe coupled with this, the concept of quality of life idea of city competition and regionalism, and as to whether the regional welfare city is still CITY COMPETITION COMPETITION CITY & REGIONALISM The Nordic cities –just likemany characterised bythe values of equality Hypothesis 1 and solidarity.

In recent years, the primary driver behind most Nordic urban projects has been city competition. This trend is based on the idea that today’s cities are in fierce competition with each other, and combined with a desire for growth and wealth, this competition has become the critical driver for the development of cities. One consequence of this trend is an ever increasing focus on regionalism, and how to include the city into a larger network of cities. Many cities are working towards establishing connections to their regional network – and this network has become the prerequisite for attaining more jobs, lower unemployment, better health and education, and much more. It is the network city that provides people with increased opportunities for self expression. Yet regionalism and the network city also create new problems and imbalances – both internally and between cities. In other words – the risk of rising inequality currently exists, and the Nordic network city is no exception. The question is: how do cities relate to these opportunities and challenges?

n recent years, the title of At the global level, city competition is in between). They are also becoming most Nordic urban projects characterised by a great focus on quality more fragmented. has been city competition. of life, with various rating systems This trend is based on the attempting to define criteria for ’the Quality of life may be articulated through idea that today’s cities are in most liveable city’ on many levels (e.g. diverse concepts such as ‘the attractive fierce competition with each other, and Monocle Magazine). It is less clear at the and vibrant city’. One type of project Icombined with a desire for growth and regional and local level however, as to that all cities partake in is the Urban wealth, this competition has become how cities want to contribute to quality Revitalisation project - and these are the critical driver for the development of of life. In other words, quality of life as a particularly prominent in smaller cities. cities. One consequence of this trend is concept has become a little vague. The Eskilstuna and Lillestrøm – are good an ever increasing focus on regionalism, examples. In the last and how to include the city into a larger decade, the city life network of cities. Many cities are working and café culture etc. towards establishing connections to their City life has now become have been in high regional network – and this network has a welfare benefit – but a welfare demand – and as become the prerequisite for attaining such, have potentially benefit” strongly connected to the more jobs, lower unemployment, better expanded the quality health and education, and much more. It affluent, retail-ready middle class, of life concept. City is the network city that provides people life has now become a with increased opportunities for self and much less so to other socio- welfare benefit – but a expression. Yet regionalism and the economic groups welfare benefit strongly network city also create new problems connected to the and imbalances – both internally and affluent, retail-ready between cities. In other words – the risk of numerous urban projects contributing to middle class, and much less so to other rising inequality currently exists, and the the competitive city discourse have much socio-economic groups. In other words, Nordic network city is no exception. The in common, and all compete with respect planning is now strongly connected to the question is: how do cities relate to these to traditional growth parameters – such creative class. opportunities and challenges? as number of inhabitants, and number of The cities which focus more specifically workplaces etc. However the concepts on quality of life primarily do this for two Although, it is clear that most cities have a of ‘everyday life’ and quality of life stand reasons: security, and active life in the city. general desire to be connected to a larger in contrast to these traditional growth region, the role they see themselves in is parameters, and are becoming more and Kristiansand and Odense are two cities less clear, and the often discussed idea of more extensive (home life, work life, which have purposefully worked towards city hierarchy, remains an open question. leisure, cultural activities, and everything improving quality of life by focusing on

13 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION Linköping types of sport. of sport. types informal and organised for both facilities sports local several established has as such cities in seen be can and for example, facilities leisure and of sports new form the in expressed is This lifestyles. active healthy, hence and activity, for physical aplace as city the strengthening to relates this and tool, acompetitive as of life quality regarding trend however, amore apparent is, There development. of urban aspect on this focus to urgency’ not a’sense of is there Hence cities. Nordic in high relatively still are levels safety that indicates on security focus specifically that projects selected have cities Nordic two only that fact The live. to which in place agood is city the that ensure to priority atop as placed been has work this and crime, urban preclude can that efforts prevention various launch to collaborations cross-sectoral established both have cities city. These the in security as a sports city, which it clearly promotes, promotes, it clearly city, which asports as 14 .

In recent years, recent In Umeå Umeå has a long history history along has Umeå and and Umeå Linköping present versions of the welfare city – as –as city welfare of the versions present and past both to relevant is which theme, awelfare is for all (Tromsø). Housing for all housing better ensuring busy are cities cases, other in Odense), whilst and (the elderly)groups (e.g. Fredericia needsplaced of on specific the particular is focus the that means this cases, some In inhabitants. city for all of life quality improve to effort aconscious make that cities of category afinal is There largest. now Europe’s is and 1983 since expanded continuously has university the at facility sports large city. The the to visitors many attracts aresult, as and of housing for all of housing the placedbeing on importance not enough attention is currently ”

Some would suggest that would Some consequently working towards making it making towards working consequently are other. They the compliment can city how each therefore and strengths different of their awareness an developed have cities two the Plan, Vision common development of a the Through region. the in citizens all of benefit fortogether, the region astronger becoming towards hard worked have that cities of two examples well as to the challenges of challenges the to as well Norrkoping Norrkoping important for their city’s development. city’s for their important as project of housing type this chosen would Some generates. regionalism that and and that very few cities have have few cities very that material which highlights projects urban 450 the in confirmed is This days. these popular so are that cities diverse and vibrant of visions important other to relation in particularly – for all of housing placed on the importance being currently is attention notenough that suggest OVERSIKTS- GEMENSAM Linköping LINKÖPING PLAN inequality are are

, easier to live and work in the region, and regionalism is also expressed when responsibility of developing sustainable have setup several initiatives within the individual cities consciously choose to energy solutions. The city’s focus on following areas: develop their unique strengths. The three energy also produces positive outcomes in cities of Sønderborg, Vasa and Tromsø the business and housing sectors, where •• Collaborative efforts for childcare are all examples of this. Despite its new energy-efficient residences are being services remote location in relation to Denmark’s developed and constructed. Tromsø’s •• Provision of jobs major urban centres, Sønderborg has unique location in northern Norway has •• Reduction of commuting times managed to retain and attract a large become a catalyst for development, as •• Regional marketing portion of highly educated citizens by the city has naturally become a central creating strong connections between the hub for polar research, and thus a natural Many other cities have a focus on university and local businesses, as well regional centre for the whole of northern regional collaboration. Some aim to as ensuring (and expanding) regional Norway. find collective solutions – not least in accessibility via highways and an airport relation to infrastructure (e.g. Umeå and with direct flights to Copenhagen. On a smaller scale, the city of Aalborg Vasa, which among other initiatives, Meanwhile, the city of Vasaa has made has placed a clear focus on the people have come together to establish a a concerted effort to become Finland’s the city is most dependent on in relation new environmentally-friendly ferry energy capital, and has achieved to urban growth and development: its connection between the two cities), whilst highly positive results in several areas: students. As a result, one of the city’s others are more explicit about forming Today, the Vasa Region is the fastest key projects is to build good, affordable collective strategies e.g. Business growing urban region in Finland, and student housing. This presents as a clear Region Aarhus. the city’s energy sector employs up to competitive advantage over Aarhus 10,000 people. The city has also been and Copenhagen, where the shortage of In addition to these different types of named as one of the country’s five most student housing is high. collaborations with other regional cities, innovative cities as it is taking on the

CASES LINKÖPING — COMMON MUNICIPAL PLAN The commuter train service between Linköping engineering, visualisation, environmental and Norrköping means that it is common to engineering, medicine and logistics. In 2010, a commute between the two cities. However, the joint master plan was adopted for Norrköping two cities exchange more than just commuters. and Linköping, highlighting development For example, Linköping University has a branch locations throughout the region. There are in Norrköping. With the campuses in both also partnerships with other neighbouring cities, Linköping University has approaching municipalities such as Mjölby, Motala, 30,000 students. With its cutting-edge research Vadstena, Finspång and Tranås. and strong links with the business and local Read more at www.eastsweden.se communities, the university plays an important role in development and growth. This is particularly true in areas such as aeronautical

VASAA — INNOVATIVE CITIES Vaasa has been chosen to be part of the planned innovative cities project. Vaasa assumes national responsibility for developing the subject of ‘sustainable energy solutions’. This means that the city networks nationally to develop the energy sector nationally and globally and to develop higher education in the energy sector between different cities.

15 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION increasingly aimingto hybrid develop new urban spaces andorganisations that can support this development. the key values for the transformation from an Cities are important catalysts for future industry society to aknowledge society. innovative businesses. Hence cities are DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION BUSINESS BUSINESS Flexibility Hypothesis 2 & and inclusion are

Cities have always acted as a framework for the dominant and value-adding production types of each era. With the establishment of the welfare society and thus the welfare city, it was vital to create the necessary conditions to enable all citizens (including women) to participate in the workforce. So in addition to providing the framework for workplaces, day care centres, retirement homes etc were built. In the welfare city: version 2.0 we are seeing new connections between urban development and economic development, whereby the city takes on a central role in relation to new forms of work and education – not simply for welfare reasons, but as a top priority prerequisite for the development of cities and (knowledge) societies. One could say that it is in relation to knowledge and education, cities see themselves as having a particularly important role in the development of society. This is expressed through urban elements such as campus projects – campus projects, which could be said to have special Nordic features.

n recent years, all cities in no longer a desire for the closed enclaves, campus and the surrounding city. In Scandinavian cities have but a drive towards creating integrated today’s knowledge society, many large aligned themselves to the idea of campuses in the city. This integration investments occur were education and the knowledge society, and the occurs in the following ways: research environments are located, and premise that knowledge creates municipalities are thus attempting to growth. This applies to both university One strategy many cities have chosen, create more value out of these massive Itowns as well as smaller cities which is to open up the campus to the rest of investments in various ways – how have developed other types of education. the city and establish connections both can more citizens benefit from these The most obvious example highlighting outwards and inwards. Several cities investments – and not just the employees how knowledge and education are have the challenge of external campus of the city’s education and research seen as the main drivers of growth is areas, located outside the city centre, institutions? Can new facilities found in Trondheim. Trondheim has and are thus working to create so-called be developed for the benefit of even a long history as a university town and ‘knowledge conncections’. Examples more citizens? has repeatedly been labelled as the include Lund, Trondheim, Eskilstuna, best student town. As a result, the city Malmö, and several others. The overall One example is in Aalborg. In 1974 the deliberately works towards strengthening goal is to enhance the visibility of campus university was established outside the and further developing in this area. activities, and even more importantly, city centre in Aalborg East. Today, the to create new synergies. In addition to city is now integrating its university Trondheim and many other cities are developing a ‘knowledge connection’, development with its waterfront contributing to the development of Umeå is concentrating its efforts towards development. Whilst the city has society and the need for new knowledge merging the city and campus together. worked for several years towards and innovation via campus development Although the university campus was transforming the harbour into an projects. The campus was originally primarily developed and located 2km from attractive, recreational urban space for established as an isolated enclave, a the city centre, the idea behind the new the benefit of all citizens, the idea is now well-defined area with a particular Arts campus is to blend the educational to concurrently add more educational identity in line with other functions in institution with urban functions in ways facilities to the new waterfront area. As the functionally divided city – similar which blur the boundaries between city such, interesting synergies have arisen as to the industrial areas of the welfare and university. The vision is thus to create part of the process. One concrete example city, version 1.0. Today, we are seeing opportunities for new dynamic meetings is the establishment of a wind machine new versions of the campus emerging. and to help ensure that businesses will use on the waterfront by the university. The The most obvious indicator of the re- the university as a driver of development machine has been a great success with imagined campus is the widespread desire and growth. children and adults alike, who randomly to integrate campus areas with the rest pass by the area. As a result, the city’s of the city – and city campus ideas are Many municipalities have a natural knowledge environment physically highly prominent in many cities. There is interest in the integration between intersects with the city’s recreational

17 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION research, or private companies. This This companies. or private research, education, in backgrounds different from stem perhaps yet field, professional same the within act that institutions i.e. – ‘clusters’ or development of so-called co-location around centred be to seems now, pattern Until the occur. should collaborations and network, new synergy, how the to as clear not particularly is it projects, campus Nordic the within of synergy visions and intentions the at more closely looking When occur. should actors different the development between how to as remains question The inspiration. seek and hold meetings colleagues where etc., cafes in as – such spaces urban in including places, various in occur can which life, work more flexible of trend the to relates This creation. value work and company’s the to integral is environment urban the where workplaces – workplaces’ of ‘urban talk increasing also is There location. city their about decisions strategic taking businesses of trend increasing an seeing –we are areas campus specific to not limited is for businesses of synergy principle The development. research and research on applied focus amuch greater has Scandinavia) (including model European Northern the research), in investments large by characterised model (a socio-economic model Anglo-Saxon the with comparison In needs. changing for society’s products or inventions development of existing further and of adaption tradition strong a been has there inventions, new many produced not traditionally have countries Nordic Although environment. our to adaption and exploration to connected value of value Nordic the to relates also areas campus in together actors of kinds different of gathering idea The opportunities. for synergetic basis the create to and together actors of kinds different pull to is idea The creation. value of social chain the from links various the incorporate order to in areas, these in themselves locate to for businesses opportunities and more cases seeing we are research, and on education focus astrong have naturally projects campus Whilst being rethought. are themselves areas campus the that means also for synergy desire The engages). and includes possible where (therebyand population of the spectrum awide to visible environment knowledge the makes by pass people where point the at machine wind the of location the Similarly, environment. 18 FLEXIBILITY, which is is which

At At interesting exceptions. projects in Nordic cities, such as as such cities, Nordic in projects of campus anumber in seen be can pattern example of an attempt to create synergy is is synergy create to attempt of an example Another themselves. institutions present the by undertaken initiative an also is organisation The area’s attractiveness. the improve to incentive anatural provided arguably has park research established newly a as character Its Kjeller. centres: research important most of Norway’s one home to it is today town, knowledge a as history along it lacks although and years, 20 last the in substantially grown has which city anew is Lillestrøm facilities (including kindergarten) etc. shared has meetings, common holds outwards and inwards and outwards establishand both connections to thecampus rest of the city up the to open is have chosen, Although the great focus on education on education focus great the Although Munktell Science Park Park Science Munktell Lillestrøm Kundskabsbyen ” Linien Lab, Vasaa Lab, knowledge exchange. One example is: is: example One exchange. knowledge for aplace as it functions so shaped be specifically should how acampus as well not occur spontaneously, necessarily as do innovation and synergy that challenge the address specifically projects Other creativity. on afocus –with campus innovation an of as conceived is institution the campus, educational of an Instead campus. development of city of form anew the gone into has process thought organisations. A good example of this is is of this example Agood organisations. are spaces’ ’interstitial these instances, some In of synergy. levels for desired way the pave thus and collaboration encourage –which spaces – interstitial space of urban forms hybrid new create to attempting gradually are we innovation, and synergy create notnecessarily does alone co-location that recognising In spaces? urban in specifically more supported be they how can And have? do they interests and needs Which function? How do they street: the along businesses and institutions the from point starting its takes that Institut X Institut in in

One strategyOne many cities Malmö .

However there are also some also are there However in Århus ; an ongoing project ongoing ; an ,

a very broad broad a very in in Eskilstuna ,

which which Energy Energy . cluster in cluster is very clear in the the in clear very is onboard get everyone to desire This onboard. get everyone to adesire as interpreted be also can which visible, environments research and education on making to create a wide field of talent for a variety variety for a talent of field awide create to ability Scandinavian for the prerequisite a as highlighted often majority of the support with strengths, society’s mobilise one can inclusion through that is idea The education. an receive to leavers school of percentage high for avery a desire is there perspective, anational From occurs. talented less and talented the between differentiation a that system region’s Nordic education the in late relatively not Ituntil is countries. Nordic the in for present decades been has capital development of human and all for on education focus strong The value. INCLUSION that signs show occur, will growth and knowledge future where environments develop and plan that projects urban to approaches current Scandinavia, to unique means no by is environments knowledge and Norrköping being one of Sweden’s most important one of Sweden’s important most being –from of transformation process aradical gone through has Norrköping is example interesting Another city. the across from youth attracting to and ways– new in olds 15-30yr for the provide can which place motivational ahighly create to is aim The opportunities. training educational and jobs, motivational activities, leisure to host be future the in will and Workplace Management, and for Social adepartment contains U also Camp education. afterschool and grade, 10th Ungdomsakademiet, fritidsbutikken, with Ungdomsskole of Rising institutions educational the find also one can Vollsmose, in Humlehaveskolen previous the At Humlehaveskole. and UCL, Kommune, Odense between acollaboration involves and Vollsmose Odense Visualiseringscenteret in . The project is a new education education anew is project . The

the neighbourhood of neighbourhood the . In the last few decades, last the . In projects is centred campus Nordic many on work mentioned, previously As projects. campus Nordic the in through shine to 2005). This idea of idea This 2005). Morgen,Mandag Ministerråd & Huset Nordisk Råd, Nordisk vinderregion, global som (Norden of areas INCLUSION Camp U Camp is a dominant adominant is project in in project

seems seems industrial cities, to a city which offers a of this, and will function as a cultural national level, Nordisk Råd are working on completely unique knowledge and urban magnet for the city, whilst creating strengthening education in Scandinavia, environment. These environments have awareness and curiosity about education and have a particular focus on how been the key impetus for moving the and research being conducted at the Scandinavia can create educational city into a new era. The old industrial university. The centre will also function opportunities which engage and landscape has been transformed in a as a mediator between the university and motivate. How these ideas are specifically way which consciously shows respect the city’s schools and colleges. integrated into the physical planning of for the city’s past and the life worlds of campuses could be an interesting area for the industrial city, whilst the new era The question is - whether visibility is further investigation. is represented by the university being enough in itself, or whether there is a integrated into the city in various ways. need for other action in relation to future The visualisation centre is an example campuses if all are to get onboard? At the

CASES TRONDHEIM — HEALTH CAMPUS

On Øya, the new St. Olavs Hospital has been extended with the objective of being one of the best, most patient-friendly university hospitals in Europe. The extension covers a total of approximately 200,000 m2, of which NTNU’s medical faculty has around 25%. The new St. Olavs Hospital has thus become a fully integrated university hospital in which there is close contact between the hospital (treatment/nursing) and university (research/teaching). The extension has also followed a city structure, making the university hospital an important part of the urban environment. More than 10,000 people enter and leave the district every day. The extension of the university hospital, with the interaction and integration achieved, now serves as an example for a number of other projects.

NORRKÖPING — VISUALISATION CENTER Visualiseringscentret (the visualisation centre) is a joint project associated with the university’s focus on technical visualisation. It is a meeting place for culture, science, entertainment and information. The centre enables the general public, students and researchers to meet. The project’s dome is housed in Bergs power station. The architectural addition that links two buildings was designed under the motto ‘respect and imagination’.

19 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION 20 surplus space –today itis acentral democratic space Urban space can both strengthen andchallenge the Public spacePublic is nolonger aneutral or in the developmentof Nordic society. PUBLIC SPACE central Nordic values of trust and Hypothesis inclusion. 3

During the development of the Nordic welfare society and the welfare city, public space was not placed at the centre; the city and its spaces were simply locations for the many welfare institutions, and it was the institutions that were in focus rather than public space. As a result, public spaces were reduced to basic forms: ’in-between spaces’ and ’outside spaces’. The majority were categorised as in-between spaces and were characterised as having no function. In contrast, outside spaces were typically connected to apartment blocks, large workplaces, or welfare institutions. They were often mono-functional – and developed into parking spaces, green areas between apartment blocks, or playgrounds outside kindergartens. Today a great renaissance in public space has occurred, which means we can now discuss the welfare city, version 2.0. Today, public space projects are a central component of all Nordic city developments, and play a central role in the promotion of the attractive, innovative, and cultural city.

t present, cities are contemporary functions of public space – food market, or getting a kick out competing for quality of the need to provide for recreation. In the of participating in a music festival. life (see Hypothesis 1), last 20 years necessary activities such as Do these urban lifestyle spaces and in this context, urban people moving to and from work, have been therefore mean that the Nordic idea spaces play a very central supplemented by more optional and social of COMMUNITY is in danger? Are role. Urban space is no longer a random activities as more and more people choose important minority groups being Abackdrop, but a means of making cities to spend their leisure time in the city’s EXCLUDED from today’s urban spaces? attractive places to live. This is partly due public spaces. One can go for a walk, sit in Or do Nordic urban spaces still have the to an increased need for city life and the a café, go to a street market, watch street potential to be DEMOCRATIC spaces? desire to participate in city life – and city events etc. Public space has also become life cannot occur without the public space, a place where more active recreational The following public space examples where. This idea is demonstrated in the activities take place – jogging, ball games, highlight two emerging trends of urban numerous urban space projects that have skateboarding, and parkour just to name spaces – those that are designed for been constructed or planned throughout a few. In other words, public space has the majority (urban space for all) and Nordic cities in recent years. become an important ingredient in the thus democratic in their approach, and lifestyle package cities have on offer. those with a special focus on the needs A large percentage of public space projects of particular social groups. Examples of occur in city centres with projects such The question is: Who are all these urban urban spaces for the majority include the as the establishment of pedestrian space projects planned for? With the urban space projects mentioned earlier, streets, conversion of car parking or broad focus on physical activity and café as well as Nye Havnefronter in Aalborg formal plazas to central squares and life characterising so many urban space and the Nye attraktive mødesteder plazas, offering various opportunities for projects, could it be said that most new in Umeå. activities and expression. Examples of urban space projects are middle class this development are Fristadstorget in projects? To a large extent, the newly Although the idea of INCLUSION of Eskilstuna, Nytorget in Stavanger, built public spaces are where people of different groups may not have been well Å-åbningen in Aarhus, Oprustning similar interests and social status meet. represented in the past, several cities af innerstadsmiljøer and Storgatan/ This is also supported by the trend of are currently trying to develop urban Stora torget in Linköping, ’aesthetic communities’ as characterised spaces orientated towards specific user Domkyrkoplatsen in Lund, as well as by researcher Zygmund Bauman. groups, such as children and adolescents. Åstråket and Dragarbruunsgatan In contrast to the past, where many Many families are now choosing to stay in Uppsala. A profusion of café life has communities were tied to common values and live in the city, which thereby places developed in conjunction with these public and traditions, today’s communities are a demand on urban spaces to provide space projects, which was not so popular more volatile and are more accurately safe and inviting places for children and in Nordic cities a few years ago. This characterised as being aligned to one’s adolescents. We are seeing the results emphasises one of the most important lifestyle– e.g. enjoying a glass of wine at a of this reflected in a host of new public

21 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION existing urban space and its use. current and space urban existing the to achallenge is This the area. in planned are cavern arock in park car and new courthouse A governance. and of Stavanger, quality urban the centre around based is force. activity The the driving residentsthe centre active with as in park exhibitions and acar in festivals goods, for of secondhand amarket Establishment city of experiences and innovation. Since then, then, Since innovation. city and of experiences a as strategy of Aalborg’s people’s part as park experimental atemporary as Karolinelund decided reopen it to was process, transformation mental and of the physical both part as and of the public the basis On debate,the future. debate for on used what in could be the park the closure of Tivoli 2010, in apublic there was With involved havethey always entertainment. but uses various had has the park time, Over one is of and the city’s oldest century parks. 19th theof half built the first in was Karolinelund — KAROLINELUND AALBORG — NYTORGET — STAVANGER 22 CASES KAROLINE- AALBORG LUND

art and culture. culture. and art promoting activities, user-driven citizens and of empowering the aim with group interest an Venner’, ‘Karolines association the users’ with up 2015 May to of agreement use into aright Municipalityentered Aalborg 2013, In spring have held. been festivals and exhibitions, concerts several And Platform4. culture, and centre for electronic art cultural including have the user-driven moved in, institutions cultural and associations several spaces with a special focus on play. In the everyday urbanism which penetrate the Fest i Hverdagen (Light festivals, folk past, play was reserved for playgrounds residential neighbourhoods of cities in music festivals etc.), Linköping and associated with day care centres (the the form of pocket parks. It is here that others are an example of these activities. welfare city’s outside spaces), but now Jan Gehl and Gehl Architects’ universal the aim is to integrate playful public principles of safe and comfortable urban The increasing focus on activities has spaces into the city, thus experimenting spaces function as inspiration. And one also led to new project collaborations with the concept of the playground. may ask whether the attention on people in cities, where different actors have Temalegepladser in Malmö is an and the humanity of city residents, rather come together to finance and/or example of this last point. The concept than their culture – is a particularly provide opportunities for events in the behind Temalegepladser was to turn the Nordic contribution to democratic city. This is exemplified in cities such playgrounds into interesting attractions urban spaces of the 21st century? as Linköping, where Samarbejde by offering a diversity of experiences Although a large focus on urban spaces mellem innerstadsaktører and and opportunities. It may be argued that in connection to institutions remains - Cultiva stiftelsen in Kristiansand if playful urban spaces were initially such as important cultural institutions were established to support creative directed towards a specific user group, environments many cities are now attempting to provide and cultural more democratic spaces by making them institutions etc. attractive to a wider user group than Sometimes youth facilities can Eskilstuna simply children between the ages of 2-10 is another years. Sometimes youth facilities can function as a driver of change for an example, where function as a driver of change for an area the municipality area” and become a people magnet and become a people magnet to such as has taken extent that they actively contribute to the to such as extent that they actively the initiative democratisation of the city. This is evident contribute to the democratisation of of creating in the project ’Stapelbäddsparken’ in activities in Malmö. the city.“ collaboration The project was initiated by a group of with local young skaters and became a successful retailers, police, magnet which managed to put an (see Hypothesis 4), more attention is and property owners in order to create a otherwise isolated urban space on the being focused on urban spaces as places vibrant city centre. city map. where people can simply ‘be’. In contrast more formal urban spaces of the past, As cities become more aware of creating Den religiøse legeplads, Fredericia is the informal character of Nordic urban activities in urban spaces, an increasing another interesting urban project which spaces strengthens TRUST between focus on the process will naturally occur. initially had a primary target group the city’s many users and interests, This is exemplified through more and (children). However an extra layer was as well as an experience of LOWER more temporary urban (space) projects added to the concept of the playground, POWER DISTANCES. The cultivation in the form of actions and activities thereby allowing the space to represent of the informal is particularly evident that engage users, citizens, and other the city’s tradition as a tolerant and open in Aalborg, where both Østre Havn and actors, and function as a driver of great freetown for many different religions. Karolinelund are examples of urban change. Temporary urbanism or ’process space projects where (future) users are urbanism’ - a concept borrowed from the The final example is Folkets Park the focus, rather than the design. In other Danish design firm SLA – is not simply in Malmö. Here, the city has made a words, the goal is not to create a pretty a Nordic phenomenon, but represents conscious and strategic effort to extend urban space, but to casually initiate a a major DEMOCRATIC potential in its hand towards groups in the city that mental transformation. Nordic cities to address and recognise have been absent from central public the cities’ users and citizens, and their spaces: ethnic minority groups from the Karolinelund is a former amusement changing needs, desires, and dreams. The vulnerable/disadvantaged residential park, and in 2010 discussions began about concept is about understanding the city area of Rosengården. As such, a dedicated what the park could be in the future. Since as an element under constant change, agency was established to set up and then, the park has become an experimental which thus requires a large degree of market the park towards these groups, public park, where diverse organisations FLEXIBILITY. Perhaps Nordic cities and has subsequently turned the park into have held events, exhibitions, and have an advantage here, due to their long a truly multicultural urban space. festivals etc. A user group association tradition of local reform – and ability to called ’Karolines venner’ has now been adapt to changing circumstances? A further assessment of recently established and has a user approval in established urban spaces in Nordic cities conjunction with Aalborg Municipality. has also revealed an interesting transition from formal to more informal spaces. Generally, there has been a shift from In the welfare city, version 1.0, many urban space to a physical expansion to public spaces had a very formal character a focus on people and the activities that and mostly functioned as the backdrop occur in urban space. This supports the to larger, more meaningful welfare ideas of the informal and people in Nordic institutions. This is no longer the case. urban space projects. Today, many cities People are now invited to stay and relax are aware of the importance of different in centrally located squares, and there is activities occurring in their urban spaces increasing discussion of everyday spaces/ - Eksperimenter i byrummet, Aarhus,

23 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION THE CITY’S WELFARE CITY’S THE must nowengage rather than lecture citizens, cities (andurban spaces) are taking on and asaresult of this development, Today, Nordic welfare institutions INSTITUTIONS a more central role. Hypothesis 4

In the establishment of the Nordic welfare state, several welfare institutions have had a highly central role. This applies to day kindergardens, educational facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, and cultural institutions. All these institutions have been the pivot point for the development of the welfare city, and have been planned and established using the principle of EQUALITY. The idea is that all citizens may achieve personal freedom through equal access to these welfare institutions. As well-established and well-funded community development institutions, it is apparent that they are now undergoing change. Although their level of importance in society has not been lost, they are starting to assume new roles. Overall, institutions are no longer considered as independent entities, but as contributors to relationship-building institutions. Whilst these institutions represent an important contribution to urban appeal, urban spaces are becoming an important framework for institutional operation.

n the development of the to create life. Examples of this include development of their cities. An example Nordic welfare state, several Dokk 1, in Århus and Musikkens Hus of this is Tromsø, in northern Norway, institutions became important in Aalborg. Both projects show that where a new kindergarten has been tools for creating communities, public investments are still the main constructed between the city centre and where all citizens had equal drivers of development, and that cultural the university. opportunities to develop, and the potential institutions play a particularly important toI contribute to society on various levels role as a framework for community If we zoom in on the institutions them­ through their labour. The focus was to in the Nordic urban societies. Whilst selves, some interesting development give both genders the opportunity to new cultural institution buildings trends are emerging. On the whole, work, as well as providing all citizens often achieve much attention, there welfare institutions are form-givers – regardless of social status – with the is perhaps less attention placed on which tell us about our community (just opportunity to educate themselves. The the welfare institutions which are as they did during the establishment of social security and health safety net categorised as ’urban basics’. These the welfare society). However this is now were equally important elements. As include hospitals, schools, day care occurring in a different manner. To a such, welfare institutions have become centres and so on. Despite this lack certain extent, a de-institutionalisation symbols of a society which embraces of attention, they have become a key of institutions is occurring. Many welfare common solutions. Since the various competitive tool for cities today (see institutions in the city have traditionally types of welfare institutions still function Hypothesis 1). When assessments of the been seen as isolated entities, radiating as central symbols for Nordic society, ’most liveable cities’ are undertaken, an air of formality and authority, but what are the specific values that welfare the parameters of proximity to good this is set to change as institutions are institutions embrace today? schools, day care centres, hospitals etc opening up to the surrounding city, are often cited, and as a result, these thereby integrating more with public When looking at current urban types of welfare institutions have spaces. In doing so, public spaces help development, it becomes apparent that become relatively prestigious building to convey the idea of openness that there are several examples of different projects. This is demonstrated in the institutions want to signify. This welfare institutions functioning as architectural competition briefs, and trend is particularly noticeable in drivers for many urban development through experiments in innovative and relation to public libraries, which are projects. This particularly applies to sustainable architecture associated with now redesigned with open foyers and urban development around Greenfield or this type of building (see New Nordic integrated additional functions such as Brownfield sites (such as transformations architecture exhibition at Louisiana, cafes. As a result, libraries are potentially of old harbour areas to new urban 2012). reaching more citizens, and creating functions). One challenge in many of The importance of these types of welfare more opportunities for synergy across these areas is the lack of urban life, hence institutions is also reflected in the institutions. Hence the library is taking cultural and educational institutions number of municipalities citing these on a new, potentially important role in the (in particular) are employed as key tools new buildings as paramount to the future Nordic knowledge society.

25 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION tionship between the citizen and service service and citizen the between tionship - rela atwo-way about not just is ness its location on the first level of level first on the location its Banegård: Other projects demonstrate that demonstrate projects Other Umeå Kulturväven, Similarly, library importance. in increased also have locations urban and spaces public surrounding role, new of this aresult As called called project the is focus of this example One institutions. at offered services seeking than rather homes, own of their comfort the in care seek to encouraged elderly are the and on prevention, focus agreater is there Here, sectors. aged-care home and nursing the within found be generally can boundaries blurred so-called ofples these city. Exam surrounding the with interact to 2), aim and (see Hypothesis campuses as now constructed are buildings hospital new Many sector. health the within found be also can and spaces, private and public bound the influence also ity informal and of openness principles The café/restaurant. a and information, community spaces, studio spaces, exhibition library, space, performance including: a performance space, informal of facilities avariety house additionally will building The round. year all open remain will which terraces and facades open as well as entrances, public six with of accessibility levels high ensure also will Kulturväven synergy. and engagement, trend for openness, current the reflect will function and form building’s The on culture. focus strong city’s the represents which building, cultural new in in acinema and hall town city’s the to next 26 Fokuskvartalet Fredericia former Fremtiden. Fremtiden. former Fredericia

is a key example of this, due to of this, example akey is Tromsø the city’s bustling hub bustling city’s the library is situated situated is library (since 2005). 2005). (since is also a large alarge also is aries between between ­aries Odense Odense

open . - - - open and engaging welfare institutions institutions welfare engaging and open more towards trend this of example A final pedestrians. passing for space urban open an as functions also which amphitheatre, air open an includes also hall concert new The audience. wider a up to themselves open to institutions individual the allowing thereby groups, user traditional to addition in area the to groups user new encourage to as well as institutions, various the between synergies create to is idea The on music. focus aspecific has that area an in built is hall concert the centre, education and development of aschool the with Along by. pass casually to expected are people many where and waterfront, attractive on the built been has hall concert a new can also be found in in found be also can ideas Similar spaces. public surrounding and form building’s help of the the with – for all institution acultural create to was idea the elite, cultural the with associated being traditionally opera Despite trend. of this examples best the one of perhaps is Oslo in house opera The promenades. waterfront new along as city, such of the areas attractive in situated frequently are institutions cultural that fact the due to partly focus, much in very are buildings cultural new these with associated investments from benefits Public institutions. cultural to relation in prominent most perhaps is spaces open surrounding with Integration roof. same one the under integrated all are university and hospital, centre, health Helsecampus Helsecampus out towards each other, as in the case of case the in other, as each out towards open also must Institutions institution. in in Trondheim Stavanger , where the the where , , where , new new The same principle can be seen in the the in seen be can principle same The input. democratic and participation for opportunities new provide up will set this that is hope The citizens. and politicians, for employees, space meet a as functions -which hall urban – an space urban internal open an via together linked are hall town and library, cinema, opportunities onat offer Nordkraft. opportunities the in interest and curiosity stimulate to order in roof same the under functions and institutions several integrate to is aim the in in Nordkraft project in Aalborg, Aalborg, in project Nordkraft such case is located in in located is case such One areas. urban new to relocate to offices municipal encouraging are decisions strategic how different see to starting Here we are services. administrative their and of municipalities that is previously mentioned mentioned previously the is trend of this example Another areas. urban deprived socially in widespread so is which isolation and marginalisation unfortunate the counteract can jobs that and of Aarhus, apart is Gellerup that signify to is aim The 2015. in Gellerup in office anew to moving are Relations Social and Employment Environment, of Engineering, Department the at employees the renewal this support to order In life. cultural and commerce to relation in as well as physically, –both city of the rest the to links neighbourhood’s the improve will which renewal of urban aprocess through going is neighbourhood Today the decades. forproblems many social severe from suffered has that neighbourhood a is Gellerup conceived. Tromsø. Masterplan for Masterplan The three functions of functions three The KVARTALET TROMSØ FOKUS-

Gellerup Gellerup Fokuskvartalet Aarhus , where a where , has beenhas where

CASES

TROMSØ — FOKUSKVARTALET The City of Tromsø’s city hall with a library ‘city hall’, which is linked to the canteen, cinema and multiplex cinema was opened in 2005. and library, functions as a meeting place. The The building replaced a city hall on the site functions of the city hall are open and accessible that was built in 1958. Fokus cinema, with its and stimulate contact between employees, characteristic Candela design from 1970 was politicians and users of the city. converted into an open library on four floors The building combines cultural activities under the old cinema’s concrete shell. A new with political life. The transition between city multiplex cinema with 6 screens and 950 seats council chamber, canteen and public area is a is located beneath the city hall part, which has particularly good example of how the ‘fourth over 400 jobs, the city council chamber and a urban space’ invites participation and joint large open ‘city hall’. consultation. The city hall faces Rådhus­parken; the library and the cinema face Grønnegate. The large open

UMEÅ — KULTURVÄVEN Kulturväven is a building, a new cultural centre that will be completed in November 2014. Kulturväven has several functions. With new architecture of a top international standard, the building puts culture and Umeå in the spotlight in a location that creates a new river frontage and turns the city towards the water. The development of the quarter also supports the development of new meeting places and creates opportunities for new cultural experiences.

LILLESTRØM — CULTURE CENTER Lillestrøm Kultursenter came into being as a result of voluntary work by the local population and is an important meeting place for both business and private individuals. The venue, with its fantastic facilities, can be used to hold concerts and theatrical performances and to organise large or small meetings, courses and conferences. The centre can handle everything from food and drink to artists, shows and implementation. The cultural centre is an important institution in an area that is intended to be developed into a cultural quarter, an important new district in the centre of the city.

27 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION urban can be seen asboth strengths andweaknesses inthe development of the Nordic model andthe Nordic CULTURAL & ETHNIC community, yet this diversity is rarely very Cultural, ethnic, andsocial diversity or adequately addressed. DIVERSITY Hypothesis 5

The concept of Nordic identity is essentially problematic in a globalised world, where countries, cities, people, goods, and ideas are increasingly interconnected, and where technology makes it very easy for people and ideas to travel. This paves the way for many new types of social relations which are not necessarily bound to concrete physical spaces. In this time of globalisation, Nordic cities are also changing – becoming more complex, and more culturally and ethnically diverse. For societies built strongly on the idea of consensus, this complexity and diversity poses a key challenge. At the same time, cultural diversity provides great potential for increasing cities’ attractiveness. When looking at current urban projects in Nordic cities, it is remarkable that this trend of increased cultural diversity is so rarely addressed.

ordic cities have placed projects? Should these problems then opening up neighbourhoods with severe very little attention be handled by residential associations, social issues to the outside community so on the fact that cities or nationally by governments through that residents visit the city more often, but are increasingly strategies and regulations for ghetto is also about encouraging other residents characterised by cultural control and social housing initiatives? to live and move into these areas. Hence, and ethnic diversity. This includes The absence of projects based on social there is a need to develop new types of Nboth how we can accommodate for the housing initiatives in Norway is perhaps destinations within these disadvantaged challenges that diversity can bring, as due to its national efforts to increase neighbourhoods that all citizens can well as on how to actively turn diversity privatisation of the housing market (see benefit from. into a strength and a positive for city SBI report: 2006:04 Experiences from development and attractiveness. England, Norway and Germany with more But why is integration into the city privatised forms of social housing). important? What are ethnic and cultural The current trend is to couple issues of groups more specifically supposed to ethnic and cultural diversity with issues of The heading of social efforts across be integrated into? The short answer social sustainability. The cities which have selected neighbourhoods is frequently is COMMUNITY. In Scandinavia, the addressed ethnic and cultural diversity cited as ’reputation repair’ – and idea of COMMUNITY is an underlying do this primarily from the perspective comes from a desire to change the building block of society, and in this that cultural groupings amount to social sense, the city is problems. This can be seen in projects important. With the that in one way or another, have aimed establishment of to integrate neighbourhoods with Many social efforts throughout the welfare society severe social issues back into the urban and the welfare fabric. Examples of these projects can Scandinavia share a similar focus city, the city and its be found in Sweden such as institutions largely Linköping on” participation and democracy as (Hyblid parks Skäggetorp), Uppsala became the physical (Erikbergsfornyelsen) and Malmö critical parameters – with new forms manifestation (Rosengaardsstraaket), as well as the of democracy and participation of the idea of Masterplan for Gellerup in Aarhus. COMMUNITY. It viewed as prerequisites to securing thus follows that by These cities may be experiencing more social sustainability. including different pressure in relation to neighbourhoods ethnic, cultural, and with severe social issues, but they do social groups in the raise the serious question: how do cities city, these groups actually see their role in relation to these negative perceptions of these areas, are also included in the community. The issues? Does the linking of cultural as well as to provide outsiders with extent as to how much these people feel diversity with social sustainability opportunities to move in. In this case, included is another question entirely, but mean that municipalities do not perceive the idea of INCLUSION relates to the the projects indicate that the physical themselves as responsible for adressing encouragement of movement across presence and visibility of these groups these issues in urban development neighbourhoods. It is not just a case of in urban common/public spaces – rather

29 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION above mentioned policy document policy mentioned above the from span sustainability social address that of projects types The attention. greatest the receives diversity) cultural (and thus sustainability Kommissionen. Kommissionen. school/education. and housing, health, to relation in – both conditions living their and children on focus astrong with of equality future a create to aims also commission the groups to 6years),(up hence of different expectancy life the average in difference asignificant is Today there health. to relation in –not least citizens Malmö’s amongst equality of increasing aim the with document, policy overarching (Kommissionen for et socialt holdbart holdbart for socialt et (Kommissionen Malmö in expressed are ideas These level. intentional on the least At sustainability. social securing to prerequisites as viewed participation and of democracy forms new –with parameters critical as democracy and on participation focus asimilar share Scandinavia throughout efforts social play. Many that means sustainability social and diversity cultural between link The community. the of apart being to closer one step them –brings enclaves own their in just than 30 for a socially sustainable for asocially DEMOCRACY is generally a city where social social where city a generally is The commission commission The also comes into into comes also

Malmö is an an is Malmö

Malmö Malmö

city development. in ‘resources’ as incorporated ethnic cultural and groups being few examplesvery of different development. city in ‘resources’ as incorporated being groups cultural and ethnic of different few examples very are there cities Nordic in experiences, of cultural a variety to attracted worker are class/knowledge class/middle creative the that highlight writers both Although attractiveness. city to contribute it can as development, urban for strength asignificant become has diversity city, cultural competitive successfully and innovative on the texts inspiring Glaeser’s Edward and Florida Richard Since competition. city and globalisation to respect with differently quite understood is diversity Cultural (Rosengårdsstråket). neighbourhoods city across integration physical to Rosengården), in Trappen Yalla and Bokaler, (Lindängen, inefforts selected neighbourhoods social and physical various to Malmö), ”

Nordic cities there are Fredericia Fredericia employment. and entrepreneurship encouraging also thus more attractive, businesses small make to aims and strength urban an as diversity cultural city’s the use to adesire highlights initiative The other. each from benefit thereby and roof same the under businesses small their run can Here people created. also been given new paving inscribed with with inscribed paving new given been also has streets of the One established. been has major religions the all from worship of houses miniature with playground areligious such, As communities. religious for afreetown as city of the story unique the promote to desire city’s the through expressed is This strength. its as diversity on cultural afocus placed has which is one of the few cities, few cities, one of the is Eskilstuna, Eskilstuna, market place has been been has place market multicultural a diversity, this embrace to and immigrant backgrounds, have inhabitants city’s of the 25% Around introduced a bazaar. Another example is is example Another for all’. ‘Fredericia as Fredericia influenced have that languages the all which has has which ESKILSTUNA BAZAR

CASES

ESKILSTUNA — BAZAR Approximately 25% of Eskilstuna residents and higher attractiveness. The Bazar project have an immigrant background. Bazar is an is intended to function as a engine for small inclusive multinational meeting place in the businesses and is linked to the Bazar Business form of a market place. Small business owners School initiative. can conduct their business under the same roof and benefit together from shared resources

MALMÖ — MALMÖ KOMMISIONEN The Malmo Commission is the first of the for measures, Amiralstaden, involves using Marmot commissions studying the city and its a new rail station as the basis for combining physical role from the point of view of health four districts that are currently separated by and equality. One of the commission’s proposals physical and mental barriers.

31 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION merely acting aspure transport projects, thereby currently aimingto create linkages, rather than contributing to the value of flexibility inthe Infrastructure projects inNordic cities are INFRASTRUCTURE AS A DRIVER OF ADRIVER AS Nordic social model. CHANGE Hypothesis 6 City infrastructure has always greatly influenced the operation of the city, and today the situation has not changed. In comparison to previous times, current city infrastructure has a greater degree of complexity, as effective transport of produce and people is no longer enough. Today, infrastructure projects must fulfil a long list of needs, which also means there are very different demands on the quality of city infrastructure. The current situation greatly revolves around creating cohesion, where infrastructure projects contribute to more EQUAL access to urban resources and opportunities. Such a concept is vital in a time where individual cities are more frequently connected in regional networks.

ordic cities generally but for people and activity. As a result, the street can contribute to city life and have a great focus on user group of the infrastructure project the attractive urban environment. As infrastructure projects widens – from passengers to many other a result, many street projects are now and these differ greatly city inhabitants. Some good examples of conceived of as urban space projects – as from project to project. stations planned as meeting places are public spaces and as attractive places to Many are large scale projects and aim to Odense Banegård and the new traffic move through and/or stay. Streets must linkN cities together to strengthen regional hub in Uppsala. provide much more than just unhindered networks, thereby strengthening cities movement from A to B – they must provide with respect to inter-city competition. Odense Banegård has distinguished other functions, such as inviting retail Examples of this are: Gardermobanen itself by building a small shopping centre environments. The design and high traffic in Lillestrøm, City tunneln in Malmö, within the existing station, which also volumes of many streets have created and Vasaregionens Logistikområde. houses a cinema and library. As a result, significant barriers in cities, and today Other examples are cities along the path the station has become a natural meeting there is a great desire to remove these of future high speed train routes between point for many people – in addition to barriers. There is also a focus on softer Göteborg and Stockholm. In these large functioning as a hub for daily commuters. modes of transport such as pedestrians scale projects, cities give a lot of attention Most city buses and coaches meet here, and cyclists. By making cities more to the challenge of how to attract future which has lead to the development of attractive and accessible places in which citizens and new businesses. This a large underground parking place for to cycle and walk, the barrier effect is is due to the ease of movement now bicycles to make it easier to use public reduced, and the streets can thus be used available between cities. In other words, transport in conjunction with cycling. for other purposes. Examples of such infrastructure projects are about creating The traffic hub in Uppsala was street projects are: growth – more people, more jobs. inaugurated in 2011 and the station entrance has been refurbished with a large Odense, Thomas B. Thrigesgade: the Another type of infrastructure project new landscaped urban space. In 2007, a redevelopment of Thomas B. Thrigesgade is the traffic hub and station, and in the new concert hall and congressional house aims to help restore connections in last few years old concepts have been were also inaugurated nearby. The central the city. The large street has divided re-thought. The change in focus from idea has been to create a new central area the city into two areas for decades, efficient traffic flows to a new focus on for the city which functions both as a hence the street redevelopment project meeting points means that a completely traffic hub and meeting point. The station will influence the development of a new set of demands are placed on also contributes by linking different completely new neighbourhood, and thus stations. This has also led to a focus on parts of the city together – city areas that aim to provide for the diverse needs of how stations intersect and meet with were previously disconnected by several contemporary citizens. the city in an inviting way – in the form barriers. In addition to improving city of attractive public spaces for example, cohesion, the traffic hubs provide access Norrköping, Skvallertorget: is a where people can stay, and where different to resources for a larger percentage of the traffic solution where several roads meet, activities can unfold. Station buildings regional population. and has a motto that all must share the are often developed in such a way that square, whether on foot, bicycle, car, bus they offer additional functions than Another type of infrastructure project is or other forms of transport. This state of those traditionally related to traffic. the street transformation and renewal negotiation has created a different type of This means visitors can easily complete project. Similar trends are evident in urban space, which additionally functions several errands in one place. The station these projects – the focus has moved as a meeting place with elements such thus becomes a hub – not just for traffic, from traffic organisation to how the as alfresco dining. Skvallertorget is also

33 ODENSE/ THOMAS B. THRIGES- GADE

located at a strategically important place addresses social, environmental, and pollution, more sustainable transport in the city – at the intersection between economic objectives. patterns, as well as the desire for more the university and the industrial area. softer, slower modes of transport due The aforementioned focus on pedestrians to their ability to transform urban Rosengårdsstråket, Malmö: the goal and cyclists is also reflected in the environments into more attractive places. behind upgrading connections between current rising interest in developing Although the transport share of bicycles the city centre and Rosengården was cycle-friendly cities. There are is still small, particularly in Norway to link the neighbourhoods together numerous reasons behind bicycle and Sweden, many cities are making whilst also creating significant sub promotion including: the desire for more concentrated efforts to change this, and projects along the route. The project thus environmentally friendly cities with less in recent years have developed cycle

34 strategies, implemented new cycle paths hierarchical belief that the best transport of transport and infrastructure have and so on. In addition to the desire to choice was to drive alone in a car, and the meant that infrastructural nodes in the promote biking in the interests of large worst option was to walk or cycle. This city are becoming new central places for global challenges such as pollution, is expressed via marketing campaigns DEMOCARCYto unfold. This occurs resource scarcity and health, the rising which emphasise that everyone cycles in because mobility itself is the foundation focus on cycling also reflects changing Denmark – high and low, rich and poor. of our FLEXIBLE and adaptable cities views towards transport. It is no longer Images of Danish politicians and the (adaptable in the sense that they can sufficient to simply provide equal Danish royal family cycling around the quickly adjust to new competitive transport opportunities for all (as in city are often viewed around the world. situations at regional and global scales). welfare city, version 1.0) – today the aim As a result, the nodes where people get is to create different mobility options for The value of marketing campaigns is on and off the system, and where they the individual citizen. Regardless of age, also reflected in Odense’s selection of change modes of transport (which is key the individual must have the freedom to cycling as its contribution to EXPO 2010 to high mobility and flexibility) are of choose, and the freedom to move wherever in Shanghai (Odense was previously vital importance. It could be argued that and whenever they like. Denmark’s number 1 cycling city). At the these places will become more democratic Expo, Cycling was not only presented as spaces than the parks and promenades of This idea can be expressed in the a useful and inexpensive means of travel, the industrial city. following manner: The more mobility, but also as a symbol of the good city life: and the more types of mobility available, where one can move silently through the the greater the welfare of the individual. city and up close to urban green spaces Aspects of EQUALITY are also more and recreational areas. visible with the decoupling of the previous In summary, the altered perceptions

CASES

UPPSALA — TRAVEL HUB A transport hub and meeting place with a new contributed to this city quarter in the city centre. Contributes to expansion of the city the expansion of the centre eastwards and centre. interconnection across several barriers, The pace of trans­ including the railway. Fully implemented by formation on the approximately 2015. The concert and conference eastern side has centre that was opened in 2007 is a landmark increased noticeably, as building and a meeting place that interacts with has the arrival of its local environment of public spaces and has businesses.

ODENSE — THOMAS B. THRIGESGADE Under the motto ‘From street to city’, the cooperation that will probably develop in the transformation of Ths. B. Thriges Gade is the future, with the city as catalyst constantly biggest transformation project in the centre for needing to make new alliances and partnerships many years, and it is a project that consists of with both large and small operators to generate several very interesting layers. Firstly, it links development and change. Thirdly, the project the entire inner city physically together after has a psychological and mental dimension nearly 50 years of separation by a very large because it expresses a special way of thinking traffic artery that was built in the 1960s. This about a city as a place where functions, people will make a decisive change to mobility flows and aesthetic expression are combined and and the city’s traffic patterns in the future. mixed. It is the dynamics and aesthetics of Secondly, it is an interesting partnership density that are to be combined in this project between a municipality, a large fund and a and will end up as a brand new district in the number of private investors. Therefore, not only centre of Odense. the financing but also the entire implementation reflect a partnership model and method of www.fragadetilby.dk

35 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION from rights to duties. Although variousexperiments with different methods of community participation as to whether –andhowthis helps to develop new our perception of ‘citizens’ asthe focus hasshifted have been undertaken, thehave been question undertaken, remains THE CONCEPTTHE OF There hasbeen arecent change in ’THE CITIZEN’ ’THE types of communities? Hypothesis 7

The overall development of the welfare state over the last 20 years has been influenced by neoliberalism and has thereby changed the perception of citizens as passive recipients with a focus on rights – to citizens with duties and the expectation to contribute to varying degrees. These influences and attitudinal changes have also affected cities with community participation now high on the planning agenda. Citizens occupy centre stage in a completely different way to the past, and this rising trend has become more visible in recent years as the financial crisis and falling budgets have caused many municipalities to develop new welfare solutions. The concrete extents of this revised concept of the citizen in city and community development is far from clear. The trend also places new demands on urban planners, who for many years, were considered experts in anticipating and planning for city development.

hen assessing is particularly visible in the two Danish The challenge of planning is that it recent Nordic cities of Fredericia and Odense (see covers everything from conceptual vision urban projects, Hypothesis 4). Here, citizens were asked documents to concrete building projects, we can see that to take part in finding future solutions, where citizens are invited to comment on many projects are thereby achieving a certain degree of proposals. The altered attitude towards about engaging with citizens in new ways. autonomy in relation to the municipality. citizens is also expressed in new planning WThis can therefore be understood as a In Fredericia, the Fredericia former concepts such as temporary urban change to the way citizens are perceived Fremtiden initiative has allowed the development, which allow activities and by central authorities. Concepts such as city’s elderly inhabitants to remain in functions to diverge from local planning rights have been replaced with concepts their own homes, whilst in Odense some decisions and other existing regulations. of ‘participation’, ‘collaboration’ and so so-called Velfærdseksperimenter Such temporary initiatives are often more on. There is however, one exemption (Welfare experiments) have been created. user-driven, and provide an outlet for - Umeå, which is the only city to have A Welfare Exploratorium is a local local resources to be brought under the developed a Gender Equality Policy. area where good ideas and engagement spotlight. Citizens therefore take on other On the one hand, this could be viewed contribute to the rethinking of welfare. roles and responsibilities. ’Karolinelund’ as a continuation of the original welfare Collaboration and networking between in Aalborg, ’Delta x’ in Norrköping, focus on rights, yet it similarly represents volunteer organisations, traders, and and ’Fredericia C’ with the project a radically innovative approach to an municipal workplaces are also encouraged ’Grow your city’ in Fredericia are all urban context, where EQUALITY is not with the aim of finding the right solutions examples of this concept. One example the dominant value on many levels (see and conditions for the people that live in of an innovative citizen initiative with a Hypothesis 1). Most of the aforementioned that specific neighbourhood. focus on temporary urban development welfare institutions have made crucial is DemokraCity in Aarhus, which is contributions to the growing equality In terms of the physical planning of cities, a series of local studios where citizens, between genders in Nordic society, there is still a great deal of obscurity – municipal employees, and architecture but are there new issues of equality what is the role of the citizen, and how can students get together to develop ideas for that need to be addressed, such as our they be invited to take on these new roles? a specific urban neighbourhood by testing cities INCLUDING all their available Many cities have focused on developing different prototypes. resources? Most likely – and Umeå puts various methods of dialogue with citizens focus on this with its policy initiative. – and although this is vital work, the roles We are therefore seeing the rise of citizen and effects are not clear. New methods of initiatives through these temporary The majority of citizen initiatives in dialogue are mainly intended to engage urban developments. The initiatives Nordic cities focus on how citizens can citizens in new ways, and thus act as a originate from a desire to strengthen (be expected to) play new roles. This means for gathering new ideas. Examples and develop different types of urban has occurred from a point of necessity, of this include ’Spaden’ in Eskilstuna communities (among other things), and among other things, as municipalities no and ’Medborgerdialog med 3dkort’ in examples include ’Ungdommens Hus in longer have the resources to provide the Norrköping, ’Hej Stadsdel i Malmö’, Fredericia and ’Urbane fællesskaber’ same service as before, and hence there and last but not least Innocarnival 2014 in Odense. The latter project is a generic is a need to think differently. This trend in Lund. term for a series of initiatives instigated

37 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION participation. on citizen policy actual of an formation the through process planning of the part integral and amore formal participation citizen make done to being also work is university and campus issues. In In issues. campus and university just much more than cover –which issues development of urban for aseries process consultation apermanent as now acts and here, established been has university the from representatives student with collaboration Aformal growth. city of drivers key the as students its and university the the idea of with fits which on students, focus astrategic is there specific neighbourhood).In of a residents the or to population, city’s entire out (either reach an to to one seeks –where dialogue citizen on broad-based centred are discussions cities, most In caregivers. for dementia anetwork and cafe homework avolunteer as such citizens, by 38 FREDERICIA/ GROW YOUR CITY Trondheim Trondheim Odense , Andersen, Vækstlag for ung musik, musik, ung for Vækstlag Andersen, this are are this of Examples etc. environments, cultural talents, special of associations, form the in –either cities of individual resources for the support strategic and focused –via ways other of in conceived also is development of urban resource crucial a as on citizens attention increased The common identities and visions. They hold They visions. and identities common than rather solutions, common around revolve increasingly 3) and Hypothesis (see interests specific by driven are Today communities city, 1.0. version of welfare system community the than fragmented) (and thereby based locally more are communities Many of society. the development affecting thereby cities, in communities new create to potential the with citizens co-creative on active, focus agrowing we see cities, Nordic in or initiated implemented initiatives citizen the at look overall an we take If and Stapelbäddsparken, Malmö. Odense: Revitalisering af HC af Revitalisering Odense: which are not limited to lifestyle and taste? and lifestyle to not limited are which development processes, urban engaging How do we build communities. defining socially and bigger is –that regions across as as well city the of parts different across extend that but communities interests narrow by bounded and defined locally not only are that communities developing in achallenge is there time same the At ahead. tasks future of some solve the to potential the CASES

AARHUS — DEMOCRACITY AARHUS Our cities should not be static backdrops for and developing our formal procedures. They should be dynamic cities. The work frameworks for interaction and meetings is done with between people. DemokraCity is a new studio concepts such run by Aarhus School of Architecture, which is as social capital, in a partnership with the City of Aarhus on new empowerment forms of democracy and urban development. and sustainability. The studio places architecture and the role The partnership of the architect in a holistically oriented, has provisionally interdisciplinary and democratic context. In been agreed for 2 years the studio, we focus on how central operators and Aarhus City Council (citizens, municipal employees and architecture unanimously supports the partnership project. students) can together develop a specific urban quarter using temporary architecture and how they can develop and test specific 1:1 prototypes www.aarhus.dk/da/aarhus/FremtidensAarhus1/ to create knowledge and tools for rethinking DemokraCity-Aarhus.aspx

FREDERICIA — GROW YOUR CITY The former industrial area by the port was not dirt under your fingernails and experience the a child-friendly place to be. This is no longer the pleasure of planting and harvesting healthy, case in FredericiaC, and Grow Your City offers tasty food.Nyforsgatan, Kyrkogatan och vegetable patches for everyone who wants to Smörtorget har också omvandlats. Pusselbit för be involved. Here in FredericiaC, there is lots pusselbit växer ett mer attraktivt Eskilstuna of space, fresh air and opportunities to get fram.

LUND INNOCARNIVAL 2014

InnoCarnival Lund will be held for the first time in 2014. This is an event for children and young people about sustainable urban development with the focus on people. InnoCarnival Lund sees children, young people and adults as a resource in the work on sustainable urban development and innovation.

39 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION the subject of many different –and often conflicting – interests. Itis not just aboutpreservation of Nature inNordic cities is currently nature, butalso access to nature. IN THE CITY IN THE NATURE NATURE Hypothesis 8

Today, city borders are fluid with many cities almost merging together, and this influences the relationship between city and country, as well as city and nature. Scandinavia is often highlighted for its focus and respect for nature, but in relation to urban development, there has been a change in the Nordic view of nature: nature should no longer just be preserved; it should be used for different purposes. Nature is no longer seen as a separate entity from the city – it is (or should be) an integrated part of the city and something the city has to offer. At the very least, this is due to the altered perception of cities as arenas for recreational activities.

ince the inception of the created with different water elements the onset of climate change, many cities welfare city, version 1.0, such as ’Vand som kilde’in Fredericia are required to undertake initiatives cities have increasingly and ’Fristadstorget’ in Eskilstuna. that protect against, or limit potential served as a framework The proof that both the green and blue natural catastrophes, such as floods. for work, production, and elements of nature are in high demand This is a central question for the Nordic housing. However Nordic cities have can be found in areas currently being city program ’Fremtidens byer’ (‘Future Sslowly become places where more and renovated/developed, as these areas are Cities’), which Kristiansand, Stavanger, more people want to spend time doing often located in close proximity to nature. Trondheim and Tromsø are a part of. leisure activities. Cities are used for There are already countless examples Kristiansand has taken the initiative activities from relaxing, to going on walks, of luxury homes springing up along city of a pilot project on ’Fremtidens bydel’, to running, to other forms of sport. With waterfronts, and in many cases there is which covers environmentally-friendly this development, it has become normal strong competition for these areas. Which transport, climate adaption measures, to include natural areas in the city, and to functions should be located close to such CO2 neutral energy production, and make them accessible and useful for such natural splendours? Who should be able good systems for waste management. activities. to enjoy and have access to these areas? Meanwhile, Sønderborg has used the We are increasingly seeing cities working need for climate adaption initiatives to Not all cities have a large pool of natural towards making these areas accessible strengthen existing green areas so they resources to draw from. Hence we are for as many people as possible, hence can be used for recreational purposes. witnessing an increased focus on different more and more public functions such as The project ’De fem haver’ (’The five types of nature – both the green and blue gardens’) is comprised elements of nature. During the Industrial of a green area within a Revolution, proximity to harbours (and residential area plagued thus water) promoted the development by torrential rains. of particular types of industry and trade Access to nature has become Rainwater is now stored – but water was not an element to be a welfare benefit, and thereby an and slowed, and instead enjoyed. This has now changed. Today a of allowing rainwater to arena” for questions of democracy. stream, river, ocean, lake or other water collect in the stormwater body has great recreational potential to system, it is used as a strengthen a city’s attractiveness - if made resource, and creates accessible. It is worth noting that almost cultural centres, are being located there a recreational area in Digterkvarteret’s all NCN member cities have important (e.g. the concert house in Stavanger). common backyard, Digterhaven. Five urban projects that aim to make blue (and Access to nature has become a welfare rainwater basins, each with their own green) areas accessible for recreational benefit, and thereby an arena for questions characteristic plantings, have been activity . Whilst some primarily aim to of DEMOCRACY. In Odense the city is created with five mounds for various create access by establishing new path aware that many people are interested in social and recreational events. systems (e.g. Tromsømarka in Tromsø these areas, and hence has developed a Looking forward one can ask: What and stiplan in Sønderborg), many other green/blue recreation plan which presents does the change from passive to active projects aim to add qualities and facilities as an overall approach to addressing consumer mean for natural diversity – to existing green and blue areas, to environmental and landscape values in and thus the Nordic value of RESPECT strengthen their integration with the city large transformation projects (e.g. Light FOR NATURE? And how can cities and its recreational options. Nature is also rail and campus development projects). cleverly and innovatively manage the being included in many urban projects in In addition to nature’s recreational value, many different interests in nature in the the form of more artificial elements – as we can also see that respect for nature future? an example, many urban spaces are now is an expression of current needs. With

41 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION 42 change adaptation, CO2-neutral energy supply CO2-neutral energy adaptation, change climate transport, green means included. This of initiative byer are Framtidens in areas project development for area the which in all apilot be to bydel designed Framtidens is / APILOT PROJECT KRISTIANSAND FREMTIDENS CASES KRISTIAN- BYDEL SAND/ — FREMTIDENS BYDEL purpose and adds value for the local homes. for value the local adds and purpose given a been has value recreational significant without area any green existing of the project, an aresult As identity arecreationcreates is area. and both that area the city an give and rainwater problem solvesimultaneously with apractical can adaptation change how to climate answer an project fem haver’ provides ‘De The well. as areas residential and urban done be to needs existing in This new in areas. delay basins large establishing not of is adaptation just amatter change Climate — DE HAVER FEM SØNDERBORG prevention innovation. and include diversity, technology, welfare crime areas focus Other level of recycling. a high with management for waste good systems and

Inevitably the Nordic region is influenced by global tendencies, but the Nordic countries also have a strong tradition for developing innovative responses to global changes. The Nordic cities could possibly contribute to the innovation and reform of the Nordic societies.

43 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION What if... What 44 — — — knowledge? to share ideas and and institutions wanting buildings, butthe people areas did not start with planning of newcampus the national state system related to the weakening of Nordic in a waynot only redefine the idea of the butalso to competion, only directly inthe global important players not the regions could become inclusion? and engagement trust, that contribure to more construction? Would facilitating rather than operation/programming/ allocated to maintenance/ more funds were — — adressed? room for conflicts to be differences andmake in awaythat allows for model could bereformed the Nordic consensus of the Nordic cities? fordriver the development diversity asapositive of usingthe cultural were developed asameans ressources inthe cities human andurban new tools for mapping 45 NORDIC CITIES IN TRANSITION — a collaboration between Nordic City Network & Gehl Architects &Gehl Network City Nordic between — acollaboration Architects Gehl by Produced www.nordiccitynetwork.com Read more!