Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic and Environmental Protection with Reference to K Narayanapura, Bangalore, India - An Empirical Study

Submitted By Surjit Singha Asst. Professor Dept of Commerce Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous)

Shodh Pravartan Minor Research Project

Centre for Research Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) K Narayanapura, Kothanur Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560077, India

February 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) for providing an opportunity to conduct a Shodh Pravartan Minor Research Project

I express my sincere gratitude to Rev. Dr Augustine George CMI, (Principal), Rev. Fr. Lijo P Thomas (Financial Administrator & Head Dept. of Computer Science), Rev. Fr. Som Zacharia (Director, Library & Information Technology & Director, Infrastructure Development), Rev. Fr. Emmanuel P.J. (Director, Kristu Jayanti College of Law, Director, International Relations, Faculty, Department of Psychology, Director, Jayantian Extension Services & Jayantian Alumni Association), Rev. Fr. Joshy Mathew (Faculty, Department of English), Rev. Fr. Deepu Parayil (Faculty, Department of Life Science), for their guidance and blessings.

I thank Dr Aloysious Edward J, (Dean, Commerce and Management), Prof. Vijayakumar R (HoD, Department of Commerce) for their constant support and guidance.

I also thank the Centre for Research, and all the Faculty coordinators for their constant inspiration and motivation to complete this project.

I thank the management of Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) for funding the entire project.

I am grateful to St. Kuriaose Elias Chavara, and Almighty God for showering blessings upon me.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Surjit Singha is presently working as a faculty member in the Dept. of Commerce, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous). Specialized in Commerce & Management, with an experience of more than 11+ years in Industry and Teaching and delivered more than 3,000 hours of Teaching lectures, he had published twelve articles in India and Bulgaria, and nine books in his credit. His research area is in Workforce Diversity, Organizational Climate and Culture, SDG and topics that benefit society, and attended more than 20 National and International conference, workshops, seminars, FDP, MDP. Presently he had undertaken two Fully Funded Minor Research Project funded by Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) and certified Life skills trainer by Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development and trained students on Life Skills topics since 2013 to around 3,000 Youths.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 2 Introduction 2 Statement of the problem 3 Rationale and Significance 3 Research questions 3 Objectives 4 Research Methodology 4 Selection criteria 4 Sample Size 4 Other stakeholders: Around 128 (Stakeholders includes people living in and around K Narayanapura) 4 Sample Design 4 Other stakeholders 4 Study time 4 Type of Business Unit 4 Methods of Analysis 5 Ranking method, percentage analysis, mean and Likert scale 5 Scope of the study 5 Limitation of the Study 5 CHAPTER 2 7 Review of Literature 7 Research gap 15 CHAPTER 3 17 Operational Definition 17 K Narayapura 17 F & B 17 Systematic observation 17 Unsustainable method 17 Sustainability/sustainable method 17 Socio-Economic 17 Environmental Protection 17

Generators and Types of Food and Organic/Green Waste (Extracted from What a Waste 2012 which was adopted What a Waste 1999) 18 CHAPTER 4 20 ANALYSIS 20 Analysis of the response from Business firms 20 1. Nature of Business firm 20 Table 1: Nature of Business firm 20 Figure: 1 21 2. Implementation of Environmental Sustainable Practices in Business-Response based on the extent of usage 22 Table 2 22 Table 2.1 23 3.Relationship between human and environment-Response from the business firms 24 Table 3 24 Analysis of response using weighted value and mean 25 Table 3.1 25 4. Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Environmental Sustainable Practices 26 -Response from the business firms 26 Table 4 26 Analysis of response using weighted value and mean 26 Table 4.1 26 5.Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices 27 Response from the business firms 27 Table 5 27 Analysis of response using weighted value and mean 27 Table 5.1 27 6. Analysis of the response from public 28 Age 28 Table-6 28 Figure-1 29 7. Gender of the respondents 29 Table-7 29 Figure-2 29 8. Education: 31

Table-8 31 Figure-3 31 9. Employment Status 32 Table-9 32 Figure-4 32 10. Monthly Income: 33 Table-10 33 Figure-5 33 11. Frequency of shopping: 34 Table-11 34 Figure-6 34 12. Examining the awareness of the stakeholders: 35 Table-12 35 Table-13 35 13. Analysis of satisfaction among the stakeholders: 36 Table-14 36 Table-15 36 14. Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura 37 Figure: Proposed model for attainment of sustainability 37 After the implementation 39 Findings 39 Conclusion 40 References 41 Questionnaire 43

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CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction Sustainable business to protect the environment is the most urgent need of the hour to save the planet we live in. A business sustains with the society, and the Socio-Economic growth and the business go hands-on hand; however, during this development process, the environment suffers the most, if sustainable methods are not adopted.

This present study focuses on developing a business model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura, Bangalore, India, which can be applied locally to maintain sustainability.

As there is saying, prevention is better than cure and the need of the hour is the prevention to protect our environment and planet earth. The environmental pollution epidemic is the preventable cause of suffering by our planet and for life living on it. The present study suggested various business model which may able to prevent such a disaster.

The data extracted from Aqicn shows that ITI Jahangirpuri, Delhi, Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI) air pollution shows 440 on November 20, 2018, 10 AM IST, which is Hazardous. In contrast, BTM, Bangalore, Real-time Air Quality Index showed 89 on November 20, 2018, 10 AM IST which is moderate, so the date reveals that Bangalore Real- time Air Quality Index (AQI) is 89 (Moderate). However, Delhi's Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI) is 440 (Hazardous). Therefore, it is essential that we need a methodology to minimize the level of danger, probably we may prevent it to a certain extent.

As reported in Times of India, by Chethan Kumar, dated November 12, 2017, that Bangalore chokes on its waste, garbage jumps 1,750% in 15 yrs; obviously, it can be understood the seriousness of the matter concerning waste the different business is generating that. It is mention in the Times of India article written by Chethan Kumar that 200 tonnes of garbage per day in 2000-01, the Bangalore city corporation found itself having to deal with a massive 3,700 tonnes in 2015, that is an enormous rise in workload by over 17 times (1,750%). During the same time, its population — grew by just 60%. From this above article, we can see that the garbage per day is increasing in an enormous amount, and if this goes on for a long time, there will be a massive problem concerning health and wellness. 3

The Central Pollution control board data reveals that River Ganga at D/s Sarikpur, Sample date October 26, 2018, state Bihar shows the final remark as Not Satisfactory, which refers that the pollution level has gone up in the water level too in many parts of India

Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025 (Hoornweg, D., & Tata, P. B. 2012). Thereby it is necessary to prevent such human-made pollution by generating sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection.

Statement of the problem

Sustainability is the need of the hour and should be practised by individual, business, institution, and corporates. However, what is the best possible sustainable model specific to K Narayanapura area is not known.

Rationale and Significance Pollution is increasing in India as well as globally; however, we can see from the ROL, that in many countries especially Denmark they are taking preventive measures to control the pollution to maintain sustainability, and thereby it is the urgent need of the hour in India that we formulate a sustainable business module for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection.

Research questions ● What are the various strategies used to maintain responsible action for socio- economic and environmental protection among the business firms? ● What is the satisfaction level of stakeholders for socio-economic and environmental protection initiated by the business firms? ● What is the possible sustainable business model for socio-economic and environmental protection with reference to K Narayanapura?

Objectives 4

1. To identify the strategies used for maintaining the responsible action for Socio- Economic & Environmental Protection among the business firms. 2. To examine the satisfaction level of stakeholders for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection initiated by the business firms. 3. To develop a Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura

Research Methodology Quantitative and qualitative approaches to be employed to collect data, including Systematic observation, survey methods, systematic literature review, expert opinion and talks, with reference to sustainability and unsustainable method opted in the business's operation. The questionnaire was adopted from Kaur, B. (2020). Managerial Attitude and Implementation of Environmental Sustainable Practices in the Hotel Industry of Punjab (Master's thesis). Retrieved from Shodhganga; and modified according to the needs of the present study.

Selection criteria 1. Business unit near Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous) 2. Business unit within 2 KM radius of the college. 3. Business within the campus.

Sample Size Around 88 business unit from K Narayanpura Area. Other stakeholders: Around 128 (Stakeholders includes people living in and around K Narayanapura)

Sample Design: Random Sampling Stationery store, vegetable store, Supermarket, Hotel/Restaurant, Grocery shop, Textile shop, Jewellery, Automobile shops, Milk booth, Fish and Meat store, Flour Mill, Beauty Parlours Other stakeholders: 128 (Stakeholders includes people living in and around K Narayanapura) Study time: 1yr.

Type of Business Unit: 5

Stationery store, vegetable store, Supermarket, Hotel/ Restaurant, Grocery shop, Textile shop, Jewellery, Automobile shops, Milk booth, Fish and Meat store, Flour Mill, Beauty Parlours

Methods of Analysis Ranking method, percentage analysis, mean and Likert scale

Scope of the study The scope of the study is to generate a sustainable business model for K Narayanapura area.

Limitation of the Study ● The research is focused on K Narayanapura Area of Bangalore, India, within the radius of 2 Km from Kristu Jayanti College.

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CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER 2

Review of Literature

Mohammed, M., Ozbay, I., & Durmusoglu, E. (2017, August 9). In their research work "Bio-drying of green waste with high moisture content. Process Safety and Environmental Protection." they found that Bio-drying is a practical approach for moisture and weight reduction of green waste preserves most of its energy contents.

Hoornweg, D., & Tata, P. B. (2012) In their article "What A Waste" A global review of Solid waste management" they had mentioned that Waste generation rates would become more than double over the next twenty years in lower-income countries. Globally, solid waste management costs will increase from today's annual $205.4 billion to about $375.5 billion in 2025. Cost increases will be most severe in low-income countries (more than 5-fold increases) and lower-middle-income countries (more than 4-fold increases).

(INGA, 2017) The International Network of Green Agents (INGA) is an Aalborg University pilot project of 12 weeks. The pilot project (INGA) suggests that successful collaborations between higher education institutions (HEIs) and local governments are perhaps overlooked by city leaders globally as a means of constructive, long-term change in city development. In the INGA project report, it is being found that they had able to combine values of co-creation, interdisciplinary and problem-oriented learning to resolve the sustainability problems. In their Project report (INGA), they had mentioned a few recommendations they suggested after 12 weeks of completing their project. They had mentioned the suggestion that there is a requirement of the long-term planning and investment, in their report, they had an emphasis on the requirement of enough money, time and resources and they also further suggested that there is the necessity to evaluate at the end of the completion of the project. Upon completing the project, the INGA team recommended that during the Project time, there need to be Transparency, Partnership with higher institute, communication & citizen engagement, Public data collection, effective internal monitoring, and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Thomsen, S. L. Centre for Green Transition, (2013) The documentation of the City of Green (Aalborg), concerning the Centre for Green Transition, which was created in 2013 8

in the City of Aalborg revels that they worked with the proposed model of partnership within city's stakeholders, including citizens, businesses, and municipal departments. The Centre also focused on fostering city's annual Sustainability Festival, which shared knowledge among its citizens. The Centre conducted workshops, seminars, and communication with a range of national and international visitors on sustainability issues and further promoted the 'green threads' across disciplines, sectors, and political levels. This model reveals a working model for the City of Green (Aalborg), but how much the City of Green (Aalborg) model is possible to apply within the context of India is a subject matter of research and documentation in India. Before executing the said model, we need to know the ground reality of a small, clustered area and then a larger area. To draw the collusion of one city or for the whole of India is also a subject matter of grounding research to find reality as it exists in society.

Thomsen, S. L. (2016). Aalborg's Sustainability Strategy (2016-2020) The documentation of the City of Green (Aalborg), mentioned that their backbone for Aalborg's green transition had been the social development, green economic growth, development across education, employment and health, environmental protection, and improvement which they intend to achieve with the collaboration with municipal planning and regulation of the environment. Further, they mentioned in their documentation that everyone should be empowered to contribute to the transition in their own way, but they also considered the fact that their society member should hold the knowledge that they belong to an inclusive society which is acting collectively. In the documentation the Strategy of the City of Aalborg for 2016-2020 had focused on consumption, production, SMART In solutions, the circular and shared economy, and the wellbeing and high quality of life for Aalborg's citizens. This documentation fundamentally reveals that it is necessary to make aware of the society that they belong to an inclusive society. They are collaborating to make the change happen, to bring the same level of awareness in our City or Nation, we need to understand the ground reality of the situation, What are the existing practice concerning the Unsustainability in Bangalore city or rest of India, Does the Unsustainability practice differ from city to city, area to area within the same F&B sector, what are the available sustainable method known to the F & B business operator, What are the sustainable technology available in the city of Bangalore or other parts of India, What alternative technology is available in the city of Bangalore or others parts of India. Is the alternative method/technology/process is accessible or affordable, viable for the business operation for the F & B sector. 9

(Melchiorsen, M. (n.d). Green Shops) The City of Green (Aalborg) documentation for the project "Green Shop Project" is a public-private partnership among Aalborg Municipality, Aalborg City Association, Aalborg Store centre, City Nord Business and the North Denmark Business. The project team had recognized those environmentally conscious businesses; the network consists of one hundred (100) stores across the city who are environmentally conscious and are being identified. The network of one hundred (100) stores is being focused on the efficiency of electricity and water uses to reduce environmental impact and save on the businesses' operating costs. In the documentation, it is mentioned that the project ("Green Shop Project") emphasized on philosophy and an attitude towards being environmentally conscious in all aspects of running a business which includes from waste cycles, employee practising, source ethically & produce products thereby. They initiated a process whereby the Green Shop logo can identify a Green Shops usually is being ideally placed in the shop window. This Green Shop logo projects to customers that they are supporting a business that contributes to and supports the city's green transition. The benefit for businesses is that once part of the program, they have a competitive edge in advertising themselves as a Green Shop. In the project, it is being documented that Small businesses thrive when their customers are happy, and the Green Shops initiative provides customers with more information about where they choose to spend their money. The program allows both businesses and citizens to show their support for the city's green transition through their everyday purchases. The program enables both businesses and citizens to show their support for the city's green transition through their everyday purchases. The action taken through this project is very excellent, in my opinion. Such action may be possible in the city of Bangalore which is a subject matter of further research and application; further, we also need to explore the more innovative idea, cultural sensitivity, legal norms, cultural norms, rules and regulation of the concerned authority and the ground reality before we execute the idea. We further need to explore why F&B business would allow us to put the Green Shop logo. Why the F & B business will agree to follow the sustainable method for the Green Shop logo. Is there a legal implication for putting Green Shop logo is a subject matter of further research and finding? Is there other concern for putting Green Shop logo in the F&B Shop for Bangalore location?

(Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). City Of Aalborg), In the process of making City of Aalborg a green city, it has been documented that the Aalborg Commitments are designed to strengthen ongoing local sustainability efforts and have two main objectives: 10

They aim to raise awareness and highlight the need for local governments across Europe to act in an integrated way to meet sustainability's growing challenges. The Aalborg Commitments are designed as a practical and flexible tool for local action and achievements. In the process of making Aalborg a green city, Aalborg City Council signed the Aalborg Charter in 1994 and the Aalborg Commitments in 2004, Aalborg City Council has laid down the political framework for sustainable development in the municipality. The documents constitute the backbone of all municipal planning for sustainable development about climate, traffic, nature protection, urban development, waste management etc. At the first European conference on Sustainable Cities and Towns in 1994, the Aalborg Charter was launched. With almost 3000 cities signing the charter, it has been the single most successful European effort in sustainable urban development. In 2004 it was followed by the current Aalborg Commitments which intends to be a strong, local action-oriented tool. Today 600 cities across Europe have signed the Aalborg Commitments, including capitals as Paris, Stockholm, Vienna, Brussels, and Madrid. It is the subject matter of further exploration if such charter is possible for the City of Bangalore or any other city in India. To make a charter, we would need to understand the present social and political scenario of different areas of city, and location. Is there a possibility to make a policy or an act within the context of State level and the national level in India like that of the City of Green?

(Thomsen, S. L, City of Aalborg) This is a case analysis that is done by the researcher in the City of Aalborg where he mentioned that for 90 children between the ages of 3-5 covering a total area of 867 square meters a sustainable kindergarten is unique in Denmark, environmentally certified (under the DGNB scheme) has been designed. Its architects with an objective have designed the Kindergarten to maintain connections with surroundings by their little one; the design is made so that there is hardly any little distinction between 'inside and out'. The belief behind the project is that good design for children can create challenging, vibrant, and natural spaces, which promote both play and quiet. Many green areas are surrounding the Kindergarten, and also within the area it also gives space to the children for access to nature. Kindergarten is nestled within a former amusement park, Karolinelund, and has been designed by its architects to maintain connections with surroundings. I very much appreciate this case study and experiment; however, I believe that in India we had such system most like in the early 17th century, as we moved with time, we bought a structured four-wall system in the process of delivering education. It may be a subject matter of longitudinal study if such a method/application/experiment initiated by the 11

City of Green can also be applied in present India. Can it bring impact on sustainability in India? Is there a requirement for a change in the policy to bring such a system of education?

(Jensen, H. L. (n.d.). Sustainability Festival 2013), The City of Aalborg also documented that they conducted annual Aalborg Sustainability Festival, which focused on showcasing sustainability-related initiatives and ideas. It is a collaborative effort involving citizens, businesses, government, NGOs and other parties to discuss sustainability-related issues. The Festival is one of the municipality's critical events for spreading green ideas to citizens while showing the public the diversity of sustainability projects that their city is undertaking. The City of Aalborg's Governing body had taken approaches to Promote sustainable behaviours, practices, and thinking as a priority for the municipality. The Centre is powering these approaches for Green Transition, and their vision had been that it should be easy for every citizen to be green in Aalborg. The Sustainability Festival is also a key networking event for businesses and individuals, furthering the Centre for Green Transition's mission to connect groups for a coordinated, sustainable city transition. In my opinion, this is a wonderful approach that the City of Green took; we need to explore if such approaches can be possible in Bangalore. If such an event is organized, will the local business owner will come to attain. Why would a business person invest his/her time to come for such an event, all this ground reality we would need to explore within the context of Bangalore or another city in India.

(Kejser, L. B. (n.d.). In making a Green city, the City of Aalborg had take approaches to Network for Sustainable Business Development their aim of the networking is to strengthen the participating companies and increase the competitive advantages through targeted efforts towards sustainability. The network consists of private-public cooperation among the municipalities in Northern Denmark, local business bureaus, Energi Nord, Aalborg University and private companies. By participating in the said network, the companies share knowledge across industries about the environment, sustainability, and climate they apply in their respective companies. The companies also screened their production and products to get an overview of the possibilities to optimize the use of energy and materials, reduce the use of resources, and develop more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly products. They regularly offer meetings, with the theme, for example, 'Energy'. Relevant persons make presentations about the subject, and afterwards, workshops are held for the participants. One of the participating companies hosts this 12

meeting. At the same time, the host company talks about their work with sustainability and gives a tour of the company. This a unique approach, I would need to explore the ground reality, if such an approach like that of the (City of Aalborg) is possible in the F&B sector for Bangalore location. Further, I need to explore if one F&B Company from Bangalore location will share their business details with other F&B company of Bangalore location.

(Bach, T. K. (n.d.). Sustainable Neighbourhoods) Social housing developer Himmerland Boligforening has conducted renovations on residential housing in Aalborg's Eastern suburbs linked to the ideas of the 'sharing economy'; redistributing underutilized assets and resources to people who need them. Sharing formally or informally is a positive way of building social capital and strengthening communities. Sustainable Neighbourhoods aims to use creative sharing and sustainable consumption strategies to increase neighbourhoods' social wellbeing in Aalborg's eastern suburbs, reducing environmental impacts and raising economic resilience, especially for lower-income households. Such a housing developer may exist in Bangalore; it is a subject matter of exploration. However, how the same idea can be implemented in the F&B industry is also a subject matter of further research and exploration. Is there a possibility within the F&B industry where resources can be shared to benefit overall wellbeing? Is there a possibility to use shared resources? Can there be a possibility that one F&B business operation waste may be a resource for other F&B industry or another sector.

(Madsen, Z. B. (n.d.). The Green Agents) Their research mentions that the City of Aalborg Launched the Green Agents project in the yr 2015, which revolves around the idea that sustainable living should be easy for every citizen. To reach the citizens of Aalborg, the Green Agents strive to be visual and accessible through various activities like conferences, seminars, outreach meetings, and an annual Sustainability Festival. They also connect and communicate through social media. The goal is to meet the citizens "where they are" and support those who want to contribute to the sustainability agenda through voluntary work. This is the most ground reality study that the City of Aalborg took to understand the ground reality, where the citizen of Aalborg concerns about sustainability. There is a need to understand the ground reality of the Bangalore area's business operation or any other city wherever we want to implement the project for a longitudinal study and outcomes.

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(Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). House of Energy) Launched in 2016, House of Energy is a unique platform for sustainable energy technologies and products in Nordjylland. House of Energy can be thought of as a 'cluster for energy' in Denmark's Northern region. The platform connects businesses with the university and acts as a single entrance into Northern Jutland's energy sector, while also helping actors in Northern Denmark reach out to the world. The platform includes support from 400 researchers from Aalborg University and 400 Northern Jutland companies. The House of Energy offers various benefits to companies, including networking events, conferences, access to the latest knowledge about different forms of energy, business opportunities, matchmaking, and network expansion. There is particular interest in wind power, district heating and green gases (such as hydrogen and biogas). Notably, the Danish Energy Agency has identified hydrogen and biogas as essential elements in the transition of Denmark's energy systems to one that is fossil-free by 2050. Major partners with the House of Energy platform include Business Aalborg, Hydrogen Valley, Erhvervshus Nord, Nord Denmark's EU office, and Aalborg University.

(Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). District Heating and Cooling in Aalborg) Their research found that Aalborg operates a high energy efficient coal power plant, known as Nordjyll and sverket that produces both electricity for the grid and heat for the city's district heating system. The district heating system circulates hot water beneath the city to homes and businesses, saving most homes from relying on individual home heating systems. Previously privately owned and operated, Aalborg Municipality bought the power plant in 2016. The plant has an efficiency rate of up to 91%, using fuel approximately 20% more efficiently than older coal-fired plants. The city government realizes that a transition away from coal energy is necessary. So there is a strategic plan to gradually phase out dependence on the power plant and replace supply with renewable sources. A phasing-in of green technologies over time is the critical part of Aalborg's energy strategy. The plant creates waste heat contributing to the district heating system, used to warm houses and businesses across the city, rather than being lost to the atmosphere. Also, Aalborg has various district cooling systems that pump water through pipes underground, such as beneath old chalk mine lakes or the fjord, that naturally keep buildings cool with energy only used for pumping. The latest University Hospital is planning to use a cooling system that is expected to be around 20-30 times more efficient than if the building relied on air-conditioning. We need to figure it out if such a project is possible in Bangalore or any other city in India. 14

(Olsen, L. P. (n.d.). Sustainable Procurement) Their research mentioned that Sustainable procurement is about being deliberate and conscientious when it comes to purchasing decisions, and where possible, re-using and repairing rather than replacing. Aalborg is the first municipality in Denmark to apply the circular economy to furniture procurement for primary and secondary schools. Schools can re-use and repair classroom furniture rather than buy new, save on costs, and reduce the need for new furniture production. Circular economy thinking is about keeping the cradle-to-grave loops as tight as possible and moving away from a traditional throwaway, more wasteful linear-economy. Sustainable procurement is a principle that guides purchasing decisions that achieve value for money on a lifecycle cost basis, generating benefits for the municipality and the environment, society, and economy. Sustainable procurement looks beyond short-term needs and considers the whole lifecycle of a product or service. The City of Aalborg believes in voting through purchasing decisions, through choosing purchasing habits that reflect broader goals linked to addressing climate change, social wellbeing and resilience, and green growth. For example, at the Centre for Green Transition, if we are buying new computers, we look for those that have the lowest energy demands, and here at Aalborg Municipality, we have hydrogen and electric vehicles that our staff can use to get to meetings, steering away from fossil fuel-dependent transport. Such level of consciousness we may be able to bring in the long run, but all this idea to implement in Bangalore or any other city is a subject matter of application, research, and documentation.

(Rasul, M. Municipal Green Waste (MGW)) In their research, it is being found that pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process, which is used to convert biomass to biofuel (i.e., bio-oil, biochar, and synthetic gas [syngas]. Municipal green waste (MGW) is considered as one of those biomasses, and its conversion into bio-oil (liquid fuel) pyrolysis has attracted significant interest recently. This article presents both experimental and computational investigations of the pyrolysis process of MGW. Experimental results indicate that about 20% bio-oil, 48% biochar, and 32% syngas can be achieved from MGW samples collected from Queensland, Australia. A process simulation model was developed using Aspen Plus software to predict the pyrolysis process's performance based on a Gibbs free energy minimization approach. The simulation results are validated with the experimentally measured data. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, with a maximum variation of about 15.8%. The validated model was then used to study the moisture content's impact on bio-oil and syngas production from MGW. Governments are 15

recognizing the economic opportunities from valorizing and circulating organic waste materials (UK Parliament, 2014; Irish EPA, 2012), the European Union (EU) is funding projects to valorize agriculture. We need to figure it out if such a project is possible in Bangalore or any other city in India.

Oldfield, T., White, E., & Holden, N. M. (2017, September). Their research emphasis on the principles of the circular economy is transforming how we view waste materials. The use of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to quantify the environmental impacts of waste management has been subject to assumptions and approaches that influence results' interpretation. Waste is not a waste if it is re-used within a specific time of its life cycle, we need to figure it out in the Bangalore how F&B operation waste can be re-used so that it may benefit the society

Research gap

There is no existing literature for K Narayanapura area; it is one of the primary studies being conducted for sustainability. Literature is not available, which will support the sustainability model, specific to the K Narayanapura area. Based on grounded research, a sustainable model is developed.

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CHAPTER 3

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CHAPTER 3

Operational Definition

K Narayapura – Considered within the radius of 2KM from the college (Which include Kothanur, Byrathi Cross, Geddahalli Main Road, K Narayapura cross, BDS Garden, BDS Nagar), 2km radius from KristuJayanti College.

F & B - Food and Beverage, which includes all the business, that sells Food and Beverage Systematic observation: Includes observation of the use of plastic, nonrenewable energy, any alternative resources used other than plastic, any unsustainable methods are used in the operation of the business.

Unsustainable method: Use of Plastic, waste of water, high energy consumption, use of plastic while packaging, High carbon emission (Smoke while cooking), the waste raw ingredient (if it is not used for any productive use or any re-useable purpose), the use of any hazardous substance (ethylene gas, Calcium carbide to make the fruit ripen), formalin and carcinogenic for fish preservation, Sodium nitrite for preserving meat. Benzoates (benzoate, benzoic acid), Nitrites (sodium nitrite), Sulphites (sulfur dioxide), Sorbates (sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate) used while cooking or preserving food, types of pesticide used (Insecticides, Herbicides, Rodenticides, Bactericides, Fungicides, Larvicides).

Sustainability/sustainable method is concerning business operation, the moderate use of water, re-use of water, using sustainable resources, use of biodegradable of resources, uses of non-toxic material, uses of non-toxic natural preservative, uses of non-toxic pesticides, uses of biofuel, uses of bioenergy, uses of renewable resources, doing business operation keeping in mind the health and wellness of people, keeping in mind nature.

Socio-Economic concerning how sustainable or unsustainable business operation affects society.

Environmental Protection refers to how sustainable business practice or operation establishment can protect or conserve the natural environment and resources. 18

Generators and Types of Food and Organic/Green Waste (Extracted from What a Waste 2012 which was adopted What a Waste 1999)

Source Typical Waste Generators Types of Solid Wastes

Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, yard wastes, wood, ashes, Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, Food wastes, ashes, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants (excluding specific process wastes if the municipality does not oversee their collection) Agricultural Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, Spoiled food wastes, agricultural feedlots, farms wastes (e.g., rice husks, cotton stalks, coconut shells, coffee waste), hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides) Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, wood, food wastes office Buildings Municipal Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, Street sweepings; landscape and Services beaches, other recreational areas, tree trimmings; general wastes water, and wastewater treatment from parks, beaches, and other plants recreational areas, sludge

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CHAPTER 4

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CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

Analysis of the response from Business firms

1. Nature of Business firm

To analyze the activities initiated by business firms, it is necessary to understand the business firm's nature. Table 1 shows detailed information regarding that.

Table 1: Nature of Business firm Nature of Business No of Respondents Per centage

Stationery store 6 6.82 Vegetable store 10 11.36 Supermarket 2 2.27 Restaurant 18 20.45 Grocery shop 15 17.05 Textile shop 7 7.95 Jewellery shop 2 2.27 Milk booth 2 2.27 Fish and Meat store 6 6.82 Bakery shop 8 9.09

Others (Flour mills, Beauty parlour, Medical store, 12 13.64 Electric shops, Laundry, Mechanic shops etc.)

Total 88 100

(Source: Primary Data)

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From the table, it is evident that most of the business firms are restaurants (20.25%). The second most (17.05%) one is grocery shops. Other category also has a significant number (13.64%). Vegetable stores are also high (11.36%) in the present study area. Supermarket, jewellery shop and milk booth are significantly less (2.27%) in this area. Figure 1 shows the diagrammatic representation of the above details.

Figure: 1

(Source: Primary Data)

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2. Implementation of Environmental Sustainable Practices in Business-Response based on the extent of usage

To gain the details regarding the Implementation of environmental sustainable practices in business, the extent of usage of certain factors was tested using the business firms' response. Table 2 shows the business firms' response, and table 2.1 shows a detailed analysis of the responses.

Table 2

1=To no extent, 2-To a very little extent, 3-To some extent, 4-To a great extent, 5=To very great extent. T=Total

Sl. T Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 No.

Implementing renewable energy program (e.g., wind or 88 1 28 22 24 9 5 solar energy)

2 Donation/sale of leftover food to local organizations 88 20 18 11 13 26

3 Sorting of waste according to type 88 2 4 10 20 52 4 Donation/auction of unused furniture 88 5 7 15 23 38 5 Water efficient appliances 88 15 10 18 20 25 6 Rainwater harvesting 88 30 28 12 8 10 Refillable thermos flasks instead of mineral water 88 7 3 4 21 28 32 bottles 8 Using energy efficient lighting 88 2 3 4 32 47 9 Using environmental friendly cleaning agents 88 6 10 20 24 28 10 Purchasing goods in bulk 88 18 12 10 25 23 88 Individuals are taking responsibility for environmental 11 8 5 8 12 55 protection

12 Stationary from handmade or recycled paper 88 7 5 18 10 48 13 Pencils instead of plastic pens 88 68 10 4 3 3

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Table 2.1 Analysis of Ranking by the Respondents Sl. 1 2 3 4 5 Total Rank Rank Positions Particulars No. Implementing renewable 44 72 36 25 205 3 1 energy program (e.g., wind or 28 solar energy) 36 33 52 130 271 4 Donation/sale of leftover food 2 20 to local organizations

Sorting of waste according to 8 30 80 260 380 11 3 2 type Donation/auction of unused 14 45 92 190 346 8 4 5 furniture 20 54 80 125 294 6 5 Water efficient appliances 15

56 36 32 50 204 2 6 Rainwater harvesting 30

Refillable thermos flasks 8 63 112 160 346 8 7 instead of mineral water 3 bottles Using energy efficient 6 12 128 235 383 12 8 2 lighting Using environmental friendly 20 60 96 140 322 7 9 6 cleaning agents 24 30 100 115 287 5 10 Purchasing goods in bulk 18

Individuals are taking 10 24 48 275 365 10 11 responsibility for 8 environmental protection 10 54 40 240 351 9 Stationary from handmade or 12 7 recycled paper

20 12 12 15 127 1 13 Pencils instead of plastic pens 68

From the detailed analysis given in Table 2.1, most of the (rank 12) business firms use energy-efficient lighting in their firms. Sorting of waste according to type shows the second- highest rank (11). Individuals are taking responsibility for environmental protection that secures the next highest rank (10). Business firms are also focusing on using Stationary from handmade or recycled paper (rank 9). Donation/auction of unused furniture and usage of 24

refillable thermos flasks instead of mineral water bottles are also important initiatives taken by the business firms (rank 8). Usage of pencils instead of plastic pens is the least preferred practices in the business firms (rank1). Along with that rainwater harvesting and the Implementation of renewable energy programs (e.g., wind or solar energy) also secures least preferences (rank 2&3).

3.Relationship between human and environment-Response from the business firms

To examine the relationship between human and environment, it is necessary to study business firms' view. Table 3 shows the business firms' response and table 3.1 shows the detailed analysis of the responses.

Table 3

1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree

Sl. Particulars Total 1 2 3 4 5 No. Mass human activities interfere with nature 1 and it often produces disastrous 88 2 5 21 32 28 consequences Business entity should follow the laws of 2 88 4 6 22 25 31 nature Business entities are seriously abusing the 3 88 20 24 19 15 10 environment Business entities have plenty ways to sustain 4 88 4 7 16 27 34 the natural resources Business entities have the right to modify the 5 88 28 25 20 10 5 natural environment to suit their needs Humans were meant to rule over the rest of 6 88 38 30 10 7 3 nature If things continue their present course, we 7 will soon experience a major ecological 88 3 7 18 24 36 disaster Customers will be ready to pay more 8 (because of the environmentally sustainable 88 28 10 12 18 20 practices)

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Analysis of response using weighted value and mean

Table 3.1 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. Total Mean Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 No. Weight Mass human activities interfere with 343 68.6 1 nature and it often produces disastrous 2 10 63 128 140 consequences Business entity should follow the laws of 337 67.4 2 4 12 66 100 155 nature Business entities are seriously abusing the 235 47 3 20 48 57 60 50 environment Business entities have plenty ways to 344 68.8 4 4 14 48 108 170 sustain the natural resources Business entities have the right to modify 203 40.6 5 28 50 60 40 25 the natural environment to suit their needs Humans were meant to rule over the rest 171 34.2 6 38 60 30 28 15 of nature If things continue their present course, 347 69.4 7 we will soon experience a major 3 14 54 96 180 ecological disaster Customers will be ready to pay more 256 51.2 8 (because of the environmental sustainable 28 20 36 72 100 practices)

From the detailed analysis given in table 3.1 it is evident that most of the (mean 69.4) business firms stated that 'if things continue their present course, will soon experience a major ecological disaster'. 'Business entities have plenty of ways to sustain the natural resources' with the second-highest mean (68.8). Most of the respondents (mean 68.6) agreed that 'mass human activities interfere with nature and often produce disastrous consequences'. The least (mean 34.2) means that business firms strongly disagree with the statement; 'humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature'. 26

4. Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Environmental Sustainable Practices

-Response from business firms

To examine the Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Sustainable Environmental Practices, it is necessary to study business firms' view. Table 4 shows the business firms' response, and table 4.1 shows a detailed analysis of the responses.

Table 4 Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Environmental Sustainable Practices 1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. No. Particulars Total 1 2 3 4 5 1 To save environment 88 2 4 8 29 45 2 Legislation 88 5 12 15 21 35 3 Govt. Incentive 88 11 9 25 23 20 4 Reduced operational cost 88 5 17 13 29 24 5 Demand of customer 88 2 3 11 35 37 6 Improved public image 88 7 9 28 19 25 7 An edge over competitor 88 9 5 10 29 35 8 Improved relation with community 88 4 7 8 41 28 9 Increased employee satisfaction 88 9 8 31 25 15 10 Quality service in clean environment 88 3 6 8 36 35

Analysis of response using weighted value and mean

Table 4.1 Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Environmental Sustainable Practices 1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. No. Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 Total Mean Weight 1 To save environment 2 8 24 116 225 375 75 2 Legislation 5 24 45 84 175 333 66.6 3 Govt. Incentive 11 18 75 92 100 296 59.2 4 Reduced operational cost 5 34 39 116 120 314 62.8 5 Demand of customer 2 6 33 140 185 366 73.2 6 Improved public image 7 18 84 76 125 310 62 7 An edge over competitor 9 10 30 116 175 340 68 8 Improved relation with community 4 14 24 164 140 346 69.2 9 Increased employee satisfaction 9 16 93 100 75 293 58.6 10 Quality service in clean environment 3 12 24 144 175 358 71.6 From the detailed analysis given in Table 4.1, most of the (mean 75) business firms stated 'to save the environment' and are focusing more on environmental sustainability. Respondents having a mean value of (73.2) stated that they are focusing on environmental friendly business activities due to increased customer demand. Only those business firms having 59.2 27

mean values stated for getting government incentives they are focusing on the sustainability of the environment.

5.Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices

Response from the business firms To examine the Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices, it is necessary to study business firms' view. Table 5 shows the business firms' response and table 5.1 shows the detailed analysis of the responses.

Table 5 Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices 1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. No. Particulars Total 1 2 3 4 5 1 Ineffective and/or non-enforcement of laws; 88 16 12 35 10 15 corruption; inadequate monitoring mechanism 2 Initial Implementation cost 88 3 5 22 31 27 3 Uncertain and/or insignificant economic advantage; 88 9 21 25 21 12 slow return on investment 4 Existing non-supportive structure 88 2 9 30 29 18 5 Lack of professional help 88 17 23 14 22 12 6 Limited green technology 88 7 5 18 23 35

Analysis of response using weighted value and mean

Table 5.1 Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices 1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Total Mean Weight 1 Ineffective and/or non-enforcement of 16 24 105 40 75 260 52 laws; corruption; inadequate monitoring mechanism 2 Initial Implementation cost 3 10 66 124 135 338 67.6 3 Uncertain and/or insignificant 9 42 75 84 60 270 54 economic advantage; slow return on investment 4 Existing non-supportive structure 2 18 90 116 90 316 63.2 5 Lack of professional help 17 46 42 88 60 253 50.6 6 Limited green technology 7 10 54 92 175 338 67.6 From the detailed analysis given in table 5.1, it is evident that most of the (mean 67.6) business firms stated 'Initial Implementation cost', and (mean 67.6) 'Limited green 28

technology', are the main barriers which they are facing while implementing sustainable practices in the business firms. 'Lack of professional help' is the least (50.6 mean) stated issue.

6. Analysis of the response from the public

Age

Table-6 Age Number of Percentage of Response Respondents (%) 18-25 25 17.05 26-35 36 29.55 36-45 30 22.73 46-55 29 21.59 56 and Above 8 9.09 Total 128 100 (Source: Primary Data)

Table 6 shows that most of the respondents (29.55%) belong to the age group of 26-35. 22.73% of respondents belong to the age category of 36-45, and only 9.09% of the respondents belong to the age class 56 and above. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

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Figure-1

7. Gender of the respondents

Table-7

Gender Number of Respondents Percentage of Response (%) Male 89 69.53 Female 39 30.47 Total 128 100

(Source: Primary Data)

From table 7, it is evident that most of the respondents (69.53%) are male. Only 30.47% of the respondents are female. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

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Figure-2

(Source: Primary Data)

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8. Education:

Table-8 Qualification Number of Percentage of Response Respondents (%) 10th 12 9.38 12th 15 11.72 Graduate 35 27.34 Postgraduate 37 28.91 others 17 13.28 No formal 12 9.38 qualification Total 128 100 (Source: Primary Data)

From table 8, it is evident that most of the respondents (28.91%) are postgraduates. 27.34% of the respondents are graduates. Only 9.38% of the respondents do not have formal educational qualifications. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

Figure-3

(Source: Primary Data)

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9. Employment Status

Table-9

Occupation No. of Respondents Percentage Employees 28 21.88 Business 42 32.81 Professional 27 21.09 Others 31 24.22 Total 128 100 (Source: Primary Data)

From table 9, it is evident that most of the respondents (32.81%) are businesspeople. 24.22% of the respondents are doing some other works. Only 21.09% of the respondents are professionals in this category. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

Figure-4

(Source: Primary Data)

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10. Monthly Income:

Table-10

Income Number of Percentage of Response Respondents (%) ≤ INR 10,000 21 16.41 ≤ INR 20,000 18 14.06 ≤ INR 30,000 16 12.50 ≤ INR 40,000 21 16.41 More than INR 40,000 27 21.09 More than INR 50,000 25 19.53 Total 128 100 (Source: Primary Data)

From table 10, it is evident that most of the respondents (32.81%) are businesspeople. 24.22% of the respondents are doing some other daily wage works. Only 21.09% of the respondents are professionals in this category. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

Figure-5

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(Source: Primary Data)

11. Frequency of shopping:

Table-11 Frequency Number Percentage Everyday 16 12.5 Alternate day 44 34.38 Once a week 32 25 Twice a week 21 16.41 Once in a month 15 11.72 Total 128 100 (Source: Primary Data)

Table 11 shows that most of the respondents (34.38%) will do shopping every alternate day. At the same time, 25% of the respondents do shopping once a week. Only 11.72% of the respondents will do shopping once a month. The following figure shows a clear idea about the current data.

Figure-6

(Source: Primary Data) 35

12. Examining the awareness of the stakeholders:

How aware are you of various practises adopted by the business enterprises located in K Narayanapura. Rank the awareness (1 to 5) (1=Extremely aware, 2=Moderately aware, 3=Somewhat aware, 4=Slightly aware, 5=not at all aware)

Table-12 Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 Total Govt. Rules 15 24 35 28 26 128 Technologies used 25 35 34 24 10 128 Importance 20 21 37 25 25 128 Strategies used 23 39 30 21 15 128 Innovative Methods 20 26 36 31 15 128

(Source: Primary Data)

From table 13 it is analyzed that most of the respondents are extremely aware of the strategies used as it secured (rank 1). They also know about the technologies used in business firms (rank 2). Most of the respondents are not aware of the government rules and regulations related to the sustainable practices followed by the business firms (rank 5).

Table-13 Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 Total Rank Govt. Rules 15 48 105 112 130 410 5 Technologies used 25 70 102 96 50 343 2 Importance 20 42 111 100 125 398 4 Strategies used 23 78 90 84 75 350 1 Innovative Methods 20 52 108 124 75 379 3 (Source: Primary Data)

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13. Analysis of satisfaction among the stakeholders:

How far you are satisfied 1=Extremely satisfied, 2=Satisfied, 3=Neutral, 4=Dissatisfied, 5=Extremely dissatisfied

Table-14 1=Extremely satisfied, 2=Satisfied, 3=Neutral, 4=Dissatisfied, 5=Extremely dissatisfied How satisfied are Highly Satisfied Moderate Dissatisfied Highly Total you satisfied dissatisfied Technology 29 22 40 22 15 128 Adopted Strategies used 19 23 38 27 21 128 Societal 22 27 35 23 21 128 wellbeing Service quality 26 31 25 32 14 128 Approach 31 28 26 31 12 128 (Source: Primary Data

Table-15 Calculation of Total satisfaction level How satisfied are you 1 2 3 4 5 Total Score Mean Technology Adopted 29 44 120 88 75 356 71.2 Strategies used 19 46 114 108 105 392 78.4 Societal wellbeing 22 54 105 92 105 378 75.6 Service quality 26 62 75 128 70 361 72.2 Approach 31 56 78 124 60 349 69.8

Table 15 shows that most respondents are extremely satisfied with the business firms' approach, as it has the lowest mean (69.8). Also, in the case of the technology adopted (71.2), customers are extremely satisfied. Only in the case of ‘Strategies used’ respondents are not much satisfied as it has the highest mean (78.4)

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14. Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura

The following sustainable business model is developed from the analysis derived from the responses of business firms and the stakeholders. This can be used as a base for future Implementation of sustainable business and individual practices.

Figure: Proposed model for the attainment of sustainability

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After the implementation

The above model depicts the current sustainable strategies used by the business firms and the new ways and means by which the organization can implement a more environment-friendly approach for attaining sustainability. This model also explains various benefits obtained after incorporating new methods in the present business firms.

Findings

● In K Narayanapura, most business entities are restaurants, and the second most are the grocery shops. ● The business firms in the area are using energy-efficient lighting, sorting of waste according to the type, and implementing sustainable environmental practices in business. ● The business entity stated that if things continue their present course, they will soon experience a major ecological disaster. They also further believe that they have plenty of ways to sustain natural resources. ● Business in the area focuses on environmental sustainability to save the environment and customer demand. 40

● Initial implement cost and limited green technology are some of the main barriers that the business firms face while implementing sustainable practices. ● Usage of pencils instead of plastic pens is the least best practices in business firms. ● Most of the resident in K Narayanapura goes for shopping on every alternate day. ● The respondents are aware of strategies and technologies adopted by the business enterprises located in K Narayanapura for sustainability. ● The residents are extremely satisfied with the approach of business firms.

Conclusion

Sustainability practises, and lifestyles will help to protect the environment, and it can be achieved through collaboration with business, stakeholders, government, and the institutes in the neighbourhood. A business sustains with the society, the Socio-Economic growth and the business go hands-on hand; however, during this process of development, the environment suffers the most, if sustainable methods are not being adopted. This present study focused on developing a business model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura, Bangalore, India, which can be applied locally to maintain sustainability, further to identify various strategies used for maintaining the responsible action for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection among the business firms, and to examine the satisfaction level of stakeholders for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection initiated by the business firms were studied.

Scope for future studies By inculcating all the strategies that is suggested in the study will help to examine the changes happened in our environment. Future studies can be carried out to check the effect of new strategies and how far business organizations are ready to adapt the new strategies to achieve sustainability.

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References Bach, T. K. (n.d.). Sustainable Neighbourhoods. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/sustainable- neighbourhoods-sharing-economy BTM, Bangalore Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI) (2018, November 20). Retrieved from http://aqicn.org/city/india/bangalore/btm/ Hoornweg, D., & Tata, P. B. (2012, March). What A Waste A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Paper. International Network of Green Agents (INGA). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/international-network- of-green-agents-inga ITI Jahangirpuri, Delhi Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI) (2018, November 20). In http://aqicn.org/city/delhi/iti-jahangirpuri/. Retrieved from http://aqicn.org/city/delhi/iti-jahangirpuri/ Jensen, H. L. (n.d.). Sustainability Festival. Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/sustainability-festival Joseph, K. (2020, February 16). Zero Waste Grocery Shopping Easier than it Seems. In Deccan Herald. Retrieved from https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/zero-waste-grocery- shopping-easier-than-it-seems-805307.html Kejser, L. B. (n.d.). Network for Sustainable Business Development (NBE). Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of- aalborg/solutions/network-for-sustainable-business-development Kumar, C. (2017, November 12). Bengaluru chokes on its own waste, garbage jumps 1,750% in 15 yrs. Inhttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-chokes-on- its-own-waste-garbage-jumps-1750-in-15-yrs/articleshow/61612231.cms. Madsen, Z. B. (n.d.). The Green Agents. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/the-green-agents Melchiorsen, M. (n.d).Green Shops. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city- of-aalborg/solutions/green-stores 42

Mohammed, M., Ozbay, I., & Durmusoglu, E. (2017). Bio-drying of green waste with high moisture content. Elsevier, 420-427. Retrieved from ResearchGate. Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). City of Aalborg. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). House of Energy. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/house-of-energy Moreno, A. S. (n.d.). District Heating and Cooling in Aalborg. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/nordjyllandsvaerket Oldfield, T., White, E., & Holden, N. M. (2017, September). The Implications of Stakeholder Perspective for LCA of Wasted Food and Green Waste. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.239 Olsen, L. P. (n.d.). Sustainable Procurement. Retrieved February 10, 2018, from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/green-procurement-e-g- school-furniture Rasul, M. Municipal Green Waste (MGW) Pyrolysis. https://www.researchgate.net/search.Search.html?type=publication&query =green%20waste. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10109-5 Regular Activities (n.d.). In National Service Scheme. Retrieved from https://nss.gov.in/regular-activities Shue, T., Domsa, D., Liegl, D., Jovetic, D., Gajewska, K., Mogensen, M. B., Koolstra. N., Ryu S, Oliveira C T&Koolstra, N. (2017). INGA 1.0 Recommendation Strategies for a Greener Aalborg (Master's thesis). Thomsen, S. L. (n.d.). Centre for Green Transition. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/center-for-green- transition Thomsen, S. L. (n.d.). Aalborg's Sustainability Strategy (2016-2020). Retrieved 2018, from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/aalborg-s-sustainability- strategy Thomsen, S. L. (n.d.). Sustainable Kindergarten. Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/profiles/city-of-aalborg/solutions/sustainable-kindergarten Waste & Resource Tours (n.d.). Retrieved from https://stateofgreen.com/en/tours/waste-and- resource-tours Water Quality Index Generated from EWQDES (2018, October 16). In http://cpcb.nic.in/. Retrieved from http://cpcb.nic.in/ 43

Questionnaire

Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic and Environmental Protection with Reference to K Narayanapura, Bangalore, India - An Empirical Study Objectives

1. To identify the strategies used for maintaining the responsible action for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection among the business firms. 2. To examine the satisfaction level of stakeholders for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection initiated by the business firms. 3. To develop a Sustainable Business Model for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection with reference to K Narayanapura

1. To identify the strategies used for maintaining the responsible action for Socio- Economic & Environmental Protection among the business firms.

For the Business Firms Type of Firm: (Stationery store, vegetable store, Supermarket, Hotel/Restaurant, Grocery shop, Textile shop, Jewellery, Automobile shops, Milk booth, Fish and Meat store, Flour Mill, Beauty Parlours) Implementation of Environmental Sustainable Practices in Your Business 1=To no extent, 2-To a very little extent, 3-To some extent,4-To a great extent, 5=To very great extent Sl. Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 No. 1 Implementing renewable energy program (e.g., wind or solar Power) 2 Donation/sale of leftover food to local organizations 44

3 Sorting of waste according to type 4 Donation/auction of unused furniture 5 Water efficient appliances 6 Rainwater harvesting 7 Refillable thermos flasks instead of mineral water bottles 8 Using energy efficient lighting 9 Using environmental friendly cleaning agents 10 Purchasing goods in bulk 11 Individuals are taking responsibility for environmental protection 12 Stationary from handmade or recycled paper 13 Pencils instead of plastic pens

The listed statements below concern the Relationship between human and environment. Response from the business firms

Please circle the number representing your views on the following statements. 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neither agree nor disagree, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree Sl. Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 No. 1 Mass human activities interfere with nature and it often produces disastrous consequences 2 Business entity should follow the laws of nature 3 Business entities are seriously abusing the environment 4 Business entities have plenty ways to sustain the natural resources if we just learn how to execute them 5 Business entities have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs 6 Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature 7 If things continue their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological disaster 8 Customers will be ready to pay more (because of the environmental sustainable practices)

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Motivational Factors Behind Implementing the Environmental Sustainable Practices Response from the business firms

1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 1 To save environment 2 Legislation 3 Govt. Incentive 4 Reduced operational cost 5 Demand of customer 6 Improved public image 7 An edge over competitor 8 Improved relation with community 9 Increased employee satisfaction 10 Quality service in clean environment

Barrier behind Implementing Environmental Sustainable Practices 1=strongly disagree,2-disagree,3-neither agree nor disagree,4-agree, 5=strongly agree

Sl. Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 No. 1 Ineffective and/or non-enforcement of laws; corruption; inadequate monitoring mechanism 2 Initial Implementation cost 3 Uncertain and/or insignificant economic advantage; slow return on investment 4 Existing non-supportive structure 5 Lack of professional help 6 Limited green technology

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2. To examine the satisfaction level of stakeholders for Socio-Economic & Environmental Protection initiated by the business firms.

Age 18 – 25 □ 26-35 □ 36-45 □ 46-55 □ 56 and above □ Gender: Male □ Female □ Other □ Education: No formal education □ 10 □ 12 □ Graduate □ Postgraduate □ Others □ Employment Status Employee □ Business □ Professional □ Others □ Monthly Income: ≤ INR 10,000 □ ≤ INR 20,000 □ ≤ INR 30,000 □ ≤ INR 40,000 □ More than INR 50,000 □

How frequently you are going for shopping: Everyday □ Alternate day □ Once in a week □ Twice in a week □ Once in a month □

How aware are you about various practises adopted by the business enterprises located in K Narayanapura. Rank the awareness (1 to 5) (1=Extremely aware, 2=Moderately aware, 3=Somewhat aware, 4=Slightly aware, 5=not at all aware)

Particulars 1 2 3 4 5 Govt. Rules Technologies used Importance Strategies used Innovative Methods

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How far you are satisfied

1=Extremely satisfied, 2=Satisfied, 3=Neutral, 4=Dissatisfied, 5=Extremely dissatisfied How satisfied are you Extrem Satisf Neu Diss Extre ely ied tral atisf mely satisfied ied dissat isfied

Technology Adopted Strategies used Societal wellbeing Service quality Approach