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Us Fish and Wildlife Service Species Assessment and Listing Priority U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM Scientific Name: Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Common Name: Page springsnail Lead region: Region 2 (Southwest Region) Information current as of: 05/30/2013 Status/Action ___ Funding provided for a proposed rule. Assessment not updated. ___ Species Assessment - determined species did not meet the definition of the endangered or threatened under the Act and, therefore, was not elevated to the Candidate status. ___ New Candidate _X_ Continuing Candidate ___ Candidate Removal ___ Taxon is more abundant or widespread than previously believed or not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status ___ Taxon not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status due, in part or totally, to conservation efforts that remove or reduce the threats to the species ___ Range is no longer a U.S. territory ___ Insufficient information exists on biological vulnerability and threats to support listing ___ Taxon mistakenly included in past notice of review ___ Taxon does not meet the definition of "species" ___ Taxon believed to be extinct ___ Conservation efforts have removed or reduced threats ___ More abundant than believed, diminished threats, or threats eliminated. Petition Information ___ Non-Petitioned _X_ Petitioned - Date petition received: 04/12/2002 90-Day Positive:05/04/2004 12 Month Positive:05/04/2004 Did the Petition request a reclassification? No For Petitioned Candidate species: Is the listing warranted(if yes, see summary threats below) Yes To Date, has publication of the proposal to list been precluded by other higher priority listing? Yes Explanation of why precluded: Higher priority listing actions, including court-approved settlements, court-ordered and statutory deadlines for petition findings and listing determinations, emergency listing determinations, and responses to litigation, continue to preclude the proposed and final listing rules for this species. We continue to monitor populations and will change its status or implement an emergency listing if necessary. The Progress on Revising the Lists section of the current CNOR (http://endangered.fws.gov/) provides information on listing actions taken during the last 12 months. Historical States/Territories/Countries of Occurrence: States/US Territories: Arizona US Counties: Yavapai, AZ Countries: United States Current States/Counties/Territories/Countries of Occurrence: States/US Territories: Arizona US Counties: Yavapai, AZ Countries: United States Land Ownership: Bubbling Springs, Bass House Springs, remnants of Page Springs (Cave Springs and Ash Tree Springs), and other unnamed springs are located on State property owned by the Arizona Game and Fish Commission and managed by the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). Shea Springs is located on Federal land owned by the National Park Service. Lo Lo Mai Springs is located on private property owned by Lo Lo Mai Springs Resort. Fry Springs, Turtle Springs, and unnamed springs along Spring Creek are located on private property. We estimate the proportional breakdown at approximately 10 percent Federal, 55 percent State, and 35 percent private. Lead Region Contact: ARD-ECOL SVCS, Brady McGee, 505-248-6657, [email protected] Lead Field Office Contact: AZ ESFO, Michael Martinez, (602) 242-0210, [email protected] Biological Information Species Description: Hershler and Landye (1988, pp. 21, 23) describe the Page springsnail (Pygulopsis morrisoni) as a medium sized snail of the family Hydrobiidae, with a shell height of 0.07 to 0.11 inches (in) (1.8 to 2.9 millimeters (mm)). The shell is ovate or ovate-conic in shape characterized by slightly convex whorls. The inner lip of the shell is thin and usually adnate (two unlike parts are closely attached) to the body whorl. The aperture is less than half of the body whorl height and the umbilicus is open. Hydrobiidae are sexually dimorphic with females being long-lived and characteristically larger than males. Taxonomy: The Page springsnail is one of approximately 170 known species in the United States that are members of the family Hydrobiidae. The Page springsnail was originally identified by Landye (1973, p. 29) as a Fontelicella species. Williams et al. (1985, p. 19) recognized two species of undescribed Fontelicella from Tavasci Springs and Page Springs. The species was fully described by Hershler and Landye (1988, pp. 21, 23) as Pyrgulopsis morrisoni from a specimen collected at the type locality of Page Springs. The validity of this taxon was confirmed by Hershler (1994, pp. 52-53) and Hurt (2004, pp. 6, 8, 9, 11, 13-14). The validity has not been disputed. Thus, we have carefully reviewed the available taxonomic information to reach the conclusion that P. morrisoni is a valid taxon. Habitat/Life History: The Page springsnail occurs in springs, seeps, marshes, spring pools, outflows, and diverse lotic (flowing) waters, at approximately 3,510 feet (ft) (1070 meters (m)) elevation. The most common habitat is a rheocrene, a spring emerging from the ground as a flowing stream. Substrate is typically firm and consists of cobble, gravel, woody debris, and aquatic vegetation. These substrates provide a suitable surface for feeding and egg laying by springsnails (Taylor 1987, p. 5; Hershler 1998, p. 14). The most suitable locations for springsnails are unmodified spring habitats exhibiting natural integrity, and are generally free-flowing. The species occurs more often and in greater densities in gravel and pebble substrates, and in shallower water that is lower in dissolved oxygen and conductivity (Martinez and Thome 2006, pp. 8, 11-13). In modified habitats, spring vents tend to be inundated with deep water and the substrate around spring vents is typically dominated by sand and silt. Pyrgulopsis snails are rarely found on or in soft sediment (Hershler 1998, p. 14). Martinez and Thome (2006, pp. 8, 14) speculated that water velocity plays an important role in maintaining springsnail habitat by influencing substrate composition and other variables. In modified habitats velocity typically increases in outflows where sand and silt give way to larger substrates. Aquatic vegetation typically associated with Page springsnail habitat includes Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Lemna minor (duckweed), Berula erecta (water parsnip), Hydrocotyl venicillata (water pennywort), Veronica anagalli aquatica (water speedwell), and Rumex verticillatus (dock). Prominent aquatic macrophytes found in Bubbling Springs include Elodea occidentalis (waterweed), Potamogeton gramineus (pondweed), and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and Oscillaloria rubesens (algaes). In limnocrene habitats, Pyrgulopsis snails can be found on or at the base of wetland vegetation (Hershler 1998, p. 14). Native aquatic invertebrates occurring within these springs include amphipods (Crangonyx gracilis and Hyalella azteca), caddiesflies (Protoptila balmorhea and Metrichia volada), other snails (Physella virgata and Planorbella duiyi), and an endemic species of leech (Motobdella suddenness) (Govedich et al. 1998). Dominant riparian vegetation along Oak Creek includes Fraxinus velutina (velvet ash), Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), Plantanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore), Salix spp. (willow), Prosopsis spp. (mesquite), Juglans major (walnut), and Rubus spp. (berry bush). The Oak Creek Springs complex is sustained by groundwater discharged from the regional artesian aquifer. Twenter and Metzger (1963, p. 29) determined that permeable sandstone beds are the primary source of water for springs in the Page Springs and Spring Creek area and much of the perennial flow in Oak Creek is from these springs. The seeps and springs in the Page Springs and Spring Creek areas supply a significant volume of water to Oak Creek. Twenter and Metzger (1963, p. 14) determined that the average base flow of Oak Creek just above the springs complex during winter months was 40 cubic feet per second (cfs), but after adding the 36 cfs inflow from springs and 16 cfs from Spring Creek, the base flow increased to 92 cfs near the mouth of the creek. The authors suggested that the actual discharge from springs was probably greater than 36 cfs (Twenter and Metzger 1963, p. 17). Some of this water passes through the fish hatchery, with a portion diverted to downstream users per water rights agreement. In 2006, AGFD installed a flow meter at the outflow of Bubbling Springs Pond to monitor spring discharge. Flow data between December 25, 2010 and March 28, 2011, indicate that 7.4 to 7.97 cfs of water passes by the Bubbling Springs Pond outflow water meter daily (J. Sorensen, AGFD, pers. comm.). Proximity to spring vents plays a key role in the distribution of Hydrobiids (Hershler 1984, p. 68; 1998, p. 11; OBrien and Blinn 1999, pp. 225, 232; Mladenka and Minshall 2001, p. 204; Martinez and Thome 2006, p. 14). Hydrobiids often exhibit dramatic declines in density downflow from spring sources, presumably due to their need for stable temperature, water chemistry, and flow regime characteristic of springheads (Hershler 1984, p. 68; 1998, p. 11). Martinez and Thome (2006, p. 14) noted that Page springsnail appear to be more abundant near spring vents. Although abundant near spring vents, the species can sometimes be found in spring outflow channels. For instance, the outflow channel below Bubbling Springs Pond is inhabited by signifcant numbers
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