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Crustacés Décapodes) UNIVERSITÉ DE LA NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE Année 2000 Thèse de doctorat Spécialité : Biologie des organismes présentée et soutenue publiquement par Emmanuel COUTURES le 15 mars 2000 Titre : CONTRIBUTIONS À L’ÉTUDE DU CYCLE DES PALINURIDAE ET DES SCYLLARIDAE (CRUSTACÉS DÉCAPODES) DU LAGON SUD-OUEST DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE. —————— Directeur de thèse : Pr. Claude CHAUVET, UNC ––––––––––– Jury : Dr. John D. BOOTH, ”Project Director”, NIWA (New Zealand), Rapporteur Pr. Hubert-Jean CECCALDI, Directeur d’études, EPHE, Rapporteur Dr. Pascale JOANNOT, Directrice de l’Aquarium de Nouméa, Dr. Bertrand RICHER DE FORGES, Chargé de recherches, IRD, Pr. Gabriel VALET, UNC. à Myriam à Loana 3 Remerciements Je souhaiterais exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à tous ceux qui ont participé à ce travail. En premier lieu, je tiens à remercier mon directeur de thèse, le Professeur Claude CHAUVET qui, tout en me laissant une grande liberté d’action et de décision, a toujours été là pour m’aiguiller dans cette laborieuse étude. Je remercie les personnes qui ont accepté de juger ce travail : - Monsieur Hubert-Jean CECCALDI , un des rares spécialistes français des Palinures, qui a accepté d’être rapporteur ; - Monsieur John D. BOOTH , éminent spécialiste des langoustes, m’a chaleureusement accueilli en Nouvelle-Zélande et m’a souvent fait bénéficier de ses précieux conseils. Je suis très honoré de sa participation comme rapporteur de cette thèse. - Mademoiselle Pascale JOANNO T et Monsieur Bertrand RICHER de FORGES ont toujours témoigné de l’intérêt pour mon travail. Je les remercie d’avoir accepté de juger cette thèse, sans oublier Monsieur Gabriel VALET qui, je l’espère, aura pris du plaisir à découvrir ce nouvel aspect des langoustes. Ce travail a nécessité de nombreuses sorties en mer, souvent nocturnes et je voudrais exprimer ma gratitude à toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagné ou qui ont accepté de m’embarquer à bord de leur bateau : - Sébastien SARRAMEGNA qui fut mon compagnon de tous les instants, en plongée, en bateau, sur le récif et durant cette fameuse nuit du 6 au 7 février 1997 ; - les capitaines du Darmad (Affaires Maritimes de Nouvelle-Calédonie), L u c k y FOGLIANI et Philippe SIMONI , ainsi que les membres d’équipage ; - Les pêcheurs professionnels, en particulier Jean-Pierre PILLOTON et Jean-Yves DOUÉPÉRÉ et les membres d’équipage ; - les capitaines et équipages de l’Isabelle et de l’Améré (Province Sud). Je tiens à remercier tout le personnel de l’Aquarium de Nouméa pour leur aide précieuse, notamment Jérôme et Marc qui ont toujours eu une attention particulière pour mes petites bêtes. 4 Je voudrais remercier le personnel de la Direction des Ressources Naturelles de la Province Sud : R. FARMAN, F. DEVINCK , F. DEBIEN et en particulier Marc HOMOU pour son assistance auprès des pêcheurs. Plusieurs chercheurs m’ont aidé dans de nombreux domaines tout au long de ce travail, je voudrais donc exprimer ma gratitude à Messieurs Pascal DOUILLET , Vincent DUFOUR , Alain MICHEL, Laurent WANTIEZ et à Madame Paulette MCWILLIAM . Je remercie Catherine LEDRU, Tim-Yan CHAN et le service des Publications de la FAO qui m’ont aimablement autorisé à re p ro d u i re plusieurs illustra t i o n s, ainsi que Yve s LEMENNICIER . Cette thèse de doctorat est l’aboutissement d’un parcours orienté depuis 18 ans et je dois remercier ma famille qui m’a permis d’en arriver là. Sans oublier Myriam, ma femme, et ma fille Loana qui ont supporté la difficile épreuve de la rédaction. Enfin, je dédie ce travail à mon père et à mon grand-père qui en auraient été très fiers. 5 SOMMAIRE 6 Sommaire 1ère PARTIE : INTRODUCTION ET GÉNÉRALITÉS 12 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................13 GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES LANGOUSTES ET LES CIGALES DE MER.............................................16 ❒ Systématique des langoustes et des cigales de mer..........................................................16 ❒ Morphologie externe.........................................................................................................17 ❒ Écologie générale..............................................................................................................19 ❒ Alimentation.....................................................................................................................21 ❒ Croissance.........................................................................................................................21 ❒ Reproduction.....................................................................................................................22 ❒ Développement larvaire....................................................................................................23 ❒ Stade post-larve et recrutement........................................................................................26 PRÉSENTATION DU SITE D’ÉTUDE...........................................................................................29 ❒ La Nouvelle-Calédonie.....................................................................................................30 Situation géographique.............................................................................................30 Caractéristiques climatiques.....................................................................................31 ❒ Le complexe récifo-lagonaire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.................................................33 Présentation générale................................................................................................33 Les facteurs hydrodynamiques.................................................................................34 La houle et les vagues...................................................................................34 La marée........................................................................................................35 Les courants..................................................................................................35 Les facteurs hydrologiques.......................................................................................36 La température..............................................................................................36 La salinité......................................................................................................36 L’oxygène dissous.........................................................................................37 Les sels minéraux..........................................................................................37 Les facteurs biotiques...............................................................................................38 Le plancton....................................................................................................38 Le milieu récifal............................................................................................38 Les zones construites........................................................................38 Les zones sédimentaires................................................................. 38 Sommaire 7 PRÉSENTATION DES LANGOUSTES ET DES CIGALES DE MER DE NOUVELLE-CALÉDONIE.... 40 ❒ Espèces signalées en Nouvelle-Calédonie..................................................................... 40 ❒ La pêche en Nouvelle-Calédonie................................................................................... 42 ❒ Synthèse bibliographique sur les espèces communes de langoustes et de cigales de mer de Nouvelle-Calédonie........................................................................................... 43 Les Palinuridae.............................................................................................................. 43 Panulirus penicillatus............................................................................................. 45 Panulirus longipes femoristriga............................................................................. 46 Panulirus versicolor............................................................................................... 47 Panulirus ornatus................................................................................................... 49 Panulirus homarus homarus.................................................................................. 50 Les Scyllaridae................................................................................................................... 50 Scyllarides squammosus......................................................................................... 50 Parribacus antarcticus et Parribacus caledonicus................................................ 52 Scyllarus martensii et Scyllarus spp...................................................................... 53 2ème PARTIE : IDENTIFICATION DES PHYLLOSOMES 55 ❒ Matériel et méthodes...................................................................................................... 56 Origines des échantillons....................................................................................... 56 Méthode d’identification des phyllosomes............................................................ 56 ❒ Résultats......................................................................................................................... 59 Les phyllosomes obtenus........................................................................................ 59 À partir des éclosions en aquarium............................................................
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