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Observations the Move-On Rule Conclusions

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Observations the Move-On Rule Conclusions During the late 1980s to early 1990s, NOAA high abundance of organisms close to the edges deep-sea benthic ecosystems and where the allowable depth of bottom fishing to surveys found only sparse patches of octocorals, of the summit (Rogers, 1994). data on effort and catches for some fisheries 1,500m. presumably the remnants from overfishing are lacking. Even where there is evidence ● Coral fishing is reported as continuing on the (Humphreys, 2008). The Japanese and other impact assessments of the presence of species associated with Emperor Seamount Chain. by fishing nations in this region have proposed a VMEs, interpretation of data has not been ● Comparison of the Emperor Seamount benthic The Fisheries Agency of Japan (2008: Appendix zone protected from fishing on Koko Seamount precautionary nor is it in line with studies communities with those of the Antarctic M) has also reported recent sightings of to protect the single locality at which Corallium elsewhere on what constitutes a VME (see continental slope is misleading and does not Taiwanese vessels fishing for coral, indicating was observed (Station 11; Fig. 40). This has text and Section (iii) below). reflect the work done to quantify densities of that the precious coral fishery is still operating little conservation value for the identified ● The impact assessments conclude that in octocorals in RFMOs elsewhere (e.g. North and potentially damaging VMEs present on the octocorals garden VMEs on the seamount. general SAIs to VMEs do not exist. Atlantic, northeast Pacific; Stone, 2006; Emperor Seamounts. Data were also obtained from other seamounts WGDEC, 2007; Edinger et al., 2009; Rogers et in the Emporer Seamount Chain, including (ii) To implement measures in accordance with al., in press). Observations Yuryaku, Kammu, Colahan, Jimmu, Suiko, the precautionary approach, ecosystems ● The seamounts investigated are likely to Showa and Youmei Seamounts. Corals were approaches and international law and to have been heavily impacted by fishing. Where Information from the Japanese ROV and present on these but not as abundantly as on sustainably manage deep-sea fish stocks. remnant populations of corals and other camera surveys indicates the presence of Koko Seamount. However, sampling effort was ● The new RFMO is still under negotiation VME species exist, area closures should octocoral garden communities on the Koko extremely low for some sites, comprising just a although interim measures to manage high be established to allow for some degree of Seamount, which has historically been the few camera drops in some cases. The variability seas bottom fisheries in the northwest Pacific regeneration. focus of significant fisheries for precious in coral densities both within a single seamount have been adopted. ● Current impact assessments are not adequate corals. Octocoral gardens are classed as and on the different seamounts in this study ● The pelagic armourhead fishery has been to identify VMEs along the fished seamounts VMEs. The Japanese impact assessment for is striking. Studies so far are not sufficient severely depleted over the last 40 years yet of the Emperor Seamount Chain and there trawling states that despite aggregations of to support the conclusion that there were no there is no stock assessment for the species. have been no analyses of fisheries data to corals existing at Stations 12 and 15 on Koko VMEs on other seamounts of the Chain. Some ● Alfonsino is overexploited but current identify where fishing activities are taking Seamount (Fig. 40), it is “not possible to reach photographs indicate heavily trawl-impacted management plans (aimed at maintaining place on fished seamounts. Given the lack any conclusion they constitute VMEs”. The seabed on some of the seamounts investigated. current levels of fishing effort) do not reflect of data on fishing activities in general, such assessment notes that the FAO Guidelines on No other data are presented on the potential an accurate status of the stock. assessments are impossible. managing deep-sea fisheries on the high seas for deep-sea fishing activities to impact benthic ● For most other species, catch statistics are ● Interim measures consistent with UNGA provides no quantitative guidance as to what communities on the Emperor Seamounts. unavailable or unreliable and, therefore, Resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 are needed constitutes a VME and that the communities assessment of the effects of fishing mortality for the northeast Pacific. on Koko Seamount do not resemble extremely The move-on rule on stocks is not possible. There is no current high density stylasterid/sponge/bryozoans plan to change this situation or to plan for (iv) To establish and implement protocols to communities from the Antarctic. While this The fishing nations involved in the NPFC potential grenadier fisheries. cease fishing where an encounter with VMEs may be true, the Antarctic VMEs comprised negotiations initially adopted the NEAFC move- ● Overall, impacts on many low-productivity occurs during fishing activities and to report of stylasterids are unusually dense, probably on rule with respect to coral but have lowered species, such as sharks, cannot be assessed such encounters so that appropriate measures because of their location on the continental the threshold by-catch limit to 50kg. Points on the Emperor Seamount Chain at this time. can be adopted with respect to that site. slope of the Antarctic and the extremely high raised previously in this report with respect to ● The threshold levels set by NPFC for VME seasonal productivity of surface waters there, the move-on rules for NEAFC apply in large part (iii) To ensure that if fishing activities have SAIs encounters apply to corals only. and do not constitute any ‘normal’ benchmark to the NPFC area. There has been no attempt they are managed to prevent such impacts, ● The threshold level for corals do not take situation. Additionally, the Antarctic areas in the to identify VME communities in the region other including through closing areas to bottom into account the small size and delicate photographs referred to (Australian Antarctic than coral communities, and South Korea does fishing where VMEs are known or likely to morphology of coral colonies observed on the Division, 2008) are unlikely to have been fished not require its vessels to report encounters with occur, or not authorised to proceed. seamounts. with bottom-contact gear. Comparison with coral VMEs. ● VMEs are present on the Emperor Seamount ● Using the same threshold levels for active and garden habitats elsewhere (see discussion Chain. However, intensive historical bottom passive fishing gears does not reflect large under northeast Atlantic region; Rogers et al., Conclusions fishing, some targeting precious corals, will differences in their impact. in press) suggests that observations on Koko have heavily impacted this and other local ● Differentiating the post-VME-encounter Seamount do represent VMEs. Data on trawl (i) Conduct assessments of whether bottom seamounts. protocol between areas with a fishing hang-ups were also plotted in the Japanese fishing activities have SAIs on VMEs. ● The fishing nations involved in the NPFC history and those without does not serve assessment (Fig. 41). Some of these are ● Impact assessments have been undertaken negotiations have proposed a single protected conservation objectives. congruent with the coral gardens observed by Japan, Republic of Korea and Russia for the area on the Koko Seamount because of the ● The 2nm move-on rule is an ineffective means in the ROV footage of Koko Seamount but Regulatory Area of the North Pacific Fisheries presence of Corallium at one station. This of conserving deep-sea species because it hang-ups can occur for other reasons such as Commission. protected area does not protect the coral is difficult to identify where a VME encounter lodging of the gear on rocks or under ledges or ● The impact assessments submitted by gardens known to be present elsewhere on occurs along a tow for commercial bottom entanglement with lost fishing gear. The location Republic of Korea and Russia appear to draw seamount summit edges. Japan and Republic trawling. of the high coral densities on Koko Seamount heavily on the impact assessment produced by of Korea have proposed to prohibit their ● Some states (e.g. South Korea) are not (see photographs in: Fisheries Agency of Japan, Japan. vessels from engaging in bottom fishing on the reporting VME encounters even when a VME- 2008: Appendix H; see Fig. 40) follow a pattern ● These assessments have been undertaken high seas north of 45°N and 40°N latitude, encounter protocol is in operation in the that has been seen on other seamounts: that of in a region for which there are few data on respectively. Japan further proposes to limit RFMO. 60 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN RESOLUTIONS 61/105 AND 64/72 IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DEEP-SEA FISHERIES ON THE HIGH SEAS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN RESOLUTIONS 61/105 AND 64/72 IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DEEP-SEA FISHERIES ON THE HIGH SEAS 61 SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN taken place in the southwestern Pacific, mainly (Rogers, 1994; SPRFMO, 2007a). Orange roughy so it is unclear whether current levels of The southeast and west-central Pacific is one by Australian and New Zealand vessels, with breed in aggregations over seamounts but also exploitation are sustainable (SPRFMO, 2007a). of the most important areas of the world in the catch averaging several thousand tonnes demonstrate lengthy periods of low recruitment terms of
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