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FICHA PAÍS Irán República Islámica De Irán OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Irán República Islámica de Irán La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. FEBRERO 2021 Otras ciudades: Mashhad, Isfahán, Tabriz, Shiraz, todas por encima del mi- Irán llón de habitantes. Idiomas: El farsi o persa es la lengua oficial, como dispone el artículo 15 de la Constitución. Además, en torno a un 25 % de la población tiene una va- riedad del turco como lengua materna y se hablan otros idiomas minoritarios, como el kurdo. Mar Caspio Religión: El Islam está consagrado en la Constitución, hoy vigente, como Tabriz TURQUÍA religión oficial. La mayoría musulmana iraní (un 96% de la población total) TURKMENISTÁN es chiíta (en torno al 89% de los musulmanes). Hay una minoría musulmana Mashhad sunnita, sobre todo entre la población de origen kurdo y en la zona fronteriza Teherán con Pakistán (provincia de Sistán-Baluchistán). Otros musulmanes pertene- cen a la creencia autóctona conocida como bahaísmo. Existe una importante minoría cristiana de origen armenio, junto a asirio-caldeos. También hay un Isfahán AFGANISTÁN pequeño grupo de judíos, muy testimonial y de seguidores del Zoroastrismo. Estas cuatro religiones tienen un representante cada una en el Parlamento IRAK Ahvaz iraní. Moneda: Rial iraní. El cambio oficial del rial es de 1€ = 46.546 riales. A Kermán Shiraz lo largo del año pasado, el cambio paralelo autorizado por este Gobierno, PAKISTÁN ha oscilado mucho, devaluándose la moneda en los últimos meses, ya que Golfo Pérsico sí en septiembre del 2019 se cambiaba a 120.000 riales 1 Euro y en este momento, enero del 2021, se hace el cambio a 315.000 riales por 1 Euro. Forma de Estado: El artículo 1 de la Constitución de 1979 define a Irán ARABIA SAUDÍ QATAR como una República Islámica. El sistema se basa en la distinción entre un Ejecutivo encabezado por el Presidente de la República y compuesto por los EAU OMÁN distintos ministerios, que gestiona la administración del país, y un Legislati- © Ocina de Información Diplomática. vo o Majlis, que de manera efectiva aprueba las leyes y vota a los candidatos Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. a Ministros propuestos por el Presidente. Pero por encima de esta realidad republicana, se encuentra el Líder Supremo, que es elegido por la Asamblea de Expertos y que es expresión del principio conocido como “velayat-e faqih” 1. DATOS BÁSICOS o Gobierno del Jurisconsulto. Este principio da un carácter diferencial al sistema iraní y coloca, en general, al estrato superior del clero chiíta y, en particular, al Líder Máximo, como últimos dominadores del poder político. El 1.1. Características generales artículo 57 de la Constitución establece la división formal de poderes, pero bajo la supervisión islámica del citado principio. De hecho el artículo 110 de Nombre oficial: República Islámica de Irán. la Constitución atribuye al Líder Supremo la potestad de delinear las líneas Superficie: 1.745.150 Km². maestras de la política, importantes funciones en materia de nombramientos Límites: Al Norte con Armenia, Azerbaiyán, el mar Caspio y Turkmenistán; al y control de distintos órganos, además de la Jefatura de las Fuerzas Armadas, Este con Afganistán y Pakistán; al Oeste con Turquía y con Irak; y al Sur con siendo él quien declara la guerra. el Golfo Pérsico y el Mar de Omán. Por último, destaca la existencia del Consejo de los Guardianes, encargado Población: 81.8 millones, según últimos datos oficiales del año 2018. El últi- de asegurar en la práctica que el sistema se cumpla, actuando como un mo censo oficial, concluido en 2016, arrojaba una población de 79.926.270 tribunal constitucional y como filtro censor para las candidaturas a las elec- habitantes. ciones parlamentarias y presidenciales. Después de una profunda selección, Capital: Teherán cuenta con más de 13 millones de habitantes de acuerdo que no ha favorecido a los progresistas, el pasado 21 de febrero tuvieron con el último censo oficial que es del año 2016 y con más de dos millones lugar las elecciones legislativas para la elección de los candidatos a la Asam- de desplazados diarios de ciudades dormitorio limítrofes. La ciudad se sitúa blea Parlamentaria (Majlis). Con una participación oficial algo superior al entre los 1.100 metros y los 1.700 metros de altura en las faldas de la ca- 42 por ciento, los grandes triunfadores han sido los incluidos en las listas dena montañosa Alborz. conservadoras. Otro elemento importante del Estado iraní lo constituye el 2 FICHA PAÍS IRÁN Consejo del Discernimiento, que tiene como función fundamental el dirimir 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países. 2019 las cuestiones que se planteen entre la legislación del Parlamento y las indi- caciones del Consejo de los Guardianes. PRINCIPALES REMITENTES DE IMPORTACIONES División administrativa: El país está dividido administrativamente en 30 re- 1. China 24,9% giones. 2. Emiratos Árabes Unidos 13,8% 3. India 6,4% 1.2. Geografía 4. Turquía 6,3% 5. Alemania 5,9% Irán se asienta sobre una gran meseta triangular, que alberga los dos grandes 6. Suiza 5,1% desiertos iraníes, el inhóspito desierto salino de Kavir, al sudeste de Teherán, y, 7. República de Corea 5% más alejado al sudeste, el desierto de Lut, rocoso y de arena. Entre Teherán y el 8. Rusia 3,3% Mar Caspio, en el Norte, se alza la cordillera de Alborz, con algunas cumbres 9. Italia 2,8% volcánicas que superan los 5.000 metros y entre las que destaca el pico más 10. Reino Unido 2,6% alto de Irán, el volcán Damavand, de 5.671 m. y situado a tan solo 64 Km. (17) España 1% de la capital. Los montes Zagros se extienden desde la frontera con Armenia, al Noroeste, bajando hacia el Golfo Pérsico La zona fronteriza con Turquía PRINCIPALES DESTINATARIOS DE EXPORTACIONES es montañosa y boscosa. La gran extensión y la diversidad orográfica de Irán 1. Otros Asia 42,7% implican que este país cuenta con todo tipo de climas, de un extremo al otro. 2. UE. Otros 11,4% 3. China 9,5% 1.3. Indicadores sociales 4. Iraq 9,3% 5. Emiratos Árabes Unidos 6,2% Las estadísticas oficiales más recientes establecen lo siguiente: 6. Afganistán 3% 7. República de Corea 2,7% Densidad de población (2019-2020): 50,4 habitantes/km2 8. Turquía 2,5% Renta per cápita (2017): 5.520,3 $ 9. India 2,1% Coeficiente GINI (2017): 40,8 10. Pakistán 1,3% Esperanza de vida (2019): (33) España 0,1% Total población: 74,5 años Fuente: Trade Map 2019 Hombres: 73,1 años Mujeres: 76 años (est. 2020) 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos Crecimiento de la población % (2019-2020): 1,2 % IDH (Valor núm./nº orden) (2018): 0.797/118º PRINCIPALES EXPORTACIONES Tasa de analfabetismo (2018): En torno al 4% (los datos oscilan ligeramente Combustibles minerales, aceites minerales según la fuente) y productos de su destilación; materias bituminosas 68,69% Tasa de natalidad (est. 2020): 16,3 nacimiento/1.000 habitantes Plástico y sus manufacturas 5,75% Tasa de fertilidad (est. 2020): 1,94 niños nacidos/mujer Productos químicos orgánicos 4,25% Fuentes: BCI, IEC, UN, CIA Factbook Fundición, hierro y acero 4,04% Frutas y frutos comestibles; cortezas de agrios (cítricos), 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto melones o sandía 1,78% Minerales metalíferos, escorias y cenizas 1,18% Hidrocarburos 13,5% Hortalizas, plantas, raíces y tubérculos alimenticios 1,11% Agricultura 9,8% Abonos 0,87% Manufactura y minería 22,6% Sal; azufre; tierras y piedras; yesos, cales y cementos 0,81% Servicios 56,2% Cobre y sus manufacturas 0,73% Fuentes: Banco Central de Irán, Statistical Appendix, Economic Report & Balance Fuente: Trade Map 2018 Sheet 2017/2018 PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES 1.5. Coyuntura económica Máquinas, aparatos y artefactos mecánicos e industriales; partes de estas máquinas 18,64% Indicadores económicos Cereales 10,55% Máquinas, aparatos y material eléctrico, y sus partes; PIB per cápita (est. 2019) 12.913 $ (EIU) aparatos de grabación o reproducción 8,87% PIB% crecimiento real (est. 2019) -6,8% (EIU) Artículos manufacturados diversos 8% Tasa de inflación (2020) 35% (FMI) Productos farmacéuticos 3,83% Tasa de paro (2020): 12,2% (FMI) Vehículos automóviles, tractores, velocípedos Balanza c/c (est. 2019) 3,754 millones de $ (EIU) y demás vehículos terrestres, sus partes y accesorios 3,71% Semillas y frutos oleaginosos; semillas y frutos diversos; 1.6. Comercio exterior plantas industriales o medicinales 3,67% Instrumentos y aparatos de óptica, fotografía Exportaciones totales de productos no petrolíferos: 44,670 millones de $ o cinematografía, de medida, control o precisión 3,41% (Iran Customs). Productos químicos orgánicos 3,36% Importaciones totales de productos no petrolíferos: 43,169 millones de $ Plástico y sus manufacturas 3,11% (Iran Customs). Fuente: Trade Map 2018 Año fiscal iraní 1397 (Marzo 2018 - Marzo 2019) Fuente: Iran Customs. Datos expresados en millones 3 FICHA PAÍS IRÁN 1.9. Inversiones por países Sin embargo, la realidad es que en los casi 8 años que Rohani lleva en el poder, las necesarias y acuciantes reformas económicas y estructurales que Las inversiones occidentales en Irán, que tras la firma del Acuerdo Nuclear de el país necesitaba no se han llevado a cabo. Más aún, se ha desperdiciado 2015 en Viena (JCPOA), se suponían importantes, nunca llegaron a materiali- un momento histórico único para realizar dichas reformas (tras la aprobación zarse pese a los sonoros anuncios oficiales.
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