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The Courage to Soar Higher—Giant Leap for Mankind

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The Courage to Soar Higher—Giant Leap for Mankind Lesson 8 Vocabulary Vocabulary ascent stage – the part of the lunar module (LM) that contains the crew cabin; an equipment bay; the ascent rocket engine and fuel to return to the lunar orbit; and the components for instrumentation, guidance, navigation, life support, and communications command module (CM) – the part of a space vehicle designed to carry the crew, the chief communications equip- ment, and the equipment to travel The ascent stage of the LM through Earth’s atmosphere. The Apollo CM remained in lunar orbit and did not descend to the lunar surface The CM over the lunar surface descent stage – the part of the LM that contains the landing gear; landing radar antenna; descent rocket engine and fuel to land on the Moon; and several cargo compartments used to carry surface tools, lunar sample collection boxes, some parts of the lunar rover, a surface television camera, and supplies for an The descent stage is the bottom half of extended lunar visit by the crew the LM and includes the “legs.” The Courage to Soar Higher—An Educator Guide With Activities In Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Technology 159 Lesson 8 Vocabulary device – a piece of equipment or a mechanism designed or invented for a particular purpose EVA – means extravehicular activity; an activ- ity or maneuver performed by an astronaut outside a spacecraft in space forecasting – predicting a future condition or occurrence; calculating in advance a prediction, especially as to the weather Astronaut Harrison Schmitt during an EVA Genesis – the first book of the Bible Hoover Dam – The Hoover Dam is one of the world’s largest dams. The concrete dam on the Colorado River stands 726 feet (221 meters) high and is 1,244 feet (379 meters) long. The 17 turbine generators generate a maximum of 2,080 megawatts (1 megawatt = 1 million watts) of hydroelectric power. Hoover Dam hurricane – a cyclone formed in the tropics with winds of 74 miles (119 kilometers) per hour or greater, usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning A GOES image of Hurricane Bret as it nears the Texas coast launch pad – the base or platform from which a rocket or space vehicle is launched The launch pad for the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Apollo spacecraft 160 Lesson 8 Vocabulary lunar – of or relating to the Moon lunar module (LM) – the part of a space vehicle designed to carry astronauts from the command module to the surface of the Moon and back; also known as the lunar lander The LM Eagle begins its descent to the Moon. lunar rover – an electric vehicle designed to operate in the low-gravity vacuum of the Moon and to be capable of traversing the lunar surface The lunar rover was used by astronauts on the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. maneuver – a clever or skillful move or action; a movement or procedure involving skill and dexterity plaque – a flat plate, slab, or disk inscribed as a memorial or marker propulsion – a driving or propelling force; forward motion of a body produced by the forces resulting Each Apollo mission to the Moon left behind a plaque affixed to the leg of the LM’s descent stage. This from the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid plaque was left by the crew of Apollo 17, the last Moon mission. The Courage to Soar Higher—An Educator Guide With Activities In Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Technology 161 Lesson 8 Vocabulary Saturn (rockets) – Saturn I, the first U.S. rocket specifically developed for spaceflight, was a two-stage vehicle. The Saturn I and the Saturn IB placed uncrewed and crewed versions of Apollo spacecraft into Earth orbit and launched uncrewed satellites. Saturn V was the largest launch vehicle ever built The launch of a The launch of a The Saturn V rocket on by the U.S. and was used to launch Saturn I rocket Saturn IB rocket the launch pad the lunar missions of Apollo and the Skylab Space Station. service module (SM) – the part of a space vehicle containing oxygen, water, fuel cells, fuel tanks, and the main rocket engine technology transfer – the National Aeronautics and Space Admin- istration’s (NASA’s) technology transfer is the process by which space technology developed by NASA is transferred to businesses for another purpose. As NASA scientists and engineers explore the frontiers of aeronautics and space, they find that their work will have applications to problems on Earth, so the technology is transferred to the public and is known as a technology transfer. Sometimes NASA uses the word “spinoff” and defines a spinoff as a commercialized The CM and SM are joined to product that incorporates NASA technology or NASA “know-how” become the CSM. and benefits the public. vehicle – something used to transport persons or goods Wright Brothers – Wilbur and Orville Wright invented and flew the world’s first controlled, heavier- than-air, powered airplane, the Wright Flyer I, in 1903. The Wright Brothers flew the Wright Flyer I at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 162 Lesson 8 Student Text—The Giant Leap for Mankind The Giant Leap for Mankind We’re Going to the Moon! Are you aware of the famous words spoken by Astronaut Neil Armstrong as he made the first footprint on the Moon? On July 20, 1969, after a four-day and almost seven-hour trip, he climbed out of the lunar module (LM) and started down the ladder. As his foot stepped off the bottom rung of the ladder and touched the lunar soil, he spoke the words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” Armstrong was right. What a giant leap of progress it represented! The Wright Brothers had flown the first airplane only 65 years earlier. Now, a human had walked on A television camera captured the first step on the Moon for a world-wide audience. The Courage to Soar Higher—An Educator Guide With Activities In Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Technology 163 Lesson 8 Student Text—The Giant Leap for Mankind Apollo/Saturn Gets Ready for Launch Getting Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin to the Moon was no easy task. When President Kennedy called for the U.S. to put Americans on the Moon by the end of the decade, no rocket in the country could take a craft to the Moon. But Wernher von Braun and his team at Marshall Space Flight Center answered the challenge. The result was the towering Saturn V, the most powerful vehicle ever designed. At 363 feet (110.6 meters) high, it stood 60 feet taller than the Statue of Liberty. At liftoff, the three-stage rocket had the power equal to the energy created by 85 Hoover Dams. 1 2 The Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) The Saturn V first stage 5 4 3 The lunar module (LM) before The Saturn V third stage The Saturn V second stage being placed in the LM adapter 6 7 The command service module (CSM) The Apollo spacecraft is mated to the Saturn V launch vehicle. 164 Lesson 8 Student Text—The Giant Leap for Mankind Stacked on top of the Saturn V rocket was the Apollo spacecraft. First on the stack was the LM, the part that would take the astronauts to the surface of the Moon. The LM was made up of a descent stage and an ascent stage to land and take off from the Moon. Next on the stack was the service module (SM) for the support systems and the propulsion. On the top of the stack, but still below the launch escape system, sat the command module (CM). It contained the crew compartment and the controls. Apollo/Saturn was more than giant as it sat on the launch pad. 8 9 The crawler transporter The mobile launcher 12 11 10 Ready to launch Traveling up to pad 39–A. The rollout 13 14 The Apollo 11 crew heads to the launch pad. The Apollo 11 crew crosses the access walkway. The Courage to Soar Higher—An Educator Guide With Activities In Science, Mathematics, Language Arts, and Technology 165 Lesson 8 Student Text—The Giant Leap for Mankind After a Moon launch, the first two stages of the Saturn V dropped off as the propellant tanks were emptied. About 11 minutes after launch, the third stage of the rocket fired itself and the Apollo spacecraft into Earth orbit. Once all systems were ready, the third stage fired again, and the Apollo stack left Earth orbit on a course to the Moon. After some time, the command service module (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned around, and docked with the LM. After a secure docking, the CSM pulled the LM from the third stage. Then, the Apollo spacecraft continued until they were captured by the Moon’s gravity. In lunar orbit, two of the astronauts got into the LM, separated from the CSM, and descended to the surface of the Moon. The CSM, with the third astronaut aboard, remained in lunar orbit. 15 16 Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969. Apollo begins its journey to the Moon. 19 18 17 The LM undocks in lunar orbit.. Apollo nears lunar orbit. Apollo in Earth orbit 20 21 Approaching the Sea of Tranquility Astronaut Aldrin descends the LM ladder. 166 Lesson 8 Student Text—The Giant Leap for Mankind Each Apollo crew stayed on the lunar surface for different time periods, allowing them to perform a series of tasks. Once these tasks were completed, the crew boarded the ascent stage of the LM. At launch, they ascended to dock with the CSM in lunar orbit.
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