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Biología Y Variaciones Estacionales De Los Vectores De Xylella Fastidiosa En Mallorca

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Biología Y Variaciones Estacionales De Los Vectores De Xylella Fastidiosa En Mallorca Escola Politècnica Superior Memòria del Treball de Fi de Màster Biología y variaciones estacionales de los vectores de Xylella fastidiosa en Mallorca Maria Antònia Tugores Capó Màster d’Enginyeria Agroalimentària Any acadèmic 2018-2019 DNI de l’alumne: 78222500Y Treball tutelat per Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca Departament de Biología S'autoritza la Universitat a incloure aquest treball en el Repositori Institucional per a la seva Autor Tutor consulta en accés obert i difusió en línia, amb finalitats exclusivament acadèmiques i Sí No Sí No d'investigació X X Paraules clau del treball: Xylella fastidiosa, Philaenus spumarius, vectores, cuarentena, enfermedad de Pierce, chamuscado de la hoja en almendro 2 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS AGRADECIMIENTOS 9 RESUMEN 11 INTRODUCCIÓN 13 1. QUÉ ES XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA 13 1.1 BIOLOGÍA DE LA BACTERIA 13 1.2 PROBLEMÁTICA DE X. FASTIDIOSA 16 1.3 ESTADO ACTUAL Y DISPERSIÓN 17 2. TRANSMISIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE LA BACTERIA 18 2.1 PRINCIPALES FAMILIAS VECTORES DE LA BACTERIA 18 2.2 IMPORTANCIA DE PHILAENUS SPUMARIUS Y NEOPHILAENUS CAMPESTRIS 21 2.3 ADQUISICIÓN E INOCULACIÓN DE X. FASTIDIOSA 27 2.4 MÉTODOS DE CONTROL 29 3. PROBLEMAS E IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA 30 OBJETIVOS 33 MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS 35 1. DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL 35 1.1 PARCELAS SELECCIONADAS 35 1.2 CALENDARIO DE LAS TAREAS A REALIZAR 38 2. SEGUIMIENTO EN CAMPO 39 2.1 SEGUIMIENTO DE NINFAS 39 2.2 SEGUIMIENTO DE ADULTOS 40 3. ANÁLISIS Y PREPARACIÓN DE MUESTRAS 42 3.1 PREPARACIÓN DE LOS ADULTOS PARA EL ANÁLISIS MOLECULAR 42 3.2 ANÁLISIS DE DATOS 43 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 45 1. ESTUDIO DE LAS NINFAS DE LOS VECTORES DE X. FASTIDIOSA 45 1.1 DINÁMICA ESTACIONAL 45 3 1.2 LA VEGETACIÓN Y SU RELACIÓN CON LAS NINFAS 48 1.3 EVOLUCIÓN DEL CICLO NINFAL 51 2. ESTUDIO DE LOS ADULTOS VECTORES POTENCIALES DE X. FASTIDIOSA. 54 2.1 BIOLOGÍA DE LOS INDIVIDUOS 54 2.1 DINÁMICA ESTACIONAL DE P. SPUMARIUS Y N. CAMPESTRIS 58 2.2 DINÁMICA DE POBLACIONES SEGÚN EL MANEJO DE LA PARCELA 64 3. PROCESO DE INFECCIÓN 67 CONCLUSIONES 69 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 71 4 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1: SÍNTOMAS DE X. Fastidiosa EN LOS CULTIVOS DE LA VID, CÍTRICOS Y OLIVO. FUENTE: EPPO. 14 FIGURA 2: ÁRBOL DE LA DIVERSIDAD Y PLASTICIDAD GENÉTICA DE X. fastidiosa. FUENTE: PLANT. PATHOL., 2016. .................................................................................................................................................. 15 FIGURA 3: SÍNTOMAS DE X. fastidiosa SOBRE LAS DIFERENTES PLANTAS HUÉSPEDES. (A) OLIVO, (B) ADELFA, (C) ALMENDRO, (D) NARANJO, (E) CEREZO, (F, G) Polygala myrtifolia, (H) Acacia saligna, (I) Spartium junceum. FUENTE: BOSCIA, D. ........................................................................................... 16 FIGURA 4: DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL DE X. fastidiosa. FUENTE: EFSA, 2018. ............................................. 17 FIGURA 5: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA: ARRIBA, CERCOPIDAE, CICADIDAE, ABAJO APHROPHORIDAE, CICADELLIDAE. FUENTE: USDA. ......................................................................................................... 19 FIGURA 6: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, EJEMPLOS DE LOS PRINCIPALES VECTORES EN AMÉRICA, Homolodisca vitripennis Y Draeculacephala minerva. FUENTE: USDA Y EMILE, 2010. .................... 20 FIGURA 7: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, EJEMPLOS DE LOS PRINCIPALES VECTORES EN EUROPA, Neophilaenus campestris Y Philaenus spumarius. FUENTE: JORDI SABATÉ, 2009 Y M.A. TUGORES, 2018. .................................................................................................................................................. 21 FIGURA 8: CICLO DE VIDA DE LOS PRINCIPALES VECTORES DE X. fastidiosa, EXPLICACIÓN DE LA HIPÓTESIS DE PROPAGACIÓN DE LA BACTERIA EN EL CULTIVO. FUENTE: ALMEIDA, 2016. .............................. 23 FIGURA 9: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, IMÁGENES DE LAS DIFERENTES PARTES DEL CICLO DE VIDA DE Philaenus spumarius. ESTADOS DE: HUEVO, NINFA Y ADULTO. ....................................................... 24 FIGURA 10: DIFERENCIAS ENTRE EL APARATO REPRODUCTOR DEL MACHO (IZQUIERDA) Y LA HEMBRA (DERECHA) DE P. spumarius. ............................................................................................................. 25 FIGURA 11: NINFA DE Philaenus spumarius ALIMENTÁNDOSE DE LA VEGETACIÓN DE LA CUBIERTA. FUENTE: M.A. MIRANDA, 2018 ......................................................................................................... 26 FIGURA 12: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, EFECTOS DEL HONGO Entomophthora sp. SOBRE UN INDIVIDUO SANO E IMÁGENES DE Verrallia aucta QUE ACTÚA COMO ENEMIGO NATURAL DE ADULTOS DE P. SPUMARIUS. FUENTE: ALEX WILD Y RUI ANDRADE. ......................................................................... 30 FIGURA 13: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS PARCELAS SELECCIONADAS PARA EL PROYECTO, EN AMARILLO LAS PARCELAS DE ALMENDRO, EN VERDE LAS PARCELAS DE OLIVO Y EN ROJO LAS PARCELAS DE VID. 35 FIGURA 14: IMAGEN DE ALGUNAS DE LAS PARCELAS UTILIZADAS PARA EL PROYECTO. .......................... 38 FIGURA 15: CALENDARIO DE LAS TAREAS A REALIZAR EN EL PROYECTO A LO LARGO DE 2018-2019. ..... 38 FIGURA 16: MUESTREO MEDIANTE RECUADRO DE LAS DENSIDADES DE NINFAS EN LA VEGETACIÓN. FUENTE: M.A. MIRANDA ................................................................................................................... 40 FIGURA 17: MUESTREO DE CUBIERTA MEDIANTE MANGA ENTOMOLÓGICA. FUENTE: S. DELGADO ....... 41 FIGURA 18: MUESTREO EN VID Y OLIVO MEDIANTE MANGA ENTOMOLÓGICA. FUENTE: S. DELGADO ... 42 FIGURA 19: EVOLUCIÓN DEL CICLO NINFAL DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE LAS SEMANAS DE MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DURANTE EL 2018. ........................................................................... 45 5 FIGURA 20: EVOLUCIÓN DEL CICLO NINFAL DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE LAS SEMANAS DE MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DURANTE EL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DE LA VID. ................................. 46 FIGURA 21: EVOLUCIÓN DEL CICLO NINFAL DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE LAS SEMANAS DE MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DURANTE EL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DEL OLIVO. ................................ 46 FIGURA 22: EVOLUCIÓN DEL CICLO NINFAL DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE LAS SEMANAS DE MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DURANTE EL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DEL ALMENDRO. ....................... 47 FIGURA 23: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS Y ESPUMAS DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018. ............................................................................................... 48 FIGURA 24: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DE LA VID............................................................................... 49 FIGURA 25: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DEL OLIVO. ............................................................................ 50 FIGURA 26: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS DE P. spumarius Y Neophilaenus spp. DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018 EN EL CULTIVO DEL ALMENDRO. ................................................................... 51 FIGURA 27: COMPARACIÓN ENTRE LAS NINFAS N2 Y N4 DE P. spumarius RECOGIDAS DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018. ............................................................................................... 52 FIGURA 28: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS DE P. spumarius Y SU ESTADO NINFAL POR M2 ENCONTRADAS DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018. .......................................................................................... 52 FIGURA 29: Nº TOTAL DE NINFAS DE Neophilaenus spp. Y SU ESTADO NINFAL ENCONTRADAS DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018. .......................................................................................... 53 FIGURA 30: NÚMERO DE INDIVIDUOS MACHOS Y HEMBRAS DE P. spumarius Y N. campestris A LO LARGO DE LOS MESES DE MUESTREO DEL 2018. .......................................................................................... 54 FIGURA 31: DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, EN LA FILA SUPERIOR SE OBSERVAN: P. spumarius F. Populella, P. spumarius F. Fasciata, P. spumarius F. Quadrimaculata, P. spumarius F. Marginella, P. spumarius F. Trilineata. DE IZQUIERDA A DERECHA, EN LA FILA DEL MEDIO, SE OBSERVA: P. spumarius F. Lateralis, P. spumarius F. Typica, P. spumarius F. Praeusta, P. spumarius F. Without Name, P. spumarius F. Without Name. .................................................................................................................................. 55 FIGURA 32: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS DIFERENTES FORMAS Y COLORACIONES DE P. spumarius EN LA REGIÓN MEDITERRÁNEA. FUENTE: DROSOPOULOS, 2003. ............................................................................ 56 FIGURA 33: NÚMERO DE INDIVIDUOS CAPTURADOS SEGÚN LA FORMA POLIMÓRFICA QUE HAN ADOPTADO Y EL SEXO. ...................................................................................................................... 58 FIGURA 34: DINÁMICA ESTACIONAL DE LOS ADULTOS DE P. spumarius DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018......................................................................................................................... 59 FIGURA 35: DINÁMICA ESTACIONAL DE LOS ADULTOS DE N. campestris DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018......................................................................................................................... 60 FIGURA 36: ADULTOS DE P. spumarius Y N. campestris ENCONTRADOS EN CUBIERTA POR MANGUEO DURANTE EL MUESTREO EN MALLORCA DEL 2018. ........................................................................
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