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Enfermedades Causadas Por La Bacteria Xylella Fastidiosa

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Enfermedades Causadas Por La Bacteria Xylella Fastidiosa Monografías [32] Enfermedades causadas por la bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Enfermedades causadas por la bacteria Xylella fastidiosa Blanca Landa Ester Marco-Noales María Milagros López (coordinadoras) Enfermedades causadas por la bacteria Xylella fastidiosa © 2017 del texto y las imágenes que se reproducen (excepto mención expresa): los autores © 2017 de la edición: Cajamar Caja Rural Edita: Cajamar Caja Rural www.publicacionescajamar.es [email protected] ISBN-13: 978-84-95531-86-5 Depósito Legal: AL-2159-2017 Diseño y maquetación: Beatriz Martínez Belmonte Imprime: Escobar Impresores SL Fecha de publicación: noviembre de 2017 Impreso en España / Printed in Spain Cajamar Caja Rural no se responsabiliza de la información y opiniones contenidas en esta publicación, siendo responsabilidad exclusiva de sus autores. © Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta publicación, así como la edición de su contenido por medio de cualquier proceso reprográfico o fónico, electrónico o mecánico, especialmente imprenta, fotocopia, microfilm, offset o mimeógrafo, sin la previa autorización escrita de los titulares del Copyright. Prólogo ............................................................................................13 Presentación.....................................................................................15 NDICE Í Capítulo 1. Xylella fastidiosa y las enfermedades que causa. Un problema global .........................................................................19 Ester Marco-Noales, Blanca B. Landa y María M. López 1. Introducción ........................................................................................... 19 2. Cronología de algunas de las enfermedades causadas por X. fastidiosa ...... 20 3. Variantes de X. fastidiosa y su distribución geográfica .............................. 24 4. Gama de huéspedes ................................................................................. 27 5. Generalidades sobre la sintomatología de las enfermedades causadas por X. fastidiosa ....................................................................................... 30 6. Importancia económica ........................................................................... 32 7. Riesgo de introducción de X. fastidiosa en países de la UE ....................... 34 8. Intercepciones de X. fastidiosa en la UE ................................................... 35 Agradecimientos .......................................................................................... 37 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................ 37 Capítulo 2. Características generales de X. fastidiosa .......................47 Blanca B. Landa, Juan A. Navas Cortés y Miguel Montes Borrego 1. Descripción taxonómica, características fenotípicas y genotípicas ............ 47 2. Biología y ecología ................................................................................... 51 3. Factores asociados a la virulencia ............................................................. 53 Agradecimientos .......................................................................................... 56 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................. 56 Capítulo 3. Epidemiología ...............................................................61 Juan A. Navas Cortés, Miguel Montes Borrego y Blanca B. Landa 1. Introducción .......................................................................................... 61 2. Patrón de distribución espacial de epidemias causadas por Xylella fastidiosa... 61 3. Supervivencia y variación estacional de las poblaciones de Xylella fastidiosa ... 63 4. Tipos de clima en que se desarrolla Xylella fastidiosa ................................ 65 5. Idoneidad climática para el desarrollo de epidemias causadas por Xylella fastidiosa en España ................................................................................. 66 Agradecimientos .......................................................................................... 69 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................. 70 Capítulo 4. Vectores de Xylella fastidiosa ........................................73 Marina Morente y Alberto Fereres 1. Introducción ........................................................................................... 73 2. Vectores conocidos de Xylella fastidiosa ................................................... 73 3. Vectores de Xylella fastidiosa en el continente americano ......................... 74 4. Vectores de Xylella fastidiosa en Europa ................................................... 75 X. fastidiosa 5. Biología y ecología de los insectos vectores de ...................... 78 NDICE Í 5.1. Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae .................................................................. 78 5.1.1. Ciclo biológico ....................................................................................78 5.1.2 Distribución geográfica .........................................................................78 5.1.3 Hábitos de alimentación .......................................................................79 5.2. Cercopoidea ....................................................................................... 79 5.2.1 Ciclo biológico .....................................................................................79 5.2.2. Distribución geográfica ........................................................................81 5.2.3 Hábitos de alimentación .......................................................................81 6. Transmisión de Xylella fastidiosa .............................................................. 82 6.1. Adquisición ....................................................................................... 82 6.2. Inoculación ...................................................................................... 83 7. Medidas de control de los vectores de Xylella fastidiosa ............................ 83 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................. 85 Capítulo 5. Métodos de inspección, diagnóstico y detección ...........95 María M. López, Blanca B. Landa y Ester Marco-Noales 1. Introducción y métodos de inspección y muestreo ................................. 95 2. Diagnóstico de Xylella fastidiosa en plantas con síntomas ......................... 98 3. Detección de Xylella fastidiosa en plantas asintomáticas .......................... 99 4. Detección de Xylella fastidiosa en insectos vectores ................................ 100 5. Protocolos de análisis de la European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) .......................................................... 101 6. Métodos de análisis ............................................................................... 103 6.1. Métodos moleculares......................................................................... 103 6.2. Métodos serológicos ........................................................................... 106 6.3. Aislamiento ..................................................................................... 107 6.4. Pruebas de patogenicidad ................................................................ 108 6.5. Observación mediante microscopía electrónica ................................... 109 7. Identificación de X. fastidiosa y de sus subespecies ................................. 111 Agradecimientos ........................................................................................ 113 Referencias bibliográficas .......................................................................... 113 Capítulo 6. Análisis de riesgos .......................................................117 Antonio Vicent 1. Conceptos sobre análisis de riesgos de patógenos vegetales..................... 117 2. Posibles vías de entrada de la bacteria .................................................... 118 2.1. Semillas y frutos ............................................................................... 118 2.2. Flor cortada y madera ...................................................................... 119 2.3. Material vegetal de plantación o con fines de investigación .................. 119 2.4. Insectos vectores ................................................................................ 122 3. Riesgo de establecimiento ...................................................................... 123 4. Riesgo de dispersión .............................................................................. 127 NDICE Í 5. Conclusiones del análisis de riegos ......................................................... 129 Referencias bibliográficas .......................................................................... 130 Capítulo 7. Métodos de control .....................................................135 Juan A. Navas Cortés, Miguel Montes Borrego y Blanca B. Landa 1. Introducción ........................................................................................ 135 2. Exclusión .............................................................................................. 135 3. Erradicación .......................................................................................... 137 4. Escape ................................................................................................... 139 5. Resistencia del material vegetal .............................................................
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