Art Music by Caribbean Composers: Curaçao
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Art Music by Caribbean Composers: Curaçao Christine Gangelhoff The College of The Bahamas1 Cathleen LeGrand Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan INTRODUCTION Curaçao served as an important commercial Curaçao was formerly the administrative capital centre and slave depot – a trans-shipment point of the Netherlands Antilles, the final remnant of between West Africa and the slave markets of the Dutch colonial empire in the Caribbean the New World (Dutch empire, 2008). In the (Sharpe, 2008, para. 8). In 2010, with the 20th century, after the discovery of oil in official dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela, oil refineries were opened in Curaçao Curaçao became a self-governing nation within and the petroleum industry became a major the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Curaçao, component of the island’s economy (Razak, 2012). 2005). Curaçao is rocky and arid; the climate and terrain Folk musical traditions of Curaçao include of the island inhibit extensive cultivation, tambu (also known as “the Curaçao blues”) and preventing the development of the agricultural tumba (Razak, 2005). Art music has long had a plantations that dominated many of the other presence in Curaçao. Orchestras, concert West Indian islands (Allofs, van Niekerk, societies, and art musical instruction have been Salverda & Dh'aen, 2008). The official in place since the early 19th century (Gansemans, languages are Dutch, English and Papiamentu, “a 2008). Composed dance music, for localized Spanish-based creole with Portuguese, Dutch, versions of dances such as waltz, polkas and and English elements” (Netherlands Antilles, mazurkas, is particularly popular in Curaçao 2008, para. 2). (Gansemans, 2008). “The most important of Beginning in the 17th century, the islands of the these is the Antillean waltz (also known as the Netherlands Antilles were controlled by the Curaçaoan waltz), distinguished from its Dutch West India Company, the monopoly European relatives chiefly by its differently responsible for governing Dutch colonies in the accented rhythmic patterns” (Bilby, 2013, para. Americas. The Dutch East India Company held 10). control over Dutch colonies in the Pacific and in Wim Statius Muller, a prominent composer and Africa (Sharpe, 2008). The slave trade was one pianist from Curaçao, elaborated on the musical of the West India Company’s ventures, and traditions and unique rhythms of the music of 1Christine Gangelhoff, Assistant Professor, School of Communication and Creative Arts, The College of The Bahamas, P.O. Box N-4912, Nassau, Bahamas; Cathleen LeGrand, Librarian, Royal Thimphu College, Ngabiphu, Thimphu, Bhutan. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Randal Corsen, Johannes “Joop” Halman, Livio Hermans, Patrick Mortier and Vanessa Toré for their contributions and assistance with this chapter. E-mail: [email protected] APA reference: Gangelhoff, C., & LeGrand, C. (2013). Art music by Caribbean composers: Curaçao. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 19(2), 19-43. Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/cob/index.php/files/article/view/201/257 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand, 2013. Journal compilation The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 2013 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Curaçao. 20 Curaçao and the former Netherlands Antilles. several generations” (Gansemans, 2008, p. 433). These islands Jan Gerard Palm, the founder of the musical Palm dynasty, is often called the “father of have a particular type of music, the Caribbean Curaçao classical music” (“Musical homage”, music which derives from African sources, 2012, para. 2). from Western European sources—that music is fascinating in its rhythm and you can hear it The Cultureel Centrum Curaçao (Sentro Kultural through all the islands. But each one of the Kòrsou) provides private instruction in music, islands will have a slightly different version of dance, and the literary, dramatic, and visual arts. the same rhythm or maybe the melodic idiom The centre's music school, the Akademia di will be slightly different. The interesting Músika Edgar Palm (re-named for the prominant thing about all these waltzes is ... that your composer in 1999), “offers classes in piano, basic 3/4 rhythm always has a 6/8 implication. guitar, keyboard, kuarta and mandolin, recorder You’re able to hear six running eighth notes (‘blokfluit’), trumpet, saxophone, drum, either in a duple or triple meter. Sometimes percussion ... and AMV (Algemeen Muziek you hear the duple and the triple combined Vormend onderwijs) = general music education” (Dubal & Statius Muller, 2013). (“History”, 2011, paras. 6-7). Former students at the Akademia include composer and guitarist The Palm and Boskaljon families have turned out Randal Corsen (“History”, 2011). a large number of musicians and composers and have “dominated the field of composition for REFERENCES History. (2011). Sentro Kultural Kòrsou. Allofs, L., van Niekerk, A., Salverda, R., & Retrieved from http://www.sentrokultural- Dh'aen, T. (2008). The Netherlands and its korsou.org/index.php?option=com_content&vi colonies: Introduction. In A historical ew=article&id=74&Itemid=67&lang=en companion to postcolonial literatures: Musical homage to one of Curaçao's greatest Continental Europe and its empires. Retrieved composers. (2012, December 14). Curaçao from http://www.credoreference.com Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.curacao /entry/edinburghpcl/the_netherlands_and_its_c chronicle.com/community/musical-homage-to- olonies_introduction one-of-curacaos-greatest-composers/ Bilby, K. (2013). Netherlands Antilles and Netherlands Antilles. (2008). In The Columbia Aruba. In Grove music online. New York, NY: encyclopedia. Retrieved from Oxford University Press. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columenc Curacao. (2012). CIA world factbook. Retrieved y/netherlands_antilles from https://www.cia.gov/library Razak, V. M. (2005). Netherlands Antilles. In /publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cc.html Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of Dubal, D. (Interviewer), & Statius Muller, W. the world: Locations. Retrieved from (Interviewee). (2013). Wim Statius Muller & http://www.credoreference.com/entry/contpmw David Dubal, 3/8/84 [Interview video file]. l/netherlands_antilles Retrieved from http://youtu.be/xveJlEQRO04 Sharpe, M. O. (2008). Dutch empire. In Africa Gansemans, J. (2008). Musical traditions in and the Americas: Culture, politics, and Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. In Kuss, M. history. Retrieved from http://www.credo Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: An reference.com/entry/abcafatrle/dutch_empire encyclopedic history (pp.431-444). Austin: University of Texas Press. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies Vol. 19, no. 2 (2013) C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Curaçao. 21 COMPOSERS Robert Palm (1943- ) Jules Francois Blasini (1847-1887) Rudolf Theodorus Palm (“Pa Dodo,” 1880-1950) Cornelius August Boskaljon (1890-1930) Rudy Plaate (1937- ) Johannes Petren Boskaljon (1863-1936) C. V. de Pool Rudolf Frederick Willem Boskaljon (“Shon Jacobo C. de Pool Dodo,” 1887-1970) Etzel Provence (1938- ) Graciela Boskaljon-Ecker Erwin M. Prudencia (1951- ) Abraham Capriles (1862-1936) Rignald Ricordino Jacobo Onario Conrad (“Coco Lepol,” 1879- Jean Jacques Rojer (1976- , born in Holland) 1918) Robert Anthony Rojer (1939- ) Joseph Sickman Corsen (1853-1911) Willem Gerard Statius Muller (1930- ) Randal Corsen (1972- ) Christiaan Alardus Ulder (1841-1895) Anselmo (Boy) Dap (1933- ) Miguel Eusebius, Senior (1877-1947) COMPOSITIONS, by composer W. C. Grunings Blasini Boeis Haile (1919-2010) L'ami absènt (waltz) Willem Manuel Hayer (1862-1953) Aubade (song) Livio Hermans (1935- ) Chant du soir (nocturne) Johnny Kleinmoedig (1962- ) Los ojitos de una mexicana (danza) Julio E. Leyba Ne m'oubliez pas (cantata) Jose Maria Emirto de Lima (1890-1972) ¿Para cuál de las tres? (danza) Paul Quirino de Lima (1861-1926) ¿Por qué no? (danza) A. Z. Lopez Penha Pourquoi vivre de souvenirs? (song) Eleazer H. S. (Charles) Maduro (1883-1947) El ramo de milflores (waltz) Julia Moreno Sombras queridas (danza) Emilio Naar (1876-1945) Tú lo has querido (danza) M. Candidus Nouwens (1865-1938) 24 July (cantata) Albert Telesforo Palm (1903-1958) La violeta doble (danza) Edgar Rudolf Roemer Palm (1905-1997) Boskaljon, C. A. Jacobo Jose Maria Palm (“Shon Coco,” 1887- American garage (waltz) 1982) Amicita (waltz) Jan Gerard Palm (1831- 1906) Amor (waltz) Jean Bernard Antoine Palm (1885-1963) Así eres tú (waltz) Jeanette Gijsbertha (Betsy) Palm (1888-1940) Clavel (danza) John Antonio Palm (1885-1925) Feliz 1916 (waltz) The International Journal of Bahamian Studies Vol. 19, no. 2 (2013) C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Curaçao. 22 Gloria (march) Capriles Gratitud (waltz) Una naranjera (waltz) Julia (waltz) Notas sin letras (schottish) Koningin Wilhelmina (march) Para las tres (waltz) Lluvia de perlas (waltz) Pense (andante mosso) Boskaljon, J. P. El rendez-vous (waltz) Adiós a Sta. Cecilia (march) Conrad, J. Escucha (waltz) A Maria (waltz) Estrella solitaria (1912, waltz) Aire ardiente (danza) Feliz 1934 (waltz) Alas de brisas (waltz) Kioskmars (march) Azucena (waltz) Notte somobia (waltz) Lo bello (1914, waltz) Oficina marîtima (waltz) La bicicleta (waltz) La negrita callejera (danza) Carolina (waltz) Pepita rincon (waltz) La celosa (waltz) Pla-pla-pla (polka) Cine Guillermina (waltz) Purim alegre (waltz) La danza Un recuerdo (danza) La dórada (polka) 28 de Marzo (waltz) Dulce scharloo (1915, waltz) De veras (waltz) Escondite (waltz) Welkom "Doegoedoegoe" (danza) Esqueleto