Phylum Chordata
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms Phylum Platyhelminthes The flatworms include more than 13,000 species of free-living and parasitic species.There are 3 classes of flat- worms, the planarians, flukes and tapeworms. General Physical Traits (Anatomy): Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical. This means that they can only be cut them length-wise to produce two mirror-image halves. They have a distinct right and left half. This is differ- ent from radially symmetrical animals, like the anemones, which can be cut anywhere top to bottom to get two similar halves. Flatworms have 3 tissue layers, compared to the 2 layers in sponges and cnidarians (jellyfishes, anemones and corals). They also have only one opening for food to enter and waste to leave, like the sponges and cnidarians. This is called a “sac” body plan. Planarian (class Tubellaria) Habitat: They live mostly in saltwater (marine) habitats, but are also found in freshwater. Habits: They are free-living flatworms (not parasites). Physical Traits (Anatomy): Planarians are small - less than a centimeter long. They have a head, brain and sense organs. This is called “cephalization.” The sense organs – called eyespots – look like eyes and are sensitive to light changes, but are not like human eyes. They are made up of simple nerve cells that respond to stimuli, like light. When many nerve cells are gathered in one place, they are called a “ganglion,” so the two eyespots are actually ganglia. They also have points on either side of the head that look a bit like ears, called “sensory lobes” or auricles. They do not hear, but can sense food. -
Brains of Primitive Chordates 439
Brains of Primitive Chordates 439 Brains of Primitive Chordates J C Glover, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway although providing a more direct link to the evolu- B Fritzsch, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA tionary clock, is nevertheless hampered by differing ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. rates of evolution, both among species and among genes, and a still largely deficient fossil record. Until recently, it was widely accepted, both on morpholog- ical and molecular grounds, that cephalochordates Introduction and craniates were sister taxons, with urochordates Craniates (which include the sister taxa vertebrata being more distant craniate relatives and with hemi- and hyperotreti, or hagfishes) represent the most chordates being more closely related to echinoderms complex organisms in the chordate phylum, particu- (Figure 1(a)). The molecular data only weakly sup- larly with respect to the organization and function of ported a coherent chordate taxon, however, indicat- the central nervous system. How brain complexity ing that apparent morphological similarities among has arisen during evolution is one of the most chordates are imposed on deep divisions among the fascinating questions facing modern science, and it extant deuterostome taxa. Recent analysis of a sub- speaks directly to the more philosophical question stantially larger number of genes has reversed the of what makes us human. Considerable interest has positions of cephalochordates and urochordates, pro- therefore been directed toward understanding the moting the latter to the most closely related craniate genetic and developmental underpinnings of nervous relatives (Figure 1(b)). system organization in our more ‘primitive’ chordate relatives, in the search for the origins of the vertebrate Comparative Appearance of Brains, brain in a common chordate ancestor. -
Animal Phylum Poster Porifera
Phylum PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA Hexactinellida -- glass (siliceous) Anthozoa -- corals and sea Turbellaria -- free-living or symbiotic Polychaetes -- segmented Gastopods -- snails and slugs Asteroidea -- starfish Trilobitomorpha -- tribolites (extinct) Urochordata -- tunicates Groups sponges anemones flatworms (Dugusia) bristleworms Bivalves -- clams, scallops, mussels Echinoidea -- sea urchins, sand Chelicerata Cephalochordata -- lancelets (organisms studied in detail in Demospongia -- spongin or Hydrazoa -- hydras, some corals Trematoda -- flukes (parasitic) Oligochaetes -- earthworms (Lumbricus) Cephalopods -- squid, octopus, dollars Arachnida -- spiders, scorpions Mixini -- hagfish siliceous sponges Xiphosura -- horseshoe crabs Bio1AL are underlined) Cubozoa -- box jellyfish, sea wasps Cestoda -- tapeworms (parasitic) Hirudinea -- leeches nautilus Holothuroidea -- sea cucumbers Petromyzontida -- lamprey Mandibulata Calcarea -- calcareous sponges Scyphozoa -- jellyfish, sea nettles Monogenea -- parasitic flatworms Polyplacophora -- chitons Ophiuroidea -- brittle stars Chondrichtyes -- sharks, skates Crustacea -- crustaceans (shrimp, crayfish Scleropongiae -- coralline or Crinoidea -- sea lily, feather stars Actinipterygia -- ray-finned fish tropical reef sponges Hexapoda -- insects (cockroach, fruit fly) Sarcopterygia -- lobed-finned fish Myriapoda Amphibia (frog, newt) Chilopoda -- centipedes Diplopoda -- millipedes Reptilia (snake, turtle) Aves (chicken, hummingbird) Mammalia -
Echinoderms for Dummies Colwyn Sleep Echinoderm Classification and Examples
ECHINODERMS FOR DUMMIES COLWYN SLEEP ECHINODERM CLASSIFICATION AND EXAMPLES What exactly is an Echinoderm? Echinoderms (or “Echinodermata”) are a group of animals which exist only in a marine (ocean) environment. Their name comes from the Greek word for "spiny skin". They inhabit a diverse range of marine habitats and are found on the sea floor from the intertidal zone to great ocean depths. In the following slides we will explore echinoderms and look into their body systems and structures more closely. A FEW EXAMPLES OF ECHINODERMS Sea star Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Asteroidea Feather Star Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Subphylum: Crinozoa Class: Crinoidea Probably one of the best known echinoderms This lesser-known star, the feather star gains is the easily recognized sea star. The its name from its featherlike arms, which it echinoderm phylum contains many more uses to swim through the water. Like all species, in fact there are around 7000 known echinoderms, they are “Deuterostomes.” echinoderms. Later, we will investigate the This means that during their embryonic sea star and it’s classification as an development the first embryonic opening echinoderm in greater detail. becomes the anus and the second becomes the mouth. Because of this, biologists believe that echinoderms are more evolutionarily advanced than some of the other animals. A FEW MORE… Sea cucumber Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Holothuroidea Sea Urchin Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Class: Echinoidea Related to Jabba the Hutt in appearance Like other echinoderms, the sea urchin has only, the sea cucumber is actually another radial symmetry. Its pointed spines offer example of an echinoderm. -
Biology of Chordates Video Guide
Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail. -
Introduction to Phylum Chordata
Unifying Themes 1. Chordate evolution is a history of innovations that is built upon major invertebrate traits •bilateral symmetry •cephalization •segmentation •coelom or "gut" tube 2. Chordate evolution is marked by physical and behavioral specializations • For example the forelimb of mammals has a wide range of structural variation, specialized by natural selection 3. Evolutionary innovations and specializations led to adaptive radiations - the development of a variety of forms from a single ancestral group Characteristics of the Chordates 1. Notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal gill slits 4. postanal tail 5. endostyle Characteristics of the Chordates Notochord •stiff, flexible rod, provides internal support • Remains throughout the life of most invertebrate chordates • only in the embryos of vertebrate chordates Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord (Spinal Cord) •fluid-filled tube of nerve tissue, runs the length of the animal, just dorsal to the notochord • Present in chordates throughout embryonic and adult life Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Pharyngeal gill slits • Pairs of opening through the pharynx • Invertebrate chordates use them to filter food •In fishes the gill sits develop into true gills • In reptiles, birds, and mammals the gill slits are vestiges (occurring only in the embryo) Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Endostyle • mucous secreting structure found in the pharynx floor (traps small food particles) Characteristics of the Chordates cont. Postanal Tail • works with muscles (myomeres) & notochord to provide motility & stability • Aids in propulsion in nonvertebrates & fish but vestigial in later lineages SubPhylum Urochordata Ex: tunicates or sea squirts • Sessile as adults, but motile during the larval stages • Possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae • Settle head first on hard substrates and undergo a dramatic metamorphosis • tail, notochord, muscle segments, and nerve cord disappear SubPhylum Urochordata cont. -
Brain-Size Evolution and Sociality in Carnivora
Brain-size evolution and sociality in Carnivora John A. Finarellia,b,1 and John J. Flynnc aDepartment of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 C.C. Little Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; bMuseum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 1529 Ruthven Museum, 1109 Geddes Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and cDivision of Paleontology and Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved April 22, 2009 (received for review February 16, 2009) Increased encephalization, or larger brain volume relative to body develop a comprehensive view of the evolutionary history of mass, is a repeated theme in vertebrate evolution. Here we present encephalization across 289 terrestrial species (including 125 an extensive sampling of relative brain sizes in fossil and extant extinct species) of Carnivora, providing an extensive sampling of taxa in the mammalian order Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears, weasels, fossil and living taxa for both major subclades: Caniformia and and their relatives). By using Akaike Information Criterion model Feliformia. selection and endocranial volume and body mass data for 289 species (including 125 fossil taxa), we document clade-specific Results evolutionary transformations in encephalization allometries. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) model selection recovered These evolutionary transformations include multiple independent 4 optimal models (OM) within 2 log-likelihood units of the encephalization increases and decreases in addition to a remark- highest score (Table 1). There is broad agreement among the ably static basal Carnivora allometry that characterizes much of the OM with differences primarily in estimates of allometric slopes. -
Study Questions 2 (Through Arthropod 1)
Study Questions 2 (through Arthropod 1) 1. Name the three embryonic germ layers found in all triploblastic animals. 2. What is a coelom? Which Phyla that we have discussed thus far have a true coelom? 3. Define cephalization. What is the name of the most primitive Phylum we have discussed that displays cephalization? 4. How is the digestive system of a Turbellarian similar to the digestive system of a Hydrozoan? Describe one way that they are different. 5. What is the function of flame cells? 6. How is the nervous system of a flatworm (Phylum Platyhelminthes) different from that of a Cnidarian? 7. Which two classes of flatworms are entirely parasitic? Describe some adaptations for parasitism that are found in these classes. 8. What are some of the major differences between Nemertine worms (Phylum Nemertea) and flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)? In what major way are these two phyla similar? 9. What is a pseudocoelom? What are some of the functions of the pseudocoelom in Phylum Nematoda? 10. Nematodes have move in a characteristic whip like fashion. What aspect of their anatomy is responsible for this type of movement? 11. Describe the general structure of the Nematode nervous system. How is it different from the nervous system of Platyhelminthes? 12. What is unique about Nematode muscle cells? 13. What is unique about the way Nematode sperm move? 14. Many Nematodes are parasitic. Describe some adaptations that Nematodes have for parasitism. 15. What characteristics of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans make such an important model organism for the study of developmental genetics? 16. List two functions of the Rotifer corona. -
November 18, 2013 Characteristics of Chordates
November 18, 2013 Characteristics of Chordates: - Cephalization: development of a definite “head end” - Segmented: serial metamerism - Eucoelic: true coelom Cephalochordata example: Amphioxus = Branchiocephala Subphylum Urochordata tunicate “Sea squirts” “Salps” - Cellulose = beta1-4 linkage can’t break down with spit - Glucose = alpha1-4 linkage - Tunicates can make cellulose Tunicata - marine - sessile = non-motile - lifestyle o external fertilization zygote blastula gastrula larvae (free swimming) goes to bottom becomes sessile Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebral column (back boned animals) Superclass Pisces - all fishes - all diecious (almost all) - most have external fertilization - oviparous - anadromous fish o salmon o spawning fresh water, developing salt water - catadromous fish o eels o spawning salt water, develop in fresh water - homing instinct salmon are great example o use fish ladder to get past dam o nitrogen gas expansion is problem Class Chondrichthyes – sharks, skates, rays - 800 to 1000 species known - mostly marine November 20, 2013 South America and Evolution of stingrays in fresh water - marine rays and sharks got stuck in freshwater o two freshwater lineages for sharks / rays . China and South America Daniel R. Brooks - worked on tapeworm host / parasite relationships - worked with stingrays - Amazon River used to drain to the pacific - Cestode in Pomatotrygon stingray in Amazon (fresh water) o Tape worm in ray name: Pomatotrygonocestus Richard Pyle at Bishop Museum - coelacanth hasn’t changed in millions -
Zoology Lab Manual
General Zoology Lab Supplement Stephen W. Ziser Department of Biology Pinnacle Campus To Accompany the Zoology Lab Manual: Smith, D. G. & M. P. Schenk Exploring Zoology: A Laboratory Guide. Morton Publishing Co. for BIOL 1413 General Zoology 2017.5 Biology 1413 Introductory Zoology – Supplement to Lab Manual; Ziser 2015.12 1 General Zoology Laboratory Exercises 1. Orientation, Lab Safety, Animal Collection . 3 2. Lab Skills & Microscopy . 14 3. Animal Cells & Tissues . 15 4. Animal Organs & Organ Systems . 17 5. Animal Reproduction . 25 6. Animal Development . 27 7. Some Animal-Like Protists . 31 8. The Animal Kingdom . 33 9. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) . 47 10. Phyla Cnidaria (Jellyfish & Corals) & Ctenophora . 49 11. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) . 52 12. Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) . 56 13. Phyla Rotifera . 59 14. Acanthocephala, Gastrotricha & Nematomorpha . 60 15. Phylum Mollusca (Molluscs) . 67 16. Phyla Brachiopoda & Ectoprocta . 73 17. Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) . 74 18. Phyla Sipuncula . 78 19. Phylum Arthropoda (I): Trilobita, Myriopoda . 79 20. Phylum Arthropoda (II): Chelicerata . 81 21. Phylum Arthropods (III): Crustacea . 86 22. Phylum Arthropods (IV): Hexapoda . 90 23. Phyla Onycophora & Tardigrada . 97 24. Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) . .104 25. Phyla Chaetognatha & Hemichordata . 108 26. Phylum Chordata (I): Lower Chordates & Agnatha . 109 27. Phylum Chordata (II): Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes . 112 28. Phylum Chordata (III): Amphibia . 115 29. Phylum Chordata (IV): Reptilia . 118 30. Phylum Chordata (V): Aves . 121 31. Phylum Chordata (VI): Mammalia . 124 Lab Reports & Assignments Identifying Animal Phyla . 39 Identifying Common Freshwater Invertebrates . 42 Lab Report for Practical #1 . 43 Lab Report for Practical #2 . 62 Identification of Insect Orders . 96 Lab Report for Practical #3 . -
Notes Questions
Notes • Exam scores will be posted this weekend. • Extra credit assignment will be posted this weekend (follow the directions). • Field trip to Fort Conkhrite & Bird Rock. (Details to be announced next week) Integration and Control: Questions Nervous Systems How do herbivores get B12? • Ruminant bacteria produce B12. • Gorillas eat insects. • Hind gut fermenters – bacterial fermentation produces B12. • Rabbits eat their feces to get B12 produced in cecum. • Some herbivores ingest soil with cobalt, which is required by some bacteria to produce B12. • Humans cannot get B12 from their bacteria because absorption of B12 occurs before the cecum. True vegans must supplement diet with B12! www.veganhealth.org/b12/int www.veganhealth.org/b12/animal 1 Components of Nervous System Neurons • Neurons – transmit signals. • Basic units of communication in nearly • Neuroglia – collection of cells supporting neurons. all nervous systems. • Ganglia – collection of nerve cell bodies. • Nerves – bundled neurons. • Spinal cord – connection between brain and periphery. • Monitor information in and around the • Brain – primary control center. body and issue commands for responsive actions. Three Classes of Neurons Neuroglia • Sensory neurons – detect and relay information form • Make up more than half the volume of stimuli to the brain and spinal cord. the vertebrate nervous system. • Interneurons - communicates with other neurons. Often links sensory and motor neurons. Involved in memory • A variety of cells that metabolically and other complex brain functions. -
Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates
Echinoderms and Chapter 29 Organizer Invertebrate Chordates Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 127-129 L2 Section Focus Transparency 71 L1 ELL Section 29.1 1. Compare similarities and differences MiniLab 29-1: Examining Pedicellariae, p. 788 Section 29.1 among the classes of echinoderms. Inside Story: A Sea Star, p. 790 Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 29 L3 Basic Concepts Transparency 50 L2 ELL Echinoderms 2. Interpret the evidence biologists have Problem-Solving Lab 29-1, p. 792 Echinoderms BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, p. 129 L2 Basic Concepts Transparency 51 L2 ELL National Science Education for determining that echinoderms are Investigate BioLab: Observing Sea Urchin Laboratory Manual, pp. 205-210 L2 P Standards UCP.1-5; A.1, A.2; close relatives of chordates. Gametes and Egg Development, p. 800 Content Mastery, pp. 141-142, 144 L1 P 1 Physics Connection: Hydraulics of Sea Stars, C.3, C.5, C.6 (1 session, /2 P block) p. 802 P Reinforcement and Study Guide, p. 130 L2 P Section Focus Transparency 72 L1 ELL Section 29.2 LS Concept Mapping, p. 29 L3 ELL Reteaching Skills Transparency 43PL1 ELL P LS Invertebrate Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 29 L3P P Chordates LS Section 29.2 3. Summarize the characteristics of MiniLab 29-2: Examining a Lancelet, p. 797 BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp.P 130-132LS LSL2 P chordates. Inside Story: A Tunicate, p. 798 Content Mastery, pp.