Environmental Impact Assessment Report Anowara 2 Economic Zone

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report Anowara 2 Economic

Zone

Submitted to Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority June 2016

Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA)

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Disclaimer

The report has been prepared by PricewaterhouseCoopers Pvt Ltd (PwC) for Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority (BEZA). This is pursuant to the Scope of Work under the contract document "Consulting Services for Social and Environmental Site Assessment of Five EZ Sites at Bangladesh" issued by BEZA. PricewaterhouseCoopers Pvt. Ltd. (PwC) has been appointed by BEZA to undertake an initial site assessment for nine selected economic zones in Bangladesh. PwC would be undertaking the commercial aspects of the scope of work, the technical aspects have been sub contracted to Mahindra Consulting Engineers Ltd. (MACE). Any third party should obtain prior consent of PwC before copying or reproducing, in whole or in part, the contents of this report. PwC disclaims any responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any third party by taking reliance of this report. Furthermore, PwC will not be bound to discuss, explain or reply to queries raised by any agency other than the intended recipients of this report. All information in the report is intellectual property of BEZA.

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EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

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EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary 12

1.1. Environmental and Social Baseline 12 1.1.1. Temperature 12 1.1.2. Relative Humidity 12 1.1.3. Rainfall 13 1.1.4. Wind speed and direction 13 1.1.5. Natural Hazards 13 1.1.6. Ecological Environment 13 1.1.7. Agricultural Resources 14 1.1.8. Livestock and poultry 14 1.1.9. Fisheries 14 1.1.10. Socio-economic 14

1.2. Environment and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project 15 1.3. Conclusion and Recommendations 20

2. Introduction 22

2.1. Project Background 22 2.2. Rationale for the Proposed Project 24 2.3. Scope and Methodology of the Study 24 2.4. Limitation of the Study 25 2.5. ToR Compliance Matrix 25 2.6. EIA Team 28 2.7. Structure of the Report 29 2.8. References 30

3. Legislative, Regulation and Policy Consideration 32

3.1. Regulatory Requirements for the Proposed Project 32 3.2. Enviroment Management Framework for the PSDSP and AF 34 3.3. Project Categorization 34 3.4. Procedure for Obtaining Environmental Clearance from DoE, Bangladesh 35

4. Project Description 37

4.1. Project Introduction 37 4.2. Project Objectives and Options (Alternative Analysis) 39 4.3. Interventions under selected options and project activities 41 4.4. Project Area of Influence 42

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.5. Existing Infrastructure in and around the Project Site 42 4.5.1. Power Supply for the proposed Site 42 4.5.2. Water Availability for the proposed Site 42 4.5.3. Gas Supply to the proposed Site 43 4.5.4. Telecom/ Internet connectivity to the proposed Site 43 4.5.5. Connectivity 43

4.6. Project Activities 46 4.7. Project Schedule 53 4.8. Resources and Utilities Demand 53 4.8.1. Water 58 4.8.2. Power Requirement 58

4.9. Maps and Survey information 58 4.9.1. Project Location 58

4.10. Eco Sensitivity 62 4.11. Geology 62 4.11.1. Geological Structure 62 4.11.2. Stratigraphy 63

5. Description of Environment (Environment and Social Baseline) 67

5.1. Methodology 67 5.2. Baseline data Collection 67 5.2.1. Meteorology 67 5.2.2. Water Resources 75 5.2.3. Land Resources 86 5.2.4. Ambient Air Quality 91 5.2.5. Ambient Noise Quality 92 5.2.6. Water Environment 92 5.2.7. Agriculture Resources 94 5.2.8. Livestock and Poultry 94 5.2.9. Fisheries 94 5.2.10. Salt Production 95 5.2.11. Ecological Resources 95 5.2.12. Socio-economic 98 Demographic Details of Anowara Upazila 100 Literacy Rate 100

6. Identification and Analysis of Key Environmental Issues 106

6.1. Environmental Sensitivity Investigation 106

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

6.2. Environmental Asset 106 6.3. Environmental Hotspot 107 6.4. Likely Beneficial Impacts 107 6.5. Community Recommendations and Alternative Analysis 107

7. Impacts Assessment 108

7.1. Impact Identification 108 7.2. Impact on Air Environment 110 7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase 110 7.2.2. Construction Phase 110 7.2.3. Operation Phase 111

7.3. Impact on Noise Environment 113 7.3.1. Pre-construction and Construction Phase 113 7.3.2. Operation Phase 114

7.4. Impacts on Water Resources 116 7.4.1. Pre-Construction and Construction Phase 116 7.4.2. Operation Phase 117

7.5. Impacts on Land resources 118 7.5.1. Pre-construction and Construction Phase 118 7.5.2. Operation Phase 121

7.6. Impacts on Agriculture resources 122 7.6.1. Impacts on agricultural resources during pre-construction and construction Phase 122 7.6.2. Impacts on agricultural resources during operation phase 122

7.7. Impacts on Fisheries 123 7.7.1. Impacts on fisheries during pre-construction and construction phase 123 7.7.2. Impacts on fisheries during operation phase 123

7.8. Impacts on Biodiversity/ Ecosystem 123 7.8.1. Pre-construction and construction Phase 123 7.8.2. Operation Phase 123

7.9. Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety 124 7.10. Community Health and Safety 125 7.11. Sanitation and Disease Vectors 125 7.12. Impacts due to Climate Change 125 7.13. Cumulative Impacts 126 7.14. Impacts on socio-economy 126

8. Public Consultation and Disclosure 127

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

8.1. Introduction and Objectives 127 8.2. Methodology of Stakeholder Consultations 127 8.3. Details of Public Consultations Meetings 128 8.4. Consultation outcomes 131

9. Environmental Management Plan and monitoring indicators 137

9.1. Introduction 137 9.2. Construction Phase 137 9.2.1. Preconstruction Operations 137 9.2.2. Construction Activity 137 9.2.3. Mitigation Plan for Power Supply 148 9.2.4. Biological Environment/ Greenbelt Development 148 9.2.5. Community development plan 148 9.2.6. Post Project Monitoring Plan 149 9.2.7. Project Environment Management Cell 151

9.3. Mitigation Plan for EZ 152 9.4. Emergency Preparedness Plan 154 9.4.1. Minor Emergency 154 9.4.2. Major Emergency 155 9.4.3. On-Site Notification of an Emergency 156 9.4.4. Emergency Information Management 156 9.4.5. Post Emergency Procedure 156 9.4.6. Emergency Communications 156 9.4.7. Emergency Transportation 156 9.4.8. Accidents – First Aid & Emergency Medical Response 156 9.4.9. Environmental and Spill Response 157

9.5. Monitoring Plan 158 9.6. Monitoring Indicators 159 9.7. Institutional Arrangement 160

10. Cost of EMP 162 11. Conclusion and Recommendation 163

11.1. Conclusions 163 11.2. Recommendations 163

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

List of Figures

Figure 1: Photographs of the project site ...... 23 Figure 2: Steps for Obtaining Environment Clearance from DoE ...... 36 Figure 3: Location of Economic Zone ...... 37 Figure 4: Mauza map superimposed on google map ...... 38 Figure 5: Site Surroundings Features ...... 38 Figure 6: Site Surroundings Features ...... 39 Figure 7: Utility map for the proposed site location ...... 43 Figure 8: Road network for 10km from proposed EZ ...... 44 Figure 9: Proposed site plan ...... 47 Figure 10: Proposed access road ...... 48 Figure 11: 33/11 kV substation plan and section ...... 49 Figure 12: Proposed pumping main alignment ...... 50 Figure 13: Cross section of access road ...... 51 Figure 14: Details of valves chambers ...... 52 Figure 15: Anowara Upazila map ...... 58 Figure 16: Project site and surroundings ...... 59 Figure 17: Mouza map of the project Site ...... 59 Figure 18: Contour map of the Site ...... 60 Figure 19: Topography of the Site ...... 61 Figure 20: Geological Map of Bangladesh ...... 64 Figure 21: Geological map of Chittagong ...... 65 Figure 22: Typical geological profile of Chittagong ...... 66 Figure 23: Wind Rose Diagrams ...... 70 Figure 24: Average monthly sunshine hours in Chittagong ...... 74 Figure 25: Riverbank Erosion Pattern in Bangladesh ...... 75 Figure 26: Google imagery of the river course in 2005 ...... 76 Figure 27: Google imagery of the river course in 2010 ...... 76 Figure 28: Google imagery of the river course in 2016 ...... 77 Figure 29: Google imagery of the river course in 2008 ...... 77 Figure 30: Google imagery of the river course in 2010 ...... 78 Figure 31: Google imagery of the river course in 2016 ...... 78 Figure 32: Groundwater Zoning Map in Bangladesh, 2010 ...... 80 Figure 33: Seismicity Map of Bangladesh ...... 82 Figure 34: Cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh ...... 83 Figure 35: Cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh ...... 84 Figure 36: Flood affected area map of Bangladesh ...... 85 Figure 37: Agroecological map of Bangladesh ...... 87 Figure 38: General Soil map of Bangladesh ...... 89 Figure 39: Geomorphic map of Chittagong ...... 90 Figure 40. Land Use Pattern around 10 Kms of the subject Site, Anowara 2 ...... 91 Figure 41: Layout Map of Anowara Upazila ...... 99 Figure 42: Age wise PAP distribution ...... 102 Figure 43: Literacy Level of the surveyed PAPs ...... 103 Figure 44: Income Level of the PAPs ...... 104

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

List of Tables

Table 1: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Plan for development of off-site infrastructure ...... 15 Table 2: Mitigation Measures Suggested for Developer ...... 19 Table 3: Site Details of the proposed site ...... 22 Table 4: Compliance of TOR Points ...... 25 Table 5: EIA Team ...... 29 Table 6: Reference Used for EIA Study ...... 30 Table 7: Applicability of Key Environmental Legislation at a Glance ...... 32 Table 8: Strength and Weakness of Site ...... 39 Table 9: Railway lines of Chittagong district ...... 45 Table 10: Dhaka Chittagong line capacity and train details ...... 45 Table 11: Connectivity from Chittagong to other parts of Bangladesh ...... 45 Table 12: Implementation Schedule of Off-site Infrastructural Details ...... 53 Table 13: Monthly minimum and average minimum temperature during Jan 2008 to Dec 2014 ...... 68 Table 14: Monthly maximum and average maximum temperature during Jan 2008 to Dec 2014 ...... 68 Table 15: Monthly average relative humidity during Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 ...... 68 Table 16: Monthly total and 10 years average monthly rainfall during Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 ...... 69 Table 17: List of Major Earthquakes in Bangladesh ...... 83 Table 18: List of Tornadoes had hit the Bangladesh ...... 85 Table 19: Land Type Classification ...... 88 Table 20: Quarternary Stratigraphic succession of Chittagong ...... 89 Table 21: Air quality at Anowara 2 (approx. 2 km from site) (Source: Kafco Plant) ...... 91 Table 22: Air quality data for Agrabad, Chittagong Anowara 2 (arrox. 10 km from site) (µg/m3) ...... 91 Table 23: World Bank Group General EHS guidelines (Ambient Air quality guidelines) ...... 92 Table 24: Ambient noise quality monitoring results at Anowara 2 EZ ...... 92 Table 25: Surfacewater quality monitoring results at Anowara 2 EZ ...... 93 Table 26: Groundwater quality at Anowara 2 EZ ...... 93 Table 27: Groundwater and Surfacewater quality results for Anowara (approx.2 km from proposed site) ...... 93 Table 28: Socio-Economic Profile of Anowara ...... 99 Table 29: Demographic profile of the Unions under Anowara Upazila ...... 100 Table 30: Literacy Rates Segregated by Unions in Anowara (Census 2011) ...... 100 Table 31: Demographic Data ...... 101 Table 32: PAPs categorized based on their age ...... 101 Table 33: Literacy level of PAPs ...... 102 Table 34: Health Status of affected households ...... 103 Table 35: Availability of Health Facilities ...... 103 Table 36: Income Level ...... 104 Table 37: Decision making and participation by women ...... 105 Table 38: Environmental Assets of the project area ...... 106 Table 39: Classification of Social and Environmental Components ...... 108 Table 40: Impact Matrix for Proposed Off-site Infrastructure ...... 108 Table 41: Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants from a Typical Tannery ...... 111 Table 42: Noise levels generated by construction equipments (measured at 1 m distance) ...... 113 Table 43: Typical components of debris ...... 119 Table 44: Types of Consultations ...... 128 Table 45: Details of Consultation ...... 128 Table 46: Positive Impacts perceived by the Stakeholders ...... 132 Table 47: Negative Impacts perceived by the Stakeholders ...... 132 Table 48: Stakeholder Consultations ...... 132

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 49: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Plan for development of off-site infrastructure ...... 139 Table 50: Mitigation Measures Suggested for Developer ...... 152 Table 51: Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 158 Table 52: Indicative cost of EMP ...... 162

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Abbreviation & Glossary

EZ Economic Zone BEZA Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority EIA Environment Impact Assessment DoE Department of Environment ISA Initial Site Assessment ToR Terms of Reference WB World Bank HFL Highest Flood Level Ft. Feet KV Kilo Volts BOD Biological Oxygen Demand MVA Mega Volts Ampere BTCL Bangladesh Telecom Company Limited STP Sewage Treatment Plant ETP Effluent Treatment Plant MSW Municipal Solid Waste TPD Tonnes Per Day ECA Environment Conservation Act ECR Environment Conservation Rules O.P. Operational Policy DPHE Department of Public Health and Engineering TDS Total Dissolved Solids ECC Environment Clearance Certificate HT High Tension °C Degree Celsius BRRI Bangladesh Rice Research Institute BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department IFC International Finance Corporation MLD Million Liters Per Day COD Chemical Oxygen Demand PwC PricewaterhouseCoppers Private Limited dB(A) Audible Decibel EMP Environmental Management Plan KLD Kilo Liter per Day

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds kmph Kilometer per Hour HDPE high-density polyethylene m/s meter / second H&S Health and Safety mg/kg microgram per kilogram mg/l microgram per liter NOx Oxides of Nitrogen

PM10 Particulate Matter less than 10 micron size

PM2.5 Particulate matter less than 2.5 micron size PUC Pollution Under Control Certificate

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide µg/m3 microgram per cubic meter MACE Mahindra Consulting Engineers Ltd. ToR Terms of Reference RMG Readymade Garments PSDSP Private Sector Development and Support Project FDI Foreign Direct Investment BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board SPM Suspended Particulate Matter BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board EC Electrical conductivity TS Total Solids TDS Total Dissolved Solids DO Dissolved Oxygen SPM Suspended particulate matter EC Electrical conductivity

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

1. Executive Summary

Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority (BEZA) has been promulgated under the Bangladesh Economic Zones Act, 2010 to develop the Economic Zones across the country. BEZA, after the initial site assessment, finalized to develop an Economic Zone housing Textile and related industries, RMG, Leather and footwear, Pharmaceuticals Plastic & chemicals, Ship building, Light Engineering industries in the Anowara upazila under Chittagong district.

The project involves development of an EZ and off-site facilities for an EZ in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh. The total land area demarcated for the proposed EZ is 774.425 acres which includes land under private ownership (483.55 acres) and Khas Land (290.875 acres). The proposed site area is surrounded by villages (Banchura village on the eastern site boundary, Boina village on west, Baichuna road on the North and Barthuli village on the south) and agricultural land.

The proposed site is well-connected by road, rail and airport with Dhaka, Chittagong (second largest city), Cox’s Bazaar (the tourism destination) and other major cities of Bangladesh. Roadways and railways are the two most convenient means of accessing the site. The main access road to the proposed site is Chittagong - Anowara- Banshkhali highway (R170) which is abutting the site.

BEZA has appointed M/s PricewaterhouseCoopers Pvt. Ltd. For carrying out environmental and social impact assessment studies for development of five upcoming EZs in Bangladesh including Anowara 2. As per the procedure, proposed Terms of Reference (ToR) was submitted to DOE in May 2016. Approved ToR was granted by DoE vide Memo No. DoE/Clearance/5606/2016/229, dated 13 June, 2016. Copy of the approved ToR by DoEB is attached as Annexure II. The EIA study for the development of proposed Anowara 2 EZ has been carried out as per the ToR issued by DoE, World Bank’s requirements and Environmental Management Framework of BEZA. 1.1. Environmental and Social Baseline 1.1.1. Temperature

The monthly minimum (average) temperature at Chittagong varies between 9.00 C and 24.50C and maximum temperature varies between 28.00C and 36.50C. The minimum and maximum temperature data indicates that December to February months are relatively cooler and March to May are the relatively hotter months. 1.1.2. Relative Humidity

The average relative humidity at Chittagong varies between 62 % in the month of February and 86 % in the month of June. The average relative humidity data shows that average humidity is relatively lower in December to February while it is relatively higher from June to September. Overall, the average humidity is relatively higher in Chittagong.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

1.1.3. Rainfall

The average monthly rainfall data shows that rainy season in Chittagong mainly prevails from June to Septmeber. The average monthly rainfall in Chittagong for the period Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 varied between 0 mm in the month of December and January to 1268 mm in the month of June. The rainfall follows the general climate pattern with the highest rainfall in the summer from April to October and minimum rainfall in the winter from November to March. 1.1.4. Wind speed and direction

The predominant wind speed from October to February is the calm condition followed by wind speed of 1 to 2.5 m/sec. In the rest of the months, the predominant wind speed is 2.5-5 m/s. This indicates the weather conditions are favour the dispersion of pollutants released in the air.

NE and NW wind prevail in November to February; wind flows multi-directional in March and October; the predominant wind direction is south followed by SE and SW in April; in May the wind direction is south and SE, the predominant wind direction is SE followed by south in June to September. 1.1.5. Natural Hazards

Anowara 2 lies in Zone-2 which shows intermediate level of seismic activity. However, one of the major active tectonic belt of Bangladesh is at the eastern side. The Arakan subduction-collision system involves oblique convergence of the Indian and Burma plates. It has produced the N-S trending Indoburman range and a broad belt of folds along the western edge of the Bay of Bengal (Curray, 2005; Wang and Sieh, 2013). These lie above a mega thrust that dips moderately eastward beneath the Indoburman range but is nearly flat-lying beneath the folds. Beneath the 500-km long fold belt the mega thrust is also referred to as a decollement, because it is parallel or nearly parallel to sediment bedding within the Canges Brahmaputra delta. Many of the folds within the western 100 to 200 km of the fold belt appear to be actively growing, which implies that the underlying decollement is relaying slip onto thrust faults beneath these folds as it dies out westward toward a poorly defined deformation front. The proposed site location is also on the eastern side of Bangladesh. Hence, there is risk of earthquake due to the Arakan fault.

The proposed Anowara 2 EZ is lie in wind risk area. Devastating cyclones hit the coastal areas of Bangladesh almost every year usually accompanied by high-speed winds, sometimes reaching 250 km/hr or more and 3-10 m high waves, causing extensive damage to life, property and livestock. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal occur in two seasons, April-May and October-November – i.e. before and after the monsoon.

The flood map shows that Anowara 2 lies in flood free area.

1.1.6. Ecological Environment

The site is surrounded by Sangu river in the south and Karnafuli river in the north. Sangu River originates in the Arakan Hills of Myanmar and enters Bangladesh near Remarki (Thanchi upazila of Bandarban district). It flows north through Thanchi, Rowangchhari and Bandarban upazilas of Bandarban district. Then it flows west through Satkania and Banshkhali upazilas of Chittagong district to meet the Bay of Bengal near Khankhanabad (Chittagong). The length of the river is 295 km. The major tributaries of the river are Chandkhali Nadi and Dolu khal.

Karnaphuli is the largest and most important river in Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is a 667-metre (2,188 ft) wide river in the south-eastern part of Bangladesh. It originates from the Lushai hills in Mizoram, India and flows 270 kilometres (170 mi) southwest through Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal. The mouth of the river hosts Chittagong's sea port, the main port of Bangladesh.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

As observed during site visit, there is vegetation and trees at the proposed EZ location. There is no wildlife sanctuary or reserve forest within 10 km of the proposed site. 1.1.7. Agricultural Resources

Total agriculture land in Chittagong district is 2379.87 sq. km., which amounts to 45% (approx.) of the total area of the district.

Major agriculture crops cultivated in the district are paddy, betel leaf, potato, corn, turmeric, tea, peanut, mustard, patol (heap), brinjal, ginger, cucumber, vegetables and other seasonal crops. Major horticulture crops in this district are mango, jackfruit, guava, coconut, betel nut, palm, litchi, banana, papaya, watermelon, lemon, and other fruits.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the project area. The land use of the area demarcated for the EZ is predominantly agriculture which is also evident from the crop cultivation practices being followed in the region. 1.1.8. Livestock and poultry

As per district handbook 2011 of Chittagong District, there are 522 poultry farms and 63 dairy farms in Anowara upazila. There is one poultry farm at the proposed site location which shall be relocated during the site development process. 1.1.9. Fisheries

Presently, there is no fishing activity at the proposed site location. The site is surrounded by Sangu river in the south and Karnafuli river in the north. As per the study`Ichtyfauna of Sangu river (Chandanaish, Anowara & Banskhali regions), 2014 by Kamal Uddin’, there is relative abundance of finfish and shellfish in Sangu River. Mostly abundant species for finfish recorded were Corica suborna, Amblypharyngodon mola, Chela laubuca and rare species were Eutropiichthys vacha, Polynemus paradiseus. Metapenaeus monoceros, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium dolicodactylus abundant and rare species for shellfish.

Halda river is one of the major tributaries of Karnafuli river and is approximately 35 km from the site location. As per the secondary data collected from the study “Ichthyofauna of The River Halda”, Chittagong, Bangladesh by Mohammad Ali Azadi and Mohammad Arshad-Ul-Alam, the major fish species in Halda river are finfish, shellfish (crustaceans). A total of 93 species of Ichthyofauna (finfish and shellfish) were recorded from this river during the seven years (2004-2011) of investigation. Maximum number of finfish species were recorded under the family Cyprinidae (19 species) followed by the family Gobiidae (11 species), whereas maximum number of shellfish species were recorded under the family Palaemonidae (8 species) followed by Penaeidae (1 species) and Portunidae (1 species). Of the 83 finfish species, three belonged to the critically endangered, nine to the endangered and eight to the vulnerable category according IUCN (2000). Four species of finfish were new records from inland waters of Bangladesh.

1.1.10. Socio-economic

The socio-economic study of the direct impact zone is provided below:

Based on the land records collected from the Union land office, there are 108 private land owners. The area demarcated for the development of the proposed EZ comprises of 160.01 acres of privately owner agricultural area and 323.54 acres of private “Bondobostho” land. The females constitutes 52.80% of the total project affected landowners populations while the males constituted 47.19%.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Most of the affected people were found to be within the age bracket of 18-30 which constituted 41.57% of the total affected PAPs. Considering the age group ranging from 18-40 as the youth age bracket, a total of 105 within that age bracket were found to be impacted. So 58.98% of the total affected people are in the age group of 18-40 which is considered as the youth bracket age group.

100% project affected households are Muslims surveyed households at Anowara 2.

Of the total affected population, 11.79% have achieved secondary level of education where as 30.89% of the population has achieved primary level of education. Illiterate populations comprise of 20.22% of the total PAPs. None of them are technically qualified (graduates and masters). The low education levels emphasize the need for stress on technical education and skill enhancement programs in the region. Below table illustrates the literacy level percentage.

Data on health status of affected households indicate that nearly 34.00% of the families have suffered from illness during the last year. Kidney ailment at one household and cardiac ailment at three households were reported which could be categorized as major chronic ailments. Apart from that, the disease reported in the area were respiratory diseases, gastric issues, arthritis. A total of 14 Health care facilities are available at Anowara Upazilla.

As per socio-economic survey, 97 of the total surveyed PAPs (54.49%) comes under the no income group. Within that, 24 are males (13.48%) and the remaining i.e. 73 are females (41.01%). 0.56% of the male PAPs falls within income bracket of BDT 2000-3000. 11.23% of the male PAPs do earn above BDT 10,000 per month while 1 of the female PAPs (0.56%) earn over BDT 10,000.

1.2. Environment and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project

The proposed project involves development of following offsite facilities to make site appropriate for development of economic zone:

 Administrative building  Construction of boundary wall  Access Road  External power supply system and substation at project site  Water supply arrangement at project site from borewells Table 1: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Plan for development of off-site infrastructure

Impact Mitigation Measures

Removal of  When clearing the site, care shall be taken to keep vegetation clearing at a minimum and Vegetation only from the RoW  Removal of as little vegetation as possible during the development and re-vegetation of bare areas after the project. Setting up of  The construction camps should be at least 500 m distance from habitations from the construction nearest settlements to avoid conflicts and stress over the infrastructure facilities with the camps/labour local community. camps  Location for stockyards for construction materials will be identified at least 1 km from water sources  The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 All sites used for camps will be adequately drained. There should not be any risk of periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of pools, sink holes or other surface collections of water  The camps will be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will not endanger any domestic or public water supply  All sites will be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water may get stagnant and become a nuisance  Construction camps shall be provided with sanitary latrines (1 per 25 pax), bathing facility and urinals.  Sanitary latrines shall be under cover and so partitioned off as to secure privacy, and shall have a proper door and fastenings  Adequate and suitable facilities for washing clothes and utensils shall be provided and maintained for the use of contract labour employed therein.  Sewerage drains will be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp.  Drains and ditches will be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis.  The sewage system for the camp will be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place.  Clean potable drinking water facility should be provided at the site and the water quality should be monitored regularly  Crèche facility should be provided for children if female workers are employed  First aid facilities should be made available at construction camp. First aid box should contain small, medium and large sized sterilized dressings, sterilized burns dressings, 2 % alcoholic solution of iodine, bottle containing salvolatile, snakebite lancet, , bottle of potassium permanganate crystals, scissors, Ointment for burns & surgical antiseptic solution  1 first aid box should be available for every 50 labour  A person trained in first-aid treatment should be made in charge who will always be readily available during emergency  A suitable motor transport shall be kept readily available to carry injured or ill person to the nearest hospital. Identification of  The dumping sites shall not be located within designated Forest/protected areas dumping sites for  Residential facility or sensitive facilities like hospitals, schools etc shall not be located in debris downwind direction of the identified dumping sites  Dumping shall not impact natural drainage courses  Dumping sites should be located at least 1 km from sensitive locations  Permission from concerned local body should be taken before finalizing the location  Agriculture lands should be avoided & waste lands should be preferred  Selected site should not support significant vegetation  The area should be sprinkled with water to suppress the dust emissions  Plant species suitable to grow in that conditions should be planted at the time of closure Soil Erosion and  Contractor should plan the activities so that no loose earth surface is left out before the Sedimentation onset of monsoon. control  Top soil from debris disposal sites & along the road side should be stripped and kept under covered shed for plantation  After the construction activity is over, top soil will be utilized for landscaping activity.  To avoid soil compaction along the transportation routes, only identified haul roads would be used for transportation.  Along sections abutting water bodies, stone pitching needs to be carried out  High embankments should be provided with chutes and drains to minimize soil erosion.  Turfing of low embankments and plantation of grasses and shrubs should be done in slope stabilization.  Soil erosion checking measures as the formation of sediment basins, slope drains, etc, should be carried out.  Construction of Side Slope of Filled Land of 1:2 by suitable soils with proper compaction as per design. Slope surface should be covered by top soils/ cladding materials and grass turfings with suitable grass. Disposal of Debris  Waste from construction camp should be segregated at site. Food/wet waste should be and any waste composted in pit at the site, recyclable should be send to authorized recyclers and rejected generated waste should be disposed regularly through responsible agency in the area  Dustbins should be provided at the site and construction camps to prevent littering of waste  Storage area of minimum 2 days should be provided at construction camp for storage of the waste generated from labour camps

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 Construction debris should also be segregated at the site. This debris should be used for filling to the extent possible. Recyclable waste should be sold through authorized dealers and reject waste should be sent to the identified debris disposal site  All arrangement for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary will be considered incidental.  Construction debris should be stored under covered sheds on paved surfaces to prevent leaching  Any hazardous waste generated during construction activity shall be stored at designated place and then disposed off as per DoE guidelines.  Contaminated runoff from storage areas should be captured in ditches with an oil trap at the outlet.  Utmost care shall be taken to ensure that the DoE norms are met for the safe collection, transport and disposal of construction waste and debris. Dust Generation  Vehicles delivering materials should be covered with tarpaulin to reduce spills and dust blowing off the load.  Compaction of prepared site to re-strain the fugitive emissions.  Water should be sprayed in the cement and earth mixing sites as well as after compaction.  In high dust areas, workers should be provided and encouraged to use masks.  Regular maintenance, servicing of the vehicles and periodic emission check for equipment and machinery would be carried out in conformity with the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.  Water will be sprayed on the haul road.  All the vehicles entering the project site will be checked for Pollution-Under-Control Certificates.  Air quality monitoring to be carried out during construction phase to check the pollutants level in the air Procurement &  Specifications of crushers, hot mix plants and batching plants, other Construction Vehicles, Setting up of Equipment and Machinery to be procured should comply to the DoE Standards/ norms Crushers, Hot-  Aadequate stack height and emission control devices such as bag house filters, cyclone mix plants, other separators, water scrubbers etc., should be attached Vehicles,  Impervious platform for storage of bituminous and other liquid hazardous chemical Equipment and  Pollution control measures for Diesel Generator (DG) set i.e. stack height (calculated by H Machinery = h+ 0.2 * Sqrt(kVA) where h = height of building where generator set is installed and kVA is total generator capacity), acoustic enclosure etc. should be ensured  Provision of readily available first aid kit, fire fighting equipments at the plant site at appropriate location to respond in case of accident.  Periodical monitoring of air quality and noise levels as per conditions stipulated under the statutory clearance from DoE. Whenever the emission exceeds the permissible level the plants should be stopped and necessary repairing works of faults should be done to bring down the emission levels Contamination of  Impervious platform and oil and grease trap for collection of spillage from construction soil equipment vehicle maintenance platform will be appropriately provided at construction camp, servicing area and liquid fuel and lubes at storage areas.  Proper management of waste from labour camps and construction site  Proper disposal of wastewater generated from labour camp and construction site Contamination of  Construction close to water bodies shall be avoided surface & ground  Car washing / workshops near water bodies will be avoided. water  Avoid excavation during monsoon season  Loosened soil will be stabilized by Contractor through landscaping and developing vegetation, wherever possible, once construction activity is completed at any site.  Sanitation facility with septic tank followed by soak pit will be developed. Common toilets will be constructed on site during construction phase and the waste water would be channelized to the septic tanks and soak pits in order to prevent waste water to enter into the water bodies.  Provision of oil & grease traps upstream of storm water drains  Surface run off due to construction activity will not be discharged in open without treatment. Loss of water  No excavation from the bund of the water bodies. bodies/ surface /  No earth will be excavated for development of any off-site facility ground  No debris disposal near any water body.  Prior written permission from authorities is required for use of water for construction activity.  Construction labours to be restricted from polluting the source or misusing the source.  Labour camps will be located away from water bodies.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Drainage and  The Contractor will always clear all the cross drainage structures and natural drainage runoff before onset of monsoon in order to keep all drainage unblocked Earth, stones, wastes and spoils will be properly disposed off, to avoid blockage of any drainage channel.  All necessary precautions will be taken to construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent inundation Noise from  Construction activities would be carried out in the daytime only. Vehicles, Plants  The construction equipment would be provided with adequate noise control measures and and Equipment should comply with the noise standards as prescribed by DoE  Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment would be carried out and corrective action taken in case of any deviation.  Ear muff/ear plug shall be given to the workers working around or operating plant and machinery emitting high noise levels.  DG sets if installed should be provided with acoustic enclosures  Labour working in noise prone area should be provided with ear plugs and job rotation should be practiced to prevent the prolonged exposure of any workers to high noise levels Loss or damage to  Vegetation will be removed from the construction zone before commencement of vegetation construction. All works will be carried out such that the damage or disruption to flora other that those identified for cutting is minimum.  Only ground cover/shrubs that impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works will be removed with prior approval from the Environmental Expert.  Trees identified under the project will be cut only after receiving clearance from the Forest Department  Vegetation only with girth of over 30 cm measured at a height of 1.0 m above the ground will be considered as trees and shall be compensated.  Compensatory plantation should be carried out in the ratio of 1:2 minimum  Construction workers will be directed not to disrupt or damage the fauna.  Construction vehicles will run along specified access to avoid accidents to flora and fauna.  EZ development should be planned in such a way to avoid or minimize tree cutting  Twice the nos. of trees to be fell should be planted as compensatory plantation in affected areas to minimize the impact on the eco-system  No littering of waste should be allowed and waste should not be discharged in water bodies  Avoid construction activities on the periphery of the island  Do not carry out any construction activity during night time  Green buffer of 10 m all around the project site will include most of the native plant species, which will significantly improve the ecology of the area.  Periodic monitoring should be carried out as per the monitoring plan for air, water, noise and soil and ensure that no impact due to project activities.  Tree survival rate should be monitored Accidents  Safety officer should be appointed at site to ensure all the safety guidelines are being followed at site  Cautionary guidance should be provided at site to aware people about the associated risk with the area. Entry to the fuel storage room or machinery operation room should be restricted only to authorized trainer personnel  All Accidents shall be reported immediately and incident analysis, preventive measures shall be implemented. Clearing of  Contractors shall prepare site restoration plans. The plans shall be implemented prior to Construction of demobilization. Camps &  On completion of works, all temporary structures shall be cleared, all rubbish burnt, Restoration excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and sealed and the site left clean and tidy. Occupational  All construction worker should wear PPEs including safety jacket, helmet, gloves, gum Health & Safety boots, ear plugs, mask while working at the site Plan  Workers should be made aware about the health issues related with open defecation  Training to workers should be provided for handling the construction equipment and machinery  Training to the workers should be provided to handle the emergency situations like fire, floods etc.  First aid facility and sufficient nos. of trained personnel should be available at all the time at construction camp  Cautionary signage and notice should be displayed in local language and English at the required places like fuel storage area so that hazards can be avoided. A security guard should be deputed in these areas and entry should be restricted  A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and maintained up to date. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product. 18

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 A register of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) relating to all hazardous substances on board, will be maintained Emergency Precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and the public from fire, flood, Preparedness drowning, etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work.

Table 2: Mitigation Measures Suggested for Developer

Impact Mitigation Measures

Identification of Site  Site identified should be 1.0 km away from settlement, sensitive locations, like for Disposal of school, hospital, religious structures, reseve forest and any other eco-sensitive zone construction Debris, etc. construction labour  Site identified should be approved by BEZA camp and plant site  Site should be located in downwind direction from settlement area  Fertile agricultural land and community land should be avoided for setting of these facilities Air Pollution  Sprinkling of water during construction phase on all unpaved roads, site and haul roads  Avoiding excess pilling of raw material and debris at site  Storage & transportation of raw material and debris in covered conditions  Cutting of only identified trees after obtaining permission of forest department  Regular cleaning of site  Guiding signage should be provided at the site for vehicles  Timings of the construction material vehicles should be fixed and should be during non-peak hours to prevent traffic congestion and traffic jams  Usage of low energy intensive building material like fly ash mic cement and bricks  Usage of low sulphur diesel for running DG sets, construction vehicles and equipments  Obtaining temporary electricity connection during construction phase and operating DG sets only during power failure  Open burning of wood or any other material should be prohibited at site and all the workers should be made aware about the same Water Pollution &  Minimizing the run-off from the site by construction of sediment basins water Conservation  Maintaining the flow of water sprinklers so as to avoid wastage of water  No debris should be thrown or disposed off in any water body like river, pond, canal etc or ground water source like functional or abandoned well  Excavation should not be carried out during monsoon  Provision of temporary storm water drainage system during construction phase to drain the storm water  Excavated pits should be provided with garland drains to prevent enterance of water inside the pit  Provision of oil & grease traps wih the storm water drains draining the parking and fuel storage area  Provision of septic tanks and soak pits at the site & labour camps for disposal of sewage generated by construction labour  Waste generated by construction camps should be disposed off regularly at the identified site for debris disposal  Provision of cross drainage structures like balancing for maintaining the drainage pattern  Stone & bricks should be purchased only from licenced vendors  Keeping provision of land for development of ETP for each industry  Tank alarms should be installed so as to prevent overflow of water  Leakage detection should be carried out quarterly so as to detect any leakages in the gas pipeline Soil Quality  Top soil, if excavated from the project site should be stored in covered condition and should be used later for landscaping purpose  Storage of raw materials, debris and fuel on paved surfaces  Training the workers to handle the material so as to minimize spillage of material on soil  Provision of cross drainage structures to prevent water logging and soil erosion  Stone pitching with grass turfing should be done for the high embankment close to water body 19

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 Disposal of construction debris, municipal waste from labour camps and hazardous waste from site should be disposed off at the identified site  Keeping provision of land for development of soild waste management facility within the EZ site  No open area should be left without the vegetation to protect the soil.  Mulching of soil should be done regularly to prevent direct exposure of soil to wind and water Noise Pollution  Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment used for construction purpose should meet the standards prescribed by DoE  Upkeeping and regular maintenance of all the construction vehicles, machinery and equipment used for construction purpose  Provision of acoustic enclosures, noise mufflers, silencers etc with the DG sets and any noise generating machinery  Provision of temporary noise shield/barrier in areas where more noise will be generated Ecology  Only identified trees should be fell down after obtaining permission from forest department  Comensatory plantation should be carried out in ratio of min 1:2 under guidance of forest department  Development of 30 m (minimum) thick green buffer all along the periphery of EZ  Boundary should be constructed around the EZ site to prevent trespassing of the animals  Native plant species requiring should be considered for plantation  Timber should be purchased only from authorized vendors  No waterbody should be filled outside the EZ site Emergency  Provision of first aid kit and first aid room and well trained first aid practioner at Preparedness the site all the time  Ambulance facility should be provided at the site  Tie-ups with local hospital should be made to handly emergency case, if any  Availability of safety officers and supervisiors at all the time on the site  Workers should be given training for handling construction vehicles, equipment and handling emergency situations like fire, floods, earthquake and cyclone  Cautionary signage should be provided in the areas associated with risks like storage of explosives, fuels, heavy construction material etc. Entry for only trained authorized personnel should be allowed in such areas with adequate safery measures  Emergency handling cell & room should be developed at the site and should be headed by project & safety manager  Contact no. of nearest fire-station and hospitals should be displayed within the emergency handling room 1.3. Conclusion and Recommendations

Overall the impacts from both construction and operation phase have limited adverse environmental impacts, and can be readily addressed through mitigation measures as provided in EMP. BEZA, formed under EZ Act, 2010 is overall agency for implementation of EZ projects for rapid ecomonic development of Bangladesh. The EZ will be developed following PPP approach. BEZA will invest in land and related off- site infrastructure development so as to make zone accessible and resourceful. Thereafter economic zone development will be responsibility of private developers. The off-site facilities proposed to be developed by BEZA include development of administration building, boundary wall, electrical supply, and access road. The project falls under Red category as per ECA, 1995 and requires prior environment clearance from DoE, Bangladesh. The recommendations made for the project development on the basis of EIA study are given below:

 Construction activities for the development of project should be started after obtaining environment clearance certificate from DoE, Bangladesh  Proposed environment management plan should be implemented strictly both during operation and construction phase of the project.

 Trees cutting should be minimum and compensatory plantation should be carried out in ratio of 1:2

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 Proper training of maintaining environment, health and safety should be given to Project management unit in both construction and operation phase

 Provision of garland drain, thick green belt, ETP, STP, segregated storm water shall be adhered to.  Before development, seperate environment impact assessment study should be carried out by individual units proposed to be developed in the EZ.

 Ecological assessment should be carried out for the proposed EZ before commencement of the project.

 The comprehensive well performance test shall be conducted during feasibility study of the proposed EZ.

 While commencement of the project, care should be taken to minimize impacts on biodiversity.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

2. Introduction

The Government of Bangladesh has embarked on the program to develop new Economic Zones (EZ) in the country, with the objective of inclusive economic growth and job creation through developments of industries. The new EZ regime provides for a new approach both in management and investment.

As part of the Private Sector Development and Support Project (PSDSP), supported by the World Bank, PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited (PwC) was appointed by BEZA to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Anowara 2 economic zone.

2.1. Project Background

The project involves development of an EZ and off-site facilities for an EZ in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh. The site details are provided in table below.

The total land area demarcated for the proposed EZ is 774.425 acres which includes land under private ownership (483.55 acres) and Khas Land (290.875 acres). The proposed site area is surrounded by villages (Banchura village on the eastern site boundary, Boina village on west, Baichuna road on the North and Barthuli village on the south) and agricultural land.

The site photographs are shown in figure below. The proposed project involves development of following offsite facilities to make site appropriate for development of economic zone:

Table 3: Site Details of the proposed site

Parameters Details Site co-ordinates 22° 12' 04.44"N to 22° 13' 18.02"N latitude, 91° 51' 28.25"E to 91° 52'41.82"E longitude Site boundaries on East Banchura village & Agriculture land Site boundaries onWest Boina Village, Agri land, Radar station & college Site boundaries on North Baichuna road & Agriculture land Site boundaries on South Barthuli village, Aaigav, Adarshayran & Agriculture Land Total area of the site 774.425 acres Land tenure details Government and private owned Vicinity of proposed site Proposed EZ area is surrounded by villages and agricultural land Existing land use Agriculture and hilly terrain

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 1: Photographs of the project site

View of project site View of the project site

Trees present at the project site Trees present at the project site

View of project site PAP at the project site

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

2.2. Rationale for the Proposed Project

Bangladesh is primarily an agricultural economy with close to 50% of the labor force employed in agriculture. Industry sector contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has hovered around 25-30% only for past few years. Manufacturing sector of Industry shows predominance of export led garments and textile industries and comprise of 52% share of total exports in Bangladesh making it the world’s second largest garment manufacturer. Bangladesh also needs to bolster exports of other indigenous products, which will happen through enhanced industrial infrastructure, capacity building, and policy initiatives. Similarly, the country may choose to substitute imports of capital goods and other items of domestic consumption, provided there is adequate investment in industrial infrastructure to enable domestic manufacturing. The Government of Bangladesh has, in the past, successfully provided tailored infrastructure services and business environment conditions through EPZs. EPZs were used as a strategic instrument for attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and dealing with the shortcomings of the overall investment climate, business registration, licensing, etc. which were restricting investments in the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA). To overcome the limitations of EPZ model, new EZ regime has been adopted by the Government of Bangladesh so as more spill-over can be harnessed by local firms from FDI , additional investments can be encouraged within value chains, more local produce can be procured and better linkages can be established between manufacturing firms and educational institutions. The EZ development, a zoned industrialization, is required in Bangladesh to maximize the growth benefits of agglomeration and ease the increasing urban congestion. More importantly, the project will enable new sources of growth, where investor will show their interest. 2.3. Scope and Methodology of the Study

The scope and methodology for the EIA of the proposed site are:

 Identification and review of applicable local, state, national and international environmental and social regulatory and institutional frameworks;  Establishment of environmental baseline conditions of the site and surrounding area through the following:  Detailed surveys to observe environmental and social characteristics of the project area;  Discussions with the stakeholders and identification key issues during planning, construction and operation phase of the project;  Baseline data collection of the site and project area with respect to water and soil quality, ambient air and noise quality, environmental hazards and  Ecological assessment on flora and fauna of the site and project area through secondary data collection.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 Assessment of the socio-economic environment through collation of secondary information of the site, supplemented by consultations with the local communities to understand community perception with regard to the project and its activities;  Preparation of the EIA report which includes:  Project Description describing the proposed project and its geographic, ecological, social, health and temporal context, including any related facilities that may be required;  Applicable Environmental Regulatory Framework including host country regulations, obligations for implementing relevant international social and environmental treaties, agreements, and conventions and IFC Performance Standards;  Environmental Baseline Conditions on the basis of the above identified parameters to understand the profile of the area and describe relevant physical, biological, health and labour conditions in the project area of influence;  Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures for environmental and social components for pre-construction/construction and operation phases. To minimize the adverse impacts mitigations measures will also be suggested; and  Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Management System which includes the following: o Mitigations for adverse environmental impacts and associated risks; o Institutional arrangement - management tools and techniques for the implementation of environmental impacts and risk mitigations; o Monitoring and reporting of requirements and mechanisms for the effective implementation of the suggested mitigations; o Monitoring arrangements for effective implementation of suggested mitigations for the proposed project; and o Preparation of EMP accordance with the Performance Standards of IFC.

2.4. Limitation of the Study

The present EIA Report has been prepared based on the field investigations / assessment, and secondary data from data collected from Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE), Department of Environment (DoE), Department of disaster management (DDM), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), and published journals, and books, public consultation and site observations. The environmental and social assessment is based on the information collected from the various Agencies, community consultations and observations. Professional judgement and subjective interpretation of facts and observations has been applied for the preparation of the EIA Report. Since offsite facilities are proposed to be developed by BEZA, required information essential for EA are available. The onsite (industrial area detailed planning will be carried out by prospective private developer) information are available limited to feasibility assessment.

2.5. ToR Compliance Matrix

The EIA study has been conducted in accordance with the ToR approved by DOE. The approved TOR is presented in Annex 2. Table below presents the point-wise compliance of the approved ToR. Table 4: Compliance of TOR Points

S. No. ToR Point Compliance I The project authority shall conduct a comprehensive EIA study has been carried out in line Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study with the ToR Approved by DoE and considering the overall activity of the said project in WB guidelines accordance with this ToR and following additional suggestions II The EIA Report should be prepared in accordance with Agreed following indicative outlines: 1 Executive Summary Refer Chapter 1 25

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

2 Introduction: (background, brief descriotion, rationale of Refer Chapter 2 the project, scope of study, methodology, limitations, EIA Team and references) 3 Legislative, regulation and policy consideration (covering Refer Chapter 3 the potential legal, administrative, planning and policy framework within which the EIA will be prepared) 4 Project Description Refer Chapter 4 i. Introduction Section 4.1 ii. Project objective Section 4.2 iii. Project options Section 4.2 iv. Interventions under selected options Section 4.3 v. Project activities: A list of the main project activities Section 4.6 to be undertaken during site clearing, construction as well as operation vi. Project schedule: The phase and timing for Section 4.7 development of the project vii. Resources and utilities demand: Resources required Section 4.8 to develop the project, such as soil and construction material and demand for utilities (water, electricity, sewerage, waste disposal and others), as well as infrastructure (road, drains, and others) to support the project viii. Map and survey information Section 4.9 Location map, cadastral map showing land plots (project and adjacent area), geological map showing geological units, fault zone, and other natural features 5 Environmental Baseline Refer Chapter 5 5.1 Meteorology Section 5.2.1 5.1.1 Temperature Section 5.2.1.1 5.1.2 Humidity Section 5.2.1.2 5.1.3 Rainfall Section 5.2.1.3 5.1.4 Wind Speed Section 5.2.1.4 5.1.6 Sunshine hours Section 5.2.1.5 5.2 Water Resources Section 5.2.2 5.2.1 Surface Water System Section 5.2.2.1 5.2.2 Tropical cyclones and Tidal Flooding Section 5.2.2.8 & 5.2.2.9 5.2.3 Salinity Section 5.2.2.2 5.2.4 Drainage Congestion and Water Logging Section 5.6.8 5.2.5 Erosion and Sedimentation Section 5.2.2.3 5.2.6 River Morphology Section 5.2.2.4 5.2.7 Navigation Section 5.2.2.5 5.2.8 Ground Water System Section 5.2.2.6 5.3 Land Resources Section 5.2.3 5.3.1 Agroecological Regions Section 5.2.3.1 5.3.2 Land Types Section 5.2.3.2 5.3.3 Soil Texture Section 5.2.3.3 5.3.4 Land Use Section 5.2.3.4 5.4 Agriculture Resources Section 5.2.7 5.4.1 Farming Practice Section 5.2.7 5.4.2 Cropping Pattern and Intensity Section 5.2.7 5.4.3 Cropped Area Section 5.2.7 5.4.4 Crop Production Section 5.2.7 5.4.5 Crop Damage Section 5.2.7 5.4.6 Main Constraints of Crop Production Section 5.2.7 5.5 Livestock and Poultry Section 5.2.8 5.5.1 Feed and Fodder Shortage Section 5.2.8 5.5.2 Livestock/Poultry Diseases Section 5.8.7 5.6 Fisheries Section 5.2.9 5.6.1 Introduction Section 5.2.9 26

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.6.2 Problem and Issues Section 5.2.9 5.6.3 Habitat Description Section 5.2.9 5.6.4 Fish Production and Effort Section 5.2.9 5.6.5 Fish Migration Section 5.2.9 5.6.6 Fish Biodiversity Section 5.2.9 5.6.7 Fisheries Management Section 5.2.9 5.7 Ecological Resources Section 5.2.11 5.7.1 Bio-ecological Zone/Protected Areas Section 5.2.11.1 5.7.2 Common Flora and Fauna Section 5.2.11.2 and 5.2.11.3 5.7.3 Ecosystem Services and Function Section 5.2.11 5.8 Socio Economic Condition Section 5.2.12 5.8.1 Socio Economic Condition Section 5.2.12 5.8.2 Quality of Life Indicators Section 5.2.12.1 and 5.2.12.2 and 5.2.12.4 5.8.3 Income and Poverty Section 5.2.12 5.8.4 Gender and Women Section 5.2.12 5.8.5 Common Property Resources Section 5.2.12 5.8.6 Conflict of Interest and Law and Order Situation Section 5.2.12 5.8.7 Historical, Cultural and Archaeological Sites Section 5.2.12 6 Identification and Analysis of Key Environmental Refer Chapter 6 Issues (Analysis shall be presented with Scenarios, Maps, Graphics, etc. for the Case of Anticipated Impacts on Baseline) 6.1 Environmental Sensitivity Investigation Section 6.1 6.2 Environmental Aspect/Valued Environmental Section 6.2 Components 6.3 Environmental Hot Spots Section 6.3 6.4 Likely Beneficial Impacts Section 6.4 6.5 Community Recommendations Section 6.5 6.6 Alternate Analysis Section 6.5 7 Environmental and Social Impacts Refer Chapter 7 7.1 Introduction Section 7.1 7.2 Impact on Water Resources Section 7.4 7.2.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.4.1 7.2.2 Construction Phase Section 7.4.1 7.2.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.4.2 7.3 Impact on Land Resources Section 7.5 7.3.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.5.1 7.3.2 Construction Phase Section 7.5.1 7.3.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.5.2 7.4 Impact on Agriculture Resources Section 7.7 7.4.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.7.1 7.4.2 Construction Phase Section 7.7.1 7.4.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.7.1 7.5 Impact on Fisheries Section 7.8 7.5.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.8.1 7.5.2 Construction Phase Section 7.8.1 7.5.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.8.2 7.6 Impact on Ecosystem Section 7.6 7.6.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.6 7.6.2 Construction Phase Section 7.6 7.6.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.6 7.7 Socio Economic Impact Section 7.15 and 7.9 and 7.10 and 7.12 7.7.1 Pre-construction Phase Section 7.15 and 7.9 and 7.10 and 7.12 7.7.2 Construction Phase Section 7.15 7.7.3 Post-construction Phase Section 7.15

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

8. Public Consultation and Disclosure Refer Chapter 8 8.1 Introduction Section 8.1 8.2 Objectives of Public Consultation and Disclosure Section 8.1 Meeting 8.3 Approach and Methodology of Public Consultation Section 8.2 and Disclosure Meeting 8.4 Public Consultation Meetings (PCMs) Section 8.3 8.5 Public Disclosure Meetings (PDMs) Section 8.4 9. Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Refer Chapter 9 Indicators 9.1 Introduction Section 9.1 9.2 Mitigation Plan Section 9.2 9.3 Enhancement Plan Section 9.2.5 9.4 Contingency Plan Section 9.4 9.5 Compensation Plan Section 9.8 9.6 Monitoring Plan Section 9.5 9.7 Monitoring Indicators Section 9.6 10 Cost Estimation for Environmental Mitigation Refer Chapter 10 Measures and Monitoring 11. Conclusions and Recommendations Refer Chapter 11 III Without obtaining approval of EIA report by the Agreed Department of Environment, the Project authority shall not be allowed to conduct earth filling or any kind of physical intervention in the proposed project site and also not be able to start the physical activity of the project. IV This approval of the Terms of Reference (ToR) Agreed would not mean any acceptance or site clearance of the Project. V The proposed EIA study would not establish any Agreed claim, right in favour of the proponent for getting site clearance or environmental clearance. VI. Without obtaining Environmental Clearance, the Agreed project authority shall not be able to start the operation of the project. VII. The project authority shall submit the EIA along Agreed with the No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the local authority, NOC from Forest Department (if it is required in case of cutting any forested plant, private or public) and NOC from other relevant agencies for operational activity etc. to the Bagerhat District Office of DOE with a copy to the Head Office of DOE in Dhaka.

2.6. EIA Team

BEZA has appointed M/s PricewaterhouseCoopers Pvt. Ltd. For carrying out environmental and social impact assessment studies for development of five upcoming EZs in Bangladesh. As per the procedure, proposed Terms of Reference (ToR) was submitted to DOE in May 2016. Approved ToR was granted by DoE vide Memo No. DoE/Clearance/5606/2016/229, dated 13 June, 2016. Copy of the approved ToR by DoEB is attached as Annexure II. The EIA study for the development of proposed Anowara 2 EZ has been carried out as per the ToR issued by DoE, World Bank’s requirements and Environmental Management Framework of BEZA. The PwC team appointed for carrying out the ESIA studies is mentioned below:

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 5: EIA Team

Team Member Position Yasir Ahmad Team Leader More than 12 years of experience in Environmental and Social policy development, Social/Environmental audits, Environmental and Social impact assessment (ESIA) reviews, Environmental Due-diligence, Responsible investment related engagements for various industrial sectors including infrastructure, retail etc. Dr. D.J Rao Environmental Specialist Doctrate with more than 28 years of experience in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for diverse sectors, Community /Stakeholders’ Consultation, Risk Management, Environment and Social Mitigation Plan, carbon and sustainability strategy, etc. Mr. Sandeep Kota Project Manager More than 9 years of experience in Environment and Social impact assessment, Environmental management plan, Health and Safety compliance audits, Environmental Due-diligence, Responsible investment related engagements for various industrial sectors. Ms. Anjali Yadav Environmental Expert Five years of experience in Environment and social impact assessment, Environmental and social reviews, Environment and social policy development, Environment health and safety audits, Site investigation & characterization, Environmental site assessments (phase I & phase II ESA) and Remediation of soil and groundwater. Mr. Dhiman Environmental Expert Five years of experience in Environment and social Chakraborty impact assessment, Environmental and social reviews, Environment and social policy development, Environment health and safety audits, Site investigation & characterization, Environmental site assessments (phase I & phase II ESA) and Remediation of soil and groundwater

2.7. Structure of the Report

This EIA report has been prepared strictly following the report structure as per TOR. The EIA report contains project features, baseline environmental conditions, assessment of environmental impacts, and formulation of mitigation measures along with environmental management and monitoring plan. The report includes the following chapters: Chapter 1: Executive Summary The chapter provides the brief summary of the EIA report.

Chapter 2: Introduction This chapter provides background information of the project background, rationale for the proposed project, scope and methodology adopted for EIA study, limitations of the study, TOR compliance matrix, details of the EIA team, structure of the report and references.

Chapter 3: Legislative, regulation and policy consideration This chapter deals with the details of the potential legal, administrative, planning and policy framework which have beed used in the preparation of the EIA Report.

Chapter 4: Project Description

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

This chapter presents the details of the project, project objectives and options, interventions under selected options and activities, project area of influence, project activities, existing infrastructure in and around the site, project schedule and resources and utilities demand.

Chapter 5: Environmental and Social Baseline This Chapter describes the baseline environmental conditions around the project site for various environmental attributes, in the project area of influence which is termed as the study area. Topography, soil, water, meteorology, air, noise, land constitute the physical environment, whereas flora and fauna constitute the biological environment.

Chapter 6: Identification and Analysis of Key Environmental Issues This chapter identifies and details the key environmental issues related to the project.

Chapter 7: Impact assessment This chapter details the impacts due to the project activities and suggestive mitigation measures

Chapter 8: Public consultations and disclosure This Chapter provides details for the public consultation meetings in study area and the outcomes of public consultations

Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring indicators This Chapter provides mitigation and control measures to attenuate and/or eliminate environmental impacts, which are likely to be caused by the proposed project. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed to mitigate the potential adverse impacts and to strengthen the beneficial impacts. This chapter also provides the environmental monitoring plan proposed for the project.

Chapter 10: Cost of EMP This chapter provides the tentative cost for the implementation of EMP

Chapter 11: Conclusions and Recommendations This chapter concludes on the findings that emerged from the environmental assessment study and summarizes the key points to be addressed to ensure the environmental sustainability of the project during the construction and operation phases.

2.8. References

List of secondary data used for carrying out EIA study and preparation of EIA report is given at the following table.

Table 6: Reference Used for EIA Study

S. No. Reference Government Departments 1. Bangladesh Economic Zone Authority 2. Department of Public Health and Engineering 3. Department of Environment 4. Bangladesh Meteorological Department 5. Bangladesh Forest Research Institute 6. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 7. Geological survey of Bangladesh 8. Bangladesh Water Development Board 9. Department of Disaster Management 10. Anowara Upazila office 11. District Forest Department, Ctittagong Journals/ Books

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

1. Community Report, Bagerhat ZIla, June, 2012, Population and Housing Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning 2. Sirajur Rahman Khan, Revised by Michiel Damen, ITC, Cyclone Hazard in Bangladesh, 2013 3. Banani Mandal, Arunava Mukherjee, Subrata Sarkar & Samir Banerjee, Study on the Ornamental Fin Fish of Indian Sundarbans with Special Reference to Few Floral Sources for Carotenoid Pigmentation, 2012 4. M. Monirul H. Khan, Species diversity, relative abundance and habitat use of the birds in the Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh, 2005 5. Sayam U. Chowdhury, M. Abdullah Abu Diyan, Christoph Zöckler, Mohammad Foysal, Hilger W. Lemke, A Survey Of Shorebirds in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh, 2014 6. Md. Manirul Mamun, Md. Golam Sarower, Md. Aslam Ali, S.M. Bazlur Rahman, Khandaker Anisul Huq, Abundance And Distribution Of Plankton In The Sunderbans Mangrove Forest, 2009 7. Professor Dr. Md. Saifuddin Shah, Professor Dr. Khandaker Anisul Huq, Professor Dr. S.M. Bazlur Rahaman, M. G. Mustafa, Study on the Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources of the Sundarbans 8. Tonmoy Sarker, Sedimentation process at navigation channel of Mongla port on the Pasur Sibsa river system in Bangladesh, UNESCO IHE Institute of Water Education The Netherlands 9. Chandra K.J., Chowdhury A. R. & Das D.R., Shrimp Culture Practices at Farmers’ Level in Bagerhat District, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, 2010, 10. Adhikary, S.K., Gupta A. D. & Babel M.S., Modelling Groundwater Fow and Salinity Intrusion by Advective Transport in the Regional Unconfined Aquifer of SouthWest Bangladesh 11. Azadi, M.A., and Arshad-Ul-Alam. M., Ichthyofauna Of The River Halda, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2013 Website 1. Wikipedia 2. Google maps 3. Google earth imageries 4. http://www.saarc-sadkn.org/countries/bangladesh/disaster_mgt.aspx (Bangladesh Disaster Knowledge Network) Others 1. Site visits 2. Initial Site Assessment Reports 3. WB General EHS Guidelines 4. WB Operational Policies 5. BEZA EMF 6. Feasibility Study for Multi-Lane Road Tunnel under the River Karnaphuli, Chittagong, Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

3. Legislative, Regulation and Policy Consideration

3.1. Regulatory Requirements for the Proposed Project

This section highlights the regulatory requirements set out by Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and World Bank (WB) in relation to protection of environment and its resources as well as protection of the social environment from adverse impacts associated with the project development. These requirements are summarized below. Table 7: Applicability of Key Environmental Legislation at a Glance

Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks Acts/Rules The Mandatory requirement of prior Applicable. The Site approval certificate is to Environment environment clearance for certain project is classified be obtained from DoE Conservation category of project for under red category Act, 1995 and conservation and improvement of EIA study required to subsequent environment and control and be undertaken amendments in mitigation of pollution of the 2000 and 2002 environment. and 2010 To ascertain responsibility for Environment compensation in case of damage to Conservation ecosystem Rules, 1997 (Subsequent Promulgation of standards for Amendments in quality of air, water, noise and soil 2002 and 2003) for different areas for different purposes.

Declaration of ecologically critical areas

Promulgation of standard limit for discharging and emitting waste.

Formulation and declaration of environmental guidelines.

Restriction on polluting automobiles, sale and production of environmental harmful items.

Categorization of industries, development projects and other activities on the basis of pollution activities of the existing or proposed industries/ development projects/ activities. Environment To give high priority to Applicable as the All the developments to be Court Act, 2000 environment pollution prevention project shall have carried out as per ECA, 1995 and subsequent environmental & ECR, 1997 and amendments in impacts amendments. 2002 The Private Conservation of private forests and Applicable as the tree Tree cutting to be carried out Forests for the afforestation on wastelands. cutting is involved in after taking permission from Ordinance Act, development of EZ. Regional Forest Officer, 1959 Forest Department

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Water Pollution Prevention of water pollution Applicable from the Applicable during both Control prospective of construction stage ( e.g. Ordinance 1970 prevention of sewage and equipment pollution washing and maintenance liquid waste discharges at construction camps) and operation phase (tourism activities) The ground Management of Ground Water Applicable. It is Permission should be taken Water Resources. envisaged to install before digging bore wells Management two bore wells on site Ordinance 1985 Tube well shall not be dug in any to meet the water place without permission from demand. Upzilla parishad. The Building An Act to provide for the Applicable as the Regulatory authority is Construction Act prevention of haphazard project involves Ministry of Works 1952 (with latest construction of building and development of amendment excavation of tanks which are infrastructure 2006) likely to interfere with the planning of certain areas in Bangladesh The Vehicle Act, To regulate vehicular exhaust Applicable as heavy Regular maintenance and 1927 emissions vehicle movement is upkeeping of the vehicles The Motor involved during should be carried out. Vehicles construction phase Regulatory authority is Ordinance, 1983 Bangladesh Road Transport The Bengal Authority Motor Vehicle Rules, 1940 The Factories This Act pertains to the Applicable as the Regulatory authority is Act, 1965 occupational rights and safety of workers will be Ministry of labour Bangladesh factory workers and the provision employed during Labour Law of a comfortable work construction and 2006, environment and reasonable operation phase of EZ amendment 2013 working conditions. Bangladesh Labour Rules 2015 Policies National For sustainable development Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient Environment development projects building material, fuel etc. Policy, 1992 should be encouraged National Conservation of natural habitats, Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient Environment bio-diversity, energy, sustainable development projects material, green building Management development and improvement of techniques, reduction of Action Plan 1995 life of people carbon foot prints etc. National Sustainable development of Applicable for all Usage of energy efficient Conservation Industrial Sector development projects material, green building Stratergy techniques, reduction of carbon foot prints etc. The National Protecting the environment by Applicable. EIA study Energy efficient materials Energy Policy, requiring an EIA for any new is to be carried out and techniques should be 1995 energy development project, explored introduction of economically viable and environment friendly technology. The National To ensure efficient and equitable Applicable. Ground Conjunctive use of water Water Policy, management of water resources, water is required to be should be explored 2000 proper harnessing and withdrawn for development of surface and fulfilling water ground water, availability of water requirement during to all concerned and institutional operation phase capacity building for water resource management The National Addresses options for water Applicable as it is Installation of effluent Water quality, considerations behind industrial project and treatment facility within the measures to clean up industrial will involve premises

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Management pollution, where effluent discharge generation of effluent Plan, 2001 monitoring and zoning regulations and sewage for new industries are emphasized World Bank’s Safeguards OP 4.01 Ensures sustainability and Triggered Project classified as Category Environmental environmental feasibility of the A considering nature of Assessment project. Projects are classified into activities and impacts A, B & C category depending on the nature and extent of the impact. OP 4.12 Ensures safeguards to address and Triggered There are households at the Involuntary mitigate risks due to involuntary proposed site location which Resettlement resettlement such as economic, need to be relocated. social and environmental risks. Agricultural activity is also carried out at the proposed location. Private Sector Development Support Project Environment Describes all the mandatory Triggered EIA report is prepared Management environmental and social referring to the guidelines Framework clearances and purpose of the mentioned in BEZA’s EMF. (EMF) same required to be taken before development of the project  The framework sets out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during design, implementation and operation of the project activities to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels.

3.2. Enviroment Management Framework for the PSDSP and AF

The Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the PSDSP and the AF, provides the systems, procedures and institutional arrangements of PSDSP, that ensure compliance to the environmental regulations of GoB and the safeguard policies of The World Bank. The Environmental Management Procedures developed for PSDSP are aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts of the project and ensures adequate integration of environmental aspects in the project planning, design, construction and operation phases. In addition to complying with the regulatory requirements of GoB and the safeguard policies of The World Bank, the procedures provide a framework to (i) identify, predict, and evaluate beneficial and adverse environmental impacts of project activities, (ii) designing enhancement measures for beneficial impacts, and (iii) suitable institutional arrangements to implement the environment management measures. 3.3. Project Categorization

As per the Environment Management Framework prepared for the PSDSP and AF; in order to address various environmental issues associated with the project and to formulate suitable strategies, the sub- projects of PSDSP are categorized as below.

 ‘Category A’ sub-projects that have potential to cause significant, adverse environmental impacts in the project influence area;

 ‘Category B’ sub-projects that have potential to cause moderate and reversible environmental impacts in the project area;

 ‘Category C’ sub-projects that have potential to cause minor and temporary environmental impacts, primarily during construction phase of the project.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

In accordance with the table 4.1 of the EMF for PSDSP and ADF, the development of the proposed EZ and the off-site infrastructures is categorized as “Category A” Further, the development of the EZ and the off-site infrastructures is cateogrized in “Red category” based on the categorization of the projects by the DOE based on the impacts on the environment. 3.4. Procedure for Obtaining Environmental Clearance from DoE, Bangladesh

Bangladesh has very lucid administrative framework regarding environmental aspect. It has strong interface between local government and federal Government. Department of Environment is responsible for grant of environmental clearance to a project. In addition to three are other ministries to deal with specific area of importance to the country like Forests, Water.

According to the Section 12 of the Environment Conservation Act 1995, (subsequent amendments in 2000 and 2002 and 2010) no project will be established or undertaken without obtaining permission, in the manner prescribed by the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 (amended in 2003), an Environmental Clearance Certificate from the Director General. Therefore, every development projects/industries which are specified under the Schedule – 1 of the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 (amended in 2003) require obtaining site and environmental clearance from the Department of Environment. According to the Rule 7 (1) of the Environment Conservation Rules 1997 (amended in 2003); for the purpose of issuance of Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC), every projects, in consideration of their site and impact on the environment and will be classified into the four categories, i.e. green, orange A, orange B and red. Development of off-site facilities for economic zone will fall under red category. Thus EIA study is required to be carried out for the project. The present EIA study has been conducted for the proposed project complying with the ToR and applicable World Bank guidelines. A schematic representation of the various steps involved in below.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 2: Steps for Obtaining Environment Clearance from DoE

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4. Project Description

4.1. Project Introduction

The proposed EZ is located in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh. The project involves development of EZ and off-site facilities for Anowara 2 EZ by BEZA. The total land area demarcated for the proposed EZ is 774.425 acres which includes land under private ownership (483.55 acres) and Khas Land (290.875 acres). The proposed EZ area is surrounded by villages (Banchura village on the eastern site boundary, Boina village on west, Baichuna road on the North and Barthuli village on the south) and agricultural land. The site details are shown in figures below.

The proposed EZ is well-connected by road, rail and airport with Dhaka, Chittagong (second largest city), Cox’s Bazaar (the tourism destination) and other major cities of Bangladesh. Roadways and railways are the two most convenient means of accessing the site. The main access road to the proposed EZ is Chittagong - Anowara- Banshkhali highway (R170) which is abutting the site.

It is proposed to have textile and related industries, RMG, Leather and footwear, Pharmaceuticals, Plastic & chemicals, Ship building and Light Engineering industries in the economic zone.

Figure 3: Location of Economic Zone

Source: Google Earth

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 4: Mauza map superimposed on google map

Source: ISA report

Figure 5: Site Surroundings Features

Source: ISA report

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 6: Site Surroundings Features

Source: ISA report

4.2. Project Objectives and Options (Alternative Analysis)

The proposed EZ is located in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh. The proposed EZ is well-connected by road, rail and airport with Dhaka, Chittagong (second largest city), Cox’s Bazaar (the tourism destination) and other major cities of Bangladesh. Roadways and railways are the two most convenient means of accessing the site. The main access road to the proposed EZ is Chittagong - Anowara- Banshkhali highway (R170) which is abutting the site. Due to its geographical location and other benefits, this location is favourable for the development of EZ.

The EZ development, a zoned industrialization, is required in Bangladesh to maximize the growth benefits of agglomeration and ease the increasing urban congestion. More importantly, the project will enable new sources of growth, where investor will show their interest. The identified strengths and weakness of the site as are provided in the table below.

Table 8: Strength and Weakness of Site

Parameters Strengths Weaknesses Approach Road  Proposed EZ is connected to N1  Four lane access road to connect the through Chittagong - Anowara- site from existing approach road Banshkhali highway (R170). A 200 m (CUFL connecting road) for a length Katcha Road stretch connects the site of 700 m length x 33m width is to a blacktop single lane road. The envisaged black top single lane road in turn connects the Katcha Road to R170, through a stretch of ~ 500 m. Both the Katcha Road and the blacktop road are ~ 3 m.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Water availability  Karnaphuli River is located at a  The water table at Anowara is 100-200 distance of 15-20 km (approx.) from ft vis-à-vis 75- 100 ft from natutal the proposed EZ, from which water can ground level. be extracted to meet the water  2 bore wells will be installed within the requirement. site to meet the initial demand of 1 to 2 MLD. Landfilling  Based on site visit landfilling is not Requirements envisaged. Resettlement issues  There are approx. 55 households are the proposed site location which shall be relocated.  The private land owners and affected household structures will be compensated based on the entitlement matrix as part of the RSMF. Loss of The proposed site comprises of private income/livelihood lands where the existing land use is for agricultural activities, thus the acquisition of the private lands will result in livelihood loss for the land owners

Road connectivity  Proposed EZ has access to Chittagong, industrial hub in Bangladesh.  Bangladeshi national highway (N1) connects the country capital Dhaka and Chittagong. N1 is located at a distance of 10 km (approx.) from the proposed EZ.  A Mutilane Road tunnel is proposed under the River Karnaphuli. The proposed Tunnel will connect the Chittagong Port City directly with the other side of the Karnaphuli River & indirectly with other parts of the country through Dhaka-Chittagong- Cox’s Bazar Highway. Water Ways  The Port of Chittagong is the principal Connectivity Port of Bangladesh. Proposed EZ is located at a distance of 18 km (approx.) from Chittagong Port.  Chittagong Port is a deep water sea port and most of the export and import of the country are handled by this port. Rail connectivity  Chittagong railway station is located at a distance of 17 km (approx.) from the proposed EZ.  Chittagong railway station has regular trains running to Dhaka and other major cities of Bangladesh. Air connectivity  Proposed EZ is located at a distance of 30 km (approx.) from Shah Amanat International Airport, Chittagong, with Cargo handling a and international flying facility.  It takes about an hour to reach the airport from the proposed EZ Power connection  Julda power plant of 100MW capacity is located 4 Km (approx.) away from the proposed EZ.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Existing industrial  There is well connected existing ecosystem industrial system in the site vicinity. The prominent industrial sectors in Chittagong are textile related industries, Leather and Footwear, Pharmaceuticals, Ship building, Plastics etc.  Around 23% of total manufacturing units of Bangladesh are located in Chittagong. Around two thirds of the 3000 plastic units are in Chittagong/Dhaka region. Proximity to major  The site is well connected to the major cities cities. Availability of  There are a total of 2 private colleges, educational 23 private secondary schools, 118 institutions in the primary schools, 14 madrasa, 7 kinder nearby areas to garden and 4 technical institutes in supply quality Anowara Upazila. manpower  One technical training center under Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training (BMET) is located in Chittagong (within 20 km radius of the proposed EZ)  In Anowara Upazila, several educational institutions are located which would cater to the requirements of semi-skilled labour and administrative personnel of the proposed Anowara-2 EZ. Availability of  There is a 50 bedded government medical facilities hospital and a private hospital in Anowara Upazila. Also, there are few medical facilities available within 10 km radius of the proposed EZ to cater to the healthcare requirements of the workforce.  Major healthcare facilities are available in Chittagong city (20 km away from proposed EZ). Availability of good  The proposed EZ is located 20 km The labours working in the proposed EZ residential facility away (two hours’ drive) from shall have access to the dwelling units and and quality lifestyle Chittagong metropolitan area. residential areas within 5-10 km radius of in the nearby areas  Although international standard the proposed EZ. residential facility and quality lifestyle is not available in the nearby areas of the proposed EZ, but such facilities are available in Chittagong metropolitan area (within 20 km radius of the proposed EZ).  Dwelling units and residential facilities are available for labours in Anowara

4.3. Interventions under selected options and project activities

Anowara 2 has been selected for the development of EZ. Scope of the proposed project is to develop EZ and off-site facilities for upcoming EZ zone. These off-site EZ facilities will be developed by BEZA. The EZ area will be developed by prospective developer who will also undertake detailed planning for the same. Proposed off-site facilities will help in improving the infrastructure of the area. Proposed interventions at the project site are given below:

 Site development 41

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

 Administrative building  Construction of boundary wall  Construction of access Road  External power supply system and substation at project site  Water supply arrangement at project site from borewells

It is proposed to have textile and related industries, RMG, Leather and footwear, Pharmaceuticals, Plastic & chemicals, Ship building and Light Engineering industries in the economic zone.

4.4. Project Area of Influence

Tthe project area of influence encompasses, as appropriate:

The area likely to be affected by: (i) the project and the client’s activities and facilities that are directly owned, operated or managed (including by contractors) and that are a component of the project; (ii) impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location; or (iii) indirect project impacts on biodiversity or on ecosystem services upon which Affected Communities’ livelihoods are dependent.

 Associated facilities, which are facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable.  Cumulative impacts that result from the incremental impact, on areas or resources used or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments at the time the risks and impacts identification process is conducted.

Hence the area of influence for the project is the project site and the immediate air-shed including the approach road to the site.

4.5. Existing Infrastructure in and around the Project Site

The proposed site falls under under Anowara upazila of Chittagong district. The land use pattern of the proposed EZ area falls under agriculture and horticulture zone. It was observed during site visit that crops are being cultivated at some portions of the land parcel throughout the year. The existing land use pattern for 10 km radius is shown in figure below.

As observed during site visit, the proposed EZ has topographic variations with a gentle slope towards North-East to South-West direction. The natural slope of ground is advantageous for gravity network of water supply, sewer and storm water drains. Based on site visit, no specific site development works is required at the site location. However the master plan need to be carried out considering the site topography variations.

4.5.1. Power Supply for the proposed Site

Julda power plant of 100MW capacity is located 4 Km (approx.) away from the proposed EZ. As per the discussions with BEZA, it is decided to construct a 33 kV substation within the site to meet the initial demand of 20 MVA with the provision for132 kV substation for meeting the future demand. 4.5.2. Water Availability for the proposed Site

There is no existing water supply system at the proposed site. The local inhabitants are dependent on tube wells for the purpose of drinking water. As per interactions with local people, ground water is available at

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

a depth of 100 - 200 feet from natural ground level. The water requirement for the proposed EZ shall be met by intstallation of two borewell at the proposed site location.

4.5.3. Gas Supply to the proposed Site

Karnaphuli Gas Distribution Company Ltd. (KGDCL) transmits natural gas from the gas fields to different areas of Chittagong division. KGDCL distributes gas to the consumers in power, fertilizer, industrial, captive power, commercial, seasonal and domestic categories of its franchise areas of greater Chittagong.

Gas pipeline is available near Korean EPZ (KEPZ) which is located at a distance of 2Km (approx.) from the proposed EZ. As per the interactions with General Manager-KGDCL, the demand of the proposed EZ would not be met from KGDCL; thus some alternate arrangement for the gas connection needs to be taken. Further interactions could be undertaken by the authority with KGDCL to explore supply of gas in the proposed EZ.

4.5.4. Telecom/ Internet connectivity to the proposed Site

Private telecom service providers provide extensive service in this region. Internet and telecom services are provided by mobile companies such as Grameen Phone, Bharti Airtel, Banglalink, and Teletalk in this region. Most of the area around Anowara 2 is covered by unineruppted network connectivity by private operators. The utility map for the proposed EZ is illustrated in figure below.

Figure 7: Utility map for the proposed site location

Source: ISA report

4.5.5. Connectivity

The proposed EZ is well-connected by road, rail and airport with Dhaka (capital city of Bangladesh), Chittagong (second largest city), Cox’s Bazaar (the tourism destination) and other major cities of 43

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Bangladesh. The proposed EZ has access to Chittagong Port also, which is the largest sea-port in Bangladesh. Roadways and railways are the two most convenient means of accessing the site location.

4.5.5.1. Road

Mutilane Road tunnel is proposed under the River Karnaphuli which will connect the Chittagong Port City directly with the other side of the Karnaphuli River & indirectly with other parts of the country through Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar Highway. The feasibility study for the same is in progress. Once operational, the multilane road tunnel shall reduce the travel time and distance from Chittagong to the proposed EZ. The road network for 10 km from the proposed EZ is shown below.

Figure 8: Road network for 10km from proposed EZ

Source: ISA report

4.5.5.2. Rail

The Chittagong railway station is located at a distance of 17 km (approx.) from the proposed EZ. The railway lines existing in Chittagong district and the capacity and train details of Dhaka Chittagong are provided in tables below.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 9: Railway lines of Chittagong district

Trains Dhak Tongi- Bhairab Ashuganj- Paghachan Akhaur Laksa Chinki a- Bhaira Bazar- Paghachan g- Akhaura a- m- Astana- Tongi b bazar Ashuga g Laksam Chinki Chittagon nj Astana g Intercit 38 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 y Mail 28 12 14 14 14 10 10 10 Express Local 2 0 2 2 2 4 4 4 Freight 18 14 12 12 12 16 16 16 Total 26 42 44 44 44 44 44 44 Source: ISA report

Table 10: Dhaka Chittagong line capacity and train details

Upazila Length of Railway Line in Km Anowara 0 Banshkhali 0 Boalkhali 5 Chandanaish 20 Chittagong City Corp 44.9 Fatikchhari 0 Hathazari 19 Lohagara 0 Mirsharai 12 Patiya 16 Rangunia 0 Raozan 0 Sandwip 0 Satkania 0 Sitakunda 45 Total 161.9 Source: ISA report

Table 11: Connectivity from Chittagong to other parts of Bangladesh

Location Details of Frequency Travel trains time Sylhet Paharika Everyday apart 9 hours Intercity from Saturday Udayn Intercity Everyday apart 9 hours Express from Friday Jalalabad Everyday 14 hours Express (mail train) Chandpur Meghna Intercity Everyday 4 hours 15 Express minutes Sagorika Everyday 5 hours 30 Express minutes Jagannathganj Rajshahi Express Everyday 16 hours Ghat (mail train) Source: ISA report

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.5.5.3. Airport

The proposed EZ is located at a distance of 30 km (approx.) from Shah Amanat International Airport, Chittagong. It takes about an hour to reach the airport from the proposed site. The implementation of Karnaphuli Tunnel Project shall reduce the travel time and distance from Shah Amanat International Airport to the proposed EZ.

4.5.5.4. Port

The proposed EZ is located at a distance of approx. 18 km from Chittagong port, which is the principal Port of Bangladesh. Proposed Anowara-2, EZ is located at a distance of 18 km (approx.) from Chittagong Port.

Karnaphuli Tunnel Project is also in feasibility stage. Once implemented, it would also reduce the travel time and distance from Chittagong port to the proposed EZ apart from reducing the distance from Chittagong Airport.

4.6. Project Activities

The proposed EZ is planned on an area of 774.425 acres which includes land under private ownership (160.01 acres), private “Bondobostho” land (323.54 acres) and Khas Land (290.875 acres). At present only off-site developments will be carried out by BEZA. Details of the offsite facilities are as described below:

 Site Development – As per the site visit observations, there is no requirement for specific site development works. However, the master plan need to be prepared considering the site topography variations.

 Construction of Access Road – The construction of four lane access road to connect the site from existing approach road (CUFL connecting road) for a length of 700 m length x 33m width is envisaged.

 Construction of Boundary Wall – The boundary wall at the location wherever the NGL is at par with the adjacent land parcels for a length of 4.00 km and barbed wire fencing for the remaining area with high topography for a length of 4.4 km is envisaged. The height of boundary wall / fence shall be +2.1 m from NGL.

 Construction of Admin Building - G+2 building considered as typical design

 External water supply system – It is proposed to construct 2 bore wells within the site to meet the initial demand of 1 to 2 MLD. In addition, river intake system can be envisaged near Karnaphuli River for meeting the future demand at later stage

 External power supply system – It is propsoed to construct 33 kV substation within the site to meet the initial demand of 20 MVA with the provision for 132 kV substation for meeting the future demand.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 9: Proposed site plan

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 10: Proposed access road

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 11: 33/11 kV substation plan and section

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 12: Proposed pumping main alignment

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 13: Cross section of access road

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 14: Details of valves chambers

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.7. Project Schedule

The tentative schedule for the off-site infrastructure development is provided in table below:

Table 12: Implementation Schedule of Off-site Infrastructural Details

S.No Offsite infrastructure Duration in months from start 1 Site Development 12 2 Construction of access road 9 3 Construction of boundary wall 6 4 Admin building 12 5 Power distribution 9

4.8. Resources and Utilities Demand

Construction material like steel, cement, concrete, bricks, aggregates etc. will be required for each of the proposed off-site facilities and EZ development. Since the planning has been carried out for offsite development, the detail provided below pertains to off-site facilities. The EZ development requirement though will remain similar in nature but these details for EZ shall be available after the master developer is appointed and his plan is finalized. The Bill of Quantities requirement for the off-site facilities is given in the table:

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

BOQ for construction of access road (1/4)

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

BOQ for construction of access road (2/4)

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

BOQ for construction of access road (3/4)

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

BOQ for construction of access road (4/4)

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.8.1. Water

Water requirement during construction phase is estimated to be app. 50 KLD, which includes Domestic water requirement of construction workers. For storing rain water during construction phase, temporary rain water harvesting ponds can be constructed at the site. Water for construction shall be sourced from rain water harvesting ponds, Karnafuli River & Ground water. The total water requirement for operational phase is estimated at about 6.50 MLD which is proposed to be met through the bore wells (2 bore wells within the site to meet the initial demand of 1 to 2 MLD) to be constructed at the project site. 4.8.2. Power Requirement

Power demand during construction phase is insignificant. The power required during operation phase is estimated to be 100 MVA. Power supply system will be developed at later stage by developer. The nearest sub-station is Julda power plant located at a distance of 4 km, having capacity of 100MW capacity. As per the discussions with BEZA, it is decided to construct 33 kV substation within the site to meet the initial demand of 20 MVA with the provision for132 kV substation for meeting the future demand

4.9. Maps and Survey information 4.9.1. Project Location

The proposed EZ is located in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh, approximately 15 kms from the city of Chittagong.The total land area demarcated for the proposed EZ is 774.425 acres which includes land under private ownership (160.01 acres), private “Bondobostho” land (323.54 acres) and Khas Land (290.875 acres). The proposed EZ area is surrounded by villages (Banchura village on the eastern site boundary, Boina village on west, Baichuna road on the North and Barthuli village on the south) and agricultural land. Figure 15: Anowara Upazila map

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 16: Project site and surroundings

Figure 17: Mouza map of the project Site

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 18: Contour map of the Site

Source: ISA report

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 19: Topography of the Site

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.10. Eco Sensitivity

As observed during site visit, there are vegetation and trees at the proposed EZ location. There is no wildlife sanctuary or reserve forest within 10 km of the proposed site.

4.11. Geology

The physical geography of Bangladesh is varied and has an area characterized by two distinctive features: a broad deltaic plain subject to frequent flooding, and a small hilly region crossed by swiftly flowing rivers. Roughly 80% of the landmass is made up of fertile alluvial lowland called the Bangladesh Plain. The only exceptions to Bangladesh's low elevations are the Chittagong Hills in the southeast, the Low Hills of Sylhet in the northeast, and highlands in the north and northwest. The Chittagong Hills constitute the only significant hill system in the country and, in effect, are the western fringe of the north-south mountain ranges of Burma and eastern India. A recent surface geology study of Chittagong area shows that the surface geology of the area consists of "csd" and "ava" types of formation, which stands for beach and dune sand formation and valley alluvium and colluvium.

4.11.1. Geological Structure

Geologically the area falls within the Bengal Foredeep of Bengal Basin where Neogene sediments with alternation of shale and sandstone are well developed. The region occupies a vast area between Hinge line and Arakan Yoma Folded system that plays a vital role in the Tectonic activities in Bengal Basin. The regional topography of the area is characterized by flood plain deposits with numerous depressions like ditch, Marshy land etc. The general elevation of the investigated area ranges from -8.8 to 4.395 m. The basement rock is probably encountered between 12 and 15 km depth in Foredeep area. The investigated area lies on the folded flank of the Foredeep which occupy a large number of submeridian structures of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts.

The gentle slopping Karnaphuli River in the western flank gradually merges into the Bay of Bengal. The Karnaphuli is the main river in the area which enters into Bangladesh about 95km northeast of Chittagong. Detrital materials derived from highlands of India and Myanmar and deposited on gentle slopes to the South and West. The Surface geology of the area has a wide variation in geologic units. The sequence and distribution of the geologic units are dominantly controlled by the geomorphic position; the tectonic setup also plays a vital role in distribution and setup. Surface geology of the Chittagong City area has two distinct patterns.

Quaternary sediments exposed in the southern part of the study area in between Karnaphuli River to the east and south and Bay of Bengal to the west. Tertiary sediments mainly exposed in the northern part of the study area. Piedmont and valley fill deposits cover the surface at western and eastern side of the northern half. Idea about the subsurface geology is mainly based on the surface geology exposed in the area. The Recent to Pleistocene sediments has been deposited on the eroded surface of late Tertiary rocks. The rock exposures are found along the streams and hill slopes of the city area.

The large hilly area located immediately east of the river mouth is probably a tenant of the Tipam Sandstone Formation of Mio-Pliocene age. Coastal plain contains Quaternary sediments and also exposed Tertiary deposits in the east. The older rock units crop out on the landward side in the east, whereas Quaternary and Recent sediments are deposited at the surface near the coast. These sediments are generally grey to yellowish grey, loosely compacted medium to fine grained sand and grey clay or clayey silt. In some areas the sediments contain humus. Calcareous concretions are common in the clay and silt deposits.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

4.11.2. Stratigraphy

The geomorphology and stratigraphy within the project and surrounding areas are similar indicating flood plain deposit. Tertiary sediment belongs to the northern part of the study area. Tertiary sediments are mainly exposed at surface and the relief is high in this area.

Structurally, the folded belt of greater Chittagong and Chittagong hill tracts comprises a series of parallel to sub- parallel arcuate elongated, ridge form, box like, high amplitude and variable width of doubly plunging folds. Most of structures are more or less longitudinally faulted and have maximum throws near the anticlinal culminations and plunge down and disappear towards the peridinal extremities, though magnitude of faulting generally increases with the increase in intensity of faulting to the east (Guha,1978).

Bangladesh constitutes a major portion of the Bengal Basin, which is located at the head of the Bay of Bengal. The Bengal Basin covers an extensive area of northeastern part of the Indian plate, which includes Bangladesh and parts of the adjacent Indian states of west Bengal, Tripura and Assam. Bangladesh forms about three fourths of the Bengal Basin, which is bounded on the west by the Indian Platform, on the north by the Precambrian Shillong Massif, on the east by the Arakan Yoma folded belt system and on the south; it plunges in to the Bay of Bengal.

The Chittagong Hill Tracts is situated in the south eastern part of Bangladesh which represents the major portion of the folded flank of the Bengal Foredeep and is named as eastern Chittagong folded subzone of the internal zone of the Bengal Foredeep. The folding of this area started during the third movement of the Himalayan Orogeny and attained its present configuration with the concomitant emergence of Indo- Burman range. The Chittagong Hill tracts constitute the western foothills of the Indo-Burman range.

Bengal Foredeep may further be subdivided into two zones (Guha, 1978): 1) Frontal subbelt (Western zone) comprising relatively narrow box like anticlines Separated by wide, flat synclines with internal simple structural elements; 2) An inner mobile sub belt (Eastern zone) consisting of comparatively tight, linear with steep flanks and with complex faulted internal structures. Folds of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts are situated near the eastern edge of the Indian plate. An attempt has been made to interpret the mechanism for the formation of the folded belt of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts in the light of Plate Tectonic theory.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 20: Geological Map of Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 21: Geological map of Chittagong

Source: Feasibility Study for Multi-Lane Road Tunnel under the River Karnaphuli, Chittagong, Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 22: Typical geological profile of Chittagong

Source: Feasibility Study for Multi-Lane Road Tunnel under the River Karnaphuli, Chittagong, Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5. Description of Environment (Environment and Social Baseline)

This section establishes the baseline environmental and socio economic status of the proposed economic zone and surrounding area to determine the project influence area within which the impacts of the Project are to be assessed.

Establishing baseline helps in understanding the prevailing environmental and socio economic status of the study area. It provides the background environmental and social conditions for anticipating of the future environmental characteristics of the area based on the operation of the new/ expansion activity of the project during its life cycle. It also helps in environmental and social management planning and strategy to minimize any potential impact due to the Project activities on surrounding environment. Field surveys were conducted at the project site to collect the requisite baseline information through discussions with project proponents, and local people. The baseline information was gathered pertaining to:

 The physical environment (air, water, land, noise, flora, fauna, etc.)  The socio-economic data of the area in which project site is located  Disadvantaged or vulnerable groups in the project area of influence  Presence of any indigenous people in the project area of influence  Presence of any cultural heritage sites in the project area of influence.

5.1. Methodology

The environmental and social baseline has been assessed and a survey of the project area was conducted to identify environmental and social sensitive receptors located within and around the project area. Environmental and social baseline data was collected through primary surveys as well as secondary sources by literature survey and discussions with the concerned stakeholders.

5.2. Baseline data Collection

Secondary baseline data collection involved identifying and collecting available published material and documents. Information on various environmental aspects (like soil, geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, drainage pattern, ecology etc.) meteorology, and socio-economic aspects was collected from different government departments, institutions, literatures etc. 5.2.1. Meteorology

Meteorological data is used to anticipate the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants, once discharged into the atmosphere. The baseline conditions of physical parameters are provided in subsequent sections: 5.2.1.1. Temperature

Seasonal variation in temperature in Chittagong is not significant. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperatures for the period 2008-2014 for Chittagong are given in Tables below (data obtained from Bangladesh Meteorological Department).

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 13: Monthly minimum and average minimum temperature during Jan 2008 to Dec 2014

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2008 12.60 11.80 17.60 20.50 22.10 24.20 24.00 24.20 23.40 20.60 17.00 14.50 2009 12.80 14.00 18.20 18.80 21.40 22.20 24.00 23.90 23.70 20.80 16.00 12.50 2010 11.60 12.70 19.40 23.00 22.50 22.50 24.20 24.10 24.50 22.80 18.00 13.00 2011 10.20 13.50 16.00 20.50 21.10 24.00 23.50 23.00 23.80 21.40 18.00 12.20 2012 12.00 13.40 19.00 18.70 20.10 22.80 24.20 24.50 24.20 20.20 14.80 9.90 2013 9.00 13.90 14.50 20.00 20.80 24.00 24.90 24.50 24.00 21.40 17.10 12.30 2014 11.80 13.60 17.10 20.20 22.50 23.00 23.30 24.50 23.00 21.30 16.50 14.40

Table 14: Monthly maximum and average maximum temperature during Jan 2008 to Dec 2014

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2008 28.00 29.50 33.60 34.00 34.30 34.20 32.40 33.30 33.50 34.00 31.70 30.50 2009 29.50 31.00 34.00 34.30 35.00 34.20 34.50 33.00 33.90 33.00 33.30 29.40 2010 28.60 31.80 36.30 35.00 34.50 33.40 33.80 33.80 33.20 35.00 32.40 30.00 2011 30.20 33.00 33.50 33.60 33.70 34.40 33.20 34.00 33.40 33.40 31.00 30.20 2012 28.00 33.30 34.30 34.50 34.50 34.80 33.50 33.50 33.20 33.20 32.00 28.20 2013 30.00 32.50 33.30 33.60 33.60 34.50 36.50 31.80 33.80 33.00 30.20 28.20 2014 29.20 30.50 33.50 39.60 33.60 33.60 34.30 33.80 32.80 33.70 34.00 31.00

The data shows that the monthly minimum (average) temperature at Chittagong varies between 9.00 C and 24.50C and maximum temperature varies between 28.00C and 36.50C. The minimum and maximum temperature data indicates that December to February months are relatively cooler and March to May are the relatively hotter months.

5.2.1.2. Relative Humidity

The average relative humidity at Chittagong varies between 62 % in the month of February and 86 % in the month of June. The average relative humidity for the last 10 years for Chittagong is provided in Table below. The data shows that average humidity is relatively lower in December to February while it is relatively higher from June to September. Overall, the average humidity is relatively higher in Chittagong.

Table 15: Monthly average relative humidity during Jan 2005 to Dec 2014

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2000 77 69 76 79 82 84 85 85 85 85 81 76 2001 73 74 67 72 77 81 81 80 81 79 77 70 2002 71 67 66 72 75 78 83 80 76 74 73 69 2008 77 67 79 73 77 83 87 87 85 81 75 79 2009 71 67 72 79 79 82 87 86 84 80 74 73 2010 72 63 74 78 80 86 83 85 84 82 77 73 2011 68 67 69 77 80 85 84 87 85 80 74 77 2012 68 62 76 80 80 86 88 86 85 84 77 80 2013 72 64 77 77 85 84 84 86 84 85 78 77 2014 72 69 68 76 79 85 85 87 84 80 72 73

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.2.1.3. Rainfall

The average monthly rainfall data for Chittagong (obtained from BMD) is provided in table below. The data shows that rainy season in Chittagong mainly prevails from June to Septmeber. The average monthly rainfall in Chittagong for the period Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 varied between 0 mm in the month of December and January to 1268 mm in the month of June. The rainfall follows the general climate pattern with the highest rainfall in the summer from April to October and minimum rainfall in the winter from November to March.

Table 16: Monthly total and 10 years average monthly rainfall during Jan 2005 to Dec 2014

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2005 5 0 57 121 148 233 596 654 386 100 23 8 2006 0 0 0 50 859 288 495 138 438 91 16 0 2007 0 49 4 223 263 953 930 589 512 635 182 0 2008 56 13 14 1 272 618 962 809 266 216 43 0 2009 0 0 2 125 360 408 1025 589 261 321 39 0 2010 0 9 50 50 282 916 245 392 86 301 52 22 2011 0 0 35 117 355 454 613 748 740 66 0 0 2012 0 0 31 231 114 1268 662 300 221 445 3 0 2013 0 1 5 58 469 504 391 243 305 403 0 0 2014 0 40 32 30 368 1235 389 599 355 107 1 0

5.2.1.4. Wind Speed and Direction

The wind speed and direction of Chittagong district are depicted by wind rose diagrams. A wind rose gives a very succinct but information-laden view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a circular format, the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each "spoke" around the circle is related to the frequency of time that the wind blows from a particular direction. Each concentric circle represents a different frequency, emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles.

January to December wind rose and monthly wind roses, and wind classes for Chittagong (collected from BMD) are presented below. These wind roses and wind classes are average of last 56 years. These wind class diagrams show that in Chittagong, the predominant wind direction from October to February is the calm condition followed by wind speed of 1 to 2.5 m/sec. In the rest of the months, the predominant wind speed is 2.5-5 m/s. This indicates the weather conditions are favour the dispersion of pollutants released in the air.

The monthly wind roses indicate the following trend: NE and NW wind prevail in November to February; wind flows multi-directional in March and October; the predominant wind direction is south followed by SE and SW in April; in May the wind direction is south and SE, the predominant wind direction is SE followed by south in June to September.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 23: Wind Rose Diagrams

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.2.1.5. Sunshine Hours

The graph of average cloudy, sunny and precipitation days as shown in figure below, for last 30 days shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and precipitation days. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are considered as sunny, with 20-80% cloud cover as partly cloudy and with more than 80% as overcast. November to February months have more of sunnier days while March to October have more of partly cloudy days.

Figure 24: Average monthly sunshine hours in Chittagong

Source: www.meteoblue.com

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.2.2. Water Resources 5.2.2.1. Surface water systems and drainage

There is no surfacewater body in the proposed site location. The site is surrounded by Sangu river in the south and Karnafuli river in the north. 5.2.2.2. Salinity

There is no surfacewater body in the proposed site location. The site is surrounded by Sangu river in the south and Karnafuli river in the north. The water is saline in the downstream stretches of the Karnaphuli and Sangu Rivers throughout the wet season; and, with the onset of the dry season, the salinity diffuses northward. 5.2.2.3. Erosion and Sedimentation

No erosion site at EZ site and at river bank is observed. Map showing areas prone to river bank erosion is given below in the below figure.

Figure 25: Riverbank Erosion Pattern in Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.2.2.4. Morphology

Karnafuli River

The river Karnafuli with respect to the project site is morphologically stable. The river course since 2005 is presented in the following figure.

Figure 26: Google imagery of the river course in 2005

Figure 27: Google imagery of the river course in 2010

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 28: Google imagery of the river course in 2016

Sangu River

The course of Sangu river with respect to the proposed site location is shown in figures below.

Figure 29: Google imagery of the river course in 2008

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 30: Google imagery of the river course in 2010

Figure 31: Google imagery of the river course in 2016

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

5.2.2.5. Navigation

The withdrawal of water beyond the border and within Bangladesh for irrigation and other purposes has resulted in decreased navigability of rivers during dry season resulting in gradual channel decline. The river network connects almost all the country’s major cities, towns and commercial centres. Moreover, being cheap, safe and environmentally friendly, inland water transportation is often the only mode that serves the poor, proving especially useful during periods of widespread flooding.

Currently, container feeder service is available from Chittagong Port to Port Klang (daily); Port of Singapore (daily); and Colombo Port (every 2-3 days) for connecting the mother vessels serving international destinations. More than 5 feeder vessel operators with vessels capacity of 1,000 -1,500 boxes (containers) have deputed their feeder vessels in this circuit. The transit time is about 3-4 days from /to Chittagong Port to the hub ports. All international Shipping Lines have their presence in Bangladesh and some even operate their own feeder vessels.

Due to the steady growth in traffic volume, Chittagong Port performs well on the financial front. It is financing its 3rd Port development project at Paira Bandar with its own resources. Statistics of cargo handled at the Chittagong Port is given in the annex. The third port, Paira Seaport, was inaugurated by the Prime Minister on 19th November 2013. It is on Rabnabad channel - which is 31 Km from the sea boundary, 316 Km from Chittagong, 130 Km from Mongla port and 340 Km from the capital. This port shall have draft of 8 -10 m when in operation. In addition to the Pangaon ICT, the Government of Bangladesh granted approval to establish a container port on the bank of the Meghna River in Narayanganj District to the Ananda Group in November 2013. It will be the fifth inland container terminal (ICT) in the private sector. Approvals for establishing ICTs have already been granted to the Rupayan Group, Kumudini Welfare Trust, AK Khan and Company and Cemcor. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Shipping, GoB, is finalising a draft of guidelines for establishing ICTs under private sector investment. A deep sea port is also proposed to be constructed at Sonadia, Cox Bazar. To develop inland waterway transportation, a jetty is also required to be proposed for the project.

5.2.2.6. Groundwater Systems

The study of the groundwater demand from different parts of the country shows that northwest and north central region depend on groundwater a lot for the supply of the water. Groundwater resources are determined by properties of groundwater storage reservoir and volume of annual recharge. Mainly rainfall, flooding and stream flow in rivers penetrate earth surface and recharge groundwater reservoirs. Although Bangladesh has been considered rich in groundwater resources, the total groundwater storage data is absent. National Water Plan Phase-II estimated average groundwater as 21 cubic kilometres (cu km) in 1991. However, with the increased trend of urbanisation and irregular rainfall behaviour, surface run-off has increased in recent times, which reduces groundwater recharge considerably. Figure below is the groundwater zoning map in Bangladesh, 2010. From the map it could be seen that the groundwater level in and around the subject site is shallow. The groundwater level as reported by the figure below is approximately 5.3m-7.4m below ground level (bgl).

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 32: Groundwater Zoning Map in Bangladesh, 2010

Source: Updated groundwater zoing map of Bangladesh

Groundwater storage reservoirs are composed of three aquifers in Bangladesh: 1. Upper aquifer or composite aquifer 2. Main aquifer (it is at depths six meters in north-west and to 83 m in the South) and 3. Deep aquifer

5.2.2.7. Aquifer Properties

In the coastal plain aquifers groundwater condition is highly variable with the possibility of saline water intrusion. The development of main and composite aquifers in upper aquifer system is limited only in isolated fresh water lenses. The erratic occurrence of small fresh water pockets at depth is reported all over the coastal belt. Confined coastal aquifers can contain fresh water even though overlying aquifers are salty. The Pliocene sediments form the deep aquifer in the coastal belt and occur at depths ranging from 30 m near the foothills to 300 m beneath the offshore islands. This is confined by overlying clay sequence which protects the fresh water from saline water (BWDB-UNDP, 1982).

The major subsurface lithological units of the area are Recent and Pleistocene sands and clays, silt and clays and sand and clays respectively. There are unconformable relations between the two depositional phases. The flood-plain deposits covering the older rock formation of Tertiary age probably constitute one large semi-confined to confined aquifer system. Although unconfined condition does exist, the aquifer system becomes more semi-confined to confine with increasing depth usually. The encountered hydro- stratigraphic units depicted a moderate to low hydraulic conductivity indicating major portion of the aquifer composed of fine-grained particles. The recharge to the upper aquifer occurs from the vertical

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

percolation of rain and floodwater and by horizontal inflow from the surrounding areas. The deeper aquifers are the down deep extension of strata outcropping in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and in the coastal belt i.e. Pliocene sediments exposed in the escarpment hills of the coastal plain (BWDB-UNDP, 1982). Because of the seaward sloping of coastal plain strata deep aquifers are recharged in inland areas (GSB, 1978) and eastern hill ranges is the potential region for recharge to coastal deep aquifers. Tipam, Dupi Tila and Dihing formations below and recent alluvium of the area has good water storage potentiality. The slow upward movement of water from these aquifers may contribute water to the Holocene aquifers. The potentiometric surfaces are deeper in the hills whereas in flood plain it is close to the surface.

The potentiometric surface of middle and deeper aquifers in the vicinity of Karnaphuli River is at same level that reveals hydraulic connection of these two aquifers (Zahid et al., 2003). Hence the possibility of leaking of saline water from upper unconfined aquifer is less under sustainable condition. However, the situation is complicated in the study area. The maximum depth of groundwater table in dry season is 16- 17 m and it is 9-10 m during monsoon. The groundwater heads of the city area is declining continuously due to huge withdrawal for municipal demand with little seasonal fluctuation of water table. In the surrounding aquifers the water heads are above the mean sea level and very close to the surface with significant water table fluctuation, mainly due to groundwater irrigation in dry season. However, the groundwater head generally regains equilibrium condition in monsoon.

As per the study conducted by BWDB, aquifer pump test was conducted in Anowara near Tailerdwip Bridge. Initial water table was 0.382 m and maximum drawdown recorded was 17.018 m. The test data was analysed and the data shows that Transmissibility is (T) 8557.35 m2/day and storage-coefficient (s) is calculated as 0.0437848. The hydraulic conductivity of the first, second and third aquifer at Chittagong ranged up to 9.92m/day, 2.22 m/day and 1.22 m/day, respectively. 5.2.2.8. Seismicity

Bangladesh and the north eastern Indian states have long been one of the seismically active regions of the world, and have experienced numerous large earthquakes during the past 200 years. A seismicity map of Bangladesh and its adjoining areas has also been prepared by BMD and GSB. Bangladesh has been classified into three seismic zones with zone-3 the most and zone-1 the least vulnerable to seismic risks as indicated in figure below. Anowara 2 lies in Zone-2 which shows intermediate level of seismic activity.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 33: Seismicity Map of Bangladesh

Source: BMD

In the earthquake zoning map of 1993, 26 percent of Bangladesh falls in high risk, 38 percent moderate and 36 percent in low risk zone in terms of earthquake vulnerability. The distribution of recorded earthquakes indicate a major clustering of seismicity around the Dauki Fault and scattering of other events along other major fault systems of Bangladesh. The magnitude of the earthquakes are moderate (4-6) and majority of them are shallow depth.

According to Curray and Moore (1971), the present relative plate motion between the Indian and Eurasian plates is apparently in a northeast, southwest direction at rate of convergence 5 to 6 cm per year. This movement is evidenced by the seismic activities in the plate boundaries and is confirmed by the studies of paleomagnetism of rocks and oceanic magnetic anomalies. The Indian plate being subducted and has been underthrusting the Burmese plate in the east and Tibet plate in the north. The underthrusting of the Indian plate has also been supported by the study of local mechanism solution for some earthquakes in the northeastern India and Burma. The movement of the Arakan subplate (bounded by the Ninety East Ridge and covering the eastern and the southeastern part of the Bangladesh) has been suggested to cause the formation of folds of the eastern flank of the Bengal Basin.

No active fault has been identified in and around the project area. The northwestsoutheast trending lineament line crosses the left bank i.e. Anowara flank of the proposed. While fault is an active phenomena regarding plate movement, lineament has no motion and less vulnerable to earthquake response. List of the major earthquake that hit Bangladesh are listed in following table below:

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 17: List of Major Earthquakes in Bangladesh

Date Name Magnitude (Ritcher) 10th January 1869 Cacher Earthquake 7.5 14 July 1885 Bengal Earthquake 7.0 12 June 1897 Great Indian Earthquake 8.7 8 July 1918 Srimongal Earthquake 7.6 2 July 1930 Dhubri Earthquake 7.1 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake 8.3 15 August 1950 Assam Earthquake 8.5 Source: Department of Disaster Management 5.2.2.9. Wind Hazard

Devastating cyclones hit the coastal areas of Bangladesh almost every year usually accompanied by high- speed winds, sometimes reaching 250 km/hr or more and 3-10 m high waves, causing extensive damage to life, property and livestock. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal occur in two seasons, April-May and October- November – i.e. before and after the monsoon. Cyclones enter the Bay as the remnants that originate in the South China Sea. They gain moisture and latent heat from the Bay of Bengal, and consequently rejuvenate into full-blown phenomenon. Following a curvilinear path, they reach the coast of Myanmar, Bangladesh or East Coast of India. Because of the funnel shaped coast, Bangladesh repeatedly becomes the landing ground of cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal. The Bay cyclones also move towards the eastern coast of India, towards Myanmar and occasionally into Sri Lanka. But they cause the maximum damage when they come into Bangladesh and West Bengal of India. This is because of the low flat terrain, high density of population and poorly built houses. Most of the damage occur in the coastal regions of Khulna, Patuakhali, Barisal, Noakhali and Chittagong and the offshore islands of Bhola, Hatiya, Sandwip, Manpura, Kutubdia, Maheshkhali, Nijhum Dwip, Urir Char and other newly formed islands. The cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh is shown in figure below. The cyclone map for Anawara upazila is provided in figure below which shows that Anowara 2 EZ lie in wind risk area.

Figure 34: Cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh

Source: Department of Disaster Management

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 35: Cyclone affected area map of Bangladesh

Source: Department of Disaster Management

5.2.2.10. Floods

Floods are the most significant natural hazard in the country causing extensive damage to human life and property. The country lies on the downstream part of three major river basins: Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghna and thus is frequently flooded. There have been many destructive floods in Bangladesh, including very severe floods of 1987, 1988 and 1998. The flood damage potential in Bangladesh is increasing due to the possible causes of climate change, urban concentration in the three river basins, encroaching of settlements into flood prone areas, and overreliance on the safety provided by flood control works such as levees, reservoirs.

There are two types of floods which occur in Bangladesh: annual floods (barsha) that inundate up to 20% of the land area; and low frequency floods of high magnitude that inundate more than 35% of the area (bonna). The major floods that occurred in 1954, 1955, 1974, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2007 have been very destructive and caused serious threat to lives and economy. In the context of human exposure in flood hazard zones, nearly 19,279,960 people are present in these zones and Bangladesh ranks 1st among 162 nations. Similarly, the modelled amount of GDP in seismically hazardous zones puts Bangladesh 3rd among 162 countries. The flood affected area map of Bangladesh is provided in figure below. The map shows that Anowara 2 lies in flood free affected area.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 36: Flood affected area map of Bangladesh

Source: Department of Disaster Management

5.2.2.11. Tornado

It is the pre-monsoon period when most of the abnormal rainfall or drought conditions frequently occur in different parts of Bangladesh. Also there are severe local seasonal storms, popularly known as nor’westers (kalbaishakhi). Severe nor’westers is generally associated with tornadoes. Tornadoes are embedded within a mother thundercloud, and moves along the direction of the squall of the mother storm. The frequency of devastating nor’westers usually reaches the maximum in April, while a few occur in May, and the minimum in March. Nor’westers and tornadoes are more frequent in the afternoon. Nor’westers may occur in late February due to early withdrawal of winter from Bangladesh. The occasional occurrence of nor’westers in early June is due to the delay in the onset of the southwest monsoon over the region (Karmakar, 1989). List of the nor’westers and tornadoes is given in table below. Table 18: List of Tornadoes had hit the Bangladesh

Date Location 14th April, 1969 Demra (Dhaka) 17th April, 1973 Manikganj (Dhaka) 10th April, 1974 Faridpur

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

11th April, 1974 Bogra 9th May, 1976 Anowara 2 1st April, 1977 Faridpur 26th April, 1989 Saturia (Manikganj) 14th May, 1993 Southern Bangladesh 13th May, 1996 Tangail 4th May, 2003 Brahmanbaria 21st March, 2005 Gaibandha

5.2.3. Land Resources 5.2.3.1. Agroecological Regions

An Agroecological Region is a zone which has unique combination of physiographic, soil, hydrological and agroclimatic charecteristics. Thirty agroecological regions and 88 subregions and 535 units have been identified by adding successive layers of information on the physical environment which are relevant for land use and for accesing agricultural potential. These layers are:  Physiography  Soils  Depth and suration of seasonal flooding  Length of rainfed kharif and rabi growing periods  Length of pre-kharif period of unreliable rainfall  Length of cool winter period  Frequency of occurrence of extremely high (> 40 degrees) summer temperature.

The physiographic unit of the project is: Northern and Eastern Hills (AEZ# 29) (shown in figure below). The land type of this area comprise of 33% high land, 31% medium high land, 16% medium low land and 80% others. The soil is medium in organic matter content with low to medium fertility levels.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 37: Agroecological map of Bangladesh

Source: Banglapedia 5.2.3.2. Land Types

The landforms of Bangladesh can be divided into three major classes:  The northern and eastern hills  The Holocene floodplains  The Pliestocene terraces

The sediments deposits of Bangladesh mainly consists of those laid down by the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) river systems. Holocene floodplain deposits cover most of the surface area of present-day Bangladesh. According to geographic and geomorphic distribution, the Holocene floodplains are divided in four classes:  Piedmont plains  Meander floodplains  Tidal floodplains  Estuarine floodplains

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Land types are classified depending upon the depth of inundation during monsoon season due to normal flooding in an average year. SRDI has made the land type classification into five types, i.e. High land (Above flood level), Medium highland (Flooding depth 0-90 cm), Medium lowland (Flooding depth 90- 180 cm), Lowland (Flooding depth 90-270 cm) and very lowland (Flooding depth >270 cm). Land type classification based on flooding during Monson Season by SRDI is given below in table.

Table 19: Land Type Classification

Land Type Description Flooding Depth Flooding Charecteristics F0 Highland 0-30 cms Non Flooded to Intermittent F1 Medium Highland 30-90 cms Seasonal F2 Medium Lowland 90-180 cms Seasonal F3 Lowland 180-270 cms Seasonal but remains wet in early dry season F4 Very Lowland >270 cms Seasonal but remains wet in most of the dry seasons Source: SRDI

As per the classification, project site will be covered under medium lowland.

5.2.3.3. Geomorphology/ Soil Texture

The land use pattern of the proposed EZ area falls under agriculture and horticulture zone. The physiography of the region surrounding the proposed EZ falls in Chittagong coastal plain. Sediments near the hills are mainly silty, locally sandy, with clays more extensive in the coastal plain basin. As per the soil map of Bangladesh, the proposed EZ has Grey Piedmont soils, which occur extensively on the northern and eastern Piedmont Plains and locally on the Chittagong coastal plain. It has been formed in the out- wash alluvium at the foot of hills, having a cambic B-horizon which has a grey matrix and is medium or very strongly acid in reaction. These soils are mainly included in Dystric or Eutric Gleysols.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 38: General Soil map of Bangladesh

Source: Soil Resources and Development Institution (SRDI), Dhaka, Bangladesh

The tabulations of the Quaternary stratigraphic succession of Chittagong are shown in table below.

Table 20: Quarternary Stratigraphic succession of Chittagong

Epoch Group Formation Lithographic Description Recent Alluvium Dark clay, silt and sand Pleistocene Dihing Sandstone, ill sorted, pebbly and mottled clay Plio/ Pleistocene Dupi Tila Yellowish brown medium grained sandstone with subordinate slty shale or clay layer. Miocene Tipam Girujan Clay Shale and silty-shale with calcareous bands Tipam Yellowish brown medium to fine grained sandstone with subordinate silty shale layers Cross bedded. Surma Bokabil Sandstone, siltstone and shale. Sandy shale with subordinate massive sandstone. Cross bedded, ripple marks and thickly bedded. Bhuban Fine gained sandstone with subordinate sandy shale and siltstone (upper). Greyish coloured sandy shale with subordinate buish grey laminated silty shale.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 39: Geomorphic map of Chittagong

Source: Engineering College mapping of Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet city corporation area of Bangladesh, June 2009 5.2.3.4. Land Use

The proposed area demarcated for the economic zone comprises of khas land, privately owned land and private “Bondobostho Land”, part of which is being used by the titleholders for crop cultivation. Further, there are 46 households residing in the khas land. Most of the households earn their livelihood from agricultural activities and also as agricultural wage labors. The land use pattern around 10 km of the subject site is provided in figure below.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 40. Land Use Pattern around 10 Kms of the subject Site, Anowara 2

Source: ISA report

5.2.4. Ambient Air Quality

The ambient air quality data presented in this section is collected from secondary sources. The below mentioned shows the ambient air quality data collected from Kafco plant which is within 2 km from the proposed site. The air quality data shows that the concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 exceed the national ambient air quality standard.

Table 21: Air quality at Anowara 2 (approx. 2 km from site) (Source: Kafco Plant)

3 3 Months PM10 (µg/m ) PM2.5 (µg/m ) October 2015 170 167 January 2016 139 127 March 2016 162.5 84 National ambient air 150 65 quality standard, Bangladesh

The ambient air quality monitoring data for Agrabad Chittagong was also collected from DoE, Dhaka. The data shows that PM2.5 and PM10 concentration is higher than prescribed national standard and thus mitigation measures needs to be taken during EZ development.

Table 22: Air quality data for Agrabad, Chittagong Anowara 2 (arrox. 10 km from site) (µg/m3)

Sample Location PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NO2 Agrabad, Chittagong 105.2 168.5 13.2 10 National ambient air quality 65 150 365 100 standard, Bangladesh

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 23: World Bank Group General EHS guidelines (Ambient Air quality guidelines)

Parameter Guideline Value (μg / m3) PM2.5 25 (24-hour averaging period) 10 (1-year averaging period) PM10 50 (24-hour averaging period) 20 (1-year averaging period) SOx 500 (10 min averaging period) 20 (24 hour averaging period) NOx 200 (1 hour averaging period) 40 (1 year averaging period)

5.2.5. Ambient Noise Quality

Primary monitoring has been conducted on 16th May 2016 at the proposed site in Anowara 2 to collect the data on ambient noise quality. The analysis results of ambient noise monitoring are provided in table below. The results show that noise levels in all the locations are within DoE standard but it is envisaged that EZ development shall lead to increase in noise levels.

Table 24: Ambient noise quality monitoring results at Anowara 2 EZ

Sample Location Sound level Sound level in dB (day in dB night time) time) Hajigaon Mouza 55.3 44.2 Bottali Mouza 52.4 42.4 Bairag Mouza 50.1 38.3 Road side of Belchora Mouza 54.8 46.5 Inside Belchora Mouza 48.2 36.5 DOE standard limit for Mixed area 60 50 (mainly residential area, and also simultaneously used for commercial and industrial purposes) World Bank Group General EHS 70 70 guidelines (Noise guidelines) for Industrial; Commercial

5.2.6. Water Environment

The economic zone is proposed to be located in the Anowara Upazila of Chittagong district of Bangladesh, approximately 15 kms from the city of Chittagong. Groundwater sample and surface water samples were collected to get the baseline information. 5.2.6.1. Surface Water Quality

The surface water quality analysis data collected during site survey on 16th May 2016, is provided in table below. The sample was collected from the canal, which flows adjacent to the site location. The surface run- off from the proposed site flows to the canal. The surface water analysis results shows that there shall be no existing impacts in the canal water flowing adjacent to the site location. The results show that all the parameters are within prescribed Standard for surface water.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Table 25: Surfacewater quality monitoring results at Anowara 2 EZ

Parameter Unit Surface water Bangladesh Standard from Canal of for inland surface Bottoli mouza water as per ECR 1997 1. pH 7.38 6.5-8.5 2. EC µS/cm 433 2250 3. TDS ppm 230 - 4. TS ppm 280 - 5. DO ppm 5.8 >5 6. B OD ppm 2.1 <10 7. C OD ppm 10 - 8. Arsenic (As) ppm ND - 9. Iron ppm 0.58 - 10. Oil & Grease ppm ND - 11. Temperature °C 29.2 -

5.2.6.2. Ground water

The groundwater quality data results shows that BOD and COD exceeds Bangladesh standard for drinking water. The other analysed parameters are within the limits prescribed by Bangladesh standard. The high BOD levels signifies organic contamination in ground water. The groundwater monitoring results are provided in table below.

Table 26: Groundwater quality at Anowara 2 EZ

Parameter Unit Deep Tubewell of Bangladesh Standard Hajigaon Mouza for drinking water as per ECR 1997 1. pH 7.23 6.5-8.5 2. EC µS/cm 310 - 3. TDS Ppm 160 1000 4. TS Ppm 200 - 5. DO Ppm 4.6 6 6. B OD Ppm 0.70 <0.2 7. C OD Ppm 14.2 4 8. Arsenic (As) Ppm ND 0.05 9. Iron Ppm 0.28 0.3-1 10. Oil & Grease Ppm ND 0.01 11. Temperature °C 28.8 20-30

As per the feasibility study conducted for the Feasibility Study for Multi-Lane Road Tunnel under the River Karnaphuli, Chittagong, Bangladesh, the groundwater and surface water samples were collcted near KAFCO, which is within 2 km of the site area. The analysis results are presented in table below.

Table 27: Groundwater and Surfacewater quality results for Anowara (approx.2 km from proposed site)

Parameter Unit Groundwater Surface water Bangladesh Standard for drinking water as per ECR 1997 1. pH 7.3 8.2 6.5-8.5 2. Salinity % - 18 - 3. Dissolved mg/l - 4.5 6

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Oxygen 4. Total Suspended mg/l - 340 - Solid 5. Total Dissolved mg/l - 22.7 1000 Solid 6. Manganese(Mn) mg/l 0.03 - 0.1 7. Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.39 - 0.05 8. Chloride (Cl) mg/l 0.36 355 150-600 9. Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.98 - 0.3-1 10. Total Hardness mg/l 1.5 - 200-300 as CaCO3 11. Ammonia - µg/l 0.57 0.57 0.5 Nitrogen 12. Faecal mg/l - - 150-600 Coliform 13. Total mg/l - - - Coliform 14. Oil and mg/l - 1.854 0.01 Grease 15. BOD mg/l - 0.71 0.2 16. COD mg/l - 4.75 4

The above mentioned results show that arsenic and ammonia-nitrogen in groundwater exceeds Bangladesh standards for groundwater. This shall be due to the location of Kafco plant in the vicinity of the sampling location.

5.2.7. Agriculture Resources

Total agriculture land in Chittagong district is 2379.87 sq. km., which amounts to 45% (approx.) of the total area of the district.

Major agriculture crops cultivated in the district are paddy, betel leaf, potato, corn, turmeric, tea, peanut, mustard, patol (heap), brinjal, ginger, cucumber, vegetables and other seasonal crops.

Major horticulture crops in this district are mango, jackfruit, guava, coconut, betel nut, palm, litchi, banana, papaya, watermelon, lemon, and other fruits.

Presently, there is no fishing activity at the proposed site location. The site is surrounded by Sangu river in the south and Karnafuli river in the north. As per the study`Ichtyfauna of Sangu river (Chandanaish, Anowara & Banskhali regions) with notes on their catch composition, by Kamal Uddin in 2014’, there is relative abundance of finfish and shellfish of Sangu River found during the six months study. Mostly abundant species for finfish were Corica suborna, Amblypharyngodon mola, Chela laubuca and rare

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

species were Eutropiichthys vacha, Polynemus paradiseus. Metapenaeus monoceros, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium dolicodactylus abundant and rare species for shellfish.

Halda river is one of the major tributaries of Karnafuli river and is approximately 35 km from the site location. As per the secondary data collected from the study in Ichthyofauna of The River Halda, Chittagong, Bangladesh by Mohammad Ali Azadi and Mohammad Arshad-Ul-Alam, the major fish species in Halda river are finfish, shellfish (crustaceans). A total of 93 species of Ichthyofauna (finfish and shellfish) were recorded from this river during the seven years (2004-2011) of investigation. Maximum number of finfish species were recorded under the family Cyprinidae (19 species) followed by the family Gobiidae (11 species), whereas maximum number of shellfish species were recorded under the family Palaemonidae (8 species) followed by Penaeidae (1 species) and Portunidae (1 species). Of the 83 finfish species, three belonged to the critically endangered, nine to the endangered and eight to the vulnerable category according IUCN (2000). Four species of finfish were new records from inland waters of Bangladesh.

The types of fishes in Chittagong are provided below: Chittagong waters, both inland and coastal, swarm with fish of various species and of different tastes. Sea fish are less tasteful than the sweet water fish. A great variety of fish and other aquatic animals are found in the coastal and inland waters of Chittagong district. Amongst the fresh water species of fish, major carps like ruhi or salmon (Labeo Rohita), mrigel (Cirrhina mrigala), kalbous (Labeo calbasu), katla or carp (Catla catla), etc. Shoel fish (Channa striatus), scorpion-fish or singi (Heteropneustes fossilis) are also found in large quantity in beels and khals. Many other spieces of river and fresh water fishes are also found in the district. Of these the principal varieties are boal (Wallago atttu), dhain, chital (Notopterous chitala), ghona, airh (Mystus aor), bagair, pangas (Pangasius pangasus), rita (Rita rita), bain or eel (Mastacembelus armatus)), chapila (Gudusi chapra), bhagna (Labeo boga), nandail, bacha (Eutropicthys vacha), pon, gargle (Arius gagora), kaulia, kapali, khorsols mehsir, gulsha (Mystus bleekeri), tengra (Mystus vittatus), chanda (Mene muculata), tekchanda (Gerres argyreos), kachki (Curica soborna), baila (Glossogobius giuris), batashi (Pseudoutrpius atherinoidus), kakila (Strogylura strogylura), phalli or flat fish (Notopterus notopterus), tatkeni (Crosscheilus latius), pabda (Ompok pabda), chela (Chela cachius), gangchela, gajar (Channa marulius), koi (Anabas testudineus), kholisha (Colisa fesciatus), puti (Barbus puntius), sharputi (Puntius sarana), taki (Channa punctatus), walking fish (Ophicephaalus striaxtus), malandi, bashpata (Danio devario), kakra (Scylla serrata), bheda or meani (Nandus nandus), shrimps and prawn (Farfantetenaeus fztecus) are found in the district. However, some of these varieties, specially those which inhabit the marshes and tanks, are dwindling due to over catching and other reasons such as use of insecticides and pesticides for crop production, etc.

Besides the above, cartilaginous fishes like hangar or shark, magur (Ophi cephalus), shakush or sting ray, etc. are also available in the coastal water of the district. Some exotic varieties of fish like silver carp or silver carp (Hypophthadmicthys molitrix), mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), nailotica (Oreochromis niloticus), etc. that have been introduced in the country are also cultivated in Chittagong.

5.2.10. Ecological Resources

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

in Mizoram, India and flows 270 kilometres (170 mi) southwest through Chittagong Hill Tracts and Chittagong into the Bay of Bengal. The mouth of the river hosts Chittagong's sea port, the main port of Bangladesh.

As observed during site visit, there is vegetation and trees at the proposed EZ location. There is no wildlife sanctuary or reserve forest within 10 km of the proposed site. As per the district statistics 2011 for Chittagong, the flora and fauna in Chittagong district are described below.

5.2.10.1. Flora

Flora: The forest of Chittagong is broadly classified into: (i) tropical wet and evergreen, (ii) tropical semi- evergreen and (iii) deciduous types. The last type is always mixed with the evergreen species. All these forest types have additional undergrowth. The undergrowth is a tangled mass of shrubs with bamboo and cane brakes.

The tropical wet evergreen forest is rich in floristic composition. Common tall trees in the upper storey include kaligarjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), dhaligarjan (Dipterocarpus alatus), civit (Swintorica floribunda), dhup (Canarium resiniferum), champa (Michelia champaca), narkeli (Pterygota alata), chundul (Tetremeles nudiflora), bandarhola (Duabanga sonneratioides), kamdeb (Callophylum polyanthum), dhakijam (Syzygium grande), etc.

Common trees of moderate heights in the mid-stories are pitraj (Aphanamixls polystachia), chalmugra (Hydnocarpus kurjii), nageswar (Mesua nagassarium), gamar (Gmelina arborea), chapalish (Artocarpus chapalish), jarul (Lagerstroemia speciosa), haritaki (Terminalia chebula), bahera (Terminalia bellrica), jalpai (Elaeocarpus stectorius), dumur (Ficus ariculata), bon sonalu (Cassia nodosa), mango (Mangifera indica), etc.

The top canopy species of the tropical semi-evergreen forests reach a height of 25-57 meters. Many of the evergreen as well as deciduous species are of in this type. The common evergreen to semi-evergreen species found in the canopy include: boilam (Anisoptera scaphula), telsur (Hopea odorata), kanak (Schima wallicii), assar (Microcos paniculata), barmala (Callicarpus arborea), kabita (Gluta elegans), sheora (Streblus asper), batana (Quercus spp), sindur (Mallotas philippensis), telya garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), baittya garjan (Dipterocarpus scaber), etc.

The common deciduous species are simul (Bombax ceiba), bon-simul (Bombax insiginis), hargoza (Dillenia pentagyna), toon (Toona ciliata), amloki (Phyllanthus emblica), bhadi (Lannea coromandelica), udal (Sterculia spp), kurchi (Holarrhena antidysenterica), barta (Artocarpus lakoocha), chapalish (Artocarpus chapalish), karoi (Albizia procera), etc.

The undergrowth is a tangle mass of shrubs with repetitive bamboo and cane brakes. Common species of bamboos found in these forests are mitenga (Bambusa tulda), muli (Melocannus compactiflorus), dolu (Teinostaehynum dullooa), orah (Dendrocalamus longispathus), etc.

Different types of canes such as bandori (Calamus tenuis), karak (Calamus jenkinsianus), galak (Daenonrops jenkinsianus), jati (Calamus giminalis), etc. grown in the forest of the district.

The forest is also rich in various types of climbers, lianas and epiphytes consisting of orchids, ferns and mosses. Some soft and woody climbers like bon pan (Piper spp), bon pipul (Piper rhytidocarpum), kumarika (Smilax spp), gilla lata (Entada pusaetha) and kuki lata (Spathobolus roxburghia) grow in the forest.

Plants that grow in the swampy and semi-dried swampy areas and along chhars are chalta (Dillenia indica), pitali (Trewia nudiflora), sheora (Streblus asper), kanjal (Bischofia javanica), etc. Plants like

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

patipata (Clinogyne dichotoma), nal khagra (Phragmites karka), lemna paucicostata, vallisnaria speralis, hydrilla verticillata, dalghash (Hygrorhiza aristala) also grow along the bank of marshy pools. Recently the government forest department has successfully introduced mehogony (Swietenia macrophylla), rubber, a good variety of cotton, etc. in these forests

The village homesteads are usually concealed by the dense and lush green foliage of a wide variety of trees, shrubs and thickets of bamboos and bananas. Different palm trees like date plam (Phonix sylvestris), palmyra palm, betel nut (Areca catechu) and coconut (Cocos nucifera), palm (Borassus flabellifer) are commonly found in the vicinity of the village dwellings. Common road side trees are banyan (Ficus benghalensis), tamarind (Tamariandus indica), mango (Mangifera indica), debdaru (Polyalathi longifolia), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), lichi (Litchi chinensis), wood apple (Aegle marmelos) and Indian plums.

The principal crops of the district are rice, pulses, vegetables, oil seeds, sugarcane and pan. Tea is grown on slope of hill ranges. Besides, some horticultural crops, lichis of Kalipura, guava of Kanchan nagar, water melons, etc. are also grown in this district.

5.2.10.2. Fauna

Mammals: Of the Carnivore, there are few species of Felidae. Small cats like chita biral (Prionailurus bengalensis), mechi bagh (Prionailurus viverrinus), sonali biral (Felis remmencki) and ban biral (Felis chaus) are relatively common in the forests of Chittagong, but the number of leopard (Panthera pardus) is becoming rarer.

Of primates, monkeys (Macaca mullata) are frequently seen. Of the Cervidae, the barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak) is fairly common in the forests but the large sambar (Cervus uniclor) is becoming rare. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is frequently met with in these forests. Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), jackal (Canis aureus) and the common mongoose (Harpestes edwarsi) are also found.

A few species of bats including Indian pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra) and different species of squirrels, rats, mice and porcupines are commonly seen. Gayal (Bos sondaicus) and bon chagol (Capricornis summatraensis) are rarely found. In the past, elephants (Elephas maximus) were found in the Chittagong sub-region. Some of the herds migrate into the higher mountains of Burma and India in the rainy season but others remain within Bangladesh. They are strictly protected by law. Kheda aperations or the catching of elephants in stockades has been totally stopped.

Birds: The migrating bird fauna of Chittagong is one of the richest in Bangladesh. There are more than 350 residents and over 200 winter species of birds in this district. A large number of these are wet-country birds and are, therefore, confined to the forested areas of the district.

The common birds of the district include crow, sparrow (Passer domesticus), shalik (Acridoth errestrisis), black drongo (Dicurus macrocercus), redvented, bulbul (Picnonotus cafer) and the pariah kite. Nearly as common as these are the doel (Cophychus saularis), tailor bird (Orthotomus sutorius), pied moyna, common weaver bird, green bee-eater (Merops orinetalis) and the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). Besides these, there are broad bills, parakeets, woodpecker (Picus myrmecophoneus), barbets (Glaucidium radiatum) and cuckoos (Cuculus microplerus). Among slender billed birds, the sun birds and hoopoe (Upupa epops) are found while shrikes, king crows and Indian mocking bird are common. The babblers and laughing shrike thrushes are numerous as also bulbuls and orioles. There are many robins, stone chats and warblers including tailor bird. Among finches, the weaver bird, munia and waxbill are fairly numerous. The bush lark and various kinds of pigeons are also found. Rails, water hens (Driolus xanthornus), storks (Ciconia ciconia), herons, bitterns and ibis are seen here. The pheasant family includes the burmese peafowl and the black pheasant. Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi) is very common but partridges are rare. A separate quality of domestic cock is nourished in some households,

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

which is called ‘Aseel” and is used only for traditional fighting (Cock-fighting) in social occasions in the district.

A large number of migratory birds come to visit this area during winter. The bar headed geese, ruddy Sheldrake and a few teal and duck are met during the season. Shovellers, gad wall, pintail ducks and pochard are also found. The little grebe is common and one species of petrel is found.

Reptiles and Amphibians: There is a variety of reptiles in Chittagong. All the sea snakes are venomous. Among the land snakes, the great hamadryads and the python (Python molurus) are noticeable. Cobras (Naja naja) are not common. Amongst vipers the dabora and green rattlesnake are found. Lizards include the shouting gecko and some monitors locally called guishap (Varanus salvator). Turtles are fairly numerous. Amphibians like common toad, pond frog (Bufo melanostctus), Indian skipper frog and bullfrog are frequently seen.

5.2.11. Socio-economic

The key parameters that are required to establish a baseline socio-economic profile of population within the project’s area of influence include gender, ethnicity, social structure, employment patterns, sources of income, local tenure and property rights arrangements, use of community and natural resources. Primary information gathered by undertaking the screening survey, individual consultations and other stakeholder interaction and secondary information sourced from published references has been analyzed to establish the socio-economic baseline.

5.2.11.1. Socio-Economic profile of Anowara Upazila

Anowara came into existence as a thana in 1876 and was upgraded to Upazila in 1982. It is the second smallest upazila of Chittagong in respect of area. The upazila occupies an area of 164.10 sq. km. It is located between22º07' and 22º16' north latitudes and between 91º49' and 91º58' east longitudes. The upazila is bounded on the north by Patiya upazila, east by Chandanaish and Satkania upazilas, south by Sangu river and Banshkhali upazila and west by Karnafuli river, Bandar thana and the Bay of Bengal.

The upazila consists of 11 unions, 80 populated mauzas and 81 villages. The total population of the upazilla according to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011 is 2,59,022. The number of males and females are 1,26,709 and 1,32,313 respectively with a sex ratio of 96.

The below figure depicts the layout map of the Anowara Upazila within Chittagong District.

EIA Report- Anowara 2 Economic Zone

Figure 41: Layout Map of Anowara Upazila

The Socio-Economic profile of Anowara is represented in the below table:

Table 28: Socio-Economic Profile of Anowara

Indicators Quantity Area (Sq.Kms) 164.10 Union/Wards (No.) 11

Mouzas/Mahallas (No.) 80

Villages (No.) 81 Households (No.) 49,966 Population (No.) 2,59,022 Population density (per Sq. Km) 1578

Male (%) 50.34

Female (%) 49.65 Sex Ratio (Females/ 1000 males) 101 Number of Child Birth (No.) 9,533 Literacy (7+)

Overall (%) 26.7

Males (%) 29.7

Females (%) 23.6 Religious Institutions Mosques 183 Temples 7

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Demographic Details of Anowara Upazila

The following sections presents the demographic details of the Anowara Upazila which is the area for proposed project site. The demography and the sex ratio has been compiled based on the secondary data available from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Census Data, 2011.

Demographic profile of all the unions under Anowara Upazila is represented in the below table. As evident from the table, there are 49,966 households with a total population of 2,59,022 comprising of 1,26,709 males and 1,32,313 females with the sex ratio being 101 males for every 96 females. The average number of people per household for the Anowara Upazila works out to be 5.15. The lower sex ratio indicates the absence of gender bias which augurs well with the planned development and the skill upgradation programmes which are planned as an integral component of the proposed project.

Table 29: Demographic profile of the Unions under Anowara Upazila

Union Area Households Population Sex Sex Ratio in Acres Total Male Female (Female/male)*100 Anowara 1,871 2,171 10,260 5,114 5,146 99 Union Bairag 4013 5662 30,545 15,759 14,786 107 Barakhain 4,378 5,679 28,836 13,746 15,090 91 Barasat 3,208 5,460 28,865 14,235 14,630 97 Burumcharra 5,927 3,913 20,061 9,582 10,479 91 Battali 2,935 4,659 23,630 11,576 12,054 96 Chatari 3,256 3,708 19,022 9,384 9,638 97 Haildhar 3,885 4,979 25,315 11,869 13,446 88 Juidandhi 2,144 3,291 17,575 8,495 9,080 94 Paraikora 3,935 4,055 19,635 9,488 10,147 94 Roypur 5,721 6,389 35,278 17,461 17,817 98

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Census 2011

Literacy Rate

The literacy rates in all the 11 unions in the Anowara Upazila, sourced from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Census 2011 ranges between 24.0% and 71.6%. The maximum difference of literacy rate between male and female was observed at Bairag Union Union while the minimum was noted at Burumcharra Union. The below table represents the union wise literacy rates in Anowara.

Table 30: Literacy Rates Segregated by Unions in Anowara (Census 2011)

Name of Area (Acres) Populations Literacy Rate (%) the Union Male Female Male Female Anowara 1,871 5,114 5,146 71.6 66.4 Union Bairag 4013 15,759 14,786 68.0 57.1 Barakhain 4,378 13,746 15,090 56.5 52.8 Barasat 3,208 14,235 14,630 52.1 46.7 Burumcharra 5,927 9,582 10,479 39.8 37.3 Battali 2,935 11,576 12,054 47,1 42.7 Chatari 3,256 9,384 9,638 66.5 60.0 Haildhar 3,885 11,869 13,446 76.5 71.3

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Juidandhi 2,144 8,495 9,080 24.0 21.4 Paraikora 3,935 9,488 10,147 68.1 63.1 Roypur 5,721 17,461 17,817 35.1 32.0

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Census 2011

The difference in the literacy rate between males and females is also suggestive of less women empowerment in the region. The lower literacy rates further necessitates the allied development activities through the project such as the skill development, vocational training and awareness campaigns for enrolment in the primary education for women. The allied benefits through the economic zone with the proposed skill development programs, training needs assessment will alleviate the literacy rate in the region in line with the Bangladesh national skill development strategy. 5.2.11.2. Direct Impact Zone

Demographic characteristics was targeted for the people whose house or privately owned land is getting impacted because of the EZ development. Based on the land records collected from the Union land office, there are 108 private land owners.

Private Landowners impacted by project

The area demarcated for the development of the proposed EZ comprises of 160.01 acres of privately owner agricultural area and 323.54 acres of private “Bondobostho” land. The demographic data as tabulated in table below indicate that the females constitutes 52.80% of the total project affected landowners populations while the males constituted 47.19%.

Table 31: Demographic Data

S. No. Scenario No. of PAPs No. of PAPs Sex Average PAH‘s* (%) Total Male Female Ratio* Household Size 1 Project 46 100 178 84 94 1119 4 Affected Persons Total 46 100 178 84 94 1119 4 Source: Census survey May-June 2016

Below table shows the age wise distribution of the PAPs that were surveyed. Most of the affected people were found to be within the age bracket of 18-30 which constituted 41.57% of the total affected PAPs. Considering the age group ranging from 18-40 as the youth age bracket, a total of 105 within that age bracket were found to be impacted. So 58.98% of the total affected people are in the age group of 18-40 which is considered as the youth bracket age group.

Table 32: PAPs categorized based on their age

Age Group Number of PAPs Percentage of the total PAPs (%) 14-17 26 14.6 18-30 74 41.57 31-40 31 17.41 41-60 32 17.97 61 and above 15 8.42 TOTAL 327 100 Source: Census survey May-June 2016

Figure below represents the graphical analysis of the age wise distribution of the PAPs.

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Figure 42: Age wise PAP distribution

8% 15% 14-17 18% 18-30

31-40 17% 42%

Religion of the PAHs

As per the findings of the socio-economic survey, 100% project affected households are Muslims surveyed households at Anowara.

Literacy Level

Table 33: Literacy level of PAPs

S. No Literacy Level of Number percentage Number of Percentage PAPs Males Females 1 Illiterate 17 9.55 19 10.67 2 Can read and write 28 15.73 26 14.60

3 Primary Schooling 30 16.85 25 14.04 (class 1-5) 4 Class 6th to 8th 4 2.24 11 6.17

5 Class 9th to 10th 1 0.56 5 2.80

6 SSC/HSC 4 2.24 8 4.49 Equivalent Total 84 47.19 94 52.80 Source: Census survey May-June 2016

Figure below represents the graphical analysis of the literacy levels of the PAPs.

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Figure 43: Literacy Level of the surveyed PAPs

Illiterate

7% Can read and write 3% 20% 9% Primary Schooling (class 1-5) Class 6th to 8th

31% 30% Class 9th to 10th

SSC/HSC Equivalent

Health Status of the PAPs

Data on health status of affected households indicate that nearly 34.00% of the families have suffered from illness during the last year. Refer below table for the health status of the PAHs and project affected landowners in the project area. Kidney ailment at one household and cardiac ailment at three households were reported which could be categorized as major chronic ailments. Apart from that, the disease reported in the area were respiratory diseases, gastric issues, arthritis.

Table 34: Health Status of affected households

S. No Health Status of PAHs Number %

1 Illness 16 34.78

2 No Illness 30 65.21

Total 46 100 Source: Census survey April 2016

As per the findings of the social survey a total of 14 Health care facilities are available at Anowara Upazilla. Details of availability of health facilities as per census survey of May-June 2016 are mentioned in below table.

Table 35: Availability of Health Facilities

S. No Health Facilities Number

1 Government Hospital 1 2 Private Hospital 1

3 Upazilla Health Complex 1 4 Community Health Centers 9 5 Private Clinic 1

6 Diagnostic Center 1 Total 14

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Income Level

Table 36: Income Level

S. No Income Level Number Percentage Number Percentage (Males) (Females) 1 No Income 24 13.48314607 73 41.011236 2 Below BDT 2000 0 0 0 0 2 Rs. 2000-3000 1 0.561797753 1 0.56179775 3 Rs.3000 – 10000 39 21.91011236 19 10.6741573 4 Above 10,000 20 11.23595506 1 0.56179775 Total 84 47.19 94 52.81 Source: Census survey April-May 2016

Figure below represents the graphical analysis of the Income levels of the PAPs.

Figure 44: Income Level of the PAPs

12% No Income Below BDT 2000 Rs. 2000-3000 33% 54% Rs.3000 – 10000 Above 10,000 1%0%

Gender assessment

Women in the region primarily are involved in household work, cultivation and other agriculture activities. They are also involved in decision making involving decisions like education of children, decisions before social functions etc. Development of an economic zone will further benefit the socio-economic levels of women and also of the society.

Data collected from household survey reveals lower participation of women in financial decisions which indicate the need for the women empowerment in the region.

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Table 37: Decision making and participation by women

Decision Making Households No. % Financial matters Male 0 0.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 46 100.0 Education of children Male 0 0.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 46 100.0 Health care of children Male 0 0.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 46 100.0 Purchase of assets Male 37 80.43 Female 0 0.0 Combined 9 19.56 Day to day household activities Male 0 0.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 46 100.0 Social function and marriages Male 0 0.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 46 100.0 Women to earn for family Male 42 100.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 0 0.0 Land and property Male 46 100.0 Female 0 0.0 Combined 0 0.0 Source: Census survey April, 2016

Inference

Possession of material assets, occupation and income level of the project affected households indicate poor to medium social and economic condition. Lower women participation in the financial decision indicate the need for women empowerment in the area.

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6. Identification and Analysis of Key Environmental Issues

6.1. Environmental Sensitivity Investigation

Environmental impact assessment has been carried out considering the impacts of proposed interventions with associated activities on important components of the environment and society. Firstly, all of the environmental components sensitive to proposed activities were identified during reconnaissance field visit based on expert observation, local people’s perception and worldwide practice of EIA. The scoping process, followed to identify the environment and social sensitive features included professional judgments of the multi-disciplinary EIA team members and public consultation. The preliminarily identified environmental and social sensitive components are listed in sections below. 6.2. Environmental Asset

Environmental assets identified in the study area are listed below: 1. Air Quality of the area 2. Noise level of the area 3. Transportation system of the area 4. Ecosystem of study area Identified Environmental assets of the project are likely to be impacted due to development of the off-site facilities during the the pre-construction, construction and operation stages of the project along with the Project activities which may have an impact on the Environmental assets and the associated impacts are listed below. The detailed impact identification and mitigation measures are given at Chapter 7. Table 38: Environmental Assets of the project area

S. Environmental Assets Impact Related No. Project Activity Pre-Construction & Construction Phase 1 Air Quality of Study Area Degradation Site clearance/ preparation Construction activities Excavation Exhaust from construction vehicles/machinery 2 Noise Level of Study Area Increase in Noise levels Construction activities Movement of construction vehicles/machinery 3 Transportation System Traffic congestion Increased nos. of vehicles carrying construction raw material and construction debris 4 Biodiversity study of project Impact on flora and fauna Cutting of Trees, Littering area activities, disposal of waste, construction activities, fugitive emissions Operation Phase (For Off-site Developments Only) 1 Noise Level of Study Area Increase in Noise levels Increased traffic movement and industrial activities 2 Transportation System Traffic congestion Increased nos. of vehicles due to industrial acitivites. 3 Eco-system of Study area Impact on flora and fauna Disposal of untreated solid and liquid waste

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6.3. Environmental Hotspot

As observed during site visit, there are vegetation and trees at the proposed EZ location. There is no wildlife sanctuary or reserve forest within 10 km of the proposed site.

6.4. Likely Beneficial Impacts

The project involves development of EZ and off-site facilities. It is proposed to develop housing Textile and related industries, RMG, Leather and footwear, Pharmaceuticals Plastic & chemicals, Ship building, Light Engineering industries in the EZ area. The likely benefits from the proposed development are listed as below: 1. Rapid Economic development 2. Large scale direct and indirect employment generation 3. Development of infrastructure facilities 4. Technological enhancement for management of environmental management ( like water treatment, waste management, environmental monitoring ) 6.5. Community Recommendations and Alternative Analysis

During stakeholder consultations the local community informed the following. There is no existing environmental pollution in the project area. However, some of the concerns raised by the stakeholders regarding development of project are listed below:  The provision for drinking water should be taken care  STP shall be installed at the site to treat sewage generated at the site

Care should be taken that in sanitation facilities, sewage should not percolate into aquifer or pocket of water. The details of the community recommendations and alternative analysis options are covered in SIA report and snapshot is provided in chapter 8.

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7. Impacts Assessment

The environmental impacts assessment was carried out considering present environmental setting of the project area, and nature and extent of the proposed activities. The proposed project involves development of EZ and off-site facilities for upcoming EZ at Anowara 2. Potential environmental impacts associated with EZ and each of the proposed off-site facility are classified as:  impacts during design and construction phase and  impacts during operation phase/Post-construction phase.

Sensitive environmental components were identified during the site visits and qualitative and quantitative techniques have been applied for direct and indirect assessment of impacts on these components. The classification of environmental components is provided in Table below.

Table 39: Classification of Social and Environmental Components

Components Sub-component Parameters PHYSICAL Surface water Hydrology, water quality Water Ground water Air Air, noise Air quality, noise level Land Soil Erosion, soil quality ECOLOGICAL Fisheries/ Aquatic species Species, diversity, economic value Aquatic Aquatic Biology Density, species Terrestrial Forests, vegetation Species, population Wildlife Species, population INFRASTRUCTURE Surface/ground water Frequency, quality Water Supply — Generation, Transmission, requirement, Electricity Highways/Roads Access, availability, type, utility of each Transport Rail mode Land use Air Drainage Water — Flooding, drainage

7.1. Impact Identification

During the site visit, various environmental sensitive features were identified which may potentially be impacted by the project at various stages. Identified impacts of the project activities on the environment components are given below along with the associated activities.

Table 40: Impact Matrix for Proposed Off-site Infrastructure

S. Activities Impacts Negative Impact Positive Impact *Quantitative No. Short Long Short Long risk rating Term Term Term Term without mitigation measures A Pre-Construction Phase

i Land Acquisition  Change in land 3 for access road use pattern of  and water supply existing system agricultural land  Impact on  3

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livelihood  Shifting of  3 Utilities ii Site Preparation Demolition of   3 buildings  2 Removal of  2 Vegetation. Loss of tree cover and Impact on aesthetic aspects B Construction Phase i Development of Loss of Top soil  3 EZ and Soil contamination  2 Construction of due to spillage of Boundary wall, material Access Road, Surface water  2 bridge, electrical contamination & water supply Air pollution  2 system and Noise pollution 2 administration  building Increase in traffic  2 Un pleasant view  2 Impact on Health &  2 safety Social impact   2 Felling of Trees  3 C Operational Phase i Development of Impact on the  3 Off-site ambient Air Quality Infrastructure, Noise Pollution  2 i.e. Boundary Potential for  3 wall, access road, surface water water supply pollution due to system, electrical industrial waste supply line and discharge administration Economic  1 building and Development operation of Accessibility 1 industries  Groundwater  3 depletion Potential for land  3 contamination due to industrial activities Improved drainage  1 Electrification of  1 the area Improved health  1 and sanitation facilities Increased Run-off  3 Generation of  1 Employment Natural drainage  2 pattern ii Green Buffer  Improved  1 development Ecology  1 around each  Air Quality industrial plot Improvement  1  Aesthetics *1 –low Impact 2 – medium Impact 3– High Impact

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7.2. Impact on Air Environment 7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase

The pre-construction phase will involve site clearance activity for development of EZ, access road and water supply system which will lead to fugitive emissions. But these emissions will be localized and have impact for short duration only during clearance activity.

To minimize the dust generation, water should be sprinkled regularly at the site and low sulphur diesel should be used in land levelling equipments to control the SO2 emissions.

7.2.2. Construction Phase

The proposed project involves construction activities which includes:

 site development (levelling, earth work);  civil construction;  construction material handling and stockpiling; and Transportation of construction material, equipment and labours.

Air quality will be impacted from the following sources during the construction phase:

 Fugitive dust emissions from site clearing, excavation work, cutting and levelling work at sites and access/ internal roads, stacking of soils, handling of construction material, transportation of material, emission due to movements of vehicles, plying of heavy construction machinery etc.;  Vehicular emissions due to traffic movement on site and on the connecting roads;  Exhaust emissions from construction machineries, other heavy equipment as bull dozers, excavators, compactors; and  Emissions from diesel generator required for emergency power during construction period.

Gaseous emissions containing PM10, PM2.5, SPM, CO, HC, NOx, SO2 and lead will be released from the vehicular and construction equipment exhaust. The vehicular movement on the unpaved roads will also result in the fugitive dust emissions. The movement of trucks carrying construction material to the site will lead to fugitive and exhaust emissions which would impact the people in the project area of influence. The movement of heavy trucks also increase the potential for road accidents.

Mitigation Measures to be implemented are:

To mitigate the construction impacts, BEZA should have contract agreements with contractors as well as sub-contractors to implement the measures provided in EMP.  Sprinkling of water at construction site and haul roads  Construction of barricades between the settlements and the site to minimize travel of fugitive emissions towards settlements  Tree Plantation on the either side of the approach road to mitigate the fugitive dust emissions  Minimizing stockpiling by coordinating excavations, spreading, re-grading, compaction and importation activities  Cease or phase-down work if excess fugitive dust is observed, investigate source and take suppression measures such as water spray  Adequate parking space should be provided for the construction vehicles so as to prevent idling of the vehicles and the emissions generating from them  Vehicles carrying construction material and debris should be covered with tarpaulin cover

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 Raw materials, excavated soil and other debris should be stored under covered sheds or cover with tarpaulin  Green buffer should be developed all along the EZ boundary  Provision of face mask to workers to minimize inhalation of dust particles  Construction vehicles and machinery should be regularly serviced and check for pollution control  Low sulphur diesel should be used for running construction equipment and vehicles  Covering the scaffolding (in case of administration building) to reduce the dust emission in outside environment  Speed of vehicles on site is recommended to be 10-15 km/hr which will help in minimizing fugitive dust emissions due to vehicular movement

7.2.3. Operation Phase

Post development of the EZ & setting up of industries, there could be some impacts on the air quality of the area. Industrial development will involve generation of emissions, and increased vehicular movements. These altogether may have overall negative impact on the air quality of the site and the nearby areas. The industries proposed as per the pre-feasibility study are Textile, Readymade Garments (RMG), Shipbuilding, Light engineering, leather and footwear, plastic and chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It is envisaged that particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, metals, VOCs, fugitive emissions and other criteria pollutants like ozone, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide will be generated during industrial operations.

The sources of air emissions in shipbuilding and repair operations include blasting, painting, metal plating and surface finishing, machining and metal working and solvent cleaning and degreasing. The probable sources of emissions to air are in the form of VOCs from the shipbuilding process operations; Particulate Matter, SO2 and NO2 from utilities like boilers; and SO2, NOx, HC and CO from vehicular traffic coming in and going out from the shipyard cum Port.

The major air pollutants generated from textile mills include Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), sulphur dioxide gas, oxide of nitrogen gas, etc. The hydrocarbons are emitted from drying ovens and from mineral oils in high-temperature drying/curing. The residues from fibre preparation also emit pollutants during heat setting processes. Carriers and solvents may be emitted during dyeing operations depending on the types of dyeing processes used and from wastewater treatment plant operations. Carriers used in batch dyeing of disperse dyes may lead to volatilisation of aqueous chemical emulsions during heat setting, drying, or curing stages. Inhalation of the dust generated where cotton fibre is converted into yarn and fabric significantly contributes to byssinosis (an occupational lung disease). So, periodic checkups shall be done for the workers. Rotating of workers shall be done to reduce exposure levels.

The major pollutants from a leather industry include chlorine, formaldehyde, sulfuric acid, glycol ether EB, glycol ether PMA, methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, xylol, phosphoric acid, methanol, manganese sulfate, chromium III, ethylene glycol, lead, copper, and zinc. Some of the major toxic air pollutants and their amounts from a typical tannery are provided in table below. Inhalation of these emissions may lead to occupational hazards to the workers and shall also impact community health and safety.

Table 41: Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants from a Typical Tannery

Emission Point Pollutants Emission Rate kg/hr Solvent Receiving Methyl Ethyl Ketone 22.58 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 1.67 Toluene 10.04 Xylol 1.17 Mixing Vault Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.52

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Supply Drum Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.52 Spray Chamber Diacetone Alcohol 1.89 Glycol Ether EB 11.85 Glycol Ether PMA 7.6 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 75.72 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 59.05 Toluene 95.78 Xylol 33.38 Dryer Diacetone Alcohol 1.89 Glycol Ether EB 11.85 Glycol Ether PMA 7.6 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 75.72 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 59.05 Toluene 95.78 Xylol 33.38 Receiving Recycled Acetone Solvents Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0.61 Toluene 0.98 0.61 Cleaning Operation Less than 1 kg/hr of each pollutant Waste Solvent Storage Less than 1 kg/hr of each pollutant Source: Report on Tannery and leather finishing concerns by Breera Mahmood et. al

In pharmaceutical industry, the major sources of air pollution shall be flue gas emissions from the stack attached to steam boiler. The significant pollutants identified due to flue gas emissions are PM, NOx and SO2. There shall be fugitive emission from the manufacturing process as well as from storage & handling of raw materials and product. In chemical industries, the major sources of air emissions are boilers, and processes. Storage and handling of chemicals and effluent treatment shall also produce fugitive emissions. The major pollutants include volatile organic compounds, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides, PM, SPM etc.

From plastics production processes, the major emissions include sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides, methanol, ethylene oxide, and volatile organic compounds. The significant pollution is also generated by plastic resin. As ethylene is polymerized, the reactive mixture is scrubbed with dilute aqueous caustic solutions that become high-volume pollutants. The refining process uses waste-minimization methods, but point-source air emissions are still high because of inherent difficulties in handling large flows of pressurized gases. The manufacturing of PET resin generates more toxic emissions (nickel, ethylbenzene, ethylene oxide, benzene) than manufacturing glass. It is estimated that production of a 16 oz. PET bottle generates more than 100 times the toxic emissions to air and water than making the same size bottle out of glass.

Mitigation Measures

 Provision should be made for peripheral green belt all along the EZ boundary. Green belt should have minimum of three rows of local variety of tree. Tree species should be selected such that first inside row is of smaller height, middle row of tree is of medium height and last row of tree is of higher height so that green belt formed appears like a canopy.  Development of thick green belt (10 m) and organized greens within each industrial plots  Power Generators should be provided with stacks of adequate height (higher than nearest building) to allow enough dispersion of emission.  Process emission if any should be controlled with the installation of adequate air pollution control systems  All industries should obtain clearance from DoE, Bangladesh as applicable. Air pollution control measures shall be adopted by respective industries in line with DOE permission  Air pollution monitoring should be carried out quarterly by all industries to check the air pollution level.  The latest technology and equipments should be used for control of air pollution  Fully automated machines should be installed in the manufacturing processes  Preference of usage of clean fuel like LPG, low sulphur diesel should be explored

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 Energy conservation should be adopted by opting the alternate energy options like solar power  Odour should be managed at the site using odour suppressant and planting fragnant flowering trees.  Periodic check ups should be conducted for the workers working in the industries  To reduce exposure levels, rotate the shifts of the workers.  Appropriate PPEs such as half face respirator, dust mask etc should be used for workers in working in manufacturing processes  Biodegradable plastics shall be promoted  The boiler ash should be conevered and stored  The chemicals should be stored and transferred in close conveyors in all the industries.

7.3. Impact on Noise Environment 7.3.1. Pre-construction and Construction Phase

Pre-construction phase will involve site clearance activity for development of access road and utilities. The site clearance will involve removal of vegetation and land levelling activities. Operation of different machineries and equipments for construction activities, running of heavy load traffic for construction materials transportation, and regular traffic movement may generate noise during construction period. The heavy equipment, machineries, transportation and earthworks used for the construction activities are the major sources of noise. It is envisaged that there will be an increase in traffic and thereby in traffic noise impacts on the receptors near the approach road from the transportation of equipment, construction materials. As detailed in the earlier sections, the residents in the vicinity of the site would be impacted due to the noise emissions. Table below shows the typical noise levels generated by some of the construction equipment expected to be used during the construction phase. As seen from the table below, the local peak noise level for non-continuous construction activity may reach to as high as 96 dB(A), depending on the type of equipment. The impact, however, is expected to be temporary and localised.

Table 42: Noise levels generated by construction equipments (measured at 1 m distance) Equipment Noise Level (dB(A) Earth Movers Front Loaders 72-84 Backhoes 72-93 Tractors 76-96 Scrapers, Graders 80-93 Pavers 86-88 Bull dozer 86-88 Excavator 84-86 Trucks 82-94 Material Handlers Concrete Mixers 75-88 Concrete Pumps 81-83 Cranes 75-86 Winch 85-88 Stationary Generators (in canopy) 71-82 Electric Saw 81-85 Wood Planer 81-85

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Noise levels will have compounding effect when multiple equipments and trucks operate at the same time. Thus the actual noise level at the site and surroundings would be much more than given in the above table. However, due to the linear shape of site the large-scale concentration of construction equipment may not happen. Thus, compounding effect may not be very high.

Mitigation Measures

The following mitigation measures will be implemented to minimize potential noise impacts during the construction phase:

 Regular maintenance of equipment such as lubricating moving parts, tightening loose parts and replacing worn out components should be conducted;  Machinery and construction equipment that may be in intermittent use should be shut down or throttled down during idle time;  Acoustic enclosure will be provided for the DG set;  Equipment known to emit noise strongly in one direction should be orientated so that the noise is directed away from nearby sensitive receptors as far as practicable;  Honking should be avoided;  Construction work should be carried out only during day time (from 8.00am to 6 pm); and  Machinery to be used should comply with the noise standards prescribed by DoE.

To deal with noise exposure by construction workers in construction site, pocket guide by OSHA is helpful.

The following noise reduction measures are suggested in the pocket guide.

Reduce It: Reduce the noise by using the quietest equipment available. For example, choose a smaller, quieter generator.

Move It: Move the equipment farther away with the use of extension cords, additional welding leads, and air hoses. Noise levels go down as we increase our distance from a noisy object. Move the generator (example) farther away or face it in a direction that is away from where most people are working. If you are not required to be in a high noise area, move to a quieter area.

Block It: Block the noise by building temporary barriers of plywood or other on-site materials to keep the noise from reaching workers. Place a five-sided, oversized wooden box over the generator. Add fire- resistant acoustical absorbing material (foam) inside the box. If the generator sits on soil or sand, that will help absorb some of the noise.

At individual worker level, the construction contractor should be insisted to provide earmuffs to the workers exposed to high noise levels. 7.3.2. Operation Phase

After development of offsite infrastructure and economic zone, the noise levels may rise due to vehicular movement and industrial activities. Operation of water pumps during operation phase of economic zone may also contribute to the local noise level. The major sources of noise in ship building industry are diesel and gas power exhausts, high capacity vents, persuccion tools and air operated tools. The noise levels in different process units of textile industries may go as high as 80 dB and 90 dB in the spinning and weaving sections respectively which should be minimized by noise attenuation devices. The noise level can reach as high as 94 dB – 99 dB is in loom shed, depending on the size, design, type, errection and number of looms, condition of machines, type of fabric etc. The increase in noise levels may impact the heath and safety of workers and settlements in the vicinity.

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In pharmaceutical industry, high sound levels may be generated by manufacturing equipment and utilities (e.g., compressed air, vacuum sources and ventilation systems). Due to the enclosed design of pharmaceutical workplace modules, workers are often located close to machines during manufacturing and packaging operations. Workers observe and interact with production and packaging equipment, thereby increasing their exposure to noise.

In chemical and plastic industry, the major sources of noise pollution include turbo-generators, air compressors, feed pumps, condensate pumps, reflux pumps, recycle pumps, diluent pumps, tempering pumps, air blowers, I.D. Fans, cooling towers etc. It is observed that noise levels inside the process units exceed 74 dBA however, exposure to noise to individual workers will be below 80 dBA (for 8 hours shift) because of use of earmuffs and noise-insulated cabins.

Following mitigation measures should be taken to prevent noise pollution during operation phase.

Mitigation Measures

 Pumps should be fitted in close room, preferably acoustic enclosure to reduce the noise generation  Green buffer of 10 m should be developed all along the project boundary. Green buffer should compose of the 2-3 rows of plants of variable height and thick canopy so as to form continuous barrier. This will help in reducing the noise level significantly.  Apart from these after development of economic zone, noise will be generated from the construction of individual industries, operation within in industrial units, running DG sets in each units and traffic movement within EZ zone.  All industries should obtain clearance from DoE before establishing industrial unit and should comply with all the conditions mentioned in the letter of environment clearance  All industries should install the new machiney of modern make which complies with the noise standards prescribed by DoE in ECA, 1995.  Job rotations should be practiced for workers in industry to prevent prolonged exposure to high noise level as it may lead to deafness, fatigue, head ache, nausea and drowsiness  Noise regulators must put a strong mandate and fine on vehicle operators which are not properly maintained, produce noise (silencers not proper).  Proper greasing, periodic checkups for frictionless movements.  Honking should be prohibited within the economic zone  Comprehensive hearing conservation programmes identify noise sources, reduce workplace sound levels, and train workers on the hazards of noise exposure and proper use of hearing-protective devices should be conducted  Workers exposed to excessive noise should use appropriate PPE including ear plugs, muffs, or both when engineering or administrative controls are not feasible to reduce exposure.  Acoustic design with sound proof glass paneling will be provided for critical operator cabins / control rooms of individual modules as well as central control facilities.  In pharmaceutical industry, engineering methods reduce sound levels by modifying, enclosing and dampening noise sources. Employee rotation and use of hearing-protective devices (e.g., ear muffs and plugs) reduce workers’ exposure to high noise levels.  The monitoring of noise and medical surveillance (i.e., audiometry) assess worker exposure to noise and their resulting loss of hearing. This helps to identify noise problems and evaluate the adequacy of corrective measures.

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7.4. Impacts on Water Resources 7.4.1. Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

Impacts on Ground & Surface Water Resources

Significant quantity of water will be required for various construction activities & domestic purpose. It is envisaged that initial demand of 1-2 MLD can be fulfilled obtained from borewells proposed to be installed onsite. Excess withdrawal of ground water may lead to depletion of aquifers. Thus, measures should be taken to minimize the water extraction by reducing water consumption and wastage. Mitigation measures are given below.

Mitigation Measures

 Temporary storm water drains and rain water harvesting ponds should be constructed so as to store rain water for construction activities.  Water for curing can be saved by carrying out curing in early morning or late evening and covering structures with gunny bag so as the moisture can be restored for longer time.  Regular inspections at site to monitor leakages in water storage tanks  Creating awareness among construction workers about the importance of water conservation  Storing the curing run-off and waste from other construction activity and using the same for sprinkling.  Covering the water storage tanks at site to prevent evaporation losses.

Impact on Surface Water and Ground water Quality

The major source of wastewater generation during construction phase is from the labour camp, which will be established for project construction activity. There is a potential for contamination of surface and groundwater resources resulting from improper management of sewage. The quality of water bodies could also be affected due to surface runoff from contaminated soil (soil contamination due to oil/ fuel spillage and leakages), particularly during monsoon season. The surface runoff carrying the loose top soil will lead to increased sedimentation in the receiving water bodies. Contamination to water bodies may also result due to oil spilling during construction activities and/or surface runoff from the construction site to the nearby water body. Thus measures are required to be taken to minimize the surface water pollution.  Avoid excavation activities during rains;  Prevent piling up of excavated soil, raw material and construction debris at site by proper management and disposal;  Minimize run-off by using sprays for curing;  Maintaining appropriate flow of water sprinklers at site;  Construction of adequate nos. of toilets and proper sanitation system to prevent open defecation along the river banks/water supply lines;  Construction of soak pits/septic tanks to dispose-off the domestic waste water generated from labour camps to prevent disposal of sewage in water bodies. Alternatvely, collect labour camp sewage and connect to nearby municipal sewers;  Proper collection, management and disposal of construction and municipal waste from site to prevent mixing of the waste in run-off and entering the water bodies;  No debris/construction material should enter the aquaculture ponds and other waterbody in the area  Use of licensed contractors for management and disposal of waste and sludge;  Labourers should be given training towards proactive use of designated areas/bins for waste disposal and encouraged for use of toilets. Open defecation and random disposal of sewage will be strictly restricted;

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 Spill/ leakage clearance plan to be adopted for immediate cleaning of spills and leakages;  There should be a containment tank installed of 1.5 times the HFO storage capacity in order to prevent accidental leakage of oil (source: fuel-oil piping and storage – ICC);  Adequate management of the spent lubricant collection and disposal through contractors who are authorized to recycle or dump in Government approved landfills.

7.4.2. Operation Phase

The development of economic zone shall lead to generation of domestic and industrial effluent. Liquid waste which can be generated from light engineering industries will include waste acid, waste alkali, grease, used/spent oil, liquid metal, spent solvents, leachate etc. Wastewater is not generated in significant amount from these industries. Majorly domestic and cleaning waste is likely to be generated. No significant liquid waste is generated from readymade garment industry.

In shipbuilding industry, oil spills during fitting operations shall contaminate the waters surrounding the shipyard. The runoff water is likely to capture oils and debris that has accumulated on the dock area. The bottoms of vessels are generally coated with "anti-fouling" paints which are metal-based such as cuprous (copper) oxide or tributyltin (TBT). The metals enter the water through discharge of anti-fouling paint chips and paint removal materials during vessel maintenance activities. The effluent generated during maintainence shipyard activities generally includes wash water, oily water from bilges and tank cleaning, and engine fluids such as oil, hydraulic fluids, lubricants, and anti-freeze. The fuelling facilities are also contributor of pollution as hydrocarbons, glycols and other pollutants in these liquids can come into contact with waterways through spills and leaks from storage tanks and impact aquatic life. The percolation of leachate into the ground shall impact the groundwater.

Textile industry is water intensive and use high volumes of water throughout its operations, from the washing of fibres to bleaching, dyeing and washing of finished products. On an average, approximately 200 litres of water is required to produce l kg of textiles. Wet processing operation generates the highest volume of effluent in textile industries. The effluent generally contains high concentrations of chemicals, used throughout the processing. The major pollutants in textile wastewaters are high suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, colour, acidity, and dyes. Untreated discharge of effluent will pollute the water quality and pose threat to aquatic life. The percolation of leachate into the ground shall impact the groundwater.

The leather processing industry effluent has high amount of dissolved and suspended organic and inorganic solids which lead to high oxygen requirement. The unbearable odour from waste material and presence of chromium, sulphides, ammonia and other volatile compounds is also associated with leather processing activities. There has been a study which shows that many workers of Tannery industry die due to cancer, possibly due to exposure to toxic chemicals used in the process and dyeing of the leather. The percolation of leachate into the ground shall also impact the groundwater.

The effluent generated from pharmaceutical and chemical industry will have contaminants, toxins, nutrients, and organic content. Also in the pharmaceutical industry, the effluent has contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). These compounds are increasingly being detected in surface waters. The sludge produced in pharmaceutical industry is hazardous in nature. The percolation of leachate from the sludge have the potential to impact groundwater.

The direct discharge of untreated effluent generated from industrial operations and leachate shall lead to impacts onground water quality. Also, it is anticipated that surface run-off may significantly increase post development of economic zone which may impact surface water quality. Measures should also be taken to prevent contamination of storm water with any industrial pollutant.

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Following measures should be adopted during operation phase to minimize impacts of development of Economic zone on water quality:

Mitigation Measures

 Each industry should obtain consent of DoE Bangladesh before construction and operation and should comply to the conditions laid by them  No leachate, waste water and waste material should be stored in pervious unlined area/pond.  Each industry should treat the effluent and sewage generated by them so as to achieve zero discharge and no untreated effluent should be discharged into any water body  ETP designed on the basis of effluent quantity and characteristics, should be installed for each industry in the EZ.  Common STP (in modules) should be constructed within the EZ to treat sewage from residential and commercial areas  Each industry should practice rain water harvesting to minimize the water consumption and reduce run-off from the site  Proper management of waste should be done to prevent any contact between the waste and storm water  Storm water drains should be lined to separate from effluent drains  Storm water system should be inspected & cleaned before monsoon every year  Peripheral drain shall also be lined and shall not be connected to internal storm water drainage system.  The top soil shall be preserved and used for covering the sand layer at EZ site. Vegetation turffing shall be made at the side slops of the EZ areas to prevent erosion and siltation in the river.  River water quality shall be monitored periodically  In shipbuildling industry, anti-fouling paints containing TBT should not be used.  Ground water quality shall be monitored periodically.  Sewage generated in the shipyards and repair operations should be treated in sewage treatment plant and treated effluent should be used for green belt development and utilities.  Sludge should be dried into cakes and used as manure for green belt.  In leather industries, chromium should be completely recovered and not allowed to enter the effluent.  In leather industries, screening should be done in ETP to segregate the solid waste intering the ETP.  Do not discharge leachate directly into the ground without treatment.

7.5. Impacts on Land resources 7.5.1. Pre-construction and Construction Phase

The impacts on soil due to the project are as follows:

 Levelling activity  Soil erosion due to vegetation clearance and excavation activities;  Topsoil degradation  Generation of waste (hazardous and non-hazardous) from site clearance, excavations, civil works and activities of construction workers (general waste and sewage); and  Possible contamination of soil due to potential spills of lubricating oil, fuel oil, concrete etc.

There is no landfilling activity envisaged at the proposed EZ.

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7.5.1.1. Demolition of dwelling structures

On the project site, there are 46 dwellings, which shall be relocated. Most of the structures are kaccha structures, constructed using tin/ thatched sheets. All these dwellings will be evacuated and ultimately demolished. The demolition will cause debry generation. The typical components of the debris are as follows:

Table 43: Typical components of debris

Components Examples Wood Forming and framing wood, plywood, laminates, scraps Wall Concrete, gypsum, tin sheet, plaster Metals Pipes, rebar, steel, aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel Plastics doors, windows, pipes Ceramic Flooring tiles, sanitary ware Roofing Concrete, Asphalt & wood stands, tile, roofing sheets, roofing fittings Rubble Asphalt, concrete, residual blocks, rock, earth Brick Bricks and decorative blocks Glass Windows, mirrors, lights Miscellaneous Carpeting, fixtures, insulation, ceramic tile

When buildings are demolished, large quantities of waste may be produced in a relatively short period of time, depending on the demolition technique used. The demolition project duration can vary depending on the technique used. The techniques that can be used are use of demolishing cranes, or deconstruct the structure. In actual practice, the vast majority of demolition projects use a combination of these two basic techniques depending on the materials used in the project, the physical size of the structure, and the time allocated for the project. All the weight of a building including the concrete foundations, may be generated as demolition debris when a building is demolished.

Demolitions may produce several types of materials bonded together or contaminated with hazardous materials, such as asbestos or lead paint. The resultant debries pose enormous problem for disposal.

An attempt is made to estimate approximate quantity of the debries in the project area during demolition.

Total number of units to be demolished : 46 Area assumed for each dwelling : 500 sft Thus, total area of demolition : 23,000 sft Single family and multifamily units are assumed Total quantity of debries generated (approximately) : 1500 Tonnes.

The debris consiting of RCC material may be used for landfilling after proper sizing and removing of rebar material. This may also reduce the dredging material requirement for landfilling. Tin sheets which are not spoiled may be used in R&R colony.

Apart from demolition of buildings, huge number of trees will also be cut to during preconstruction phase. Disposal of these debris will also pose disposal problem.

The EZ authorities/ the contractor may identify the users of these tree debries for useful purposes such as timber wood, fire wood, or any other purpose. 7.5.1.2. Soil Erosion

During the pre-construction and construction phase, the site clearance activities including clearing of vegetation, construction of the earth structures, labour camps, storage area, toilets will involve removal of top soil which will result in slope destabilization and the land will be more susceptible to soil erosion.

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The soil erosion will result in the run-off of the silt to surface water impacting aquatic ecosystem of receiving water bodies with increased suspended sediment load and associated nutrients. 7.5.1.3. Soil Compaction

During construction activities, there will be compaction of soil in the project area due to construction of the internal access roads, movement of vehicles/ construction machinery and work force movement. The soil compaction would impact the soil physical properties such as reduction in pore spaces, water infiltration rate and soil strength etc. The extent of soil compaction is primarily limited to the Project foot print area and surroundings within 100 m distance. The impact is restricted to the construction phase of the project. 7.5.1.4. Waste Generation

The construction waste generated onsite comprises of materials such as excavated soil, rocks, concrete, wooden pallets, steel cuttings/filings, packaging paper or plastic, wood, metals etc. Municipal domestic wastes consisting of food waste, plastic, glass, aluminum cans and waste paper will also be generated by the construction workforce and labor camp site. The waste generated during the construction phase will also include hazardous waste such as used oil, hydraulic fluids, waste fuel, grease and waste oil containing rags. If improperly managed, solid waste could create impacts not only to land but also to local air quality, water quality, and human health. It is expected that the generation of the waste oil will be insignificant as the DG sets will be used only during the construction phase and the waste oil will be generated only during the maintenance of DG sets. 7.5.1.5. Soil Contamination

Soil contamination during the construction phase may result from filling activity, leaks and spills of oil, lubricants, or fuel from heavy equipment and wastewater. Such spills could have a long-term impact on soil quality, but are expected to be localized. The soil at project site is sandy clay. The soil strata has higher permeability, thus allowing contamination at greater depth. Storm water run-off from the contaminated area can pollute the downstream soil and water quality of receiving water body. Spill control measures such as the storage and handling of chemicals and fuel in concrete areas with secondary containment will be implemented to minimize impacts in the event of a spill.

The soil characteristics of the native soil may also be changed due to import of soil for filling and levelling purpose. It is envisaged that the filling activity may impact the native soil due to spillages during transportation of soil and run-off during filling and compaction. Apart from the embedded controls to be included in project design, the following mitigation measures will reduce the negative impacts of construction activities on soil environment:

Mitigation Measures

 Stripping of topsoil should be scheduled as the last mile activity (maintain vegetation cover for as long as possible) in order to prevent the erosion (wind and water) of soil;  Care should be taken to minimize percolation of soil used for filling to adjacent rivers during filling operations. Proper embankment may be provided in the downstream areas to minimize soil percolation to rivers.  Vegetation should be planned and maintained for slope stabilization and to prevent soil erosion after construction period;  The disturbed areas and soil stock piles should be maintained moist to avoid wind erosion of soil;  The routes for movement of heavy machinery should be designated to avoid the soil compaction in other areas;

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 A register of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) relating to all hazardous substances on board, will be maintained;  Transport vehicles and equipment should undergo regular maintenance to avoid any oil leakages; designate routes for bringing construction material and outside soil;  Construction contractor should designate the sites to be used for disposal of hazardous wastes including waste oils, solvents, paint and batteries. The Contractor should ensure that no unauthorized dumping of hazardous waste is undertaken from the site;  Fuel and other hazardous substances should be stored in areas provided with roof, impervious flooring and bund/containment wall;

7.5.2. Operation Phase 7.5.2.1. Impact on Soil Quality

After development of economic zone, disposal of industrial domestic and process waste may contaminate land and soil quality of the area. The impact can be significant and long term in case of uncontrolled discharges. Improper disposal of waste (hazardous and non-hazardous waste) may degrade soil, water, air quality and ecology of the area. As per the preliminary planning, it is planned that industries like light engineering, readymade garment manufacturing, textile mills, ship building, leather and footwear processing and pharmaceutical industries will come up in the EZ zone. These industries generate significant waste both hazardous and non-hazardous in nature, which can pollute the environment if not managed properly.

Waste from the light engineering industries can be solid and liquid in nature. Solid waste will include packaging waste, metal pieces, damaged electrodes, ends of coils, wires and spools, flux cored electrodes, greased clothes/cotton, damaged rods, burnt rods, scrap flux, slag (residue from flux reaction and composed of metal and non-metal oxides), Dross (oxidized metal expelled during thermal cutting and gouging operations), metal dust, dust collected in filter ventilation systems/air pollution control devices, floor sweepings, coal ash (if coal used as fuel), solid waste recovered from treatment of wastewater like sludge etc. No hazardous waste should be discharge directly into the local drainage system as it may lead to soil as well as water contamination.

In ship building industry, solvents are commonly used for corrosion resistance. These solvents are sources of hazardous waste and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds are hazardous pollutants. Hazardous materials, such as solvents, if not handled properly can lead to health and safety risk. Spills of materials on land will affect soil quality in the immediate vicinity of the industry which may further lead to water contamination.

Solid waste from readymade garment factory majorly composed of resins, fabric, apparel, dye, discarded machinery and fibers. These waste required to be collected and disposed off periodically. Lube oil/waste oil is generated from the machineries as hazardous waste. Mitigation measures are required to be adopted to prevent soil pollution of the area. Spillage of chemicals, oil or other materials may impact soil quality. Soil quality could be also affected by solid and liquid wastes dumped at unauthorized places.

The solid waste generated from tannery includes dusted curing salts, raw trimmings, wet trimmings, dry trimmings, wet shavings, dryshavings, buffing, and packaging material. The studies show that for a tannery averaging 10,000 kilograms of skins per day, a total of some 5,500 kilograms of solid waste would be produced perday. The pieces of leather (containing 10 to 50% moisture) in various stages of processing, and wastewater treatment sludges constitute the bulk of the process solid waste from tanneries. Approximately 35% of all tannery solid waste is trimmings and shavings of various types. The wastewater screenings and sludge account for about 60% of tannery solid waste. Improper disposal of these waste shall

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lead to health and safety hazards to the workers and community. It may also lead to soil and water pollution.

The waste generated in Pharmaceutical and chemical industry can be both hazardous and non-hazardous waste in nature. Spillage of chemicals during loading, unloading and transfer, leakage of pumps, flange leakage in pipelines may create soil/land contamination.The process sludge generated in chemical and plastic industry is also hazardous in nature and its improper disposal may cause soil and water pollution.

Mitigation Measures

 Provision shall be made for proper storage and disposal of industrial waste by receptive industries.  Common waste storage areas shall be designated for industrial domestic waste.  Waste should be segregated at source into hazardous and non hazardous waste. Further the waste should be segregated into recyclable and rejected waste. Recyclable waste should be sent to authorize vendors for recycling and rejected waste should be disposed off as per the norms specified by DoE for the particular waste.  Industrial waste generated should be stored on sealed surfaces and should be disposed off as per guidelines of DoE, Bangladesh.  No chemical/hazardous raw material should be allowed to spill over the land and should be operated in covered systems  Excessive packaging should be reduced and recyclable products such as aluminum, glass, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are being used where applicable.  Organic waste should be resold to value addition industries or can be feeded to live stock.  Use of advanced techniques to control specific portions of the manufacturing process to reduce wastes and increase productivity.  At present no common hazardous waste handling and disposal unit exists in Bangladesh. A site for disposal of hazardous waste can be identified within the EZ and it should be developed as landfill as per the norms of DoE and Hazardous Waste Management rules of Bangladesh.  Sludge generated in effluent treatment plant should be sold to authorized recyclers.  In ship building industry, spent grit should be tested for toxicity. If it is regarded as toxic, it must be managed and disposed of as hazardous waste.

7.6. Impacts on Agriculture resources 7.6.1. Impacts on agricultural resources during pre- construction and construction Phase

No impact on agriculture resources is anticipated from off-site infrastructure duicuring operation phase.

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7.7. Impacts on Fisheries 7.7.1. Impacts on fisheries during pre-construction and construction phase

Presently, there is no fishing activity in the proposed EZ location and there is no waterbody with fishing activity in the project area of influence. However, care should be taken that there should not be disposal of soild or liquid waste in the water bodies.

7.7.2. Impacts on fisheries during operation phase

No impact on fisheries is anticipated during operation phase due to the proposed off-site developments.

7.8. Impacts on Biodiversity/ Ecosystem 7.8.1. Pre-construction and construction Phase

There is agricultural land at the site location and vegetation at the site location. For site development and construction of access road, it is required to fell some trees and some bushes. These trees and bushes provide habitat to birds, insects, reptiles and small mammals like squirrel etc. The cutting of the trees shall disturb the eco-system and the natural habitat of the organisms. Therefore, appropriate mitigation measures should be taken to minimize the impacts on biodiversity. Mitigation Measures

 EZ development should be planned in such a way to avoid or minimize tree cutting  Twice the nos. of trees to be fell should be planted as compensatory plantation in affected areas to minimize the impact on the eco-system  No waste shall be discharged in water bodies

7.8.2. Operation Phase

Green buffer of 10 m all around the project site will include most of the native plant species, which will significantly improve the ecology of the area. This green buffer will provide habitat for the avifauna, reptiles and small mammals and will enhance ecology of the area. Plantation should also be carried out along the both side of access road. Twice the number of trees fell should be planted. Post development of the economic zone & setting up of industries, there could be some impacts on the ecosystem of the area. Industrial development will involve generation of emissions, effluents and increased vehicular movements. These altogether may have overall negative impact on the eco-system of the site and the nearby areas as the air pollutant will impact the existing vegetation and avifauna in the area. If appropriate measures for preventing air, water, soil and noise pollution are taken there will be no significant impact on the eco-system of the area. Mitigation Measures  Periodic monitoring shall be carried out as per the monitoring plan for air, water, noise and soil and ensure that no impact  No waste shall be discharged in water bodies.  Tree survival rate shall be monitored

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7.9. Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety

The lack of adequate mitigation measures on the health and safety of the workers will result in accidents and injuries leading to loss of life or property. It is proposed to implement the following mitigation measures to ensure safe work place for the construction labor.

Mitigation measures to be implemented are:

 The project owner should ensure that the contractor (make part of contractors contract) have and occupational health and safety plan. The contractor should provide for all the workers accidental insurance and medical insurance.  The contractor should conduct daily tool box meeting for all workers to discuss potential work related hazards and other safety aspects.  The contractor should conduct training for all workers on safety and environmental hygiene at no cost to the employees.  The contractor should maintain first aid facilities for the workers and will instruct and induct all workers in health and safety matters (induction course) including construction camp rules and site agents/foremen will follow up with toolbox talks on a weekly basis. Workforce training for all workers starting on site will include safety and environmental hygiene.  Fencing on all areas of excavation greater than 1m deep and sides of temporary works should be done. Workers should be careful while going to the beach area.  Workers should be provided with appropriate personnel safety equipment such as safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothes, dust mask, goggles, and ear protection at no cost to the workers.  Contractor should at all-time keep the first aid kit at the construction sites.  Contractor should be responsible for evacuation injured person to the nearest medical center  Pertinent H&S trainings should be provided to all the workers with respect to hazards linked to the activities. Additionally, the workers will be informed of precautions to be taken to avoid impacts to the local community;  Monitoring of the PPE usage can be strengthened, in that, a mechanism can be adopted whereby defaulters receive a warning on non-usage and stringent actions can be taken on subsequent offences;  Maintain H&S records of occupational H&S incidents, accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences  Ensure that PPE is available at all times at site;  In event of accidents, the contractor will be responsible for immediate evacuation of injured person to the nearest medical center. The contractor should bear medical and other expenses of the injured person.  Undertake daily tool box talk and proper training of the workers regarding health and safety procedures related to solar projects, PPE usage, and regulatory provisions;  The contractors should ensure H&S standards of labour camps. The labour camps will be established in the proposed site area. Additionally, the PIU team should conduct random spot checks to determine any issues related to improper waste disposal or the living conditions in these camps (i.e. presence of secure shelter and flooring, number of persons per room, number of toilets for the manpower, water availability etc.);  Additionally a “Code of Conduct” can be instituted for the operational phase that takes into account (a) health & safety aspects; (b) restrictions on activities – Dos and Don’ts; (c) labour camp regulations; (d) zero tolerance of illegal activities by construction personnel including: unlicensed prostitution; illegal sale or purchase of alcohol; sale, purchase or consumption of drugs; illegal gambling or fighting which will be shared with all contractors for induction of their employees/supervisors/workers;

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 Strong protocols should be built as part of contractual obligations around zero tolerance of child labour or harassment of women workers and even health and safety aspects. These should also be monitored by supervision and monitoring team; and  A register of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) relating to all hazardous substances on board, will be maintained

7.10. Community Health and Safety

Public safety, particularly of pedestrians and children can be threatened during construction activities. The health and safety (H&S) impacts related to the project can be categorized into two types- occupational health and safety and community health and safety. It is anticipated that the construction (including transport and handling), erection and commissioning and operational activities will have medium risks on both occupational H&S and community H&S aspects.

The mitigation measures that can be adopted are as follows:

 Excavated trenches/ditches and freshly cut steep side slopes should be clearly marked and fenced for the safety of passersby and workers alike.  Construction activities should be timed, and provision for pedestrians should be made  Excavated trenches/ditches and freshly cut steep side slopes should be clearly marked and fenced for the safety of passersby and workers alike. Project or construction vehicles should be briefed on speed limit within sensitive areas such as schools, commercial and residential areas  The community must be informed of the type of activities being undertaken for the project and the health and safety measures that can be undertaken by them as a precautionary measure. Additionally, the emergency response plan must also be communicated to the villages in the vicinity  Linkage of Communication, Disclosure and Grievance Redressal Mechanism should also cover labourers so that any concerns on working conditions and/or contractor mal-practices can be managed.

7.11. Sanitation and Disease Vectors

Potential sanitation and impacts from disease need to be controlled by maintaining hygienic conditions in the EZ area throughout the operational phase as well during construction by implementing appropriate social and health programs for the Project. BEZA should ensure that improvements are made to site sanitation and should implement the mitigation measure below for all operational activities and also that the contractor ensures that:

 Measures to prevent malaria should be implemented by installation of proper drainage to avoid water stagnation, etc.  Standing water should not be allowed to accumulate in the drainage facilities or along the warehouse sides to prevent proliferation of mosquitoes.  Temporary and permanent drainage facilities should be designed to facilitate the rapid removal of surface water from all areas and prevent the accumulation of surface water ponds.  Malaria controls should be implemented in line with social plans for the Project.  HIV/AIDS awareness and HIV-AIDS education and prevention program should be implemented in line with social plans under the social development work stream.

7.12. Impacts due to Climate Change

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to Climate change. The flood map of Bangladesh shows that the proposed EZ site does not lie in flood prone area. But the districts with higher population including Chittagong are vulnerable to flash floods. Karnaphuli river is approximately 12-13 km from the

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proposed site EZ. The climate change impacts can lead to change in weather conditions, which may increase the vulnerability of site to flash floods.

Global warming as a consequent of the Climate change will most likely increase the precipitation levels in the region thereby heightening the flood risk at the proposed site location. A warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, and globally water vapour increases by 7% for every degree centigrade of warming. The impact of these changes on global precipitation has not yet been correlated academically, but the total volume of precipitation is likely to increase by 1-2% per 0C of temperature increase.

7.13. Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative imapcts of the development of EZ will be both negative and positive. After the development of proposed industries in the EZ, the individual emissions and effluent discharge may be within permissible limits, the cumulative effect of the emission or effluent discharge of different industrial units may lead to deteriotation of overall air or/ and water quality in the region. The vehicular movement will also impact the air quality of the region. However, the cumulative beneficial impacts are higher. The cumulative impacts of the projects will be:

 Aid in the development of the human capital in the region as well as the infusion of the financial capital resulting in the increase in contribution to the overall growth of the GDP in the country.  Employment opportunities for the people thereby increase in standard of living of people  Economic integration of the area with the market and trade centers within and outside the districts  Upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the local residents

7.14. Impacts on socio-economy

The impacts on socio-economic environment are provided in detail in SIA report.

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8. Public Consultation and Disclosure

8.1. Introduction and Objectives

This section provides the stakeholder identification and analysis as well as a brief understanding of the engagement process for the project. “Stakeholder Analysis” is understood as the process of identifying the individuals or groups that are likely to affect or be affected by a proposed project, and sorting them according to their impact on the project and the impact the project will have on them. This information is then used to assess the manner in which the interests of the stakeholders should be addressed in the project plan, policy, program, or other action.

The stakeholders identified in the project comprise of project displaced / impacted people, project beneficiaries, government officials, especially the officials in BEZA and Upazilla office.

8.2. Methodology of Stakeholder Consultations

Different techniques of consultation with stakeholders were used during project preparation, viz., in-depth interviews, public meetings, group discussions, Individual Consultations etc. to understand the socio- economic profile of the community and the affected families, questionnaires were designed and information was collected from the individuals on one-to-one basis. The key informants during the project preparation phase included both individuals and groups vis-à-vis:

 Heads and members of households likely to be affected  Groups/clusters of PAPs  Local voluntary organizations Government agencies and departments such as local revenue authority  Other project stakeholders with special focus on PAPs belonging to the vulnerable group

The strategy adopted for carrying out Focused Group Discussions was two prone i.e. to:  Disseminate information of the project and obtain the opinions and preferences of the PAPs  Involve the PAPs in decision-making.

The dissemination process and the type of information shared with the stakeholders during consultations are described below:  While undertaking inventory for the proposed area for EZ establishment, and census survey of PAHs, information dissemination focused on the proposed establishment of an EZ which could result in improved livelihood, better employment opportunities and development in the standard of living for the villagers.  Potential PAHs were consulted to inform them about the proposed development of the EZ, resultant impacts and possible socio-cultural conflict (if any) including loss of personally owned properties and relocation of CPRs.  People were requested to gather at common places which included a common point in village easily accessible by many or group of households. The FGDs were conducted at several locations within the village so as to maximize the ease of access to the local residents.  During these consultations phases, detailed discussions in local language and also in the form of pamphlets were also used to explain proposed improvement and possible social impacts in the concerned villages.

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8.3. Details of Public Consultations Meetings

The public consultations in the form of local and focused group discussions were carried out during site visit. The extent of likely adverse impacts was one of the major criteria for deciding the locations of public consultations. Types of consultations done with various participants using various tools including, interviews with government officials, individual consultations, and stakeholder consultations which are presented in below table. The public disclosure of the EIA and SIA documents will be carried out. Table 44: Types of Consultations

Level Type Key Participants People staying presently within the project Individual Local level Consultation site People who are important stakeholder of this Group Stakeholder Consultations project and the proposed activity proposed Leaseholders whose lease period is getting Individual Local Level Consultations over this current year

Suggestion obtained from people and their representatives have been analyzed based on technical and economic feasibility. Wherever possible, PAPs suggestion have been incorporated in the final design. Table 45: Details of Consultation

Issues Raised Suggestion form BEZA’s response Participants

Date

Location

Participants  The part of the privately  Adequate livelihood 1- Project information owned land is used for support and income shall be shared regularly agriculture and it serves restoration to the and transparently as the primary source of affected persons 2- Provision of income income for most of the  Compensation in restoration plan and households. The land accordance with the skill development owners have been market rate for the training to the PAP’s

practicing crop affected landowners 3. Payment of cultivation and have not and house owners compensation at market been imparted training value before the

in alternate domain. The commencement of the

land acquisition of the pre-construction phase 6 agricultural land will of the project affect the source of

24/05/2016 livelihood and the income restoration will be challenging without skill development to work in alternate work streams.  Who will compensate for the difference in Mouza rate and market price of

Group of people within the affected area affected withinGroup the of people the land

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 Land Acquisition would  Adequate relocation 1. Design shall be also result in physical for affected families adjusted to minimize the displacement of who are losing impact homesteads. The residents structures 2. Payment of alternate relocation  Try to minimize the compensation at market options for the land acquisition. value before the homesteads needs to be  Expeditious beginning of the pre- in the near-by vicinity payment of the construction phase of  There shouldn’t be any compensation the project delay in compensation (before the 3. Provision of adequate for their lost assets beginning of the pre- notice period shall be  Social issues (Health, construction included in LAP sanitation, Employment activities) 4. Provision for and Poverty and etc.) employment opportunities for the effected landowners and

house owners;

west corner of the project siteof cornerwest the

5. Alternative land for 8 shelter shall be provided for homesteads

26/05/2016 6. As a measure to reduce unethical practices during the construction strong protocols will be built as part of contractual obligations around zero tolerance of child labour or harassment of women workers and even health

Impacted people within the north within people the Impacted and safety aspects. These will also be monitored by supervision and monitoring team.

 Whether the industrial  Trainings which 1. Employment set-up at the Economic should include opportunities for the Zone proposed shall classroom lecture affected youths shall be provide them with sessions from provided on a priority employment experts and on-field basis. 2. Interest specific

opportunities hands on experience.  Since the opportunities The skill training trainings shall be will require specific should focus on soft provided to all the trainings, will they be skills development, youths affected by the

provided with trainings community-oriented development of this project so that they become courses, 5 competent polytechnical 3. The training modules courses, craftsman will vary based on the 8/06/2016  Will there be any employment training (for semi- requirement and the opportunity during the skilled interest of the construction phase opportunities). The stakeholders.

Youth in the adjacent area Youth the adjacent in  Priority for local courses should also population be holistic.  The training system should lead to trained young people in employable skills who are

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open to immediate employment opportunities.  The project affected youths shall be prioritized for employment opportunities  Will the women of the  The safety and security 1. The safety and community get equal of the people especially security of the women

opportunity like the men to the women shall be population from tourists get involved in the assured. There will be will be of the utmost developmental activities of so many migrants priority. Male and EZ during the activities of female police shall be  With the construction EZ, safety and security deployed to do activity will result in influx should be ensured patrolling when the of many migrants from  Women shall be activities begin in the EZ outside stations. How their trained. They shall be 2. Women shall be

4 security be assured provided equal provided with equal  Will they be also get an opportunities for opportunities. No

26/05/2016 opportunity to learn, get employment from the gender bias shall be trained and work during beginning made. Trainings shall be the beginning of the  There shall be no provided based on construction activities of gender bias and person’s interest. EZ people belonging to 3. Priority for the Anowara Upazila employment shall be Women members ofWomen the houses affected members shall be given provided to the local priority Anowara Upazila men and women.  PAPs shall get the first  The affected people 1. Lists of affected priority for any kind of shall be provided the people will be populated an opportunity first and the utmost during the RAP  The design for the EZ priority for providing implementation and the development shall be any kind of an affected people will be done in a way that should opportunity be its prioritized for minimize the adverse compensation, job employment social impacts etc opportunities.  The PAPs and the PAHs  Trainings shall be 2. Compensations for land, structures, trees to shall be compensated open to all. Well based on the current renowned experts the private land owners market rates of the land shall be requested to will be provided on the and structures come for few days to basis of the current  Compensation shall be share their rates. The compensation

3 granted before the experience. The class will be provided before commencement of room lectures shall the commencement of

23/05/2016 construction be coupled with on- the construction. field trainings  Compensations for Upazila Officer AC Land trees, land, structures for privately owners shall be provided based on the market rates and the same shall be reimbursed before any kind of an activity begins at the proposed land

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 The ADC LA extended full  Priority for 1. The local government support for this project. employment should be bodies and the PAPs  Details on the water for the people residing shall be timely informed requirement for the EZ and in the Anowara about the project source of was enquired Upazilla. developments  The EZ should be  People who are affected 2. Employment developed considering the shall be well informed opportunities opportunities for local in advance about the commensurate with the people staying in the next phases of the skill of the local villagers Anowara Upazila developments. The will be provided.

 As the construction work local government 3. Provision of the security will be of might be undertaken bodies and the PAPs

1 during the night, the should be informed outmost significance for security measures for before the the EZ. Round the clock

23/05/2016 women during night commencement of the security guard will be shift should be ensured. land acquisition. provided for the EZ. 4. The total water

LA), Chittagong Division LA), Chittagong  The authorities should be updated on the requirement for the site status of the will be around 16 MLD development of the EZ. which will be fulfilled  Specially appointed through 9 borewells night guards should envisaged to be be ensured for the constructed in the Land Acquisition Additional District Commissioner (ADC District Land Commissioner Acquisition Additional security. project site.

8.4. Consultation outcomes

Though the stakeholders consulted were enthusiastic on the project, they also expressed apprehensions on the compensation that will be provided due to the private land acquisition and the timelines for the provision of the compensation. The stakeholders expressed that the development of the Economic Zone will bring social and economic development in the region providing permanent source of income for the PAPs and also to other nearby residential settlements. There is paucity of employment opportunities and health facilities in the region and villagers tend to travel long distances to Dhaka for better medical facilities which is affecting overall social and economic development. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the project area. The land owners were apprehensive regarding the acquisition of their owned property which will invariably cause loss of their lone source of livelihood. The land owners were inquisitive of the proposed plan, land acquisition process, whether proper compensation will be provided and whether local residents whose agricultural lands will be impacted be provided any alternative means of employment. The stakeholders sought that the payment of compensation and other rehabilitation measures be completed before the start of any work. They also expressed their desire to hold consultations across the project lifecycle and not just at the initiation phase.

The community perceives that the project will help in increasing better connectivity, promote better and sustained employment opportunities, better service facilities, and better conveyance. Apprehensions raised by the community include loss of agricultural lands, loss of house and settlement options for few people putting up within the site area, amount and time for the compensations, factors which will determine the compensation, if resettlement happens what would be the likely location. The likely outcome from the FGDs related with the compensations came out to be compensation should be paid at market rate and before the beginning of the pre-construction phase of the project.

Further, the analysis of the key positive impacts, apprehensions and perceived negative impacts and the suggestions/recommendations as documented during stakeholder consultations are detailed in below table.

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Table 46: Positive Impacts perceived by the Stakeholders

Positive impacts perceived by the stakeholders

 Increase in direct and indirect employment opportunities for both the genders  Provision of enhanced basic amenities  Facilitate improved access to market centers, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and offices etc.  The cumulative positive impacts of the project will result in increased mobility, employment generation, and above all better economic integration of the area with the major market and trade centers within and outside the districts

The negative impacts perceived by the stakeholders are provided in below table.

Table 47: Negative Impacts perceived by the Stakeholders

Negative impacts perceived by the stakeholders

 Loss of primary source of livelihood

 The stakeholders expressed their apprehensions regarding the degradation of the water qualities due to development of industrial activities

Table 48: Stakeholder Consultations

Multiple stakeholder consultations and FGDs undertaken as part of the project

Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) being conducted with the affected people whose shop will be affected with the widening of the road

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Focussed Group Discussions being carried at the project site with the affected homesteads

Focussed Group Discussions being carried out with people whose houses are getting impacted

FGDs with youth

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Group Discussions with people whose agricultural lands are impacted and few are also working in those agricultural lands for daily livelihood are getting impacted

Focussed group discussions with affected households and also with few women populations within the impacted area

Focussed group discussions with women within the impacted area

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Focussed group discussions within the impacted area

Stakeholder consultation with the Upazila Nirbhaya Officer, Anowara at his office.

Stakeholder consultation with the Chief Medical Officer, Anowara

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Stakeholder consultation with the GM Admin, Kafco plant

Meeting at Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong

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9. Environmental Management Plan and monitoring indicators

9.1. Introduction

This section outlines the suggestive mitigation measures, monitoring and management responsibilities during the construction, and operational phases of the project.

The purpose of EMP is to:

 List all suggested mitigation measures and control technologies, safeguards identified on generic understanding of the impacts;  Provide an institutional mechanism with well-defined roles and responsibilities for ensuring that measures identified in EIA designed to mitigate potentially adverse impacts, are implemented;  Provide project monitoring program for effective implementation of the mitigation measures and ascertain efficacy of the environmental management and risk control systems in place; and  Assist in ensuring compliance with all relevant legislations at local, state and national level for the Project.

The EMP will reduce adverse environmental impacts and help BEZA in complying with environmental standards and regulations of the Department of Environment, Bangladesh.

9.2. Construction Phase 9.2.1. Preconstruction Operations

Trees lost during land clearance: There are many trees in the site area. BEZA should make lay out plan such that cutting of maximum number of trees is avoided. To compensate the cutting of trees, plantation activity shall be planned. The plantation should be more than twice the number of trees cut in the site. The types of trees to be planted should be similar trees which are existing on the site at present. The tree plantation should be followed by maintaining for at least 3 years.

Disposal of debries resulting from tree cutting will also pose problem. BEZA has to obtain permission to fell trees from appropriate authorities. The contractor has to auction the felled trees and clear the debris.

Cut and fill operations: There is no landfilling activity envisaged for the EZ development process

9.2.2. Construction Activity

The following are the major construction activities:

 Construction of Boundary wall  Construction of Access Road  Construction of administrative building  Bore holes and pumping station  Construction of power lines and substation

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9.2.2.1. Air Environment

Major sources of air and noise pollution are already mentioned in Impact Assessment Section. The above activities, vehicles transporting men and materials to and from construction sites, and movement of construction equipment will cause gaseous emissions which include PM10, PM2.5, CO, HC, NOx, and lead/ benzene.

To mitigate the foreseen impacts, BEZA will ensure through construction contractors, as well as sub- contractors, execute construction activities in accordance with environmental management plan. Furthermore, such impacts would be perceived during only construction period which is temporary. Having implemented the EMP during the project construction and being supervised by BEZA/ contractor personnel, would minimise the emissions.

These impacts can be minimised by proper planning and by adopting simple steps. The fugitive dust emission can be minimised by spraying water. BEZA should insist the construction contractor to use standard equipment which meet exhaust and noise standards (Schedule 5 and 6 of The Environment Conservation Rules 1997, amended 2002, 2010); generator (DG set) exhaust and noise standards; and other construction equipment standards such as US Federal Highway Administration Standards or any relevant standards. For trucks and other vehicles, insist truck operators who are operating on access roads and also entering EZ to carry out regular maintenance and engine tuning. Insist the drivers to show truck servicing records at the entry gate. Take appropriate action if the vehicle is not maintained reasonably long time. 9.2.2.2. Noise Environment

The potential for construction noise impact varies by location and land use. Rural and residential areas surround the present construction sites. Noise impact from nighttime construction would be much more extensive, which emphasizes the importance of avoiding nighttime construction which is noise generating near residential areas. Thus, noise generating operations should be planned only during day time.

To deal with noise exposure by construction workers in construction site, pocket guide by OSHA is helpful. The following noise reduction measures are suggested in the pocket guide. Reduce It: Reduce the noise by using the quietest equipment available. For example, choose a smaller, quieter generator. Move It: Move the equipment farther away with the use of extension cords, additional welding leads, and air hoses. Noise levels go down as we increase our distance from a noisy object. Move the generator (example) farther away or face it in a direction that is away from where most people are working. If you are not required to be in a high noise area, move to a quieter area. Block It: Block the noise by building temporary barriers of plywood or other on-site materials to keep the noise from reaching workers. Place a five-sided, oversized wooden box over the generator. Add fire- resistant acoustical absorbing material (foam) inside the box. If the generator sits on soil or sand, that will help absorb some of the noise.

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The following are the Standards for Sound Originating from Motor vehicles or further measures to Mechanised Vessels – Schedule 5 of The Environment reduce noise exposure. Conservation Rules 1997 Proper maintenance of equipment and tools can result in lower noise Motor vehicles (all types) 85 dB(A) As measured at a distance of 7.5 mtrs from exhaust pipe levels. Changing seals, 100 dB (A) As measured at a distance of 0.5 mtrs lubricating parts, using from exhaust pipe sharp blades and bits, Mechanised Vessels 85 dB(A) As measured at a distance of 7.5 mtrs installing mufflers, and from vessel which is not in motion, not loaded and is at two thirds of its replacing faulty or worn maximum rotating speed equipment or parts can 100 dB (A) As measured at a distance of 7.5 mtrs reduce the noise levels from vessel which is in the same significantly on the job condition as above site.

At individual worker level, the construction contractor should be insisted to provide earmuffs to the workers exposed to high noise levels. The following table gives general mitigation measures.

Table 49: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Plan for development of off-site infrastructure

Impact Mitigation Measures Time Frame Implentation Supervision of Mitigation & Measures Monitoring Removal of Vegetation  When clearing the site, care Pre- Contractor BEZA/PMC shall be taken to keep construction vegetation clearing at a phase minimum and only from the RoW  Removal of as little vegetation as possible during the development and re- vegetation of bare areas after the project. Setting up of  The construction camps Pre- Contractor BEZA/PMC construction should be at least 500 m construction camps/labour camps distance from habitations phase from the nearest settlements to avoid conflicts and stress over the infrastructure facilities with the local community.  Location for stockyards for construction materials will be identified at least 1 km from water sources  The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer  All sites used for camps will be adequately drained. There should not be any risk of periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of pools, sink holes or other surface collections of water

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 The camps will be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will not endanger any domestic or public water supply  All sites will be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water may get stagnant and become a nuisance  Construction camps shall be provided with sanitary latrines (1 per 25 pax), bathing facility and urinals.  Sanitary latrines shall be under cover and so partitioned off as to secure privacy, and shall have a proper door and fastenings  Adequate and suitable facilities for washing clothes and utensils shall be provided and maintained for the use of contract labour employed therein.  Sewerage drains will be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp.  Drains and ditches will be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis.  The sewage system for the camp will be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place.  Clean potable drinking water facility should be provided at the site and the water quality should be monitored regularly  Crèche facility should be provided for children if female workers are employed  First aid facilities should be made available at construction camp. First aid box should contain small, medium and large sized sterilized dressings, sterilized burns dressings, 2 % alcoholic solution of iodine, bottle containing salvolatile, snakebite lancet, , bottle of potassium permanganate crystals, scissors, Ointment for burns & surgical antiseptic solution  1 first aid box should be available for every 50 labour  A person trained in first-aid treatment should be made in charge who will always be

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readily available during emergency  A suitable motor transport shall be kept readily available to carry injured or ill person to the nearest hospital. Identification of  The dumping sites shall not During Contractor BEZA/PMC dumping sites for debris be located within designated Construction Forest/protected areas  Residential facility or sensitive facilities like hospitals, schools etc shall not be located in downwind direction of the identified dumping sites  Dumping shall not impact natural drainage courses  Dumping sites should be located at least 1 km from sensitive locations  Permission from concerned local body should be taken before finalizing the location  Agriculture lands should be avoided & waste lands should be preferred  Selected site should not support significant vegetation  The area should be sprinkled with water to suppress the dust emissions  Plant species suitable to grow in that conditions should be planted at the time of closure Soil Erosion and  Contractor should plan the During Contractor BEZA/PMC Sedimentation control activities so that no loose Construction earth surface is left out before the onset of monsoon.  Top soil from debris disposal sites & along the road side should be stripped and kept under covered shed for plantation  After the construction activity is over, top soil will be utilized for landscaping activity.  To avoid soil compaction along the transportation routes, only identified haul roads would be used for transportation.  Along sections abutting water bodies, stone pitching needs to be carried out  High embankments should be provided with chutes and drains to minimize soil erosion.  Turfing of low embankments and plantation of grasses and shrubs should be done in slope stabilization.  Soil erosion checking measures as the formation of sediment basins, slope

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drains, etc, should be carried out.  Construction of Side Slope of Filled Land of 1:2 by suitable soils with proper compaction as per design. Slope surface should be covered by top soils/ cladding materials and grass turfings with suitable grass. Disposal of Debris and  Waste from construction During Contractor BEZA/PMC any waste generated camp should be segregated at Construction site. Food/wet waste should be composted in pit at the site, recyclable should be send to authorized recyclers and rejected waste should be disposed regularly through responsible agency in the area  Dustbins should be provided at the site and construction camps to prevent littering of waste  Storage area of minimum 2 days should be provided at construction camp for storage of the waste generated from labour camps  Construction debris should also be segregated at the site. This debris should be used for filling to the extent possible. Recyclable waste should be sold through authorized dealers and reject waste should be sent to the identified debris disposal site  All arrangement for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary will be considered incidental.  Construction debris should be stored under covered sheds on paved surfaces to prevent leaching  Any hazardous waste generated during construction activity shall be stored at designated place and then disposed off as per DoE guidelines.  Contaminated runoff from storage areas should be captured in ditches with an oil trap at the outlet.  Utmost care shall be taken to ensure that the DoE norms are met for the safe collection, transport and disposal of construction waste and debris. Dust Generation  Vehicles delivering materials During Contractor BEZA/PMC should be covered with Construction

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tarpaulin to reduce spills and dust blowing off the load.  Compaction of prepared site to re-strain the fugitive emissions.  Water should be sprayed in the cement and earth mixing sites as well as after compaction.  In high dust areas, workers should be provided and encouraged to use masks.  Regular maintenance, servicing of the vehicles and periodic emission check for equipment and machinery would be carried out in conformity with the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.  Water will be sprayed on the haul road.  All the vehicles entering the project site will be checked for Pollution-Under-Control Certificates.  Air quality monitoring to be carried out during construction phase to check the pollutants level in the air Procurement & Setting  Specifications of crushers, During Contractor BEZA/PMC up of Crushers, Hot-mix hot mix plants and batching Construction plants, other Vehicles, plants, other Construction Equipment and Vehicles, Equipment and Machinery Machinery to be procured should comply to the DoE Standards/ norms  Aadequate stack height and emission control devices such as bag house filters, cyclone separators, water scrubbers etc., should be attached  Impervious platform for storage of bituminous and other liquid hazardous chemical  Pollution control measures for Diesel Generator (DG) set i.e. stack height (calculated by H = h+ 0.2 * Sqrt(kVA) where h = height of building where generator set is installed and kVA is total generator capacity), acoustic enclosure etc. should be ensured  Provision of readily available first aid kit, fire fighting equipments at the plant site at appropriate location to respond in case of accident.  Periodical monitoring of air quality and noise levels as per conditions stipulated under the statutory clearance from DoE. Whenever the emission exceeds the permissible level

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the plants should be stopped and necessary repairing works of faults should be done to bring down the emission levels Contamination of soil  Impervious platform and oil During Contractor BEZA/PMC and grease trap for collection Construction. of spillage from construction equipment vehicle maintenance platform will be appropriately provided at construction camp, servicing area and liquid fuel and lubes at storage areas.  Proper management of waste from labour camps and construction site  Proper disposal of wastewater generated from labour camp and construction site Contamination of  Construction close to water During Contractor BEZA/PMC surface & ground water bodies shall be avoided Construction  Car washing / workshops near water bodies will be avoided.  Avoid excavation during monsoon season  Loosened soil will be stabilized by Contractor through landscaping and developing vegetation, wherever possible, once construction activity is completed at any site.  Sanitation facility with septic tank followed by soak pit will be developed. Common toilets will be constructed on site during construction phase and the waste water would be channelized to the septic tanks and soak pits in order to prevent waste water to enter into the water bodies.  Provision of oil & grease traps upstream of storm water drains  Surface run off due to construction activity will not be discharged in open without treatment. Loss of water bodies/  No excavation from the bund During Contractor BEZA/PMC surface / ground of the water bodies. construction  No earth will be excavated for development of any off-site facility  No debris disposal near any water body.  Prior written permission from authorities is required for use of water for construction activity.  Construction labours to be restricted from polluting the

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source or misusing the source.  Labour camps will be located away from water bodies. Drainage and runoff  The Contractor will always During Contractor BEZA/PMC clear all the cross drainage Construction structures and natural drainage before onset of monsoon in order to keep all drainage unblocked Earth, stones, wastes and spoils will be properly disposed off, to avoid blockage of any drainage channel.  All necessary precautions will be taken to construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent inundation Noise from Vehicles,  Construction activities would Throughout Contractor BEZA/PMC Plants and Equipment be carried out in the daytime construction only.  The construction equipment would be provided with adequate noise control measures and should comply with the noise standards as prescribed by DoE  Regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment would be carried out and corrective action taken in case of any deviation.  Ear muff/ear plug shall be given to the workers working around or operating plant and machinery emitting high noise levels.  DG sets if installed should be provided with acoustic enclosures  Labour working in noise prone area should be provided with ear plugs and job rotation should be practiced to prevent the prolonged exposure of any workers to high noise levels Loss or damage to  Vegetation will be removed During Contractor BEZA/PMC vegetation from the construction zone Construction before commencement of Phase construction. All works will be carried out such that the damage or disruption to flora other that those identified for cutting is minimum.  Only ground cover/shrubs that impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works will be removed with prior approval from the Environmental Expert.  Trees identified under the project will be cut only after

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receiving clearance from the Forest Department  Vegetation only with girth of over 30 cm measured at a height of 1.0 m above the ground will be considered as trees and shall be compensated.  Compensatory plantation should be carried out in the ratio of 1:2 minimum  Construction workers will be directed not to disrupt or damage the fauna.  Construction vehicles will run along specified access to avoid accidents to flora and fauna.  EZ development should be planned in such a way to avoid or minimize tree cutting  Twice the nos. of trees to be fell should be planted as compensatory plantation in affected areas to minimize the impact on the eco-system  No littering of waste should be allowed and waste should not be discharged in water bodies  Avoid construction activities on the periphery of the island  Do not carry out any construction activity during night time  Green buffer of 10 m all around the project site will include most of the native plant species, which will significantly improve the ecology of the area.  Periodic monitoring should be carried out as per the monitoring plan for air, water, noise and soil and ensure that no impact due to project activities.  Tree survival rate should be monitored Accidents  Safety officer should be During Contractor BEZA/PMC appointed at site to ensure all Construction the safety guidelines are being followed at site  Cautionary guidance should be provided at site to aware people about the associated risk with the area. Entry to the fuel storage room or machinery operation room should be restricted only to authorized trainer personnel  All Accidents shall be reported immediately and incident analysis, preventive

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measures shall be implemented. Occupational Health &  All construction worker During Contractor BEZA/PMC Safety Plan should wear PPEs including Construction safety jacket, helmet, gloves, gum boots, ear plugs, mask while working at the site  Workers should be made aware about the health issues related with open defecation  Training to workers should be provided for handling the construction equipment and machinery  Training to the workers should be provided to handle the emergency situations like fire, floods etc.  First aid facility and sufficient nos. of trained personnel should be available at all the time at construction camp  Cautionary signage and notice should be displayed in local language and English at the required places like fuel storage area so that hazards can be avoided. A security guard should be deputed in these areas and entry should be restricted  A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site shall be kept and maintained up to date. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and first aid procedures for the product.  A register of Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) relating to all hazardous substances on board, will be maintained Emergency Precaution will be taken to During Contractor BEZA/PMC Preparedness prevent danger of the workers Construction and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. Clearing of Construction Contractors shall prepare site Post Contractor BEZA/PMC of Camps & Restoration restoration plans. The plans shall Construction be implemented prior to demobilization. On completion of works, all temporary structures shall be cleared, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or

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trenches filled in and sealed and the site left clean and tidy.

9.2.3. Mitigation Plan for Power Supply

It is planned to build a new 33 kV dedicated power transmission line to cater the needs of industries occupying the EZ. Laying of electrical transmission may involve various environmental and social issues. Mitigation Plan has been prepared addressing all the potential issues. Transmission line construction impacts can be minimized by the following precautions to be taken during construction of transmission line:  Proper back filling of debris at the completed foundation locations to enable cultivation by farmers  Efforts to reduce/minimize tree cutting  Assessment of crop loss and proper crop loss compensation  Ensuring safety of workers while constructing towers, identifying nearby medical facilities for emergency situations

Along with the above general mitigation methods mentioned above would help in minimising construction period impacts of power line. 9.2.4. Biological Environment/ Greenbelt Development

Development of a greenbelt/tree plantation of 30 m wide along the boundary and internal roads will be beneficial. The tree plantation will have the following objectives:  restoration of green cover lost due to tree felling and shrub cutting during land clearance activities  restoration/preservation of genetic diversity  attenuation of noise pollution from EZ to surroundings  creation of aesthetic environment

At least three rows of trees may be retained along the boundary. New trees can be planted to make up the gaps devoid of trees.

The selection of trees and plants for greenbelt/tree plantation should be those which could grow in the existing agro climatic conditions. They should be able to survive in the local soil conditions.

Based on the above considerations and also due to loss of trees on the site, the plant species should be native (especially those which are cut from the site and for road widening) in nature. The selected plant species would need minimum level of maintenance including fertilisation and other soil amelioration.

Apart from trees, the shrubs removed from the site, and other herbaceous species may also be planted in between the trees along the boundary wall. This will act as green cover, prevent soil erosion by increasing the binding capacity of the soil, and importantly act as noise barrier together with trees.

Tree plantation also need to be taken up along the roads such as approach road to the EZ, internal road reaching administration building, on the vacant land of administration building, etc.

9.2.5. Community development plan

It is recommended the EZ owners to involve the local community during the project development. The EZ owner/its contractors may recruit local workforce to the extent possible during construction phase. The EZ owner would identify technically qualified unemployed youth around the project location and other nearby areas, and employ as far as practical. The EZ owner should form a forum/ association/ trust along

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with its industrial units to look after community development activities of EZ. The Trust should encourage recruitment of local people during operation phase. For this, if required training shall be provided.

The Trust will organise a community advisory group involving local representatives, representatives from EZ industries and neighbouring industries; that would help them in finding ways to participate with its neighbours in addressing socio-economic concerns. With the advice of its community advisory panel, local officials, and other key individuals and groups, the Trust along with its constituent industries may sponsor appropriate programs and projects to benefit its community as a whole.

Some specific community development programs that could be considered by the Trust in coordination with other industries in the locality are suggested here:  Conducting awareness programs in surrounding villages on health impacts due to environmental pollution (air, noise, water, solid waste, etc), and precautions to be taken to minimise health impacts.  Conducting periodic health check-ups to the EZ (including industries) staff and in the surrounding villages to identify pollution related diseases.  Encouragement to residents in the nearby localities for self-employment ventures, such as by assisting them in arranging micro finances to develop them as artisans/ skilled personnel.  Periodic training programs on health and sanitary education, women and child development, and income generation schemes.  Participation in improving the existing medical and educational facilities of the area - for this purpose, it is suggested that the Trust provide funds for facilities improvement (providing toilets, furniture, additional space creation, any other needed) to the local hospitals and schools  Development of greenbelt/greenery or tree plantation in the nearby vacant government lands to build a green and clean environment in the surrounding areas and to reduce pollution impacts to some extent.  Sponsoring fellowships to students in surrounding villages to encourage them to go for higher education  Construction of a hospital in EZ area in collaboration with other industries to improve health status  Conduct or sponsor camps to clean up river ghats, jetties and terminals in the surrounding areas.

9.2.6. Post Project Monitoring Plan

To monitor the extent of environmental impact of the proposed EZ and proposed industries, it is advised to monitor the ambient environmental quality around the project location periodically. This section describes the environmental quality monitoring detailing number and location of sampling stations, parameters to be monitored, frequency of sampling, etc. The EZ authorities has to submit all the monitoring results to DOE, Bangladesh.

9.2.6.1. Micrometerology

The nearest meteorological station is located at Agrabad, thus, it is advised to monitor the alteration of meteorological conditions in the area around EZ location, an automatic weather station for monitoring wind speed and direction, temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity will be installed within EZ premises.

9.2.6.2. Air Quality

Air quality monitoring includes ambient air quality monitoring and truck exhaust emission monitoring. The following are the details.

Two ambient air quality monitoring stations will be established at and around EZ site depending on the predominant wind directions to assess the change in ambient air quality over the time. Out of these, one

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sampling place will be at EZ and one will be decided based on predominant wind direction. The EZ authorities will also interact with DOE while deciding the exact monitoring locations.

The parameters to be monitored are SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, CO and hydrocarbons. The frequency of sampling is once a month, with 24 hours sampling. The EZ Authority is also advised to carry out monitoring of truck exhaust emissions of SPM, SO2, NOX, and CO in regular intervals.

9.2.6.3. Noice Quality

It is proposed to measure noise at 10 locations day and night. Noise monitoring could be done once a month. Portable noise meters could be used for the purpose. All the air quality monitoring locations will be covered for noise monitoring.

9.2.6.4. Groundwater

One groundwater sample shall be analysed in the project area. Frequency of monitoring would be monthly and parameters to be monitored are as per Bangladesh drinking water quality standards. The main parameters are as follows: pH, DO, BOD, COD, EC, TDS, TSS, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnecium, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, Sulphate, Fluoride, Iron, Arsenic, and trace metals such as Chromium, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury.

9.2.6.5. Soil Quality

Soil quality to be monitored at one locations in EZ. Both physical and chemical parameters need to be monitored at each location. The parameters should be compared with the soil sample of undisturbed location. The parameters to be analysed in soil sample are as follows:

 Textural class  Gravel (%)  Sand (%)  Silt (%)  Clay (%)  pH  Bulk density (g/cc)  Infiltration rate (cm/h)  Specific gravity  Porosity (%)  Moisture content (%)  Organic matter (%)

 Alkalinity (CaCO3 mg/L)  Sodium absorption ratio  Conductivity (micromhos)  Available nitrogen (%)  Available phosphorous (mg/kg)  Available potassium (%)  Available boron (mg/kg)  Available NaCl (%)

 Available Na2CO3 (%)

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 Available iron (mg/kg)  Available manganese (mg/kg)  Available copper (mg/kg)  Available zinc (mg/kg)

9.2.6.6. Flora and Fauna

During the primary ambient environmental quality monitoring around the EZ location, flora and fauna on the site and surrounding the EZ has not been monitored to assess the flora and fauna before construction of the project. Thus, it is recommended to carry out a one-time assessment of baseline flora and fauna surrounding the project location before completion of the project. There after terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna should be monitored to observe any alteration in their species composition and replacement. This could be done in association with local universities and research institutions which carry out such studies frequently. Such monitoring would help in taking necessary steps at the appropriate stage to prevent further deterioration of the surrounding ecology and protect the flora-fauna. The frequency of sampling could be once in a year during post monsoon season (Oct to Dec).

In addition, the Environment Management Cell should collect studies on flora-fauna conducted by local universities and research institutions in the nearby areas.

9.2.7. Project Environment Management Cell

It is recommended that the EZ Authority set up an EMC (Environmental Management Cell) to address environmental management concerns. The cell should be manned by qualified persons who will be responsible for regular environmental quality monitoring, proper functioning of ETP, implementation of community development plan, and liaison with regulatory bodies such as DOE.

The EMC will be responsible for the following:

 to implement the EHS policy of EZ  to coordinate with EZ Trust in relevant activities  to ensure that ETP function properly and meet effluent discharge standards  to maintain environmental quality analysis laboratory and analyse air, noise, water and soil samples on a regular basis  to implement community development plan,  to coordinate and monitor EZ Trust to regularly check workers health and take appropriate steps  to coordinate and monitor EZ Trust on safety conditions at various work environments and take necessary steps to maintain high safety standards. To deal with emergency situations.  to liaison with regulatory bodies  to ensure systematic and routine housekeeping of the common areas of EZ  to maintain the proposed greenbelt along the boundary

The EMC may be headed by Manager – Environment, who should be a senior person, should have an overall knowledge of ETP, hazardous waste TSDFs, and their maintenance, environmental laws and standards, and should be able to independently manage the Cell. The EMC in-charge may be supported by Environmental scientist/ engineer and a Social Analyst. The scientist will be responsible for environmental quality analysis and should be capable of preparing reports and data sheets. He/she should have sufficient knowledge in sampling and analysis of environmental parameters. The social analyst

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should have knowledge of community programs and should be able to plan and implement community programs. In addition a part time occupational health specialist and a safety specialist can be appointed.

In addition the following staff at laboratory are required:  One ETP and TSDF In-charge  One Chemist cum laboratory incharge  Three Plant Operators (one per shift) and three TSDF operators  Laboratory/Field Assistants  Sampling assistants 9.3. Mitigation Plan for EZ

The detailed plan for EZ development will be prepared in later stages. However following measures shall mandatorily form part of EMP for EZ development and operation:

 Seperate environment clearance should be taken by developer before developing economic zone from DoE

 Industries should obtain environment clearance individually from DoE prior to establishment and commencement. Measures that should be taken by developer and individual industrial owners whicle development and operation phase is tabulated in table below Table 50: Mitigation Measures Suggested for Developer

Impact Mitigation Measures

Identification of Site for Disposal  Site identified should be 1.0 km away from settlement, sensitive of construction Debris, locations, like school, hospital, religious structures, reseve forest and construction labour camp and any other eco-sensitive zone etc. plant site  Site identified should be approved by BEZA  Site should be located in downwind direction from settlement area  Fertile agricultural land and community land should be avoided for setting of these facilities Air Pollution  Sprinkling of water during construction phase on all unpaved roads, site and haul roads  Avoiding excess pilling of raw material and debris at site  Storage & transportation of raw material and debris in covered conditions  Cutting of only identified trees after obtaining permission of forest department  Regular cleaning of site  Guiding signage should be provided at the site for vehicles  Timings of the construction material vehicles should be fixed and should be during non-peak hours to prevent traffic congestion and traffic jams  Usage of low energy intensive building material like fly ash mic cement and bricks  Usage of low sulphur diesel for running DG sets, construction vehicles and equipments  Obtaining temporary electricity connection during construction phase and operating DG sets only during power failure  Open burning of wood or any other material should be prohibited at site and all the workers should be made aware about the same Water Pollution & water  Minimizing the run-off from the site by construction of sediment Conservation basins  Maintaining the flow of water sprinklers so as to avoid wastage of water

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 No debris should be thrown or disposed off in any water body like river, pond, canal etc or ground water source like functional or abandoned well  Excavation should not be carried out during monsoon  Provision of temporary storm water drainage system during construction phase to drain the storm water  Excavated pits should be provided with garland drains to prevent enterance of water inside the pit  Provision of oil & grease traps wih the storm water drains draining the parking and fuel storage area  Provision of septic tanks and soak pits at the site & labour camps for disposal of sewage generated by construction labour  Waste generated by construction camps should be disposed off regularly at the identified site for debris disposal  Provision of cross drainage structures like balancing for maintaining the drainage pattern  Stone & bricks should be purchased only from licenced vendors  Keeping provision of land for development of ETP for each industry  Tank alarms should be installed so as to prevent overflow of water  Leakage detection should be carried out quarterly so as to detect any leakages in the gas pipeline Soil Quality  Top soil, if excavated from the project site should be stored in covered condition and should be used later for landscaping purpose  Storage of raw materials, debris and fuel on paved surfaces  Training the workers to handle the material so as to minimize spillage of material on soil  Provision of cross drainage structures to prevent water logging and soil erosion  Stone pitching with grass turfing should be done for the high embankment close to water body  Disposal of construction debris, municipal waste from labour camps and hazardous waste from site should be disposed off at the identified site  Keeping provision of land for development of soild waste management facility within the EZ site  No open area should be left without the vegetation to protect the soil.  Mulching of soil should be done regularly to prevent direct exposure of soil to wind and water Noise Pollution  Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment used for construction purpose should meet the standards prescribed by DoE  Upkeeping and regular maintenance of all the construction vehicles, machinery and equipment used for construction purpose  Provision of acoustic enclosures, noise mufflers, silencers etc with the DG sets and any noise generating machinery  Provision of temporary noise shield/barrier in areas where more noise will be generated Ecology  Only identified trees should be fell down after obtaining permission from forest department  Comensatory plantation should be carried out in ratio of min 1:2 under guidance of forest department  Development of 30 m (minimum) thick green buffer all along the periphery of EZ  Boundary should be constructed around the EZ site to prevent trespassing of the animals  Native plant species requiring should be considered for plantation  Timber should be purchased only from authorized vendors  No waterbody should be filled outside the EZ site

Emergency Preparedness  Provision of first aid kit and first aid room and well trained first aid practioner at the site all the time  Ambulance facility should be provided at the site  Tie-ups with local hospital should be made to handly emergency case, if any

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 Availability of safety officers and supervisiors at all the time on the site  Workers should be given training for handling construction vehicles, equipment and handling emergency situations like fire, floods, earthquake and cyclone  Cautionary signage should be provided in the areas associated with risks like storage of explosives, fuels, heavy construction material etc. Entry for only trained authorized personnel should be allowed in such areas with adequate safery measures  Emergency handling cell & room should be developed at the site and should be headed by project & safety manager  Contact no. of nearest fire-station and hospitals should be displayed within the emergency handling room 9.4. Emergency Preparedness Plan

In order to be in a state of readiness to face adverse effects of accidents, an emergency preparedness plan is required to be prepared which includes on-site and off-site emergency plan by the individual industry and industrial estate. BEZA is committed to develop an emergency preparedness plan in consultation with district authorities and industry association. The Emergency Preparedness Plan will have the following minimal components:

 Accidents preventions procedures/ measures  Fire prevention planning and measures  Fire water storage and foam system  Accident/emergency response planning procedure  Grievance redressal mechanism  Emergency control centre  Emergency information system with role & responsibility and command structure  Recovery procedure  Assessment of damages and rectification  Evaluation of functioning of disaster management plan  Accident investigation  Clean-up and restoration Emergency preparedness helps to minimize the human suffering and economic losses that can result from emergencies. In any emergency, actions for safeguarding the health and lives of project personnel and the public, will take priority over any other aspect of the emergency. In the event of any emergency the person who discovers the situation, or the Supervisor(s) of the workers directly involved, will determine if the incident classification is Minor or Major, and ensure appropriate steps are followed in accordance with this plan.

9.4.1. Minor Emergency An emergency will be deemed "Minor" if: The situation can be controlled, cleaned up, treated or otherwise rectified within 10 minutes and/or with minimum manpower and equipment that is immediately available at the site; or if the incident does not have the potential to materially impact the environment and/or adjacent property/buildings or affect the safety of workers or the public. For example:  An injury (first aid) that can be treated by workers or the on-site First Aid Attendant;  A small fire that can be put out with one fire extinguisher;  Chemical spill (i.e. fuel, oil) that can be picked up immediately and contained in a suitable manner for later disposal at an approved facility;  A minor erosion event that does not materially impact waterbodies and is readily contained.

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Reporting

Reporting and control of Minor Emergencies will be as follows:

Person(s) Who Discovers The Situation  Notify Supervisor;  Control and/or assist in the control of the situation, if safe to do so;  Provide a verbal report to Contractor as soon as possible; and  Written report of situation given to Supervisor.

Supervisor  Determine and initiate any further clean-up or control measures as required; and  Provide report to Contractor’s Safety Officer.

Safety Officer  Report to BEZA; and  Complete Accident/Incident Investigation and Report (as required) and provide report to BEZA.

9.4.2. Major Emergency An emergency will be deemed "Major" if: The situation is beyond the limitations as stated in "Minor Determination"; the foreman/ Supervisor determines that additional resources are needed to achieve control; the incident has the potential to materially impact the environment and/or adjacent property/buildings or affect the safety of workers or the public. For example:  A small fire that can be put out, but flares up again;  A serious injury accident or a fatality;  A large spill (e.g. fuel, oil or chemicals);  Significant erosion or siltation that materially impacts water bodies;  Vehicle/equipment accidents or equipment failures that significantly affect worker safety;  Any situation which must be reported to government Authorities Having Jurisdiction (whether federal, provincial or municipal);  Damage, or unseen suspected damage to any foreign pipeline or other underground facility; and/or damage to any above ground facilities.

Reporting

Reporting and control of Major Emergencies will be as follows:

Person(s) Who Discover the Situation  Notify Foreman/Supervisor and Contractor immediately;  Take steps to attempt control and/or remain on scene to provide assistance to other responders, if safe to do so;  Initiate site evacuation if need be; and  Secure area to keep others a safe distance away.

Foreman/Supervisor  Assess the emergency to determine if additional resources are needed to effect situation control and, call for assistance as deemed necessary;

Direct manpower on hand to:

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 gather response equipment and materials required to immediately control and contain the situation;  any other tasks as required that could aid in situation control; and  initiate and ensure site evacuation if need be, and  secure area to keep others a safe distance away.

Notify Contractor or his alternate of the situation, giving all the following information:  nature of emergency; and if emergency involves a spill;  product name, estimated quantity of product spilled;  actions taken to minimise the emergency situation effects;  additional materials, equipment, manpower or other facilities required.  Continue with immediate control measures until additional help arrives.

Contractor  Notify BEZA and Safety officer of the situation;  Arrange for additional control measures, equipment and supplies;  Lead and/or assist with incident investigation, following total situation control.

9.4.3. On-Site Notification of an Emergency The workers and/or Supervisor will sound a vehicle horn and/or use other methods of gaining workers attention, to advise them that an emergency situation exists.

9.4.4. Emergency Information Management

 All supervisory personnel will maintain a written log of activities during the emergency, e.g. date, time & action taken. Each entry in log should be initialled.  Workers are not to release any information to media, they should direct media to the Safety officer.  Press releases will be issued, as determined, by BEZA.

9.4.5. Post Emergency Procedure When the Emergency situation has been controlled and is no longer a danger to people, material, equipment or the environment; the Safety officer will conduct an investigation, independent of, but in cooperation with all other investigative bodies, for the purpose of determining cause and preventing recurrence of similar incidents.

9.4.6. Emergency Communications

 Supervisor will be assigned a vehicle with two-way radio, mobile phones which permits contact with safety officer, contractor and PIU 9.4.7. Emergency Transportation

 In an emergency, any vehicle may be used to transport men, equipment or materials.  The ambulance units will be fully dedicated for the transportation of injured persons.  The Senior First Aid Attendant at the scene will determine if there is need for "Air Medi-Vac" of injured persons and make arrangements accordingly.

9.4.8. Accidents – First Aid & Emergency Medical Response

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Assess the Scene  Assess the scene for hazards; e.g. downed power lines; unstable vehicles or equipment, etc. and ensure the scene is made safe before attempting to provide assistance;  It may be necessary to wait for qualified persons to make the scene safe, e.g., utility workers to shut off electricity to downed power lines.

To Access First Aid & Emergency Medical Services  Call for Industrial First Aid Attendants using two-way radio (Channels to be identified prior to start of work ) or telephone and provide the following information:  Your name;  Your location;  Brief description of accident;  Number of injured persons and type of injuries;  Is the area accessible by vehicle, and  stay on the radio/phone for further instructions or information.

Emergency Guidelines  Have a first aider provide immediate treatment to their level of capability;  Dispatch someone to guide Emergency Response Personnel to scene;  Do not move the injured person(s) or disturb scene unless:  there is danger of further injury;  incident is minor and adequate initial treatment has been rendered by a qualified person;

In the event of a serious injury or fatality:  all work will cease immediately;  do not disturb scene, pending investigation by BEZA;  secure the scene and keep unauthorised persons out of area;  photograph scene if possible and get names of witnesses;  record any details, conversations and observations in writing.

9.4.9. Environmental and Spill Response First Response to Incidents or Spills Involving Hazardous Products  Approach Cautiously From Upwind. Resist urge to rush in until situation is assessed. Others cannot be helped if first responders put themselves at risk.  Secure the Scene. Without entering hazard area, isolate the area and keep people outside the safety perimeter.  Identify the Hazards. Placards, labels, shipping documents and persons on scene can provide information about the materials involved. Refer to MSDS sheets, for information about appropriate response.  Assess the Scene. Consider the following: fire, spill or leak; weather conditions; property or the environment at risk; what actions are necessary, i.e. evacuation, diking; resources at hand and what can be done immediately to control or minimize the impacts of the incident. . Obtain Help. From outside agencies as required, i.e. Muncipality, etc. . Decide on Site Entry. Enter site only when safe; use appropriate PPE.  Respond. In appropriate manner, establish site command if needed, rescue, evacuate, continually reassess and modify as needed. First priority is safety of people in the immediate area. . Above All. Avoid inhaling fumes, vapors, smoke and do not touch or walk through products.

Subject to approval by Manager, the following material shall by supplied by the Contractor and shall be available at locations convenient to the work:

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. swamp mats . T-bar posts . geotextile (Terrafix 270R, Nicocan or equivalent) . straw bales . plastic snow fence . sand and sandbags . miscellaneous pumping equipment . spill response material

Fuel trucks and service trucks shall carry the following as spill contingency equipment: . minimum 10 kg of suitable absorbent material, . thirty square metres (30 in2) of 6 mil polyethylene, . a shovel, and . one empty fuel barrel (180 litre minimum).

9.5. Monitoring Plan

The objective of environmental monitoring during the construction and operation phases is to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment based on national standards. A monitoring schedule has been sketched based on the environmental components that may be affected during the construction and operation of the project and is given below. The implementation of EMF and other agreed actions of environmental management during construction and operation phase of the sub-projects, will be monitored by EMC, by a combination of regular visits to the sub-project locations and periodic reports.

Table 51: Environmental Monitoring Plan

S. Aspect Source of Monitoring Frequency Executing Enforceme No. Impact Methods and Agency nt Agency Parameters 1.0 Construction Phase 1.1 Local Manpower Construction Contractor’s Monthly Contractor BEZA & PMC Absorption Works report No. of people working in the project 1.2 Soil Erosion Excavation, Survey & Monthly Contractor BEZA & PMC disposal, cut & fill observation; and land clearing Extent and degree activities for site of erosion; levelling and Structures for internal roads, controlling soil disposal erosion 1.3 Greenbelt - Survival rate of Half Yearly Contractor/B BEZA & PMC Development species planted; EZA Density of vegetation 1.4 Air Quality Transportation of Survey & Once in each BEZA & PMC construction observations; season for materials, road Levels of PM10, two weeks at construction, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, 3 locations construction of CO utilities 1.5 Waste Restoration of Status of Quarterly Contractors BEZA & PMC Management disposal sites and protection construction areas measures

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1.6 Noise Level Noise levels Ambient Daily Contractors BEZA & PMC compliance with Equivalent respect to continuous Sound industrial Pressure Levels standards (Leq) at day and Night time at 6 to 8 locations 1,7 Drinking Water Contamination All physio- Monthly Contractor BEZA & PMC chemical & biological parameters 1.8 Biodiversity Construction Ecological survey Monthly but Contractor BEZA & PMC works Visual inspection Visual Labour camps inspection should be done weekly 2.0 Operation Phase 2.1 Noise Levels Noise levels Ambient Monthly Individual BEZA compliance with Equivalent Industrial respect to continuous Sound Units industrial Pressure Levels standards (Leq) at day and Night time at 6 to 8 locations Plant periphery Monthly Individual BEZA and near noise Industrial generation Units sources 2.2 Biological Waste disposal Survival rate of Quarterly Individual BEZA Environment and littering, plants and shrubs Industrial human Units interference, etc Record presence, Quarterly Individual BEZA type and location Industrial of solid waste as Units and when observed Record all species Annually BEZA BEZA present in the project area 2.3 Ambient air Ambient air Ambient air Monthly Individual BEZA quality quality levels quality Industrial compliance with monitoring at Units respect to individual industrial industries – standards Monitor levels of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO 2.4 Ground water Ground water Borewells Monthly Individual BEZA quality quality levels installed at site Industrial compliance with Units respect to industrial standards

9.6. Monitoring Indicators

The physical, biological and social components which are of particular significance to the proposed project are listed below:  Air quality  Water quality  Noise levels  Solid & Hazardous Waste Management

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 Re-plantation success / survival rate  Soil Erosion These indicators will evaluated periodically based on the monitoring results, baseline conditions, predicted impacts and mitigation measures. 9.7. Institutional Arrangement

BEZA has developed Environmental Management Framework with the help of World Bank. The institutional arrangement is aligned as per this framework. BEZA will have an Environmental and social cell which will coordinate with site engineers and PMC. Overall Project Implementation Arrangements The overall management of the project will be carried out by BEZA which is the project implementing unit (PIU). Institutional Set Up For Environment Management The institutional arrangements for the implementation of various aspects of EMF and environment management of the proposed project envisaged to be implemented as part of the PSDSP comprise the following.

 Project Environment Cell (PEC) at PIU to ensure adequate integration of environment management measures in the design phase and supervise implementation of EMF and specific requirements of EMP  Environment Management Unit (EMU) at EZ to implement EMP and other regulatory requirements during construction & operation phase of EZ. Project Environment Management Cell (PEC) at PIU The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will establish a Project Environmental Cell (PEC) headed by a ‘Manager – Environment’ and supported by environmental engineers. The PEC will function to:

 Supervise implementation of EMF throughout project implementation period;  Ensure integration of the EA and the EMP measures into the sub-project design and implementation plans such as contract documents, maintenance contracts, tenant lease agreements, etc;  Supervise the implementation of the mitigation measures by the Master developers / Contractors;  Assist the engineering staff and other PIU staff in addressing environmental issues during planning, design and implementation of the sub-projects;  Prepare periodic progress reports on the implementation of the EMP throughout the project period. Environment Management Unit (EMU) at Anowara 2 EZ In order to implement various environmental management measures at EZ, the master developer / contractor / operator will set up an Environment Management Unit (EMU) for the Anowara 2 EZ. The EMU will consist of environmental engineers with relevant experience on environmental issues associated with the development of industry based EZ. The details of the EMC has been elaborated in section 9.2.7. The EMU will function all through construction and operation phase of the EZ and perform the following functions.

 Identify regulatory requirements of the sub-project and initiate necessary actions / studies to ensure compliance to the same;  Co-ordinate with DoE and PIU and ensure securing SCC and ECC as applicable for the project(s);  Co-ordinate with the contractors / sub-contractors and all other agencies involved in the development and operation of EZ / EPZ and ensure that all the requirements of EMP are fully complied;  Ensure that all the common environmental infrastructure in EZ / EPZ is operated and maintained in compliance with the regulatory requirements of GoB;

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 Liaise with individual enterprise/tenants and ensure that all environmental management conditions of the tenant lease agreement are fully complied;  Prepare regular reports on environment management and submit to PIU/GoB.

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10. Cost of EMP

The cost of EMP given here includes only that for the ETP, laboratory/analysis facilities, certain equipment for post project monitoring, and greenbelt development. The costs are approximate and need calibration at the time of detailed design and estimation stage.

Table 52: Indicative cost of EMP

S. No Activity/ Equipment Cost (Tk.) 1 Weather Station 65,000 2 Ear Muffs (10 Nos only for sampling personnel who may go 40,000 to industries where high noice is experienced) 3 ETP construction 50,00,000 4 Solid waste bins for common areas (100 Nos) 10,000 5 Greenbelt along the boundary and plantation along the 20,00,000 roads 6 High Volume Air Samplers (2 Nos) 3,00,000 7 Digital Sound Level meter 8,000 8 First time flora and fauna study 5,00,000 9 Analytical Laboratory (equipment for water quality and air 15,00,000 quality analysis) 10 Laboratory and EHS department space and a small storage: Cost will be given by total area 2000 sft feasibility team as part of building construction 11 Manpower cost: This is recurring cost. 42,60,000 per year  Assistant Director – Environment  Environmental scientist/ engineer,  Social Analyst,  part time occupational health specialist and a safety specialist,  One ETP Incharge  One TSDF Incharge  One Chemist  Six Plant Operators (one per shift)  Laboratory/Field Assistants  Air quality sampling assistants 12 Fund for proposed community development activities 50,00,000

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11. Conclusion and Recommendation

11.1. Conclusions

The recommendations made for the project development on the basis of EIA study are given below:

 Construction activities for the development of project should be started after obtaining environment clearance certificate from DoE, Bangladesh

 Proposed environment management plan should be implemented strictly both during operation and construction phase of the project.

 Trees cutting should be minimum and compensatory plantation should be carried out in ratio of 1:2

 Proper training of maintaining environment, health and safety should be given to Project management unit in both construction and operation phase  Provision of garland drain, thick green belt, ETP, STP, segregated storm water shall be adhered to.

 Before development, seperate environment impact assessment study should be carried out by individual units proposed to be developed in the EZ.

 Ecological assessment should be carried out for the proposed EZ before commencement of the project.

 The comprehensive well performance test shall be conducted by DPHE after the completion of feasibility study of the proposed EZ.

 While commencement of the project, care should be taken to minimize impacts on biodiversity.

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A.1. Annex – Primary monitoring results

Surface water and ground water results

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Noise monitoring results

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A.2. Annex – Approved TOR (1/4)

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Approved TOR (2/4)

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Approved TOR (3/4)

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Approved TOR (4/4)

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