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Dipartimento Di Filosofia «A. Aliotta» DOTTORATO DI RICERCA In UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “FEDERICO II” Dipartimento di Filosofia «A. Aliotta» DOTTORATO DI RICERCA in “Scienze Filosofiche” - ciclo XIX - TESI DI DOTTORATO Il Pathos della Forma. Sul pensiero di Emil Lask G. Grosz, Repubblica Automatons TUTOR CANDIDATO Ch.mo prof. Eugenio Mazzarella dott. Felice Masi COORDINATORE Ch.mo prof. Domenico Jervolino Il Pathos della Forma INDICE INDICE…………………………………………... ..……………………………...I INTRODUZIONE. Il Pathos della Forma………… .……………………………..V I. La Dualità dell’Origine. Condizioni preliminari del confronto con il pensiero di Emil Lask………………………………… ...…..………………………...1 §. 1. La distanza della decisione……….………. .....…………………………...2 §. 2. Un quadro d’epoca. La formazione e l’irregolarità................................................ .…………………………….20 §. 3. «Welche Bewandtnis hat es mit diesem Anderem?»: il luogo della Dottrina delle idee platonica ……………………………. ...……..…………………….29 3.1. Un abbozzo di storia della metafisica…................................................ .…………………………….32 3.2. Alterità del Valere: le letture platoniche di Lotze ed Husserl……….….. ……….…………………….37 3.3. La validità dell’oggetto: il confronto con la lettura natorpiana di Platone…….... ….………………………….49 3.4. Digressione: l’incompletezza della valenza………………………………..….. ……….…………………….60 II. Formazione ed Individuazione………...…. ………….………………….51 §. 1. Zurück zu Kant………………………….… ………….………………….51 §. 2. Per una Teoria trascendentale della formazione concettuale………………..…. …………….……………….76 2.1. Teoria e Genealogia: tra Herbart ed Husserl…………………………………… ...………………..………….82 2.2. Dalla concettualizzazione pre-scientifica alla pre-comprensione………... ………..……………………93 2 .3. Il pregiudizio dell’esperienza……….. ………..……………………99 §. 3. Concepire il caso. La funzione sperimentale del Fichtesbuch…………….. ……………………………110 3.1. Il tempo della materialità: il concetto trascendentale di caso…………….……… ……………………………113 3.2. Analogia e figurazione. La prima formulazione del problema trascendentale nel confronto con Maimon e Fichte……… ……………………………128 3.3. Inhalt und Umfang. La teoria del concetto………………………………...… …………………....………136 §. 4. La Formazione del Diritto. La Rechtsphilospohie come dottrina della costruzione giuridica……………………... ..…………………………..141 4.1. Astrazione e formalizzazione: lo jus… ……………………………146 4.2. Dimensione e differenziazione……… ……………………………151 4.3. Sulla possibilità di una teoria degli oggetti istituiti socialmente......................... ……………………………162 III. Differenza e Significazione.……….……... ……………………………165 §.1. L’estetica della differenziazione. Una lettura di Jonas Cohn……………………... ………………………....…166 2 Il Pathos della Forma 1.1. La costruzione insatura della matematica……………………………….. ……………………..…......170 1.2. La materia dell’arte………………….. …………………...….……178 1. 3. Die verklärte Nacht…………………. ………………….………...185 §. 2. Simbolo, sintomo, annuncio………………. ………….………………...194 2.1. Segni simbolici………………………. …………….……………...194 2.2. Il ruolo differenziale della scrittura….. ………….………………...197 2.3. Espressione ed annuncio: una lettura della Prima Ricerca Logica husserliana………………………………. ...……………..…………...201 2.4. Dal simbolo al sintomo………….….. ……………………………206 §. 3. Note su una teoria del senso: intorno alla dottrina stoica del λεκτόν…………………. .…………………………...211 3.1. Indizi di lettura: Bolzano, Husserl, Lask………………………………………. ……………………….…...211 3.2. Logica alias teoria del senso………… ……………....……………220 IV. Le figure dell’Oggetto. Logica formale e trascendentale…………………………….. …………….……………...226 §. 1. La forma del senso………………………... …………………….……...227 §. 2. Il regresso all’oggettualità……………….. ……………….…………...234 2.1. La vuotezza dell’oggetto……………. …………………....………234 2.2. L’oggetto «gegenstandstheoretisch»... ……………….…………...242 2.3. Bewandtnis: στάσις, constitutio…….. .………………….………..253 §. 3. La forma dell’essere. Ontologia o Logologia………………………………… ………………….………...263 3.1. Determinazione e costituzione. La seconda Formulazione del problema trascendentale…………………………….. ………….…...……………263 3.2. Oggettualità o Essere dell’ente……… …………….…...…………271 3.3. Determinazione e differenziazione materiale del significato……………….. …………….……………...277 3.4. Il momento materiale della differenziazione: individuazione e spazio intelligibile……………………………… .…………...………………283 3.5. L’eccedenza del significato………….. ……………….…………...285 3.6. La figura della nudità…………...…… …………………....………288 §. 4. Dall’oggetto all’obbietto………………….. ………………….………...296 4.1. Valutazione, giudizio, decisione giudicante………………………………… ……………………………306 4.2. Dalla relazione rappresentativa al frammento di significato…………………. ……………………..……..315 4.3. Immanenza, quasi-trascendenza, immanenza.................................................. …………………….……...323 §. 5. Le figure della verità……………………… ……………………...…….328 5.1. Verità e conformità alla verità……… ……………….…………...328 5.2. Fallibilità: la durata della prassi……... ………………....…………338 BIBLIOGRAFIA…………………………...……… ………………..…………..344 1. Opere…………………………...……… ………………….………...344 2. Studi generali sul pensiero di E. Lask…. ……………….…………...348 3. Studi su Die Logik der Philosophie e Die Lehre vom Urteil…………………….. ……………………………352 3 Il Pathos della Forma 4. Studi sulla dottrina e la filosofia del diritto……………………………………... ……………………....……353 4.1. Le filosofie del diritto neokantiane a confronto ………...………………………. ………………………..…..353 4.2. Studi sulla filosofia giuridica di E. Lask………………………………………. ………………....…………358 5. Altre opere consultate…………...…….. ……………………………358 4 Il Pathos della Forma Il Pathos de lla Forma. Un’Introduzione Si smagliano allora nella compattezza del tessuto, i caritatevoli strappi dell’eccezione C. E. GADDA, La cognizione del dolore «Ad ogni modo una lettura che non si fa tanto per farla»1 – scrive Martin Heidegger nel semestre estivo del 1919, riportando la mente alle ricerche sistematiche di Emil Lask, contenute nella Logica della Filosofia e nella Dottrina del Giudizio. La fine recente di quella guerra, che gravava ancora sulle parole del corso friburghese, guidava la memoria verso quel giovane filosofo, la cui vita era rimasta sospesa nel fango delle trincee dell’aspro fronte orientale, ove le due patrie che lo contendevano – quella natale galiziana, quella eletta tedesca – lo avevano trascinato. Stava allora terminando il devastante quadriennio bellico, in cui si disperse quella ricca generazione di studiosi, che era stata educata nel momento di più grande rigoglio ed apertura dell’accademia tedesca, attorno a monumenti scientifici come Marburg, Heidelberg, Göttingen, e che ne avrebbe nutrito la cultura, in virtù del richiamo ad un ideale ancora illuministico della scienza. Fu proprio su questa leva – distrutta dalla guerra, quand’anche riuscì a sfuggire alle granate2 – che l’unione volontaria di Lask alle truppe in conflitto e la sua intempestiva caduta incisero una ferita così profonda, come mostrano le parole di Max Weber, in una greve lettera ai familiari dell’amico, che possiamo considerare una sorta di documento vissuto della tonalità spirituale di Lask e della sua condotta nell’indagine filosofica, di quel patimento per la distanza, cui inevitabilmente consegna la riflessione. La precocità del suo destino – che restò nei versi del più grande poeta ungherese del Novecento, Mihaly Babits3 – segnò il suo opus filosofico con la cifra dell’incompiutezza. L’abbondanza di riferimenti che si intessevano nei sui scritti editi, ed ancora di più la folla di appunti che, come in un giornale di bordo, riportavano notizie di letture e di ripensamenti, di revisioni e di note polemiche, così come la sorte del suo breve magistero universitario, che aveva coinvolto tra i suoi uditori buona parte della leva della filosofia del Novecento – come Heidegger, Lukács, Jaspers, Plessner, Szilasi – guadagnò al pensiero laskiano l’immagine dell’uomo in cammino. In quell’atmosfera autunnale, che lentamente avrebbe condotto alla repubblica di Weimar, altare su cui si dissanguarono i Gelehrten, gli intellettuali, forzando l’impegno della propria ragione nell’osservazione di una vicenda storica incombente, ed a molti occhi rimasta incompresa, la formazione intellettuale di Emil Lask rimase come l’enunciazione di una possibilità, un gesto tracciato in aria e non compiuto. 1 M. HEIDEGGER, Zur Bestimmung der Philosophie, in Gesamtausgabe, Abt. II, Bd. 56/57, hrsg. v. B. Heimbuechel, Frankfurt am Main, Klostermann, 1987; trad. it. di G. Auletta, a cura di G. Cantillo, Per la determinazione della filosofia, Napoli, Guida, 1993, p. 182. 2 Con queste parole inizia il Bericht di E. M. REMARQUE, Im Western nichts Neues, Berlin, Propyläen, 1929; trad. it. di S. Jacini, Niente di nuovo sul fronte occidentale, Milano, Mondadori, 200623, p. 3. 3 M. BABITS, Egy filozófus halálára. [In Memoriam Aemilii LASK professoris philosophiae Heydelbergiensis Obiit Pro Patria Anno 1914. In Galicia.], in Recitativ, Budapest, 1916. 5 Il Pathos della Forma Ma al peso di una trama biografica – che in una vita raccontava un tempo – finì per restare impigliata anche la sua lettura. Tra Marburg ed il Baden, in fuga dal neokantismo verso la fenomenologia, dal criticismo alla metafisica, all’indietro da Copernico a Tolomeo, dalla teoria della conoscenza all’ermeneutica esistenziale, la marca del suo Denkweg fu da subito definita per contrasto, in negativo, per ciò che non sembrava più essere o per ciò che pareva stesse diventando. Il tronco filosofico cui Lask aveva lavorato, veniva pertanto evocato come un mezzo di contrasto per lasciare balenare, o non, la presenza di alcuni agenti o di altre suggestioni. Così Heidegger ne apprezzò la capacità di intendere
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