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Family and Group Dynamics in a Pastoralist Society

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Family and Group Dynamics in a Pastoralist Society Family and Group Dynamics in a Pastoralist Society Juan Du A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London Department of Anthropology University College London July 2017 2 I, Juan Du, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 3 Abstract How people survive and behave in different environment are some questions that Human Behavior Ecology seeks to answer. The choices that humans make in such conditions can either be considering parental and economical investments, or the pursuit of self or group interest. Using a Tibetan Pastoralist Society as a case study, this thesis explores how Tibetans adapt their behaviour to different contexts, from an evolutionary ecological, anthropological and demographic perspective. I start the thesis with a brief history and demographical presentation of how these Tibetan herders behave within and outside domestic life. The main analysis part starts from which gender get more parental care, by looking at duration of breastfeeding and the interbirth intervals. I find female-biased parental investment. Possible reasons are the high female workloads and the improved social status of women derived from the high economical contribution made by them. The next analysis focusing on how wealth flows, the fertility and the length of the trial time affects the stability of marriages. Then I examine the effects of kin on child well-being. Within domestic life, concepts like ‘Grandmother Hypothesis’ and ‘Mother Hypothesis’ are well-documented. While this research makes a contrary finding that it is the older male family members who are invested more in child caring than the females. The next analysis considers questions beyond domestic life by examining herders’ social networks. I investigate the motivations behind Tibetans who choose to herd in groups, and others who prefer to herd alone. Economic gift games are used to explore the cooperation strategy within villages, whether pastoralist prefer to share limited resources with their genetic relatives over others. The analysis concluded that stated social norms are slow to change, while actual individual behaviours appear to evolve faster, responding to recent social and political changes in the region. 4 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Literature background and history of the study area ................................................ 14 1.1 Overview of the thesis. ................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Literature review ............................................................................................................ 15 1.2.1 Marriage ............................................................................................................ 15 1.2.2 Sex ratio ............................................................................................................. 22 1.2.3 Parenting and alloparenting ............................................................................... 23 1.2.4 Cooperation and competition ............................................................................ 24 1.3 Brief history of the study area ........................................................................................ 28 1.3.1 Who are Amdo Tibetans ..................................................................................... 28 1.3.2 Brief history of the monks .................................................................................. 29 1.3.3 Major political changes 1950-2000:................................................................... 32 1.3.4 History of the study villages ............................................................................... 35 Chapter 2: Ethnographical setting of the study area .................................................................. 37 2.1 Ethnography of the study sites ....................................................................................... 37 2.2 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 39 2.2.1 Demographic data ............................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 Gift-giving game ................................................................................................. 41 2.2.3 Labour ranking ................................................................................................... 43 2.3 Demographics ................................................................................................................. 44 2.3.1 Population structure ........................................................................................... 44 2.3.2 Marriage ............................................................................................................ 46 2.3.3 Fertility ............................................................................................................... 51 2.4 Herding information ....................................................................................................... 53 2.4.1 Herding strategy ................................................................................................ 53 2.4.2 Why choose to herd alone or in a herding group ............................................... 58 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 3：Hard-working women and marriage partner choice ............................................... 62 3.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 62 3.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 62 3.3 Ethnography of a mating and marriage in Tibetan herders ............................................ 66 3.3.1 Mating and trial marriage ................................................................................. 66 5 3.3.2 Bridewealth and dowry payments ..................................................................... 68 3.4 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.4.1 Demographic data ............................................................................................. 69 3.4.2 Statistics ............................................................................................................. 70 3.5 Results ............................................................................................................................ 70 3.5.1 Predictors of divorce........................................................................................... 71 3.5.2 Sex Ratio and divorce ......................................................................................... 78 3.5.3 Reputation for hard work ................................................................................... 80 3.6 Discussion and conclusion .............................................................................................. 81 Chapter 4：Parental investment does not reflect stated cultural norms ................................... 84 4.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 84 4.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 84 4.3 Study Area and Methodology ......................................................................................... 89 4.3.1 Study area ........................................................................................................... 89 4.3.2 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 90 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................................ 93 4.4.1 Self-reported gender preferences ....................................................................... 93 4.4.2 Child mortality before age 5 ............................................................................... 95 4.4.3 Infant feeding ..................................................................................................... 98 4.4.4 The length of the birth interval ........................................................................ 100 4.4.5 Gift decisions .................................................................................................... 103 4.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 5: Grandfather is more important to child survival than grandmother ....................... 108 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 108 5.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 108 5.3 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 117 5.3.1 Demography data ...........................................................................................
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