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An Introspection of the Megalithic Complex of Mudumala-Murardoddi, Andhra Pradesh

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An Introspection of the Megalithic Complex of Mudumala-Murardoddi, Andhra Pradesh 1 1 An Introspection of the Megalithic Complex of Mudumala-Murardoddi, Andhra Pradesh *Dr. Priya Thakur Introduction- This present paper continues a thread of the discussion by the author from the previous article on ‘Prehistoric Stone Alignments in Southern India’1 published by “Central India Journal of Historical And Archaeological Research” (CIJHAR), Vol, 2, No, 6, April-June, 2013. This paper will be discussing the megalithic sites of Mudumala and Murardoddi, located in Mahabubnagar, Andhra Pradesh. The term ‘megalith’ is derived from the Greek word ‘megathos’ i.e. huge and ‘lithos’ i.e. stone. The traditional definition of megalith describe it as a grave or a memorial erected in stone, dressed or in natural form confined, enclosed or erected over the funerary assemblage. 2 The megalithic complex is of enormous scale and represents intricate planning of its standing stones, avenues and circles and can be compared with similar findings in Europe.3 In this region, it is not rare to find an overlap between megalithic to early historic period. The megalithic funerary structures in this geographical terrain are spread over a chronological period form 600 BC to 200 AD.4 Location- The stone alignment is spread in two villages – Mudumala and Murardoddi in Makthal taluk on the banks of Krishna River, on the border of Raichur district of Karnataka and Mahbubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Taylor5 also writes about the abundance of such sites in the region of rivers - Bhima, Krishna and Tungabhadra of modern day northern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The assemblage is spread over an area containing artifacts of different cultures ranging from middle Paleolithic (Mesolithic) to megalithic period to late historic *Assistant Professor, P. G. Department of Studies and Research in History and Archaeology, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 2 Dr. Priya Thakur An Introspection of the Megalithic....... 3 period. From the site of the alignment, middle Paleolithic tools (choppers, variety Stone circles: There are several stone circles at this site are spread in a vast of scrappers, borers, and flake tools) could be recovered by the author but the area south-west of the menhirs and towards west of the stone alignments. Sundara12 surface is disturbed due to agricultural activities. Even now, no proper exploration defines stone circles as burials enclosed by huge dressed or undressed boulders work has been undertaken at this site mainly due to the vastness of the site which arranged on the ground forming a circle. The boulders arranged in circular fashion is spread over more than one square kilometer. served the purpose of keeping the cairn filling of the burial intact. At this site, the Legend- Krishna Murthy6 provides a local legend for the origin of Nilurallu stone circles consist of multiple rows of stone in a concentric pattern – single, alignment. Apparently a disappointed old beggar woman, who was deceived by double as well as triple rows of medium sized unhewn stone boulders. Most of the local farmers while harvesting grain, cursed them to become stones. The standing these circles are disturbed and have not been excavated. pillars represent the men working and the fallen ones are the people lying down. Alignments: The association of stone rows or alignments with stone circles The large number of the group of short stunted pillars just south-west of the is not unusual, especially in the context of prehistoric Britain and Ireland.13 But in alignment are petrified cattle and the grain they were harvesting turned into sand. Indian context, these types of megalithic sites are very rare. A stone alignment is He also seemed to have picked up a stray piece of stone axe at the site. All chin7 generally an arrangement of stones on surface of the site set in systematic patterns quotes the same folktale based on Krishna Murthy’s description in his report. of square or diagonal plan. Non-sepulchral stone alignments are of special interest Assemblage Typology- This site, spread over two villages – Mudumala in this context. There are two types of stone alignments at Mudumala: one consists and Muraradoddi, offers a wide range of stone arrangements, namely, alignments of stone boulders, locally known as ‘banthirallu’ (ball-like stones) and the second – menhirs as well as rounded as well as boulders, avenues and circles in addition to type is of menhirs, locally known as ‘nillavarallu’ measuring 14-16 feet in height. some instances of rock art. So far, no dolmens have been noticed at the site. But The stone alignments here can be observed in tow region – one surrounding the this categorization of the assemblage emphasize a problem common to prehistoric stones are placed on the surface in a diagonal pattern and were probably placed by archaeology – the difficulty in identifying clear distinctions between apparently simply rolling and dragging them to their present positions. different types of monument. There are obvious resemblances to other forms of Venue: The parallel rows of stone avenues mark another interesting addition standing stone monument, in particular stone alignments.. to the assemblage at this site. The overall alignment of the avenue is rather interesting Menhirs: The term ‘menhir’ can be defined as a single standing stone, dating as it does not direct towards the central site consisting of the menhirs, but rather from the middle Bronze Age in the British Isles and from the late Neolithic Age in towards the stone circle region which stands off centre. Because of the directional Western Europe8 or as a single upright rough monolith usually of prehistoric origin.9 nature of the avenues, these can be ‘easily envisaged as pointing at something, and This site under study has menhirs that occupy a central and prominent place in a hence have evoked the interest of archaic-astronomers as potential observatories.’14 slightly elevated ground dominating the surroundings. The menhirs are positioned Rock art: On the southern-west side of the Mudumala village there are some almost centrally in the site, and are surrounded by the smaller boulders in aligned examples proto-historic rock art in the form of surface bruising such as a crudely pattern. The earliest account of the site is by Krishna Murthy10 who describes it as incised humped bull with an upraised tail and the horns turned forward. There is follows also a rough depiction of mother goddess on one of the rocks. A common symbol which occurs here more than three instances is the depiction of a curvilinear trident ‘… There is an almost square area studded with rough-hewn stone pillars. over a circle. These pillars are arranged in parallel rows in a north-south direction. The Function- As far as function is concerned; the scarcity of finds from pillars are 14 – 16 feet long and 6- 11 feet in girth. There are 31 pillars still excavations is not very helpful. According to Rao15, the Nilurallu stone alignment ... that its primary (if not sole) purpose was to serve as a cylindrical device. standing and many have fallen down. The square measures about 200’ x 200' Sunrise and sunset observations and patterns of the shadows of stones were with apparently 6 pillars in each row’. used to measure time, days and fractions of a day.… but there could also One of the menhir stands in the centre of a stone circle of two concentric rows of have been ritualistic and other purposes involved as well. Considerable stones, but remaining ones form a separate pattern of diagonal appearance. The knowledge of engineering and astronomy was required for the successful question of a menhir being part of a stone circle itself has been discussed since construction of this megalithic structure. long period. In 1885, Arthur11 wrote that the menhir or the tall stones are themselves Sunrise and sunset observations and patterns of the shadows and a developed and exalted for of the stone circle. These stones are almost of similar stones of the stones were used to measure time, days and fractions of a day. The length but the girth seems to vary – some have an appearance of stone slabs but vastness of the site also indicates that there was a well developed ritualistic purpose most of them are tapering structure with slanted conical tips. associated with these alignments also. Due to intrinsic ambiguity of cultural phase 4 Dr. Priya Thakur An Introspection of the Megalithic....... 5 and non-availability of datable material, the fundamental questions like the 9 Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/menhir?show=0&t= chronology and the authorship of this site are difficult to answer.16 In considering 1378972902 on 13.09.2013. the age and original purpose of these alignments, it may be useful to understand 10 Krishna Murthy, op. cit. their relationship with the other sites in the region which include stone alignments, 11 Arthur, Evans. Megalithic Monuments in their Sepulchral Relations. Oxford University Press: Oxford. 1885. pp. 29-30. stone circles, dolmens and ash mounds. When were these alignments built? No 12 Sundara, A. Early Chamber Tombs of South India. University Publishers: Delhi. 1975. direct evidence is available to determine when the alignment has been built. p. 30. 17 Social Context: Brubaker opines that spatially discrete Iron Age cemeteries 13 Darvill, Timothy. Prehistoric Britain from the air: A Study of Space, Time and Society. were actually a departure from earlier Neolithic practices that commonly involved Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 1996. pp. 200-202. burying the deceased below floors in domestic settings, a departure that suggests 14 Thom, A. Megalithic Lunar Observatories. Oxford University Press: New York. 1971. an increasing compartmentalization of social life fully congruent with the p. 91. development of greater social complexity. It is very difficult to assume whether 15 Rao, N.K., Thakur, P., Mallinathapur, Y.
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