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Alessandra Fani DINAMICHE NAZIONALI DELL'egitto Alessandra Fani DINAMICHE NAZIONALI DELL’EGITTO CONTEMPORANEO (1952-2013): RAPPRESENTAZIONI STORIOGRAFICHE SUI COPTI E STRATEGIE GEOPOLITICHE DEGLI ATTORI POLITICI EGIZIANI. TESI DOTTORALE Diretta da Prof. Enric Olivé i Serret Prof.sa Barbara Loyer Département Institut d’Historia i Historia de l’Art Français de Géopolitique Tarragona 2015 1 2 3 4 FAIG CONSTAR que aquest treball, titulat DINAMICHE NAZIONALI DELL’EGITTO CONTEMPORANEO (1952-2013): RAPPRESENTATIONI STORIOGRAFICHE SUI COPTI E STRATEGIE GEOPOLITICHE DELLA CHIESA COPTA ORTODOSSA , que presenta .ALESSANDRA FANI .. per a l’obtenció del títol de Doctor, ha estat realitzat sota la meva direcció al Departament .d’Història i Història de l’Art . d’aquesta universitat, en cotutel.la amb la Université de Paris 8 - Saint Denis (Institute Française de Geopolitique.) Prof. Dr. Enric Olivé Serret Prof. Dra, Barbara Loyer Tarragona / Paris, 20 de Gener de 2015 5 6 INDICE Lista delle cartine 16 Lista dei grafici e degli schemi 17 Lista delle fotografie 18 Tabella di trascrizione dell’arabo 19 Premessa 21 Ringraziamenti 23 Introduzione I copti nell’Egitto contemporaneo: tra ricostruzione storica e rappresentazioni emerse nella produzione bibliografica e mediatica in inglese e francese. 25 Scelta del tema, metodologia e fasi di sviluppo della problematica. 41 I limiti della ricerca e ulteriori spunti di analisi 47 7 CAPITOLO 1 COMUNITÀ COPTA O EGIZIANI CRISTIANI? Introduzione 49 1. La politica di Shenuda o il conflitto geopolitico tra Chiesa e Stato 1971-2012 49 1.1 Il rinnovamento nazionale egiziano in ambito cristiano: “le scuole della domenica”. 50 1.2 Il contesto nazionale 52 1.3 La politica di estensione territoriale di Shenuda III 59 1.4 L’intesa Shenuda - Mubarak 67 2. Al di là dell’identità, la frammentazione dei copti su molteplici fronti. 72 2.1 Fattori geografici 72 2.2 Fattori socio-economici e socio-generazionali 78 2.3 Fattori politici 80 3. La rappresentazione dei copti nella letteratura anglofona e francofona : il concetto di comunità e minoranza. Mappatura della diffusione dei due concetti 85 8 3.1 Communité 85 3.2 Minority 88 4. La duplice inappropriatezza del termine comunità per la situazione attuale dei cristiani egiziani. 89 4.1 Ragioni linguistiche 89 4.1.1 Mappatura dei due concetti nella bibliografia in arabo 92 4.2 Ragioni politiche 101 5.Quale referente per il concetto di “comunità copta”? 105 CAPITOLO 2 DIASPORA COPTA O EMIGRAZIONE EGIZIANA ? Introduzione 107 1. “Diaspora copta” e “emigrazione egiziana” 107 1.1 L’emigrazione degli egiziani cristiani. 110 1.2 L’attivitivismo per la difesa dei copti in Egitto da parte dei copti del mahgr: una forma di opposizione al governo egiziano 122 1.3 La mobilitazione della Chiesa Copta per il controllo dei copti emigrati: una missione dalla duplice finalità. 128 9 2. Al di là dell’identità, la frammentazione dei copti del mah ǧr su più fronti. 132 2.1 Fattore geografico 132 2.2 Fattore politico 133 2.3 Fattore generazionale 134 3. La duplice inappropriatezza del termine diaspora per il caso copto. 136 3.1 Coptic Diaspora // Diaspora Copte = ’ Aqb āṭ al-mah ğr 136 3.2 L’ostilitá interna all’attivismo copto del mah ğr. 141 3.3 La militanza degli egiziani fuori dall’Egitto e l’opposizione del governo egiziano: elemento non esclusivo dei copti. 145 4. al-Aqb āṭ al- mah ǧr o la fine di un tabú interno relativo ai copti. 150 5. al-Ma ṣriyuna f ī al- mah ǧr (egiziani nel mah ǧr) 155 10 CAPITOLO 3 I COPTI E LA FRANCIA: UN CASO LOCALE DI DINAMICHE PIÙ UNIVERSALI. Introduzione 157 1. I copti secondo la rappresentazione francofona 158 1.1 La presenza francese in Egitto: dalla colonizzazione alla francofonia. 158 1.2 La produzione francofona relativa ai copti. 164 1.3 Le opere prettamente politiche e l’affermazione in ambito francofono del concetto di communauté per il caso copto. 171 1.4 Il faraonismo come base mitologica dell’ identificazione comunitaria. 174 2. Un anello di conguinzione tra letteratura francofona sui copti e la loro costruzione identitaria: i copti emigrati in Francia . 184 3. I copti in Francia: tante comunità e nessuna diaspora. 190 3.1 Il concetto di diaspora per il caso copto in ambito francofono. 190 3.2 L’emigrazione copta in Francia, ovvero l’aumento dell’emigrazione egiziana in Francia. 191 3.2.1 La componente copta all’interno dell’emigrazione egiziana in Francia: una frammentazione multipla e la nascita della Chiesa Copta Ortodossa di Francia. 193 3.3 La distribuzione geografica della Chiesa Copta Ortodossa in Francia e della Chiesa Copta di Francia: scisma o progetto di proselitismo? 197 4 Quale delle tante comunità? 203 11 CAPITOLO 4 I COPTI NELLA FASE DI TRANSIZIONE POST-MUBARAK: IL DIBATTITO COSTITUZIONALE. Introduzione 207 1.Prospetto storico : il contesto nazionale. 208 2.La centralità della costituzione nella fase di transizione 210 2.1 L’articolo 2 della costituzione egiziana ossia il ruolo della shar ī‘a all’interno della costituzione. 217 3.I copti e la costituzione: posizioni contrastanti 221 3.1 Il dibattito sull’articolo 2 e i copti: pre e post rivoluzione. 222 3.2 Post rivoluzione 224 4.L’articolo 2 nel dibattito più ampio della dawla madaniyya. 230 4.1 La dawla madaniyya tra i copti. 231 5. La dawla madaniyya tra i copti in Francia. 236 6. La dawla madaniyya nella stampa francese. 239 7. Al di là della rivendicazione unanime della dawla madaniyya 244 12 CAPITOLO 5 GLI SCONTRI MUSULMANI-COPTI AL DI LÀ DEL CONFLITTO CONFESSIONALE. LA RICOSTRUZIONE MEDIATICA DEGLI SCONTRI DI IMB ĀBA Introduzione 247 1.Materiale selezionato e scelta del tema 248 1.1.Il materiale 251 252 2. Implicazioni geopolitiche degli attacchi ai copti. 2.1 Fattori demografici e geopolitici degli scontri verificatisi al Cairo nel 261 2011 2.2 Le implicazioni politiche degli scontri tra cristiani e musulmani: l’esercito garante della wahda wa ṭaniyya. 266 2.3 La posizione delle autorità religiose in linea con le istante politiche. 270 3.Primo approccio all’articolo: aspetti visuali 271 3.1 Il titolo 276 277 3.2 Il sommario 277 3.3 La foto 4. Il testo dell’articolo. 281 4.1 Le 5 “w” più 1 “h” 281 4.1.1 Chi 285 4.1.2 Cosa 285 4.1.3 Dove 286 13 4.1.4 Quando 287 4.1.5 Come 287 4.1.6 Causa 288 4.2 Gli approfondimenti. 289 292 4.3 Aspetti semantici 5. Quadro riassuntivo 300 6. La notizia di Imb āba diffusa dai copti in Francia. 303 7. I copti, vittime dei musulmani o della protezione statunitense? 307 Conclusione Il conflitto di civilizzazioni come filo conduttore nelle analisi dell’Egitto contemporaneo. 309 Bibliografia 317 Indice dei nomi 339 Indice dei luoghi 341 Annesso 1 – I copti del mah ğr 343 1.Le organizzazioni dei militanti copti nel mah ğr 343 2. La bandiera copta 353 3. La nazione copta 357 4. Documento diffuso sul rapimento delle giovani ragazze copte 368 Annesso 2 – La dawla madaniyya in Egitto 361 1.Laicismo, secolarizzazione e Islam 361 14 2. Stato - religione e il mito della shar ī‘a 365 3. La dawla madaniyya a piazza Ta ḥrīr 367 Annesso 3 – Gli articoli dei quotidiani su Imb āba 385 Al Masry al-Youm 385 Al-Ahram 386 Le Monde 387 Liberation 388 Le Figaro 389 La Croix 390 Cartina di Imb āba su al Masry al Youm. 391 15 Lista delle cartine (in francese) Comparation cas de violence avec les Coptes : 2010-2011-2012-2013 37 La cathédrale de Saint Marc dans le quartier d’Ab āsiyya au Caire 57 Dans le quartier de Z āwiyya al-Hamr ā’un conflit entre le Patriarche et le 63 Président plutôt que confessionnel Principaux cas de violence avec les Coptes dans les 1990 69 L’opposition ecclésiastique à Shenuda : contrôle communautaire sur le 73 territoire nationale ? L’Église Copte Orthodoxe des origines ou l’hellénisation de l’Egypte 77 Émigration copte ou émigration égyptiennes? Phases de l’émigration (1960- 2012) et présence de l’Église Copte Orthodoxe dans les pays du mah ğr 120 Le monde de la Francophonie 162 Immigration et distribution de l’Eglise Copte Orthodoxe en et de France 197 Itinéraire de la manifestation du 16 octobre 2011 à Paris 237 Cas de violence avec les Coptes : post 25 janvier – mai 2011 248 Cas de violence en 2011 253 Cas de violence avec les Coptes en 2012 257 Cas de violence avec les Coptes en 2013 259 Le destin de la nation...à partir de la carte d’Imbāba ( al-Masry al-Youm, in 265 italiano ) Affrontements de Manšiyat N āṣer, 2011 267 16 Lista dei grafici e degli schemi Comparaison production anglophone et francophone sur les Coptes (1952- 28 2012) Production anglophone sur les Coptes (1882-1952) et (1952-2012) 30 Schéma historique 1879 - 1952 54 Schéma historique 1952 – 2011 55 Les Coptes et la révolution 1952 58 Les correspondances en arabe de l’expression « communauté copte » 91 Chronologie du terme minorité rapporté aux Coptes en anglais et en arabe 104 Schéma historique 1798 – 1881 159 Thèses académiques sur les Coptes dans les universités françaises 166 (1952-2012) Articles dans Le Monde avec le mot “copte” (1952 – 2012) 167 Le pharaonisme: de la France à l’Égypte 183 Schéma historique 2011 – 2014 208 Les Coptes et la révolution 2011 210 Révendications constitutionnelles 2011 213 Comparaison des Costitutions: articles sur la religion 215 La dawla madaniyya dans la presse française (2011-2012): fréquence 240 La dawla madaniyya dans la presse française (2011-2012): termes du débat 241 Tableau 1. Le cas d’Imbāba dans deux quotidiens égyptiens et quatre 272 quotidiens français.
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