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Biosaintifika 11 (3) (2019) 325-331 Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education

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Biosaintifika 11 (3) (2019) 325-331 Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education Biosaintifika 11 (3) (2019) 325-331 Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/biosaintifika Phylogenetic Relationships among Ornamental Achanturid Fish from Ujunggenteng and Taman Manalusu, West Java Afra Nabila, Agus Nuryanto, Romanus Edy Prabowo, Dian Bhagawati, Kusbiyanto DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i3.20671 Faculty of Biology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia History Article Abstract Submitted 20 August 2019 Acanthuridae is a marine fish family with some members are known as ornamental Revised 19 September 2019 species. Previous studies has been reported the diversity of Acanthuridae. How- Accepted 9 December 2019 ever, there was no study on the phylogenetic relationship of the Acanthuridae from Ujunggenteng and Taman Manalusu southern coast of West Java. The purpose of Keywords this study was to provide information about the phylogenetic relationship among Acanthuridae; Phylogenetic ornamental fishes under the Acanthuridae family from Ujunggenteng Beach Su- Relationship; Taman Manalu- su; Ujunggenteng; West Java kabumi and Taman Manalusu Beach Garut, West Java. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on morphological characters using maximum parsimony algo- rithm in software PAUP with 1000 pseudoreplicates and with Halichoeres marginatus selected as an outgroup species. The phylogenetic tree had a consistency index of 0.6429. The value means that the tree was highly reliable due to its low homoplasy. Acanthuridae formed a monophyletic clade compared to the outgroup species by having seven synapomorphic characters. Acanthurid clade was divided into two subclades at generic levels by nine derived characters; three apomorphic charac- ters in Acanthurus and six apomorphic characters in Naso. The tree indicates that Naso brevirostris and Naso lituratus represents basal group, while all species within genus Acanthurus are the most advanced species. This study is the first to provide the data about the evolutionary relationship of ornamental acanthurid fish from the southern coast of West Java. Data on closely related species is one of the essential scientific basis on making policies regarding the sustainable use of those closely related species. How to Cite Nabila, A., Nuryanto, A., Prabowo, R., Bhagawati, D., & Kusbiyanto, K. (2019). Phylogenetic Relationships among Ornamental Achanturid Fish from Ujunggen- Correspondence Author: p-ISSN 2085-191X Jl. dr. Soeparno 63 Purwokerto 53122 e-ISSN 2338-7610 E-mail: [email protected] Afra Nabila et al. / Biosaintifika 11 (3) (2019) 325-331 INTRODUCTION Indonesia, namely Prionurus chrysurus (Muse- um Zoologicum Bogoriense, MZB). Bernal and Indonesia’s waters host higher marine or- Rocha (2011) focused on the relationships among namental fishes than the other countries do (Wa- species within Acanthurus from Atlantic, while hyudin, 2011). These marine resources are distri- Ho et al. (2011) emphasized their study in the re- buted to all marine ecosystems all over Indonesia lationships of species under genus Naso. Moreo- (Nijman, 2010). South coast of West Java is one ver, several studies on marine fish had conducted of Indonesian offshore areas with high potenti- in Indonesia (Fadli et al., 2018; Sahetapy et al., als of marine ornamental fish (Wahyudin, 2011; 2018; Hastuty et al., 2014; Sugianti & Mujianto, Djuwendah et al. 2013). Both previous studies 2013). There was no study available on the rela- from Wahyudin (2011) and Djuwendah et al. tionships among species under Family Acanthu- (2013) reported the potential of marine ornamen- ridae from Indonesia, especially on ornamental tal fish in the southern coast of Sukabumi and Acanthuridae from the southern coast of West Garut Regencies. Java. Therefore, it is important to study phylo- Acanthuridae is one of the marine fish fa- genetic relationship among ornamental Acant- milies whose members are referred to ornamental huridae from southern coast of West Java. Data species from Sukabumi (Wahyudin, 2011), whi- on relationships are essential when management le, there were no taxonomic data available from policies are needed for certain species, while no Southern Garut (Djuwendah et al., 2013). The data are available for that target species. Data of member of this family is characterized by having closely related species can be used as preliminary deeply flattened body shape, caudal peduncle spi- information because they generally have similar nes, small and terminal mouth, and small ctenoid characteristics. scales (Allen & Erdman, 2012). Some species The study aimed to provide information have various colorations as well (Allen & Erd- about the evolutionary relationships among or- man, 2012). namental fish species within Acanthuridae from The family of Acanthuridae consists of six Ujunggenteng, and Taman Manalusu offshores genera; Acanthurus, Ctenochaetus, Naso, Paracant- of southern coast of West Java. The results of this hurus, Prionurus, and Zebrasoma. Acanthurus is the study was expected to provide evidence for other most prominent genus in Acanthuridae and wide- taxonomists that morphological characteristics ly distributed across Indo-Pacific regions. Acant- are reliable characters for phylogenetic analysis hurus consisted of 83 described species (Bernal & of fish. Besides, the information on relationships Rocha, 2011), which are divided into six genera among the members of Acanthuridae from sout- (Froese & Pauly, 2019). hern coast of West Java is a vital scientific basis High species diversity in Acanthuridae is for manager or the authority on making policy interested to be studied, with particular empha- for sustainable uses of that fish resources because sis on their relationship. The relationships among closely related species can be managed together species within Acanthuridae can be inferred as since those species have similar characteristics. evolutionary (cladistics) relationships based on morphological (Klingenberg & Gidaszewski, METHODS 2010) and molecular characters (Carpenter et al., 2017; Bernal & Rocha 2011). Cladistics is con- Sampling sites and samples preservation sidered as a better method than phenetics. It is Fish samples were bought from the first because the cladistics can minimize the use of level middlemen in Ujung Genteng Sukabumi homoplastic characters through careful charac- Regency and Taman Manalusu Garut Regency ter selection (Klingenberg & Gidaszewski, 2010). southern coast of West Java (Figure 1). Sampling Homoplasy is a similarity of a particular charac- was conducted in February and March 2018 with ter in two or more lineages (Wake et al., 2011). four-time repetitions. Fresh fish samples were Previous studies had reported the relation- photographed directly before wet preservation. ships among members of Achanthuridae (Car- All samples were preserved in ethanol 70%. penter et al., 2017; Ludt et al., 2015; Sorensen et al., 2013; Bernal et al., 2011; Ho et al., 2011). Parameter measurement Carpenter et al. (2017) studied phylogenetic rela- A total of 30 morphological characters had tionships among Acanthurus from the Philippine. used for phylogenetic analysis consisted of gene- Ludt et al. (2015) studied relationships among ral morphological performances, meristic, and the members of Acanthuridae from all over the morphometric characters. Observation of general World, but only one species was collected from morphological performance had done manually 326 Afra Nabila et al. / Biosaintifika 11 (3) (2019) 325-331 to describe a specific character in each species. was started by character selection from Operatio- Parameter for general morphology includes dots nal Taxonomy Unit (OUT). The observed morpho- in the face and black streak behind the eye. The logical characters were transformed into multi-sta- other general morphological parameters were the te characters which were symbolized by 0, 1, and 2. horizontal line in the lateral of body, white band The symbol 0 referred to as characters of outgroup at caudal peduncle, white dots at the body, and species. The symbols 1 and 2 referred as in group caudal peduncle spines. Meristic characters had characters. Matrices data saved in nexus file type also counted manually to obtain data on soft fin were consisted of taxa block, character block, rays and dorsal and caudal fin spine. Soft fin rays and PAUP block. Phylogenetic tree reconstructi- observation had conducted with the help of mag- on was conducted based on maximum parsimo- nification lens. The morphometric parameters ny algorithm with 1000 bootstrap replications in consisted of a length of anal fin base, and length PAUP 4.0 (Swofford, 2001). Branching polarity of the anal fin. Additional parameters were the was obtained from the out-group comparison. length of dorsal-fin base, length of the dorsal fin, Halichoeres marginatus had referred as outgroup length of pectoral fin base, length of pectoral fin, species due to its monophyly with Acanthuridae. length of ventral fin base, length of the ventral fin, and length of the caudal fin. The remaining RESULTS AND DISCUSSION parameters for general morphology were the ra- tio between total length and standard length, Evolutionary Relationships the ratio between head length and snout length, Phylogenetic relationships among acant- the ratio between head length and eye diameter, hurid ornamental fish based on 30 characters are ratio between head length and jaw length, ratio presented in Figure 2. between standard length and caudal fin length, and ratio between standard
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