70 THE CaNaDiaN FiElD -N aTuRalisT Vol. 129

Range Extension for Pygmy Whitefish ( coulterii ) in the Northwest Territories, Canada

Paul VECsEi 1 and DamiaN PaNayi

Golder associates ltd., 9–4905 48th street, yellowknife, Northwest Territories X1a 3s3 Canada 1Corresponding author: [email protected]

Vecsei, Paul, and Damian Panayi. 2015. Range extension for Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ) in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 129(1): 70–75. We document the first occurrence of Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ) in the Northwest Territories outside of Great Bear lake. six specimens were captured in Bluefish lake in september 2012. Bluefish lake is on the yellowknife River, approximately 25 km upstream from Great slave lake. Key Words: Range extension; Pygmy Whitefish; Prosopium coulterii ; Northwest Territories; Coregoninae; distribution; Bluefish lake; yellowknife lake; Great slave lake Introduction ing the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation (Eschmeyer The Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ) is the and Bailey 1955). smallest member of the subfamily Coregoninae. it has in lakes, the Pygmy Whitefish ranges from shoreline large scales, large eyes, a blunt snout with a subtermi - habitat to waters as deep as 168 m (Heard and Hartman nal mouth, and a cylindrical body. its gill rakers are 1965; lindsey and Franzin 1972). at northern latitudes, short and number between 13 and 20. scales along the species is most common in shallow water. although the lateral line range between 54 and 70 (Eschmeyer the Pygmy Whitefish is typically lake dwelling, it also and Bailey 1955). The Pygmy Whitefish is typical of occurs in fast-moving montane rivers and streams that fishes in the genus Prosopium in having a single inter - are clear or silted (mcPhail and lindsey 1970; may - narial flap (mcPhail and lindsey 1970). Colouration is hood 1992*). typically brownish along the dorsum with dark parr spawning typically occurs in the late fall from No - marks even in adults (scott and Crossman 1973; Nel - vember to December (schultz 1941*; Weisel and Dil - son and Paetz 1992; mecklenburg et al . 2002). Ventral lon 1954; Eschmeyer and Bailey 1955; mcCart 1963; fins of both sexes become dark yellow or orange during Heard and Hartman 1965; Hallock and mongillo spawning (Heard and Hartman 1965). Fecundity is low - 1998*). males mature at age 1 year and females at about er than other coregonids, with egg production ranging 2 years (Wiesel et al . 1973). maximum reported ages from 97 to approximately 1000 (Weisel et al . 1973). are typically 5–7 years (Eschmeyer and Bailey 1955). mean egg size in alaska was 2.4 mm (Heard and Hart - man 1965). although the largest recorded egg size is Methods 262 mm (mcCart 1963), the maximum size rarely ex - We conducted a fish survey in Bluefish lake from ceeds 140 mm (Eschmeyer and Bailey 1955; mackay september 26 to October 1, 2012. Bluefish lake is a 2000*). natural widening of the yellowknife River upstream The Pygmy Whitefish has a wide discontinuous dis - from Prosperous lake (Figure 1), and approximately tribution in North america (scott and Crossman 1973; 25 km upstream from yellowknife Bay in Great slave Hallock and mongillo 1998*; mcPhail 2007* sullivan lake. 2011*) that includes lake superior (Ontario, michigan, Fish were collected using bottom-set, graded-mesh and Wisconsin); yukon River drainage (northern British gillnets. Nets were 75 m long by 1.8 m high and com - Columbia, yukon, and alaska); southwestern alaska posed of five, 15-m panels of 21.5-, 45.8-, 70.1-, 97.5-, (Chignik, Naknek, and Wood River drainages); and the and 120.4-mm stretched mesh. Nets were deployed Columbia River drainage (western montana, Washing - overnight for more than 12 h at a depth of 25–33 m. ton, and British Columbia). The entire catch was sorted and coregonids were pro - The Pygmy Whitefish has also been reported from cessed as soon as possible after capture. a digital image Great Bear lake, Northwest Territories, and lake atha - of the left side of each individual was made using a baska, saskatchewan (Nelson and Paetz 1992; Dr. Nikon D700 camera (Nikon Canada, mississauga, On - michael sullivan, Provincial Fisheries science spe - tario, Canada). Fish were displayed on a flat pale pink cialist, sustainable Resource Development, Fish and surface with their fins pinned in the open position and a Wildlife Division, Government of alberta, personal ruler added for scale (Figure 2). Dorsal views were also com munication, 2013) and from the Chukotski Penin - taken to illustrate spotting along the dorsal surface and sula in Russia (Chereshnev and skopets 1992). The flank. Each fish was individually bagged, labeled, and Pygmy Whitefish likely had a more continuous distri - transferred to a freezer before processing in the labo - bution during the late Pleistocene, but was isolated dur - ratory. NOTES 2015 71

FiGuRE 1. Distribution of the Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ). shaded areas and circles indicate known locations; the triangle shows the new location at Bluefish lake, Northwest Territories.

Twenty-three linear morphometric and seven meris - ed light at a magnification between 10× and 30×. all tic characteristics were quantified following Vuorinen rakers were counted, including rudimentary rakers at et al . (1993). all linear measurements were made point- the base of the arch. scales in the lateral line were to-point on the left side of the fish using digital calipers enumerated to the end of the hypural complex; where (± 0.01 mm). after measurements were made, the first scales were missing because of damage during han - left gill arch was extracted. Gill raker enumeration was dling, scale pockets were counted. For fin ray enumer - done under a leica Es2 dissection scope (leica micro - ation, the anterior rays were excluded unless they were systems inc., Concord, Ontario, Canada) with reflect - at least two-thirds the length of the longest ray. When

FiGuRE 2. Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ) captured in Bluefish lake, Northwest Territories, 2012. 72 THE CaNaDiaN FiElD -N aTuRalisT Vol. 129

the shortest ray was split at the base, it was counted as [Hll]). mouth slightly subterminal; maxillary short a single ray. in length (24.5–31.2% of Hll) to near middle of eye after morphometric and meristic measurements were and narrow (6.9–10% Hll). Eyes mid -set (preorbital completed, specimens were cut ventrally, and the body length 20–22.6% of Hll), typically centred on the cavity was examined for sex determination. When ovar - head along or slightly above midline of body. Eye ies were found intact, they were removed. Fecundity diameter moderate (27.3–31.1% of Hll). interorbital was determined by counting eggs under a leica Es2 distance moderate (19.5–24.7% Hll). Gill raker num - dissection scope. six eggs from each of three females ber low, 16–18: 6–7 on upper arch and 10–11 on lower were measured. all fish were subsequently re-frozen arch. Gill raker length short (3.2–4.7% of Hll), a dis - and archived. tinguishing feature for this species. moder - We compared our morphological and biological ate in length (10–11.8% of sTl) and height (15.5– characteristics to Coregonidae descriptions (mcPhail 18.3% of sTl); outer margin of dorsal fin angular; rays and lindsey 1970; scott and Crossman 1973; mcPhail 9–10. anal fin short at base; rays 9–11. Caudal fin 2007*), paying closest attention to features unique to forked and tips angular. Pectoral fins short and outer Pygmy Whitefish and to Prosopium species. The Pygmy margin slightly concave; rays variable, 14–16. Pelvic Whitefish is often confused with juvenile mountain fins short; origin below the second or third branched Whitefish ( Prosopium williamsoni ) or Round White - dorsal rays; rays 10–11; pelvic axillary process pres - fish ( Prosopium cylindraceum ). ent. adipose small. lateral line complete, 54–60 scales. Water temperature (° C), dissolved oxygen (mg/l), see Tables 1 and 2 for mean morphometric measure - conductivity (µs/cm) and pH were recorded at the ments and meristic counts. location and depth of the gillnet. an Ekman model Colouration E411196B12 bottom substrate retriever (Wildco, yulee, live specimens generally silver with brownish dor - Florida) was used to obtain bottom sediment at the sal colouration extending ventrally to two or three scale sampling location. The bottom sediment sample was rows above the lateral line. Numerous parr marks pres - obtained from a single grab, described, and archived. ent along lateral line and smaller blotches visible along dorsal surface. anteriorly pigmented mandible and Results maxilla; paired fins immaculate or yellowish. Caudal six individual Pygmy Whitefish, five females and fin lightly pigmented. anal fin immaculate. one of unknown gender, with distinct stages of matu - rity were captured and examined. For general overall TaBlE 2. meristic counts for six Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopi - appearance, see Figure 2. um coulterii ), five females and one unknown gender, at Bluefish lake, Northwest Territories. Description Body small, fusiform, and streamlined; to 118 mm meristic count mean number Fl. lumbar region moderate (15–19.5% of standard Dorsal rays 10.00 total length (sTl). Caudal peduncle elongate (15.2– anal rays 10.83 18.2% of sTl) and narrow (6.3–7.1% of sTl), b ody Pectoral rays 15.00 shallow, but variable (18.5–22.9% of sTl). D orsal Ventral rays 10.20 aspect of head moderately to highly convex in profile upper gill rakers 6.67 (i.e., straight line from the premaxilla to the occipital lower gill rakers 10.17 bone). Head depth shallow (37.6–47.2% of head length lateral line scales 56.17

TaBlE 1. morphometric measurements of six Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ), five females and one unknown gen - der, at Bluefish lake, Northwest Territories. measurement mean, mm measurement mean, mm Trunk length 114.17 Caudal peduncle depth 6.55 Fork length 105.33 interorbital length 5.03 standard length 98.83 maxillary length 6.01 Preorbital length 4.84 maxillary width 1.99 Orbital length 6.91 Pectoral fin length 16.35 Post orbital length 11.26 Pelvic fin length 15.51 Trunk length 22.91 adipose length 8.15 Dorsal fin length 10.56 middle gill raker length 0.89 Dorsal fin height 16.18 lower arch length 9.26 Caudal peduncle length 16.62 anal fin length 9.30 Head depth 9.65 lumbar length 17.50 Body depth 20.69 NOTES 2015 73

Reproductive state usa. 20 pages. accessed 19 October 2014. http://wdfw Five of the specimens were females with developed .wa.gov/publications/00222/dftpwfsh.pdf gonads indicating that they were close to spawning. Mackay, W. C. 2000. status of the Pygmy Whitefish ( Pro - One was in the resting phase and gender could not be sopium coulteri ) in alberta. alberta Wildlife status Report No. 27. alberta Environment, Fisheries and Wildlife determined. Fecundity, measured as total egg num - management Division, and alberta Conservation associ - ber, was determined for three of the five females as ation, Edmonton, alberta, Canada. 16 pages. accessed 19 209, 211, and 217 eggs. Egg size ranged from 2.08 to October 2014. http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/species- 2.79 mm. at-risk/species-at-risk-publications-web-resources/fish/docu Taxonomic assessment ments/saR-statusPygmyWhitefishalberta-Feb2000.pdf McPhail, J. D. 2007. The Freshwater Fishes of British Colum - Based on scale size, low lateral line scale count, adult bia. university of alberta Press, Edmonton, alberta, Cana - parr marks, low gill raker counts, snout proportions, da. 620 pages. size at maturity, low fecundity, and large egg size, the Mayhood, D. W. 1992. a preliminary assessment of the native six specimens collected in Bluefish lake during our fish stocks of Jasper National Park. Canadian Parks serv - 2012 survey were determined to be Pygmy Whitefish. ice, Jasper, alberta, Canada. 296 pages. accessed 19 Octo - specimens are archived at Fisheries and Oceans Cana - ber 2014. http://www.fwresearch.ca/library_files/may da, yellowknife. hood%201992c.pdf Schultz, L. P. 1941. Fishes of Glacier National Park, mon - Habitat data tana. Conservation Bulletin 22. united states Fish and The bottom substrate at the sampling station con - Wildlife service, West Glacier, montana, usa. 42 pages. sisted of clay and organic debris. at the depth where Sullivan, M. 2011. status of the Pygmy Whitefish ( Prosopi - the six Pygmy Whitefish were captured, water temper - um coulteri ) in alberta. alberta Wildlife status Report ature was 5.3° C, dissolved oxygen 3.5 mg/l, conduc - No. 27 (update 2011). alberta Environment, Fisheries tivity 63 µs/cm, and pH 6.3. and Wildlife management Division, and alberta Conser - vation association, Edmonton, alberta, Canada. 46 pages. accessed 28 October 2014. http://esrd.alberta.ca/fish-wild Discussion life/species-at-risk/species-at-risk-publications-web-resour The capture of Pygmy Whitefish in Bluefish lake ces/fish/documents/saR-statusPygmyWhitefishalberta- represents only the second observation of this species June2011.pdf in the Northwest Territories and the first report of their presence in the Great slave lake Basin. it is unclear Literature Cited which glacial refugium was used to recolonize Bluefish Bird, F. H., and K. Roberson. 1979. Pygmy whitefish, Pro - lake. However, the athabasca population is thought to sopium coulteri , in three lakes of the Copper River system originate from the Cascadia refugium; thus, it is pos - in alaska. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Cana - sible that the Pygmy Whitefish of Bluefish lake are da 36: 468–470. Chereshnev, I. A., and M. B. Skopets. 1992. a new record of most closely related to the Columbia River drainage the pygmy whitefish, Prosopium coulteri , from the am- group. (see appendix i for meristic means of North guem River basin (Chukotski Peninsula). Journal of ichthy - american Pygmy Whitefish populations studied thus ology 32(4): 46–55. far.) isolated and small populations of coregonids, such Eschmeyer, P. H., and R. M. Bailey. 1955. The pygmy white - as the Bluefish lake Pygmy Whitefish, are important fish, coulteri , in lake superior. Transactions from a conservation standpoint because populations of the american Fisheries society 84: 161–199. are often small and are, therefore, more susceptible to Heard, W. R., and W. L. Hartman. 1965. Pygmy Whitefish extirpation by stochastic events. it is likely that the dis - in the Naknek River system of southwest alaska. Fisheries tribution data for Pygmy Whitefish are incomplete, Bulletin 65: 555–579. Lindsey, C. C., and W. G. Franzin. 1972. New complexities possibly be cause collectors fail to collect this species in zoogeography and of the pygmy whitefish (Eschmeyer and Bailey 1955), due to their small size (Prosopium coulteri ). Journal of the Fisheries Research and relatively deep depth of capture. They may also be Board of Canada 29: 1772–1775. misidentified as juvenile mountain Whitefish or Round McCart, P. J. 1963. Growth and morphometry of the pygmy Whitefish where these species co-occur. whitefish ( Prosopium coulteri ) in British Columbia. m.sc. thesis, university of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Acknowledgements Columbia, Canada. 97 pages. Funding and logistical support was provided by McCart, P. 1970. Evidence for the existence of sibling species Northwest Territories Power Corporation. Numerous of pygmy whitefish ( Prosopium coulterii ) in three alaskan lakes. Pages 81–98 in Biology of Coregonid Fishes. Edited people provided much-appreciated feedback and com - by C. C. lindsey and C. s. Woods. university of manitoba ments on this project, especially Grant Clarke and Gary Press, Winnipeg, manitoba, Canada. ash of Golder associates ltd. McPhail, J. D., and C. C. Lindsey. 1970. Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and alaska. Bulletin 173. Fisheries. Documents Cited (marked * in text) Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Hallock, M., and P. E. Mongillo. 1998. Draft Washington Mecklenburg, C. W., T. A. Mecklenburg, and L. K. Thor - state status report for the Pygmy Whitefish. Washington stein son. 2002. Fishes of alaska. american Fisheries soci - Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, ety, Bethesda, maryland, usa. 1037 pages. 74 THE CaNaDiaN FiElD -N aTuRalisT Vol. 129

Nelson, J. S., and M. J. Paetz. 1992. The Fishes of alberta, Wiedmer, M., D. R. Montgomery, A. R. Gillespie, and H. 2nd edition. university of alberta Press, Edmonton, alber - Greenberg. 2010. late Quaternary megafloods from Gla - ta, Canada. 438 pages. cial lake atna, southcentral alaska, usa. Quaternary Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Research 73: 413–424. Canada. Bulletin 184. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Weisel, G. F., and J. B. Dillon. 1954. Observations on the Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 966 pages. pygmy whitefish, Prosopium coulteri , from Bull lake, Vuorinen, J. A., Bodaly, R. A., Reist, J. D., Bernatchez, L., mon tana. Copeia 1954: 124–127. and Dodson, J. J. 1993. Genetic and morphological dif - Weisel G. F., D. A. Hanzel, and R. L. Newell. 1973. The ferentiation between dwarf and normal size forms of lake pygmy whitefish, Prosopium coulteri , in western montana. whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) in Como lake, On tar- Fishery Bulletin 71: 587–596. io. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and aquatic sciences 50: 210–216. Received 15 may 2013 accepted 8 may 2014 NOTES 2015 75 e s C N C C C C C C C C F F C C F C m D a F C K m m m N N N N N N s s s s y r o r r r r a k k k u o o o o o o o o h o h h h o r P n a a a a u u e a a a a a a a a i a u e e e k P k k k k l l l l l p p l i p i i i d t i s s n s s c s s c c c u u u u u u g g g g i e k e e e r E h h o n n n n p p p , e e e e k n k k k t c : n n n m m m m m m n n n n

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