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SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 590 SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES XFWS-A 590 1-20 (1969) U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 590 Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications Ul ©^ A R Y AUG 10 1971 WOODS HOLE. mSS. SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na 590 SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Robert L. Hacker, Editor Mary Fukuyama, Associate Editor PUBLICATION BOARD John A. Gulnan John M. Patton, Jr. Robert L. Hacker Edward A. Schaefers John I. Hodges Parker S. Trefethen Harvey Hutchings Robert C. WUson Leslie W. Scattergood, Chairman Special Scientific Report—Fisheries are preliminary or progress reports and reports on scientific Investigations of restricted scope. Established as Special Scientific Reports in 1940, nos. 1 to 67 were Issued from that date to 1949, when the new series. Special Scientific Report— Fisheries, with new serial numbering, was started. Special Scientific Report— Fisheries are distributed free to Libraries, research institutions. State agencies, and scientists. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications By WILLIAM R. HEARD, RICHARD L, WALLACE and WILBUR L. HARTMAN United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report- -Fisheries No. 590 Washington, D.C. October 1969 2 CONTENTS Page Introduction ^ Fresh-water areas of the monument 3 Bristol Bay Drainage ^ Shelikof Strait Drainage '* Methods and equipment 5 Annotated list of species ° Fresh-water forms " Petron^yzontidae " Arctic lamprey, Lampetra japonica (Martens) 6 Salmonidae ^ Humpback whitefish, Coregonus pidschian (Gmelin) ^ Least Cisco, Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes ^ Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) 7 Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) 8 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) 8 Sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) 8 Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) 9 Pygmy whitefish, Prosopium coulterii (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) 9 Round whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum (Pallas) 10 Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richardson 10 Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) 10 Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) 10 Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) 11 Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus (Pallas) 1^ Osmeridae •• Pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus (Pallas) 1^ Umbridae ^^ Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean 1^ Esocidae ^^ Northern pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus 1^ 1 Catoston^idae • •• Longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus (Forster) 1^ Gadidae |^ Burbot, Lota lota (Linnaeus) ;: Caster OS teidae Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1^ Ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) 13 Cottidae |^ Coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus Gilbert Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus Richardson 1^ Euryhaline forms j Osmeridae dentex Steindachner Arctic smelt, Osmerus J^ Gadidae Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius 1^ Cottidae 14 Pacific staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus Girard 14 Pleuronectidae 14 Starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) 14 Zoogeographical implications 14 Summary 1° Acknowledgments •••• • • ^ 19 Literature cited , • iii Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications By WILLIAM R. heard/ RICHARD L. WALLACE,^ and WILBUR L. HARTMAN^ ABSTRACT Katmai National Monument covers 10,916 km.^ on the base of the Alaska Penin- sula and is divided by the Aleutian Mountain Range into two principal drainage areas. Streams north of the Aleutian Range flow into Bristol Bay of the Bering Sea, and those south of the mountains flow into Shelikof Strait of the North Pacific Ocean. The large multilake Naknek River system is the dominant drainage area on the Bristol Bay side of the monument, whereas small single lakes and short streams and rivers constitute many separate drainages on the Shelikof Strait side. Twenty- four species of fish occur in the Bristol Bay drainages of the monument, but only eight species were collected in streams and lakes draining into Shelikof Strait. Evi- dently the Aleutian Range has been a barrier to the southward movement of fresh- water fishes in the monument. All eight species in Shelikof Strait drainages are capable of dispersal through salt water, whereas several forms in Bristol Bay drainages require fresh water for dispersal. Variable numbers of species occur in the interconnecting lakes of the Naknek River system. Naknek Lake, the downstream terminus of the lake system, contains 24 known species and each upstream lake contains fewer species than the one into which it drains. The present distribution of fishes in this system is discussed in terms of the sequential timing of species invasion and the postglacial development of barriers. INTRODUCTION Katmai National Monument is at the base of sula. The area has a long history of volcanism the Alaska Peninsula in southwestern Alaska (Wahrhaftig, 1965), and glaciation was exten- {fig. 1). It was established by Presidential sive during the Pleistocene (MuUer, 1952; Proclamation in 1918, primarily to preserve Karlstrom, 1957). Several streams on each the spectacular features of the Valley of Ten slope of the Aleutian Range still originate Thousand Smokes --a volcanic phenomenon that from small, vestigial glaciers. One of the most resulted in 1912 from the eruption of the vol- important features influencing the distribution cano Mt. Novarupta. In subsequent years the of fishes in the monument is the large complex boundaries were extended to include much of of interconnecting streams and lakes in the the area surrounding the Valley of Ten Thou- Naknek River system. This system dominates sand Smokes, and the monunient now encom- the western half of the monument; it is here passes 10,916 km.^. Interesting accounts of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries has a the discovery, description, and history of this cooperative arrangement with the National remote scenic area were given by Griggs Park Service to do biological research on (1922) and Cahalane (1959). sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Wal. The monument has many prominent fea- baum). This research began at Brooks Lake tures that influence the distribution of fishes. in 1940 and was expanded in 1961 to include It is divided by the Aleutian Range along a all of the Naknek system. Some of the studies northeast -southwest axis so that the general have dealt with fishes associated with sockeye streamflow is to the sides of the Alaska Penin- salmon. We have been involved with various aspects ^ Fishery Biologist, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of studies at Brooks Lake since 1957 and Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska 99821. throughout the Naknek system since 1961. In other ^ Graduate student. Department of Fisheries and Wild- 1962, we began to collect fishes from life, Oregon State University, Corvallls, Oreg. 97331. drainage systems in the monument. COOK (NLET 25 50 I-- i-l " 1 KILOMETERS Figure 1. — Alaska Peninsula and adjacent areas, showing location of Katmal National Monument. No general treatment of the occurrence and mostly to data from reports^ on commercial distribution of fishes in Katmai National Monu- fishing in Shelikof Strait. These reports are ment has been attempted, although Cahalane concerned primarily with the species of salmon in an interim report of the National Park Serv- that spawn in particular streams. ice Katmai Project mentioned a few species, Cahalane (1959) made a biological survey of and Greenbank* reported on a sport fishery the plant and vertebrate animal life in the survey of the Naknek system. Several publi- monument but did not attempt to include fishes. cations concerned principally with aspects of The present study attempts to fill this gap in the sockeye salmon biology and a few published general knowledge of fishes in the monument. studies concerned with other species within The purposes of this paper are (1) to report the Naknek system provide an important back- the known occurrence and distribution of ground for the present study. Previous infor- fresh-water fishes in Katmai National Monu- mation concerning fishes in the monument ment and (2) to consider the zoogeographical other than in the Naknek system is confined implications of these findings. ^Cahalane, Victor H. 1954. A biological survey of Information on the Shelikof Strait portion of the monu- Katmai National Monument. In R. S. Luntey, Katmai Proj- ment Is Included in the Management Reports, U.S. Bureau ect interim report, Katmai National Monument, Alaska, of Fisheries and Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Kodlak pp. 75-109. U.S. Dept. Interior, Nat. Park Serv. Island District, for 1924-59. These repons are on file at Greenbank, John. 1954. Sport fish survey, Katmai the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labora- National Monument. Manuscript on file. Bur. Commer. tory, Auke Bay. Reportsfor this area since 1959 are avail- Fish. Biol. Lab., Auke Bay, Alaska, 30 pp. able from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau. 5 5 10 15 20 25 KILOMETERS Figure 2.—Katmal National Monument, showing principal fresh-water areas. Asterisks indicate general locations where fish collections were made in the King Salmon River system and along Shelikof Strait, 1962-64. Hundreds of collections have been made throughout the Naknek River system beginning originally at Brooks Lake in 1940. Kuliak Bay Lake, Kaflia Bay Lake, Devils Cove Lake, Hallo Glacier Lake, Katmai Crater Lake, and Kaguyak Crater Lake are
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