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Population Demographics of Broad Whitefish Spawning Near Mcgrath, Alaska, 2014 and 2015 Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2017-06

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Population Demographics of Broad Whitefish Spawning Near Mcgrath, Alaska, 2014 and 2015 Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2017-06 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Population Demographics of Broad Whitefish Spawning Near McGrath, Alaska, 2014 and 2015 Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2017-06 Kenai Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office Soldotna, Alaska November 2017 The Alaska Region Fisheries Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts fisheries monitoring and population assessment studies throughout many areas of Alaska. Dedicated professional staff located in Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks and Kenai Fish and Wildlife Offices and the Anchorage Conservation Genetics Laboratory serve as the core of the Program’s fisheries management study efforts. Administrative and technical support is provided by staff in the Anchorage Regional Office. Our program works closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and other partners to conserve and restore Alaska’s fish populations and aquatic habitats. Additional information about the Fisheries Program and work conducted by our field offices can be obtained at: http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/index.htm The Alaska Region Fisheries Program reports its study findings through the Alaska Fisheries Data Series (AFDS) or in recognized peer-reviewed journals. The AFDS was established to provide timely dissemination of data to fishery managers and other technically oriented professionals, for inclusion into agency databases, and to archive detailed study designs and results for the benefit of future investigations. Publication in the AFDS does not preclude further reporting of study results through recognized peer-reviewed journals. Disclaimer: The use of trade names of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2017-06, November 2017 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Population Demographics of Broad Whitefish Spawning Near McGrath, Alaska, 2014 and 2015 Kenneth S. Gates, Ken C. Harper, and James K. Boersma Abstract Broad Whitefish Coregonus nasus are relatively large compared to other whitefish species, migrate long distances in search of prime feeding and spawning areas, and are an important subsistence species harvested throughout the Kuskokwim River drainage. Current knowledge of discrete population demographics is limited and there is a growing concern from subsistence fishers of fewer large whitefish available for harvest today compared to recent history. To begin addressing this concern and to provide for repeatable comparisons of population structure in the future, we collected baseline data that describes the current population demographics of Broad Whitefish from one of two previously identified main-stem spawning groups in the Kukskokwim River. Our sampling included 1,193 collections of age, sex, length, and weight information from Broad Whitefish in 2014 and 2015. Fish were sampled prior to spawning as they migrated in the Kuskokwim River near McGrath, Alaska. Ages of fish sampled ranged between 4 and 26 years (n = 600) in 2014 and between 2 and 22 years (n = 593) during 2015. The average age of sampled fish was 8.5 years during each sample year. Females comprised 38% of the sample during 2014 and 30% during 2015. The mean fork length of sampled fish was 488 mm in 2014 and 485mm in 2015. Mean weights were 1.79 kg in 2014 and 1.70 kg in 2015. Overall, samples of Broad Whitefish collected during 2014 and 2015 were similar with only a few differences observed primarily between male and female weights within and among years. Age, length, and weight data collected during 2014 and 2015 are similar to other populations of Broad Whitefish found throughout the Yukon River drainage and Arctic Region. Introduction There are seven whitefish species (Family: Salmonidae, Subfamily: Coregoninae) present in the Kuskokwim River drainage in Alaska (Alt 1972; Russell 1980; Harper et al. 2007). Inconnu Stenodus leucichthys, Broad Whitefish Coregonus nasus, and Humpback Whitefish C. pidschian (a nominate form of C. clupeaformis complex according to McDermid et al. 2005) are relatively large (1 kg or greater, mature weight) and are actively sought in subsistence fisheries throughout the region (Fall et al. 2007; Krauthoefer et al. 2007; Simon et al. 2007). Bering Cisco C. laurettae, Least Cisco C. sardinella, and Round Whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum are relatively small (~0.3 - 1.0 kg, mature weight) and are thought to be a lesser component of the subsistence fishery in the Kuskokwim region. Pygmy Whitefish P. coulteri are the smallest species and are only known to exist in one lake within the headwaters of the Stony River near the middle Kuskokwim River. General life history characteristics are thought to be similar for all riverine whitefish (i.e., Inconnu, Broad Whitefish, Humpback Whitefish, Bering Cisco, and Least Cisco) residing in the Kuskokwim River. They are broadcast-spawners, spreading their eggs over gravel substrate (McPhail and Lindsey 1970) in the fall and larvae emerge after a winter of developing. Larvae are distributed downstream by river currents to feeding areas (Naesje et al. 1986, 1995; Authors: Kenneth S. Gates and Ken C. Harper are fisheries biologists and James K. Boersma is fisheries biological technician with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The authors can be contacted through the Kenai Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, 43655 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Soldotna, Alaska 99669; or [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]. Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2017-06, November 2017 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Shestakov 1991, 1992; Bogdanov et al. 1992) where they rear up to several years. Once mature, fish migrate upstream from feeding areas to fall spawning grounds (Harper et al. 2009, 2012). Harvest of whitefish throughout Alaska is mostly unmanaged. Federal and state subsistence regulations in the Kuskokwim River region allow for unlimited year-round harvest of all species and the only limitation in state sport fishing regulations is for Inconnu (10 per day, 10 in possession, no size limit). Much of the subsistence harvest occurs in the main-stem Kuskokwim River and connected tundra ponds within the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. There has been a growing concern from residents throughout the region that fewer whitefish are available for harvest today compared to the recent past, particularly larger whitefish (i.e., Broad Whitefish and Inconnu). These larger whitefish species are preferred and are thought to be the least abundant of all whitefish species in the Kuskokwim region. Information documenting whitefish harvest in the Kuskokwim region is generally community or area-specific and lack species-specific reporting. For example, Krauthhoefer et al. (2007) noted during an interview of a subsistence fisher that there are fewer whitefish now compared to the past and that whitefish previously reached much larger sizes. Krauthhoefer et al. (2007) also reported that whitefish were the most important to the village of Aniak of all non-salmon harvested fish during 2001 and 2002. Similarly, Simon et al. (2007) documented that the most non-salmon resident fish species harvested by Bethel residents in the lower Kuskokwim River drainage during 2001 was whitefish. Simon et al. (2007) also estimated subsistence whitefish harvest by Bethel residents in 2001 was 32,900 lb, 36,880 lb in 2002, and 12,725 lb in 2003. The importance of whitefish to subsistence users has prompted several studies throughout the Kuskokwim region. The most recent studies included a fish weir at the outlet of Whitefish Lake south of Aniak from 2001 to 2003 (Harper et al. 2007), which described species composition, run timing, abundance, age, length, sex, and incidental information. There were several years of radiotelemetry studies focused on movements and distributions of primarily Broad and Humpback whitefish and Inconnu throughout the Kuskokwim River (Harper et al. 2009; Stuby 2010). There is also an ongoing Bering Cisco radiotelemetry study (FIS 12-313), and a recent pilot study developing capture and aging techniques of Broad Whitefish spawning upstream of McGrath, Alaska (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, unpublished data). Most of the recent work has focused on Broad Whitefish, Inconnu, and Bering Cisco because of their low abundance and harvest preference by subsistence users. Recent movement studies show that most whitefish are highly migratory throughout the Kuskokwim River drainage (Harper et al. 2009, 2012; Stuby 2010). Initial indications of long migrations were determined from analysis of otoliths collected from Broad and Humpback whitefish and Least Cisco captured in Whitefish Lake. Results from otolith microchemistry data indicate that most fish rear in brackish or marine waters for part of their life before migrating to freshwater feeding areas (Harper et al. 2007). Subsequent radiotelemetry studies of adult fish confirm that migrations often times exceed several hundred river kilometers. For example, some Broad Whitefish radio-tagged downstream of Bethel at rkm 112 migrated to two distinct spawning locations in the middle and upper Kuskokwim River: one near the confluence of the Swift River (rkm 560) and the other between McGrath and Medfra (rkm 700; Harper et al. 2012). The spawning season for Broad Whitefish occurs during October and November (Shestakov 2001; Tallman et al. 2002; Harper et al. 2009, Carter 2010),
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