Quaboag & Quacumquasit Ponds
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Managing Cranberry Bogs on White Island Pond Mark D. Mattson PhD Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection Plymouth Massachusetts 1621 Thanksgiving Turkey, Cranberries and White Island Pond Pumping began in 1960 (repeated floods, 10 feet water) Photo : Jack Rabin $ 100 million crop 200 80 70 150 60 50 100 40 30 (lb/Acre) 50 20 ? 10 Rate P Recommended Cranberry Yield (Barrel/Acre) Cranberry Yield 0 0 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 2010 White Island Pond Ezekiel Pond Enforce CWA? Combine TMDL+ 319 Alternative Sample EPA 319 Grant(s) to • Violation of WQS 2000 University to do 2001- Study on Cranberry 2005 P fertilizer rates, Sample 2007 discharge of P • TMDL MOA Draft 2008 More 319 grants BMPs, Final 2010 Growers fund first alum • Enforcement 2013 with homeowners 319 grant to help fund 2014 final alum treatment 319 Grant results: Cranberry Yield vs P fertilizer DeMoranville (Acta Hort, 2014): Table 1 Sites show average of 24% increased yield with lower P (<10 kg/ha) rate. 9.9 kg P/ha/yr Flow-thru bog Howe and Teal, 1995 Net Export TP vs TP Discharge Concentration (319 Grant data: DeMoranville and Howes, 2005) 5 4 3 kg/ha/yr 2 1 Organic1 Organic2 0 Organic3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Organic4 -1 Mineral5 Mineral6 Regression Net TP Netexport TP -2 TP Concentration in Discharge mg/L TP in Bog Discharge (mg/l) 680 78 68 12 260 51 34 91 81 6 Total Phosphorus concentrations (ug/L) in the area. TMDL from TP 57 ug/l to 19 ug/l 3.4 kg/ha 0.5 kg/ha 3.4 kg/ha 0.5 kg/ha Total Phosphorus (ug/L) 100 120 20 40 60 80 0 1977 Whittaker (1980) 2000 2007 Reduced P 2008 Year 2009 + Bog Diversion 2010 2011 2012 20g/m2 Alum Treatment 2013 2 2014 30g/m Alum Treatment Basin East Target Mean TP 19 ug/l Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 100 120 20 40 60 80 0 1977 Whittaker (1980) 2000 2007 Reduce P 2008 Year + Bog Diversion 2009 2010 2011 2012 2 2013 20g/m Alum Treatment 2014 30g/m2 Alum Treatment Chl a Target Mean Secchi Transparency (m) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1977 2000 2007 2008 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Target Mean Secchi 120 East 100 Basin 80 41 % Bogs 60 44 % Alum TP 40 Mean 20 Total Phosphorus (ug/L) Phosphorus Total Target 19 0 12 ug/l 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year Conclusions • Bogs were overfertilized and lake turned green • Low P fertilizers crop yields and P discharge • Bogs:41% of P; • Sediment recycled P inputs 44%; • Home Septic system P input low. <5%? • Sensitive lakes may require low P, + diversion, followed by alum+aluminate • White Island Pond now meets WQS Key concepts for implementation Polluted, 303d, Historic data, public, hourglass • Carefully choose lake for case study and reference lake, pictures, access • Get data on low P fertilizers and discharges • Work with neutral, trusted party: UMASS • Keep public, legal pressure up as stick • Offer EPA 319 grant money as carrot • Develop Bog BMPs for WQS and use multiple approaches to implement. • Google Massdep TMDL White or MOA Monponsett Ponds Monponsett Pond Thanks to: C. DeMoranville, B. Howes, J. LaFleur, J. Sullivan, K. Tower, J. Hobill, D. Johnston, G. DeCesare, R. Chase, J. Peirce, A. Screpetis, EPA 319 Grant Program, Makepeace Cranberry and Federal Furnace Cranberry. 20 g/m2 Al Alkalinity: 3 mg/l pH 6.83-6.47 Total Al: 1300. ug/l dissolved Al: 130 ug/l West Secchi Transparency (m) Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 100 120 Total Phosphorus (ug/L) 5 4 3 2 1 0 100 120 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 0 0 1977 1977 1977 2000 2000 2000 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 Year 2009 Year 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2014 20g/m2 Alum Treatment 2014 2014 Target Mean TP Target Mean Secchi Target Mean Chl a Secchi Transparency (m) Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 100 120 5 4 3 2 1 0 Total Phosphorus (ug/L) 100 120 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 0 0 1977 1977 1977 Whittaker (1980) 2000 2000 2000 2007 2007 2007 2008 Reduced P 2008 2008 Year 2009 Year + Bog Diversion 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2013 20g/m2 Alum Treatment 2013 2013 30g/m2 Alum Treatment 2014 2014 2014 19ug/l Target Mean TP East Target Mean Secchi Chl a Target Mean 1.2m 16 ug/l 120 100 80 60 Final Alum Treatment Alum Final TP 40 Mean TP 20 Target Total Phosphorus (ug/L) Total 0 West 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 1.8 25 1.6 1.4 20 1.2 15 1 N/P 0.8 10 0.6 TN 0.4 5 Total Nitrogen (mg/L) Nitrogen Total Mean 0.2 0 0 N/P East 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 1.8 25 1.6 1.4 20 1.2 N/P 15 1 0.8 10 TN 0.6 Mean 0.4 5 Total Nitrogen (mg/L) Nitrogen Total 0.2 N/P 0 0 West 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 120 100 80 60 Chl a 40 Mean Target Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 20 0 East 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 120 100 80 60 Chl a 40 Mean Target Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 20 0 West 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 0 1 2 Secchi 3 Mean 4 Target Secchi Transparency (m) Secchi Transparency 5 East 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year 0 1 2 Secchi 3 Mean 4 Target Secchi Transparency (m) Secchi Transparency 5 West 1977 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Basin Year Vollenweider Suite of Lake Models revised estimates of loads: Bogs 205kg (38%) + Internal 219 (41%) = 79% of total Estimate of Home septic systems 28kg (5%) 28 219 97 5.3 kg/ha 108.