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Causes of Cretaceous Oscillations of Sea Level in Western and Arctic Canada and Some General Geotectonic Implications

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Causes of Cretaceous Oscillations of Sea Level in Western and Arctic Canada and Some General Geotectonic Implications GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA COMMISSION GEOLOGIQUE DU CANADA PAPER 77-18 ,/ CAUSES OF CRETACEOUS OSCILLATIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA AND SOME GENERAL GEOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS J.A. JELETZKY Energy, Mines and Energie, Mines et 1+ Resources Canada Ressources Canada 1978 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PAPER 77-18 CAUSES OF CRETACEOUS OSCILLATIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA AND SOME GENERAL GEOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS J.A. JELETZKY 1978 ©Mini ster of Supply and Servi c es Canada 1978 avail able by mail from Printing and Publishing Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec , Canada KIA OS9, and The Geologic al Survey of Canada 601 Booth St., Ottawa, KIA OE8 or Through your booksel !e r. Catalogue No. Mt+t+ - 77I18 Price: Canada : $3.00 ISB N - 0-660-01513- 7 Other Countries: $3.60 Price subject to change without notice CONTENTS Page Abstract/Resume .......................................................... Introduction .............................................................. History of Cretaceous oscillations of sea level in Western and Arctic Canada . I General remarks about basins studied . I Geological background data and methods used . 2 Comparative analysis of oscillation graphs . 9 Early Cretaceous time . 9 Late Cretaceous time................................................... 11 Conclusions . 15 Comparison of Cretaceous oscillatory histories of Canadian basins studied with those of some foreign basins . 16 Analysis of Kauffman's graph summarizing the global oscillatory history of epeiric seas . 16 Analysis of oscillatory graphs of northern European and United States Western Interior Basins . 19 Analysis of Matsumoto's graphs summarizing the oscillatory history of principal basins of the circum-Pacif ic region . 21 The significance of Cretaceous segments of Phanerozoic oscillation graphs of Yanshin . 22 The validity of Arkell's ( 1956) synthesis of Jurassic oscillatory history . 23 Some general causes of exaggeration of the role of eustatic movements of sea level . 24 Comparative neglect of biochronology and overestimation of other geochronological methods . 24 Magnetostratigraphic method . 25 Radiochronometric methods . 25 Limits of precision and reliability of radiochronometric methods in unmetamorphosed rocks of cratonic regions . 25 Radiochronometric methods in tectonized or metamorphosed rocks . 27 Conclusions . 29 Relative roles of eustasy and tectonic movements of continental blocks in controlling ancient transgressions and regressions . 30 Duration and amplitudes of Quaternary tectonic movements . 30 Duration and vertical amplitudes of pre-Quaternary tectonic movements 31 Duration of tectonic movements and related problems . 31 The independent existence of orogenic and epeirogenic movements . 31 The episodic character and the frequent occurrence of pre-Quaternary movements . 31 Some problems of practical recognition and dating of orogenic movements (phases) . 31 Duration of orogenic phases and some related problems . 33 Duration of epeirogenic movements . 33 Conclusions . 36 Amplitudes of pre-Quaternary tectonic (orogenic and epeirogenic) movements . 36 Amplitudes of the eustatic fluctuations of sea !eve! . 37 General conclusions . 37 References. 38 IJ!ustrations Figure l. Principal Early Cretaceous marine basins of Western and Arctic Canada . 2 2. Principal Late Cretacous marine basins of Western and Arctic Canada . 3 3. Summary of Cretaceous facies and inferred history of oscillations of sea level in the Tyaughton Trough . 4 4. Summary of Cretaceous facies and inferred history of oscillations of sea level in the Insular Trough................... 5 5. Summary of Cretaceous facies and inferred history of oscillations of sea level in the Richardson Mountain- Porcupine Plain Trough . 6 6. Summary of Cretaceous facies and inferred history of oscillations of sea level in the Sverdrup Basin . 7 7. Summary of Cretaceous facies and inferred history of oscillations of sea level in the Alberta-Liard Trough . 8 CONTENTS (cont.) Figure 8. Summary of Early Cretaceous oscillations of sea level in the orogenic and intrac ratonic basins of Western and Arctic Canada . JO 9. Summary of Late Cretaceous oscillations of sea level in the orogenic and intracratonic basins of Western and Arctic Canada . J J I 0. Correlation of the oscillation graphs of Cretaceous basins of Western and Arctic Canada summarized in Figs. 8, 9 with those of foreign Cretaceous basins.... ..... ................... 18 J J . Graphs of development of Phanerozoic transgressions and regressions in different major regions of the continental lithosphere . 22 12. Geological profile through the Mid-Lias of West Germany . 34 CAUSES OF CRETACEOUS OSCILLATIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN WESTERN AND ARCTIC CANADA AND SOME GENERAL GEOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS Abstract Refined biochronological studies revealed an almost complete lack of interbasinal correlation of Cretaceous transgressions and regressions in Western and Arctic Canada. A comparison with the literature data available indicates that the same is true of the Cretaceous transgressions and regressions the world over and indeed of all Phanerozoic transgressions and regressions on the global scale. These data contradict the presently fashionable hypothesis claiming that the Phanerozoic transgressions and regressions were caused largely or entirely by geologically instantaneous, world­ wide eustatic oscillations of sea l evel. The popularity of this hypothesis appears to be caused by: 1. Currently widespread neglect of the biochronological method of age determination coupled with an unjustified reliance on incomparably less precise and commonly unreliable physical methods of age determination (e.g. radiometry or magnetostratigraphy); and 2. The common lack of realization that many (?most) Phanerozoic tectonic movements (orogenic as well as epeirogenic) were very rapid events which lasted only from one to a few zonal moments in terms of the biochronological standard. These pulses occured very frequently and had local to regional (apparently never global) extent. As eustatic oscillations of sea level undoubtedly occurred in the past, the almost total absence of their record in Phanerozoic rocks must be due to the subsequent destruction (overprinting) by the tectonic movements. This is indicated by: 1. The short duration and frequent occurrence of orogenic and epeirogenic pulses; and 2. The minor amplitude of eustatic oscillations as compared with that of tectonic pulses. The amplitudes of eustatic oscillations apparently averaged only 40 to 110 m and did not exceed 300 m (i.e. from -150 to + 150 m). The estimated vertical amplitudes of minor tectonic movements ranged from 200 to 2000 m. The amplitudes of eustatic oscillations are, there{ ore, almost an order of magnitude less than those of the minor (let alone medium to large which have amplitudes of several to many thousands of metres) tectonic movements. Because of the overprinting, the effects of ancient eustatic oscillations may only be preserved either during infrequent tectonically quiescent intervals in the Phanerozoic history of the globe (e.g. the global Maastrichtian regression) or within such most stable tectonic elements of the continental crust as Precambrian shields and stable shelves. Resume Des etudes biochronologiques approf ondies ont indique qu'il n'y a presque pas de correspondance, d'un bassin de sedimentation ii l'autre, entre les diverses transgressions et regressions qu'ont subies au Cretace l'Ouest et l' Arctique canadiens. La litterature a ce suj et indique qu'il en est de meme des transgressions et regressions du Cretace a l'echelle globale, et en f ait, de toutes celles qui ont eu lieu pendant le Phanerozoique. Ces donnees sont en contracdiction avec l'hypothese actuellement admise, suivant laquelle les transgressions et regressions du Phanerozoique ont ete en grande partie OU entierement provoquees par des oscillations eustatiques globales du niveau marin, instantanees a l'echelle geologique. La popularite de cette hypothese a ete provoquee par la predominance des attitudes suivantes: 1. on neglige generalement de faire appel a des methodes biochronologiques de datation, et on s'appuie inconsiderement sur des methodes physiques de datation, beaucoup moins precises et ordinairement peu fiables (par exemple, la radiometrie ou la magnetostratigraphie); et 2. on ne se rend generalement pas compte qu'un grand nombre (ou la plupart?) des mouvements tectoniques du Phanerozoique (qu'il s'agisse de mouvements orogeniques ou epirogeniques) se SOnt deroules tres rapidement, et a l'echelle biochronologique, Se limitent a la duree d'une OU de quelques zones. Ces oscillations se sont produites tres frequemment, et ont eu une extension locale aregionale (apparemment, jamais globale). L'absence presque totale dans les roches du Phanerozoiques d'indices de mouvements eustatiques anciens, qui ont pourtant certainement eu lieu, est probablement due a la destruction de ces indices par superposition par des processus tectoniques. C'est ce que revelent: 1. la brievete et la frequence des episodes orogeniques et epirogeniques susmentionnes, et 2. la faible amplitude des mouvements eustatiques, par rapport aux mouvements tectoniques. L'amplitude des oscillations eustatiques a varie entre seul ement 40 et 110 m en moyenne, et n'a jamais depasse 300 m (les oscillations du niveau ont varie entre -150 et 150 m). L'amplitude verticale estimee des mouvements tectoniques de f aible envergure a varie entre 200 et 2000 m. Par consequent, !'amplitude des oscillations
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