DOCSLIB.ORG

Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy and Global Chronostratigraphy Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy and Global Chronostratigraphy Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain GeoArabia, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2007 Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy and global chronostratigraphy Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy: Potential implications for global chronostratigraphy Michael D. Simmons, Peter R. Sharland, David M. Casey, Roger B. Davies and Owen E. Sutcliffe ABSTRACT The ability to recognise and correlate third-order depositional sequences across Arabia and between Arabia and other plates indicates that these sequences are driven by synchronous eustatic sea-level change. This is of value in providing guidance for the definitions of stages, which are the fundamental units of chronostratigraphy. Each Phanerozoic stage requires a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), which is a location and specific bedding plane where the base of each stage is defined. This definition is tied to an event in the rock record useful for correlation. Progress in defining GSSPs has been delayed because of difficulties in choosing the most appropriate event and section to relate to a definition. It is recommended here that stage boundaries be related to correlative conformities of sequence boundaries. This closely links chronostratigraphy with sequence stratigraphy and honours the original concepts upon which many stages were first described in the 19th Century. INTRODUCTION Perhaps one of the most basic and often-asked questions in geoscience is “what age is it?” when referring to part of an outcrop or subsurface succession. To this end many geoscientists will have a geological timescale wallchart or reference card close to hand showing the relative positions of the familiar subdivisions of the geological timescale (Figure 1). Whilst most geologists will be aware that timescales evolve because of new radiometric dates or improvements in radiometric dating calibration and precision (for example, compare the latest timescale of Gradstein et al., 2004, with one of its predecessors such as Harland et al., 1990), many will be unaware that many of the units on the chart (Aptian, Visean, etc) still lack a formal definition. This is of concern because, for example, using the same set of fossils to derive an age, one geologist can call a given rock succession early Aptian, but another geologist may call the same succession late Barremian, all because each are using a different (usually palaeontological) event to define the base of the Aptian. Obviously this is very confusing for the non-specialist just wishing to understand the age and correlation of the rock succession. Unless chronostratigraphic terms are defined, one is reminded of the egocentric words of Humpty-Dumpty in the famous story by Lewis Carrol Alice Through the Looking-Glass: “when I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less”. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the evolving concepts of sequence stratigraphy, such as those published by Sharland et al. (2001, 2004) and Davies et al. (2002), may assist in defining the units of the geological timescale and, in turn, help harmonise the disciplines of sequence stratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. To do so, we: • briefly review the historical background to key chronostratigraphic terminology; • discuss the interplay between sequence stratigraphy and stage boundaries; • argue that stratigraphic sequences are global and synchronous in nature; and • present examples to demonstrate how sequence stratigraphy may assist in chronostratigraphic stage definition. 101 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article-pdf/12/4/101/4570256/simmons.pdf by guest on 27 SimmonsSeptember LV6 2021 24July 101 9/2/07, 2:30 PM Simmons et al. ERA PERIOD EPOCH STAGE AGE (Ma) GSSP ARABIAN PLATE SEQUENCE STRATI- GRAPHY ERA PERIOD EPOCH STAGE AGE (Ma) GSSP ARABIAN PLATE SEQUENCE STRATI- GRAPHY HOLOCENE J110 147.0 PLEISTOCENE 1.8 L Gelasian 2.6 Tithonian J110 SB 149.0 PLIOCENE M Piacenzian E Zanclean 3.6 J100 151.0 5.3 150.8 J90 151.4 Messinian J80 151.8 7.2 Kimmeridgian J70 152.2 L 154.5 J60 155.25 Tortonian LATE 11.6 J60 SB 156.0 Serravallian Oxfordian 13.6 Ng40 14.5 J50 159.0 M Langhian 16.0 Ng30 15.9 161.2 Ng20 17.5 Callovian J40 162.5 MIOCENE Burdigalian Ng20 SB 19.0 164.7 J40 SB 165.0 E 20.4 Ng10 20.0 Bathonian Aquitanian J30 167.5 Ng10 SB 23.0 167.7 23.0 Bajocian J20 171.0 Pg50 24.5 MIDDLE Chattian 171.6 28.4 Pg40 29.0 Aalenian 175.6 Rupelian JURASSIC J20 SB 177.0 OLIGO- CENE Pg30 33.0 33.9 Toarcian J10 181.0 Priabonian Pg30 SB 33.5 37.2 CENOZOIC 183.0 Bartonian 40.4 Pliensbachian J10 SB 188.0 Lutetian EARLY 189.6 Sinemurian EOCENE 48.6 Pg20 50.0 Pg20 SB 51.0 196.5 PALAEOGENEYpresian NEOGENE Hettangian 199.6 55.8 MESOZOIC Thanetian Rhaetian 203.6 58.7 Pg10 59.0 Selandian 61.7 Tr80 208.0 Danian Pg10 SB 63.0 PALAEO- CENE Norian 65.5 Maastrichtian Tr80 SB 214.0 K180 70.0 LATE 70.6 216.5 Tr70 220.0 Campanian K170 78.0 Carnian Tr70 SB 223.5 K170 SB 80.0 Tr60 227.0 228.0 Tr60 SB 229.0 LATE 83.5 K160 85.0 Santonian TRIASSIC 85.8 Tr50 Coniacian K150 88.0 Ladinian 233.0 89.3 Turonian K150 SB 92.0 237.0 K140 93.0 93.5 MIDDLE K130 95.5 Anisian Tr40 242.0 Cenomanian K120 99.0 Tr40 SB 244.2 99.6 245.0 K110 100.5 Olenekian Tr30 249.7 249.7 Tr20 250.0 EARLY Induan Tr10 250.5 Albian 251.0 Tr10 SB 251.0 K100 108.0 Changhsingian 253.8 P40 253.0 MESOZOIC K90 110.0 Lopingian P30 256.0 Wuchiapingian CRETACEOUS 112.0 K90 SB 112.5 260.4 Capitanian Aptian K80 119.0 Guada- 265.8 P20 266.0 Wordian lupian 268.0 K70 124.5 Roadian EARLY 125.0 270.6 K60 125.5 P20 SB 271.0 Barremian Kungurian 130.0 K50 129.0 275.6 PERMIAN Hauterivian PALAEOZOIC K40 134.5 Artinskian 136.4 Cisuralian Valanginian K40 SB 139.5 284.4 P10 286.0 140.2 K30 140.0 Sakmarian Berriasian K20 142.0 145.5 K10 145.0 102 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article-pdf/12/4/101/4570256/simmons.pdf by guest on 27 SimmonsSeptember LV6 2021 24July 102 9/2/07, 2:30 PM Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy and global chronostratigraphy ERA PERIOD EPOCH STAGE AGE (Ma) GSSP ARABIAN PLATE SEQUENCE STRATI- GRAPHY ERA PERIOD EPOCH STAGE AGE (Ma) GSSP ARABIAN PLATE SEQUENCE STRATI- GRAPHY Aeronian S10 437.0 Sakmarian Llandovery 439.0 294.6 Rhuddanian 443.7 S10 SB 443.8 Asselian Hirnantian Hirnantian 445.6 299.0 Ashgill Unnamed 450.0 Gzhelian O40 453.0 303.9 Caradoc Kasimovian 306.5 Unnamed 460.9 Moscovian Llanvirn O30 464.0 311.7 P10 SB 312.0 Darriwilian 466.0 O30 SB 467.0 Pennsylvanian Bashkirian Arenig 318.1 Unnamed ORDOVICIAN 478.6 O20 480.0 Serpukhovian Trema- Tremadocian docian O10 488.0 326.4 488.3 C10 330.0 Furongian PALAEOZOIC Paibian Cm30 498.0 Visean 501.0 Cm20 505.0 CARBONIFEROUS MIDDLE Mississippian 513.0 345.3 Botoman Cm20 SB 515.0 518.5 Atdabanian CAMBRIAN 522.5 Tournaisian Tommotian EARLY 531.5 359.2 D30 363.0 Cm10 542.0 542.0 Famennian D30 SB 369.0 PALAEOZOIC LATE 374.5 Frasnian 385.3 Figure 1: Geological Time Scale 2004 Givetian (Gradstein et al., 2004) highlighting MIDDLE 391.8 stages with a GSSP definition. The Eifelian Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphic 397.5 Model (Sharland et al., 2001, 2004) is D20 400.0 plotted against this timescale. In the Emsian Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy EARLY 407.0 D10 408.0 column the blue lines represent the Pragian Maximum Flooding Surfaces (MFS), 411.2 Lochkovian and the red lines the Sequence 416.0 Boundaries (SB). Ordovician Pridoli S20 417.5 418.7 nomenclature shows a comparison of Ludfordian Ludlow 421.3 Gorstian classic British stages against 422.9 S20 SB 422.0 Homerian developing global nomenclature as of Wenlock 426.2 Sheinwoodian 428.2 2004. See Gradstein et al. (2004) for error bars on absolute age estimates SILURIANLlandovery Telychian DEVONIAN and other discussion on stage 436.0 nomenclature. 103 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article-pdf/12/4/101/4570256/simmons.pdf by guest on 27 SimmonsSeptember LV6 2021 24July 103 9/2/07, 2:30 PM Simmons et al. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The stage is the standard unit of chronostratigraphic subdivision. Although rooted in the fundamental concepts of William Smith, stages were first introduced by the great 19th Century French palaeontologist and stratigrapher Alcide d’Orbigny who recognised rock units in France (and elsewhere), which had distinctive fossil assemblages, such that those units could be correlated from location to location (d’Orbigny, 1842, 1849, 1852). Many of these units are still in use today, particularly many of the standard stages of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (Cavelier and Roger, 1980; Torrens, 2002). In keeping with the prevailing view in the mid-19th Century that “cataclysmic events” controlled Earth history, d’Orbigny believed that each of his stages resulted from faunal turnovers in response to sudden events in Earth history (see reviews of Monty, 1968; Rioult, 1969; Torrens, 2002). Stages were described as “the expression of the boundaries which Nature has drawn with bold strokes across the whole globe” (d’Orbigny, 1842 as quoted in English translation by Rioult, 1969). Despite much debate in the geological literature over the last 150 years as to the definition of stages, it seems that we may be coming full circle and that sequence stratigraphy provides the vehicle to express d’Orbigny’s original views within a modern geoscience framework.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract Book Progeo 2Ed 20
    Abstract Book BUILDING CONNECTIONS FOR GLOBAL GEOCONSERVATION Editors: G. Lozano, J. Luengo, A. Cabrera Internationaland J. Vegas 10th International ProGEO online Symposium ABSTRACT BOOK BUILDING CONNECTIONS FOR GLOBAL GEOCONSERVATION Editors Gonzalo Lozano, Javier Luengo, Ana Cabrera and Juana Vegas Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2021 Building connections for global geoconservation. X International ProGEO Symposium Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2021 Lengua/s: Inglés NIPO: 836-21-003-8 ISBN: 978-84-9138-112-9 Gratuita / Unitaria / En línea / pdf © INSTITUTO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO DE ESPAÑA Ríos Rosas, 23. 28003 MADRID (SPAIN) ISBN: 978-84-9138-112-9 10th International ProGEO Online Symposium. June, 2021. Abstracts Book. Editors: Gonzalo Lozano, Javier Luengo, Ana Cabrera and Juana Vegas Symposium Logo design: María José Torres Cover Photo: Granitic Tor. Geosite: Ortigosa del Monte’s nubbin (Segovia, Spain). Author: Gonzalo Lozano. Cover Design: Javier Luengo and Gonzalo Lozano Layout and typesetting: Ana Cabrera 10th International ProGEO Online Symposium 2021 Organizing Committee, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España: Juana Vegas Andrés Díez-Herrero Enrique Díaz-Martínez Gonzalo Lozano Ana Cabrera Javier Luengo Luis Carcavilla Ángel Salazar Rincón Scientific Committee: Daniel Ballesteros Inés Galindo Silvia Menéndez Eduardo Barrón Ewa Glowniak Fernando Miranda José Brilha Marcela Gómez Manu Monge Ganuzas Margaret Brocx Maria Helena Henriques Kevin Page Viola Bruschi Asier Hilario Paulo Pereira Carles Canet Gergely Horváth Isabel Rábano Thais Canesin Tapio Kananoja Joao Rocha Tom Casadevall Jerónimo López-Martínez Ana Rodrigo Graciela Delvene Ljerka Marjanac Jonas Satkünas Lars Erikstad Álvaro Márquez Martina Stupar Esperanza Fernández Esther Martín-González Marina Vdovets PRESENTATION The first international meeting on geoconservation was held in The Netherlands in 1988, with the presence of seven European countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Building Stone Atlas of Warwickshire
    Strategic Stone Study A Building Stone Atlas of Warwickshire First published by English Heritage May 2011 Rebranded by Historic England December 2017 Introduction The landscape in the county is clearly dictated by the Cob was suitable for small houses but when more space was underlying geology which has also had a major influence on needed it became necessary to build a wooden frame and use the choice of building stones available for use in the past. The wattle fencing daubed with mud as the infilling or ‘nogging’ to geological map shows that much of this generally low-lying make the walls. In nearly all surviving examples the wooden county is underlain by the red mudstones of the Triassic Mercia frame was built on a low plinth wall of whatever stone was Mudstone Group. This surface cover is however, broken in the available locally. In many cases this is the only indication we Nuneaton-Coventry-Warwick area by a narrow strip of ancient have of the early use of local stones. Adding the stone wall rocks forming the Nuneaton inlier (Precambrian to early served to protect the wooden structure from rising damp. The Devonian) and the wider exposure of the unconformably infilling material has often been replaced later with more overlying beds of the Warwickshire Coalfield (Upper durable brickwork or stone. Sometimes, as fashion or necessity Carboniferous to early Permian). In the south and east of the dictated, the original timber framed walls were encased in county a series of low-lying ridges are developed marking the stone or brick cladding, especially at the front of the building outcrops of the Lower and Middle Jurassic limestone/ where it was presumably a feature to be admired.
    [Show full text]
  • Cretaceous Boundary in Western Cuba (Sierra De Los Órganos)
    GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, JUNE 2013, 64, 3, 195—208 doi: 10.2478/geoca-2013-0014 Calpionellid distribution and microfacies across the Jurassic/ Cretaceous boundary in western Cuba (Sierra de los Órganos) RAFAEL LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ1, , RICARDO BARRAGÁN1, DANIELA REHÁKOVÁ2 and JORGE LUIS COBIELLA-REGUERA3 1Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México D.F., México; [email protected] 2Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Geology and Paleontology, Mlynská dolina G, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; [email protected] 3Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Pinar del Río, Martí # 270, Pinar del Río, C.P. 20100, Cuba (Manuscript received May 21, 2012; accepted in revised form December 11, 2012) Abstract: A detailed bed-by-bed sampled stratigraphic section of the Guasasa Formation in the Rancho San Vicente area of the “Sierra de los Órganos”, western Cuba, provides well-supported evidence about facies and calpionellid distribution across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. These new data allowed the definition of an updated and sound calpionellid biozonation scheme for the section. In this scheme, the drowning event of a carbonate platform displayed by the facies of the San Vicente Member, the lowermost unit of the section, is dated as Late Tithonian, Boneti Subzone. The Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary was recognized within the facies of the overlying El Americano Member on the basis of the acme of Calpionella alpina Lorenz. The boundary is placed nearly six meters above the contact between the San Vicente and the El Americano Members, in a facies linked to a sea-level drop. The recorded calpionellid bioevents should allow correlations of the Cuban biozonation scheme herein proposed, with other previously published schemes from distant areas of the Tethyan Domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Aust Cliff and Manor Farm
    This excursion guide is a draft chapter, subject to revision, to be published in a field guide book whose reference is: Lavis, S. (Ed.) 2021. Geology of the Bristol District, Geologists’ Association Guide No. 75. It is not to be circulated or duplicated beyond the instructor and their class. Please send any corrections to Michael Benton at [email protected] Aust Cliff and Manor Farm Michael J. Benton Maps OS Landranger 172 1:50 000 Bristol & Bath Explorer 167 1:25 000 Thornbury, Dursley & Yate BGS Sheet 250 1:50 000 Chepstow Main references Swift & Martill (1999); Allard et al. (2015); Cross et al. (2018). Objectives The purpose of the excursion is to examine a classic section that documents the major environmental shift from terrestrial to marine rocks caused by the Rhaetian transgression, as well as the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, and to sample the rich fossil faunas, and espe- cially the Rhaetian bone beds. Risk analysis Low tides are essential for the excursion to Aust Cliff. Tides rise very rapidly along this section of coast (with a tidal range of about 12 m) and strong currents sweep past the bridge abutment. Visitors should begin the excursion on a falling tide. If caught on the east side of the bridge abutment when the tide rises, visitors should continue east along the coast to the end of the cliff where a path leads back to the motorway service area. In addition, the entire section is a high cliff, and rock falls are frequent, so hard hats must be worn. The Manor Farm section lies inland and is lower, so hard hats are less necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy, Basins, Ireland, Triassic, Jurassic, Penarth Group, Lias Group
    [Type text] Raine et al. Uppermost Triassic and Lower Jurassic sediments, NI and ROI [Type text] 1 Uppermost Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments of the island of Ireland and its surrounding basins. 2 3 RoBert Raine1, Philip Copestake2, Michael J. Simms3 and Ian Boomer4 4 5 1Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Dundonald House, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast, BT4 3SB, 6 Northern Ireland 7 2Merlin Energy Resources Ltd., Newberry House, New St, Herefordshire, HR8 2EJ, England, 8 3Ulster Museum, Belfast, BT9 5AB, Northern Ireland 9 4Geosciences Research Group, GEES, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, England 10 11 Abstract 12 The uppermost Triassic to Lower Jurassic interval has not been extensively studied across the island 13 of Ireland. This paper seeks to redress that situation and presents a synthesis of records of the 14 uppermost Triassic and Lower Jurassic from both onshore and offshore basins as well as descriBing 15 the sedimentological characteristics of the main lithostratigraphical units encountered. Existing data 16 have been supplemented with a re-examination and logging of some outcrops and the integration of 17 data from recent hydrocarbon exploration wells and boreholes. The Late Triassic Penarth Group and 18 Early Jurassic Lias Group can Be recognised across the RepuBlic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. In 19 some onshore basins, almost 600 m of strata are recorded, however in offshore Basins thicknesses in 20 excess of two kilometres for the Lower Jurassic have now been recognised, although little detailed 21 information is currently availaBle. The transition from the Triassic to the Jurassic was a period of 22 marked gloBal sea-level rise and climatic change (warming) and this is reflected in the 23 lithostratigraphical record of these sediments in the basins of Northern Ireland and offshore Basins 24 of the Republic of Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Materialsbookjurassiccretaceou
    УДК: 551.762.3/763.12 ББК 26.323 The International Scientific Conference on the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. September 7-13, 2015, Samara (Russia). – Togliatti: Kassandra, 2015. – 102 p. The present volume compiles short papers with new data on the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary strata and their fauna of different regions of Russia (Volga region, Siberia, Crimea, Primorye) and of North America. Most papers are devoted to problems of biostratigraphy and paleontology of marine animals and their trace fossils. Besides this, some data on magnetostratigraphy, interregional correlations, history of defining J/K boundary in the Decisions of ISC, and eoomic value of the interval. For geologists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, students of geological and geographical profiles. Responsible editors: E.Yu. Baraboshkin, D.E. Bykov Editorial board: M.A. Rogov, A.Yu. Guzhikov, V.V. Arkadiev, V.V. Gusev, A.A. Konovalova Technical editor: A.P. Ippolitov Layouts: A.P. Ippolitov English translation of papers by V.V. Efimov, I.A. Meleshin, E.L.Vasileva, A.P.Pronin and F.M. Kuanyshev: A.P. Ippolitov Международная научная конференция по проблеме границы юрской и мело- вой систем. 7-13 сентября 2015 г., г.Самара (Россия): Материалы совещания. – Тольятти: Издательство «Кассандра», 2015. – 102 с. В сборнике опубликованы новые данные о пограничных отложениях юры и мела различных регионов России (Поволжье, Сибирь, Крым, Приморье) и Северной Америки. Большинство работ посвящено био- стратиграфии и палеонтологии морских животных и следов их жизнедеятельности. Кроме того, приво- дятся сведения о магнитостратиграфии, межрегиональной корреляции, истории проведения границы юры и мела в постановлениях МСК, и экономической важности этого интервала. Сборник представляет интерес для геологов, палеонтологов, стратиграфов, студентов геологиче- ского и географического факультетов.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Plate Interactions and Implications for the Dynamics of Mediterranean Subduction and Red Sea Rifting
    This page added by the GeoPRISMS office. Africa-Arabia-Eurasia plate interactions and implications for the dynamics of Mediterranean subduction and Red Sea rifting Authors: R. Reilinger, B. Hager, L. Royden, C. Burchfiel, R. Van der Hilst Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA, [email protected], Tel: (617)253 -7860 This page added by the GeoPRISMS office. Our proposed GeoPRISMS Initiative is based on the premise that understanding the mechanics of plate motions (i.e., the force balance on the plates) is necessary to develop realistic models for plate interactions, including processes at subduction and extensional (rifting) plate boundaries. Important advances are being made with new geologic and geophysical techniques and observations that are providing fundamental insights into the dynamics of these plate tectonic processes. Our proposed research addresses directly the following questions identified in the GeoPRISMS SCD Draft Science Plan: 4.2 (How does deformation across the subduction plate boundary evolve in space and time, through the seismic cycle and beyond?), 4.6 (What are the physical and chemical conditions that control subduction zone initiation and the development of mature arc systems?), and 4.7 (What are the critical feedbacks between surface processes and subduction zone mechanics and dynamics?). It has long been recognized that the Greater Mediterranean region provides a natural laboratory to study a wide range of geodynamic processes (Figure 1) including ocean subduction and continent- continent collision (Hellenic arc, Arabia-Eurasia collision), lithospheric delamination (E Turkey High Plateau, Alboran Sea/High Atlas), back-arc extension (Mediterranean basins, including Alboran, Central Mediterranean, Aegean), “escape” tectonics and associated continental transform faulting (Anatolia, North and East Anatolian faults), and active continental and ocean rifting (East African and northern Red Sea rifting, central Red Sea and Gulf of Aden young ocean rifting).
    [Show full text]
  • The Central Asia Collision Zone: Numerical Modelling of the Lithospheric Structure and the Present-Day Kinematics
    Th e Central Asia collision zone: numerical modelling of the lithospheric structure and the present - day kinematics Lavinia Tunini A questa tesi doctoral està subjecta a l a llicència Reconeixement - NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons . Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons . Th is doctoral thesis is license d under the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License . The Central Asia collision zone: numerical modelling of the lithospheric structure and the present-day kinematics Ph.D. thesis presented at the Faculty of Geology of the University of Barcelona to obtain the Degree of Doctor in Earth Sciences Ph.D. student: Lavinia Tunini 1 Supervisors: Tutor: Dra. Ivone Jiménez-Munt 1 Prof. Dr. Juan José Ledo Fernández 2 Prof. Dr. Manel Fernàndez Ortiga 1 1 Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera 2 Department of Geodynamics and Geophysics of the University of Barcelona This thesis has been prepared at the Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) March 2015 Alla mia famiglia La natura non ha fretta, eppure tutto si realizza. – Lao Tzu Agradecimientos En mano tenéis un trabajo de casi 4 años, 173 páginas que no hubieran podido salir a luz sin el apoyo de quienes me han ayudado durante este camino, permitiendo acabar la Tesis antes que la Tesis acabase conmigo. En primer lugar quiero agradecer mis directores de tesis, Ivone Jiménez-Munt y Manel Fernàndez. Gracias por haberme dado la oportunidad de entrar en el proyecto ATIZA, de aprender de la modelización numérica, de participar a múltiples congresos y presentaciones, y, mientras, compartir unas cervezas.
    [Show full text]
  • Valanginian Knowles Limestone, East Texas: Biostratigraphy and Potential Hydrocarbon Reservoir 81
    A Publication of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies www.gcags.org V K L, E T: B P H R Robert W. Scott Precision Stratigraphy Associates, 149 W. Ridge Rd., Cleveland, Oklahoma 74020–5037, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The Lower Cretaceous Knowles Limestone is the uppermost unit of the Cotton Valley Group in the northeastern Texas Gulf Coast. It is the oldest Cretaceous carbonate shelf deposit that is a prospective reservoir. This shallow shelf-to-ramp shoal- ing-up complex is an arcuate lenticular lithosome that trends from East Texas across northwestern Louisiana. It is up to 330 m (1080 ft) thick and thins both landward and basinward. Landward lagoonal inner ramp facies are mollusk wackestone and peloidal packstone. The thickest buildup facies are coral-chlorophyte-calcimicrobial boundstone and bioclast grainstone, and the basinward facies is pelagic oncolite wackestone. The base of the Knowles is apparently conformable with the Bossier/Hico dark gray shale. The top contact in East Texas is disconformable with the overlying Travis Peak/Hosston formations. Porosity resulted from successive diagenetic stages including early marine fringing cements, dissolution of aragonitic bioclasts, micrite encrustation, later mosaic cement, and local fine crystalline dolomitization. The age of the Knowles Limestone is early Valanginian based on a calpionellid-calcareous dinoflagellate-calcareous nan- nofossil assemblage in the lower part and a coral-stromatoporoid assemblage in its upper part. The intra-Valanginian hiatus represented by the Knowles/Travis Peak unconformity correlates with the Valanginian “Weissert” oceanic anoxic event. Possi- bly organic-rich source rocks were deposited downdip during that oceanic low-oxygen event.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277310102 Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review and Synthesis Chapter · January 2015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45201-1_3 CITATIONS READS 6 911 1 author: William Bosworth Apache Egypt Companies 70 PUBLICATIONS 2,954 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Near and Middle East and Eastern Africa: Tectonics, geodynamics, satellite gravimetry, magnetic (airborne and satellite), paleomagnetic reconstructions, thermics, seismics, seismology, 3D gravity- magnetic field modeling, GPS, different transformations and filtering, advanced integrated examination. View project Neotectonics of the Red Sea rift system View project All content following this page was uploaded by William Bosworth on 28 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Geological Evolution of the Red Sea: Historical Background, Review, and Synthesis William Bosworth Abstract The Red Sea is part of an extensive rift system that includes from south to north the oceanic Sheba Ridge, the Gulf of Aden, the Afar region, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Suez, and the Cairo basalt province. Historical interest in this area has stemmed from many causes with diverse objectives, but it is best known as a potential model for how continental lithosphere first ruptures and then evolves to oceanic spreading, a key segment of the Wilson cycle and plate tectonics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Building Stone Atlas of Leicestershire
    Strategic Stone Study A Building Stone Atlas of Leicestershire First published by English Heritage April 2012 Rebranded by Historic England December 2017 Introduction Leicestershire contains a wide range of distinctive building This is particularly true for the less common stone types. In stone lithologies and their areas of use show a close spatial some parts of the county showing considerable geological link to the underlying bedrock geology. variability, especially around Charnwood and in the north- west, a wide range of lithologies may be found in a single Charnwood Forest, located to the north-west of Leicester, building. Even the cobbles strewn across the land by the includes the county’s most dramatic scenery, with its rugged Pleistocene rivers and glaciers have occasionally been used tors, steep-sided valleys and scattered woodlands. The as wall facings and for paving, and frequently for infill and landscape is formed principally of ancient volcanic rocks, repair work. which include some of the oldest rocks found in England. To the west of Charnwood Forest, rocks of the Pennine Coal The county has few freestones, and has always relied on the Measures crop out around Ashby-de-la-Zouch, representing importation of such stone from adjacent counties (notably for the eastern edge of the Derbyshire-Leicestershire Coalfield. To use in the construction of its more prestigious buildings). Major the north-west of Charnwood lie the isolated outcrops of freestone quarries are found in neighbouring Derbyshire Breedon-on-the-Hill and Castle Donington, which are formed, (working Millstone Grit), Rutland and Lincolnshire (both respectively, of Carboniferous Limestone and Triassic working Lincolnshire Limestone), and in Northamptonshire (Bromsgrove) Sandstone.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 Paleontological Conference Th
    Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Paleobiology 9th Paleontological Conference Warszawa, 10–11 October 2008 Abstracts Warszawa Praha Bratislava Edited by Andrzej Pisera, Maria Aleksandra Bitner and Adam T. Halamski Honorary Committee Prof. Oldrich Fatka, Charles University of Prague, Prague Prof. Josef Michalík, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava Assoc. Prof. Jerzy Nawrocki, Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa Prof. Tadeusz Peryt, Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa Prof. Grzegorz Racki, Institute of Paleobiology, Warszawa Prof. Jerzy Trammer, University of Warsaw, Warszawa Prof. Alfred Uchman, Jagiellonian University, Kraków Martyna Wojciechowska, National Geographic Polska, Warszawa Organizing Committee Dr Maria Aleksandra Bitner (Secretary), Błażej Błażejewski, MSc, Prof. Andrzej Gaździcki, Dr Adam T. Halamski, Assoc. Prof. Anna Kozłowska, Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Pisera Sponsors Institute of Paleobiology, Warszawa Polish Geological Institute, Warszawa National Geographic Polska, Warszawa Precoptic Co., Warszawa Cover picture: Quenstedtoceras henrici Douvillé, 1912 Cover designed by Aleksandra Hołda−Michalska Copyright © Instytut Paleobiologii PAN Nakład 150 egz. Typesetting and Layout: Aleksandra Szmielew Warszawska Drukarnia Naukowa PAN ABSTRACTS Paleotemperature and paleodiet reconstruction on the base of oxygen and carbon isotopes from mammoth tusk dentine and horse teeth enamel during Late Paleolith and Mesolith MARTINA ÁBELOVÁ State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Mlynská dolina 1, SK−817 04 Bratislava 11, Slovak Republic; [email protected] The use of stable isotopes has proven to be one of the most effective methods in re− constructing paleoenvironments and paleodiet through the upper Pleistocene period (e.g. Fricke et al. 1998; Genoni et al. 1998; Bocherens 2003). This study demonstrates how isotopic data can be employed alongside other forms of evidence to inform on past at great time depths, making it especially relevant to the Palaeolithic where there is a wealth of material potentially available for study.
    [Show full text]