Essential Information Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia & Zimbabwe
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The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia. -
Mozambique Zambia South Africa Zimbabwe Tanzania
UNITED NATIONS MOZAMBIQUE Geospatial 30°E 35°E 40°E L a k UNITED REPUBLIC OF 10°S e 10°S Chinsali M a l a w TANZANIA Palma i Mocimboa da Praia R ovuma Mueda ^! Lua Mecula pu la ZAMBIA L a Quissanga k e NIASSA N Metangula y CABO DELGADO a Chiconono DEM. REP. OF s a Ancuabe Pemba THE CONGO Lichinga Montepuez Marrupa Chipata MALAWI Maúa Lilongwe Namuno Namapa a ^! gw n Mandimba Memba a io u Vila úr L L Mecubúri Nacala Kabwe Gamito Cuamba Vila Ribáué MecontaMonapo Mossuril Fingoè FurancungoCoutinho ^! Nampula 15°S Vila ^! 15°S Lago de NAMPULA TETE Junqueiro ^! Lusaka ZumboCahora Bassa Murrupula Mogincual K Nametil o afu ezi Namarrói Erego e b Mágoè Tete GiléL am i Z Moatize Milange g Angoche Lugela o Z n l a h m a bez e i ZAMBEZIA Vila n azoe Changara da Moma n M a Lake Chemba Morrumbala Maganja Bindura Guro h Kariba Pebane C Namacurra e Chinhoyi Harare Vila Quelimane u ^! Fontes iq Marondera Mopeia Marromeu b am Inhaminga Velha oz P M úngu Chinde Be ni n è SOFALA t of ManicaChimoio o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gh ZIMBABWE o Bi Mutare Sussundenga Dondo Gweru Masvingo Beira I NDI A N Bulawayo Chibabava 20°S 20°S Espungabera Nova OCE A N Mambone Gwanda MANICA e Sav Inhassôro Vilanculos Chicualacuala Mabote Mapai INHAMBANE Lim Massinga p o p GAZA o Morrumbene Homoíne Massingir Panda ^! National capital SOUTH Inhambane Administrative capital Polokwane Guijá Inharrime Town, village o Chibuto Major airport Magude MaciaManjacazeQuissico International boundary AFRICA Administrative boundary MAPUTO Xai-Xai 25°S Nelspruit Main road 25°S Moamba Manhiça Railway Pretoria MatolaMaputo ^! ^! 0 100 200km Mbabane^!Namaacha Boane 0 50 100mi !\ Bela Johannesburg Lobamba Vista ESWATINI Map No. -
(SSA) Countries IDA19 Fourth Replenishment Meeting, December 12-13, 2019, Stockholm, Sweden
African Countries are Awakening Hope for a Better Tomorrow with IDA Statement by Representatives of 49 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) Countries IDA19 Fourth Replenishment Meeting, December 12-13, 2019, Stockholm, Sweden 1. IDA countries have only 10 years to achieve the globally agreed targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Given that it takes 9 years for pledges under any IDA cycle to be fully paid up, IDA19 is therefore, the last replenishment to help finance the SDGs in the time left to 2030. 2. Africa as a continent is making progress towards the SDGs. Growth in many economies has outpaced global benchmarks. More children are in school and health service coverage is expanding. A continent-wide free-trade agreement shows regional cooperation is alive and deepening, including in building roads and power lines that bring countries together and make markets bigger. The support of donors to the 18th replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA18) has been pivotal and has underpinned the partnership between African countries and the World Bank Group (WBG) that has never been stronger. Indeed, Africa’s absorptive capacity to carefully use concessional funds has ensured that the pace of commitment for IDA18 has been record-breaking. 3. We want to acknowledge the strong partnership between IDA and most of our countries. We commend all donors for the important role that IDA has been playing in the transformation agenda of most SSA countries. We are happy with the negotiated IDA19 package and the continuation of all the special themes of IDA18, the Private Sector Window, and the improvements to the various facilities especially under Fragility, Conflict and Violence (FCV). -
Implementation of a Comprehensive HIV Prevention Intervention for Men Who Have Sex with Men in Malawi: Assessment of Feasibility and Impact
IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTION FOR MEN WHO HAVE SEX wiTH MEN IN MALAwi: ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY AND IMPACT IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTION FOR MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN MALAWI: ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY AND IMPACT October 2013 Authors: Andrea L. Wirtz, Gift Trapence, Vincent Jumbe, Dunker Kamba, Eric Umar, Sosthenes Ketende, Mark Berry, Susanne Stromdahl, Chris Beyrer, Stefan Baral Recommended citation: Wirtz AL, Trapence G, Jumbe V, Kamba D, Umar E, Ketende S, Berry M, Stromdahl S, Beyrer C, and Baral S. Implementation of a comprehensive HIV Prevention Intervention for men who have sex with men in Malawi: assessment of feasibility and impact. November 2013. Baltimore: USAID | Project Search: Research to Prevention. The USAID | Project SEARCH, Task Order No.2, is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Contract No. GHH-I-00-07-00032-00, beginning September 30, 2008, and supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. The Research to Prevention (R2P) Project is led by the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health and managed by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs (CCP). Implementation of a Comprehensive HIV Prevention Intervention for MSM in Malawi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many individuals played an important role in the design, conduct, and analysis of this research. Their contributions are all gratefully acknowledged. We would especially like to thank all the participants who so generously shared their stories with us. The study was implemented by USAID | Project SEARCH, Task Order No. 2: Research to Prevention (R2P). R2P is based at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. -
Double Taxation Treaty Between Ireland and the Republic of South Africa
Double Taxation Treaty between Ireland and South Africa The Government of Ireland and the Government of the Republic of South Africa, desiring to conclude a Convention for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital gains and to promote and strengthen the economic relations between the two countries, Have agreed as follows: 1 Article 1 Persons Covered This Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States. 2 Article 2 Taxes Covered 1. This Convention shall apply to taxes on income and capital gains imposed on behalf of a Contracting State or of its political subdivisions, irrespective of the manner in which they are levied. 2. There shall be regarded as taxes on income and capital gains all taxes imposed on total income, or on elements of income, including taxes on gains from the alienation of movable or immovable property. 3. The existing taxes to which this Convention shall apply are: a. in Ireland: i. the income tax; ii. the corporation tax;and iii. the capital gains tax;(hereinafter referred to as "Irish tax"); and b. in South Africa: i. the normal tax; and ii. the secondary tax on companies;(hereinafter referred to as "South African tax"). 4. The Convention shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed by either Contracting State after the date of signature of the Convention in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any significant changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws. -
Introduction Historical Context
INTRODUCTION China-Africa ties have expanded beyond trade and investment in extractive industries to engagement in telecommunications, infrastructure, manufacturing, finance, media, agriculture and peace and security issues. HISTORICAL CONTEXT While not as well documented as Africa’s links with Europe, China-Africa relations date back to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) when a series of expeditions reached East Africa under the command of Admiral Zheng He, at roughly the same time as the Portuguese were exploring Africa’s Atlantic coast. However, formal political relations were only forged during the early years of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (1949), which intersected with the first wave of African independence. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were originally established in 1954 by India’s prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai. These principles rose to popularity during the 1955 Bandung Conference – which paved the way for the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement – and have become an important basis for China’s foreign policy and its relations with Africa and Asia. China’s support for Africa’s liberation also played an influential role in shaping the outcomes of newly independent states. 2015 is also 60 years since the 1955 Bandung Asian-African conference, a turning point of world history when for the first time representatives of the former colonised nations united and proposed alternatives to a world order dominated by superpowers. - Remarks by African Union Commission Chairperson, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, 30 January 2015. …The relationship between ourselves and China is founded, as the Prime Minister reminded us recently, on four basic principles: treating each other sincerely and equally; consolidating solidarity and mutual trust; jointly pursuing inclusive development; and promoting inventive practical cooperation between our countries. -
African Dialects
African Dialects • Adangme (Ghana ) • Afrikaans (Southern Africa ) • Akan: Asante (Ashanti) dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Fante dialect (Ghana ) • Akan: Twi (Akwapem) dialect (Ghana ) • Amharic (Amarigna; Amarinya) (Ethiopia ) • Awing (Cameroon ) • Bakuba (Busoong, Kuba, Bushong) (Congo ) • Bambara (Mali; Senegal; Burkina ) • Bamoun (Cameroons ) • Bargu (Bariba) (Benin; Nigeria; Togo ) • Bassa (Gbasa) (Liberia ) • ici-Bemba (Wemba) (Congo; Zambia ) • Berba (Benin ) • Bihari: Mauritian Bhojpuri dialect - Latin Script (Mauritius ) • Bobo (Bwamou) (Burkina ) • Bulu (Boulou) (Cameroons ) • Chirpon-Lete-Anum (Cherepong; Guan) (Ghana ) • Ciokwe (Chokwe) (Angola; Congo ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Mauritian dialect (Mauritius ) • Creole, Indian Ocean: Seychelles dialect (Kreol) (Seychelles ) • Dagbani (Dagbane; Dagomba) (Ghana; Togo ) • Diola (Jola) (Upper West Africa ) • Diola (Jola): Fogny (Jóola Fóoñi) dialect (The Gambia; Guinea; Senegal ) • Duala (Douala) (Cameroons ) • Dyula (Jula) (Burkina ) • Efik (Nigeria ) • Ekoi: Ejagham dialect (Cameroons; Nigeria ) • Ewe (Benin; Ghana; Togo ) • Ewe: Ge (Mina) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewe: Watyi (Ouatchi, Waci) dialect (Benin; Togo ) • Ewondo (Cameroons ) • Fang (Equitorial Guinea ) • Fõ (Fon; Dahoméen) (Benin ) • Frafra (Ghana ) • Ful (Fula; Fulani; Fulfulde; Peul; Toucouleur) (West Africa ) • Ful: Torado dialect (Senegal ) • Gã: Accra dialect (Ghana; Togo ) • Gambai (Ngambai; Ngambaye) (Chad ) • olu-Ganda (Luganda) (Uganda ) • Gbaya (Baya) (Central African Republic; Cameroons; Congo ) • Gben (Ben) (Togo -
Sierra Leone and Conflict Diamonds: Establshing a Legal Diamond Trade and Ending Rebel Control Over the Country's Diamond Resources
SIERRA LEONE AND CONFLICT DIAMONDS: ESTABLSHING A LEGAL DIAMOND TRADE AND ENDING REBEL CONTROL OVER THE COUNTRY'S DIAMOND RESOURCES "Controlof resourceshas greaterweight than uniform administrativecontrol over one's entire comer of the world, especially in places such as Sierra Leone where valuable resources are concentratedand portable.' I. INTRODUCTION Sierra Leone2 is in the midst of a civil war that began in 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) invaded the country from neighboring Liberia.3 RUF rebels immediately sought control over one of the country's richest resources--diamonds.4 Since gaining control over the most productive diamond fields, the rebels have at their fingertips an endless supply of wealth with which to fund their insurgencies against the Government of Sierra Leone.' The RUF rebels illicitly trade diamonds for arms in open smuggling operations. 6 Diamonds sold by the RUF, in order to fund the rebel group's military action in opposition to Sierra Leone's legitimate and internationally recognized government, are called "conflict diamonds."7 1. WIulIAM RENO, WARLORD POLITICS AND AFRICAN STATES 140 (1998). 2. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa north of Liberia and south of Guinea. The country has 4,900,000 residents, almost all of whom belong to one of 13 native African tribes. Country: Sierra Leone, Sept. 3,2000, availableat LEXIS, Kaleidoscope File. One of the primary economic activities in Sierra Leone is mining of its large diamond deposits that are a major source of hard currency. Countries that predominantly import goods from Sierra Leone include Belgium, the United States, and India. -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020
Country Profile Central African Republic Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2020 General statistics Size of country: 622,984 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 13% Species and subspecies In 2016 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) completed the first detailed assessment of the conservation status of giraffe, revealing that their numbers are in peril. This was further emphasised when the majority of the IUCN recognised subspecies where assessed in 2018 – some as Critically Endangered. While this update further confirms the real threat to one of Africa’s most charismatic megafauna, it also highlights a rather confusing aspect of giraffe conservation: how many species/subspecies of giraffe are there? The IUCN currently recognises one species (Giraffa camelopardalis) and nine subspecies of giraffe (Muller et al. 2016) historically based on outdated assessments of their morphological features and geographic ranges. The subspecies are thus divided: Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis), Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum), Masai giraffe (G. c. tippleskirchi), Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata), Rothschild’s giraffe (G. c. rothschildi), South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa), Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) and West African giraffe (G. c. peralta). However, over the past decade GCF together with their partner Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) have performed the first-ever comprehensive DNA sampling and analysis (genomic, nuclear and mitochondrial) from all major natural populations of giraffe throughout their range in Africa. As a result, an update to the traditional taxonomy now exists. This study revealed that there are four distinct species of giraffe and likely five subspecies (Fennessy et al. -
ICS South Africa
Integrated Country Strategy South Africa FOR PUBLIC RELEASE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Table of Contents 1. Chief of Mission Priorities ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Mission Strategic Framework .......................................................................................................... 4 3. Mission Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 6 4. Management Objectives ................................................................................................................ 12 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Approved: August 22, 2018 1 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1. Chief of Mission Priorities There are tremendous opportunities to broaden U.S. engagement in South Africa which stand to benefit both countries. Over 600 U.S. companies already operate in South Africa, some for over 100 years; furthermore, many of them use South Africa as a platform for operations and a springboard for expansion into the rest of Africa. South Africa is therefore the single most critical market hub to a population expecting to double to two billion people in the next 30 years. While some resentment of the United States continues from the apartheid era, there is also recognition of American activism that helped end apartheid. In polls, the United States is seen very favorably by every day South Africans, who respond positively to American politics, culture, and goods. South Africa’s economy is the most -
Botswana Ministry of Works and Comwunications
FINAL REPORT REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA MINISTRY OF WORKS AND COMWUNICATIONS BOTSWANA - ZAMBIA ROAD PROJECT AID LOAN NO. 69o-T001 NATA - KAZUNGU-A I(OAD "PANDAMATENGA ACCESS ROAD CHOBE RIVER BY - PASS ROAD JULY 1978 Iq TA S TIPPET-m-S-ABBETT-MCCARFHY -STRATTON ENGINIEERSAND ARCHITECTS NEW YO:RK GABORONE FINAL REPORT REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA MINISTRY OF WORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS BOTSWANA -ZAMBIA ROAD PROJECT AID LOAN NO. 690-H-001 NATA - KAZUNGULA ROAD PANDAMATENGA ACCESS ROAD CHOBE RIVER BY - PASS ROAD JULY 1978 TAMS TIPPETTS-ABB ETT-McCARTHY-STRATTON ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS NEW YORK GABORONE TABLEOF CONTENTS PAGE I. INTRODUCTION I A. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT 1 B. FUNDING 2 C. CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS 2 D. MODIFICATIONS OF CONTRACT 2 II. STAFFING 4 III. TRAINING 4 IV. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT 4 V. MATERIALS UTILIZED 5 A. SOILS 5 B. WATER 5 VI. PROTECT HISTORY 5 A. GENERAL 5 B. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 6 C. PROJECT SCHEDULING AND DELAYS 9 D. REMEDIAL ACTION 11 E. PICTORIAL HISTORY 11 VII. FINANCIAL SUMMARY 12 APPENDICES A. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT B. SOILS AND MATERIALS C. WATER WELL LOCATIONS D. SYNOPSIS OF KEY CORRESPONDENCE E. PROJECT PHOTOGRAPHS LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1 ........................ LOCATION MAP FIG. 2 ........................ CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS CHART FIG; B-i THRU B-4 ............. MATERIALS UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS FIG. B-5 THRU B-13 ............ AVERAGE GRADATION CURVES UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INSTRUCTIONS use routing symbols whenever possible. 2- a emo SENDER: Use brief, informal language. Conserve space. Subject Final Report Botswana -,Zambia Road Project Forward original and one copy. RECEIVER: Reply below the message, keep one copy, return one copy. DATE OF MESSAGE Routing Symbol TO fiS/ENGR kl7 4 C&RSC.