Int ´Egration Th ´Eorique De La Biog ´Eographie Et Du

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Int ´Egration Th ´Eorique De La Biog ´Eographie Et Du INTEGRATION´ THEORIQUE´ DE LA BIOGEOGRAPHIE´ ET DU FONCTIONNEMENT DES ECOSYST´ EMES` These` present´ ee´ dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en biologie en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor PAR ©CLAIRE JACQUET Decembre 2016 ii Composition du jury : Beatrix´ Beisner, examinatrice, Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Montreal´ Ulrich Brose, rapporteur, iDiv Leipzig et Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena Dominique Gravel, co-directeur de recherche, Universite´ de Sherbrooke David Mouillot, co-directeur de recherche, UMR MARBEC, Universite´ de Montpellier Jose M. Montoya, rapporteur, CNRS Moulis Nicolas Mouquet, examinateur, UMR MARBEC, Universite´ de Montpellier Dep´ otˆ initial le 28 octobre 2016 Dep´ otˆ final le 22 decembre´ 2016 iv UNIVERSITE´ DU QUEBEC´ A` RIMOUSKI Service de la bibliotheque` Avertissement La diffusion de ce memoire´ ou de cette these` se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signe´ le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un rapport, un m´emoire ou une th`ese . En signant ce formulaire, l’auteur concede` a` l’Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Ri- mouski une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalite´ ou d’une par- tie importante de son travail de recherche pour des fins pedagogiques´ et non commerciales. Plus precis´ ement,´ l’auteur autorise l’Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Rimouski a` reproduire, diffuser, preter,ˆ distribuer ou vendre des copies de son travail de recherche a` des fins non commer- ciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraˆınent pas une renonciation de la part de l’auteur a` ses droits moraux ni a` ses droits de propriet´ e´ intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, l’auteur conserve la liberte´ de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont il possede` un exemplaire. vi A` mes parents viii ix UNIVERSITES´ ET LABORATOIRES Cette these` a et´ e´ realis´ ee´ dans le cadre d’une convention de cotutelle entre : l’Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Rimouski (UQAR) 300, allee´ des Ursulines, Rimouski G5L3A1, Qc, CANADA et l’Universite´ de Montpellier (UM) Place Eugene` Bataillon, 34 095 Montpellier Cedex 5, FRANCE Elle a et´ e´ prepar´ ee´ au sein des laboratoires suivants : Au Canada : Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biogeographie´ et Ecologie´ des Metacommunaut´ es´ Departement´ de Biologie, Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Rimouski 300, allee´ des Ursulines – Rimouski G5L3A1 – Quebec´ – Canada En France : UMR MARBEC, Biodiversite´ Marine, Exploitation et Conservation Universite´ de Montpellier – Place Eugene` Bataillon - batˆ 24 - CC093 34 095 Montpellier cedex 05 – France x REMERCIEMENTS Cette these` est le resultat´ de collaborations et de discussions avec les nombreux cher- cheurs et etudiants´ que j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer tout au long de mon parcours academique.´ Je tiens tout d’abord a` remercier chaleureusement mes directeurs de these,` Dominique Gravel et David Mouillot, de m’avoir donne´ l’opportunite´ de realiser´ cette these` et faire ainsi mes premiers pas dans le monde de la recherche. Vousavez determin´ e´ la grande majorite´ de ce que j’ai pu apprendre ces quatre dernieres` annees.´ La complementarit´ e´ de vos connaissances et expertises a et´ e´ tres` enrichissante et m’a appris a` considerer´ une question scientifique sous differents´ angles. Merci de la confiance que vous m’avez accordee,´ de vos conseils avises´ et de votre bonne humeur, ce fut un plaisir de travailler avec vous. Je remercie egalement´ les membres de mon jury de these,` Ulrich Brose, Jose M. Mon- toya, Beatrix´ Beisner et Nicolas Mouquet d’avoir accepte´ d’evaluer´ mes travaux de recherche. Je remercie les chercheurs avec qui j’ai collabore,´ parmi lesquels Charlotte Moritz, Lyne Morissette, Pierre Legagneux, Franc¸ois Massol, Philippe Archambault, Michel Kulbi- cki, William Cheung, Marion Chevrinais et Richard Cloutier. Je remercie tout particulierement` Franc¸ois Massol pour sa rigueur mathematique´ et sa gentillesse. Je remercie Serge Aubert, Rolland Douzet et Jonathan Lochet pour les stages que j’ai effectues´ graceˆ a` eux lors de ma licence a` l’Universite´ Joseph Fourier et qui ont motive´ mon souhait de faire de la recherche. Merci a` Fabien Leprieur d’avoir et´ e´ un excellent responsable de master et de m’avoir donne´ l’opportunite´ d’enseigner les statistiques durant mes annees´ de doctorat. Merci a` Michel Loreau et a` Philippe Cury d’avoir pris le temps d’evaluer´ mon projet de these` et mon examen de synthese.` Merci a` William Cheung et a` Gabriel Reygondeau pour leur chaleureux accueil lors de mon sejour´ a` Vancouver. Je remercie le Ministere` franc¸ais de l’Education´ superieure´ et de la Recherche pour ma bourse doctorale ainsi que le Centre de la Science de la Biodiversite´ du Quebec´ et l’UMR xii MARBEC pour le soutien financier qu’ils m’ont apporte.´ Merci a` Dominique Gravel, qui a finance´ ma quatrieme` annee´ de these` sur des fonds de recherche accordes´ par le CRSNG. Je remercie vivement tous les etudiants´ des Universites´ de Montpellier, Rimouski et Sherbrooke que j’ai eu l’occasion de cotoyerˆ pendant ma these.` Merci pour votre amitie´ et votre solidarite.´ Ce sont tous les moments passes´ en votre compagnie qui me viendront a` l’es- prit lorsque j’evoquerai´ mes annees´ de these,` et non pas ceux passes´ devant mon ordinateur. Pour les discussions scientifiques et philosophiques, pour les sommets gravis et les poutines englouties, pour les rires partages´ et les betisesˆ perpetr´ ees,´ je remercie Xavier Francoeur, Re- naud McKinnon, Steve Vissault, Amael¨ Lesquin, Nuria Galiana, Jonathan Brassard, Idaline Laigle, Hedvig Nenzen, Marion Chevrinais, Mathilde Couturier, Isabelle Gounand, Olivier Martin, Clement´ Chevalier, Nicolas Casajus, Kevin´ Cazelles, Kevin´ Solarik, Azenor´ Bideault, David Beauchesne, Raphael¨ Aussenac, Martin Leclerc, Antoine Becker Scarpitta, Michael¨ Belluau, Hipolito Treffinger, Camille Albouy, Isabelle Boulangeat, Stephanie´ D’agata, Char- lotte Sirot, Laure Velez, Theo´ Gaboriau, Marlene` Chiarello, Fabien Moullec, Matthijs Van Der Geest, Amandine Lerustre, Mariam Sy et tous les autres. Je remercie aussi mes amis de Montpellier et d’ailleurs, sans qui ces annees´ n’auraient pas eu la memeˆ saveur. Merci, Juliette Le Douce et Jose´ Branco, pour vos visites surprises. Merci, Joshua Neve, pour les grandes voies et les grands n’importe quoi. Et merci, Antoine Huet, pour ton soutien lors de mes periodes´ de neurasthenie´ et pour ta joie de vivre conta- gieuse. Enfin, je remercie mes parents, mon frere` et tous les membres de ma famille de leur comprehension´ et de leur amour malgre´ mon absence durant ces dernieres` annees.´ Je remercie du fond du coeur mes parents de leur confiance et de leur soutien inconditionnel, cette these` leur est dedi´ ee.´ RESUM´ E´ Cette these` a pour objectif de combiner plusieurs theories´ operant´ a` differentes´ echelles´ spatiales afin de mieux predire´ l’effet des changements globaux, tels que la modification du climat, l’exploitation intensive des ressources ou la disparition des espaces naturels, sur la structure et le fonctionnement des ecosyst´ emes.` L’originalite´ de ce travail est l’utilisation de la masse corporelle des especes` pour caracteriser´ a` la fois leur dynamique spatiale, leurs interactions trophiques ainsi que les flux de biomasse au sein de l’ecosyst´ eme.` Cette approche offre l’avantage de relier les propriet´ es´ des ecosyst´ emes` a` un trait fonctionnel mesurable a` l’echelle´ de l’espece,` voire memeˆ de l’individu. J’etudie´ dans un premier temps le lien entre la diversite´ des ecosyst´ emes` et leur stabi- lite,´ qui est une question centrale dans le domaine de l’ecologie.´ Il a et´ e´ demontr´ e´ que les ecosyst´ emes` tres` diversifies´ en especes` ne devraient pas perdurer du fait de leur trop grande sensibilite´ aux perturbations, ce qui souleve` un paradoxe puisque les ecosyst´ emes` riches en especes` abondent dans la nature. Graceˆ a` la compilation et a` l’analyse d’un important jeu de donnees´ d’ecosyst´ emes` empiriques, je montre qu’il n’existe pas de relation entre la stabilite,´ la diversite´ et la complexite´ des ecosyst´ emes.` Une analyse detaill´ ee´ des donnees´ demontre´ que la structure tres` organisee´ des flux de biomasse observes´ entre les predateurs´ et leurs proies est l’un des principaux fondements de la stabilite´ des ecosyst´ emes.` Je relie ensuite ces propriet´ es´ stabilisantes a` des caracteristiques´ mesurables a` l’echelle´ de l’espece.` A` partir de la masse corporelle des especes,` je determine´ les interactions trophiques, les besoins energ´ etiques´ ainsi que les biomasses a` l’equilibre´ des especes` d’un ecosyst´ eme` afin de modeliser´ des reseaux´ trophiques realistes.´ Je trouve que les ecosyst´ emes` composes´ d’especes` de masses corporelles tres` differentes´ sont caracteris´ es´ par un nombre important d’interactions proie-predateur´ de faible intensite´ et sont plus stables que ceux possedant´ des especes` de masse corporelle simi- laires. J’etudie´ enfin l’effet de la taille et de l’isolement d’un habitat sur la moyenne et la variance de la masse corporelle des especes` qui y coexistent a` partir de modeles` integrant´ les differences´ interspecifiques´ de dispersion, de vulnerabilit´ e´ aux extinctions et la position trophique des especes.` Je compare les predictions´ des modeles` aux distributions de masse corporelle observees´ dans les assemblages de poissons recifaux´ tropicaux en me basant sur une base de donnees´ globale. L’analyse de ces donnees´
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