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Pdf/Serviceloket… Volume-03 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) Issue-12 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary December -2018 www.rrjournals.com [UGC Listed Journal] Seed-borne and post-harvest diseases of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. Nakai) and their management Dr. Dilip Kumar Sharma Department of Science and Technology, Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University, Kota, Rajasthan (India) ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. Nakai) of family Cucurbitaceae is a popular Published Online: 10 December 2018 dessert vegetable available around the year. It is an important multipurpose crop extensively grown in throughout country with widely accepted nutrients. It has very high water content Keywords (93ml/100g edible portion); carbohydrates (5 mg), calcium (8 mg), phosphorous (9 mg), watermelon, Cucurbitaceae, Seed- ascorbic acid (8 mg), vitamins (0.64 g), lycopene and citrulline (per 100 g of edible portion). borne diseases, Post-harvest The crop is attacked by various pre-harvest and post-harvest diseases that limit the diseases, control measures marketability or restrict the economic returns to plant growers. In the field, vegetable is * Corresponding Author infected by various diseases but post-harvest diseases are also posing a great threat. The Email: drdilipsharma12[at]gmail.com plant is attacked by various fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and insects or diseases of non-parasitic origin. 1. Introduction India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the 1997). The family Cucurbitaceae consists of two well defined world (next to China) accounts for about 15% of the world's subfamilies consist of about 118 genera and 825 species total production of vegetables. In the years 2016-17 (2nd Adv (Jeffrey 1990; Dane and Jiarong, 2007). Est), the total area under vegetables is estimated at 10.3 million hectares with a production of 175 MT in India. The total Watermelon originated in Africa and India has been in vegetable production was highest in Uttar Pradesh (26.4 MT) cultivation for more than 4,000 years. In the drier parts followed by West Bengal (25.5 MT). The area and production watermelon is grown throughout India; Africa, Asia, Russia, of watermelon was 95 H with 2325 MT respectively in 2015- China and Japan (Cobley and Steele, 1976; Mallick and Masui, 2016 in India with major growing districts viz. Aandra Pradesh, 1986). Cucurbits are excellent source of vitamins, minerals and Tamilnadu, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh and Hariyana. In carbohydrates used mostly in form of staple food, both fresh Rajasthan, it is growing on 2.93 H area with 27.56 MT and preserved (Paxton, 1981). In India, the fruits are also productions (Anonymous, 2017). India loses about 35-40% of pickled and candied; seeds are roasted and consumed or used the produce every year due to improper post-harvest as fodder and medicine. In Africa, it is usually grown in small management with heavy loss wastes of fruits and vegetables plots for the market rarely for home consumption. (Anonymous, 2008). In Rajasthan, it is grown in Jaipur, Sikar, Dausa, Nagaur, Ajmer, Chittorgarh and Swai Madhopur on Many seed-borne and post-harvest diseases affect the 2422 H area (Anonymous, 2016). production of watermelon and cause enormous losses. A review with brief account of the important diseases of the crop Cucurbits are largest group of summer vegetables grown is given here. in tropical countries. The important cucurbits are watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai), melon 2. Review of literature (Cucumis melo var. inodorus and C.m.var. cantalupensis), Watermelon attacked by several diseases caused by cucumber (C. sativus L.), summer and snack squash various microorganism which effected yield and marketable (Cucurbita pepo L.), pumpkin (C. maxima Duch. ex Lam. and value of the crop. The range of diseases and pests on C. moschata Duch. ex Poir), snake melon (Cucumis melo var. watermelon are corresponds closely with round gourd. flexuosus L.), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Alternaria leaf spot/blight (Alternaria cucumerina), anthracnose Stand.), sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.), bitter melon on stem, leaf and fruit (Colletotrichum orbiculare), belly rot (Momordica charantia L.), Sechium (Sechium edule (Jack.) (Rhizoctonia solani), black root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola), Swartz) and squirting cucumber (Ecbalium elaterium L.) grow fusarium fruit rot (Fusarium equiseti) (Martyn et al., 1993; worldwide. Roberts and Kucharek, 2006), gummy stem blight and black rot (Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) (Rehm, 1881) and Fusarium Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) of cucurbitaceae is wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) are important fungal cultivated species (2n=22); and bitter fruit (C. vulgaris diseases (Zhou and Everts, 2007; Zhou et al., 2010). Schrader) is the ancestor of watermelon (Mohr, 1986; Mallick and Masui, 1986). Citrullus lanatus of genus Citrullus consists Watermelon attacked by bacterial diseases viz. angular of 8 species and sub-species. In the New World, cultivation leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans), bacterial began in Massachusetts as early as 1629 (Mohr, 1986). fruit blotch/seedling blight (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli = Watermelon was brought to America by Spanish and quickly P. pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli), bacterial leaf spot became very popular crop (Robinson and Decker-Walters, RRIJM 2015, All Rights Reserved 1046 | P a g e Volume-03, Issue-12, December -2018 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary (Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae), bacterial rind phaseolina), soft rot (Erwinia caratovora), mosaic viruses necrosis (Erwinia spp.) and bacterial soft rot (Erwinia (Watermelon mosaic virus (Type 1 and 2), papaya ring spot carotovora subsp. carotovora) (Noble and Richardson, 1968; virus and zucchini yellow mosaic virus). Neergaard, 1977; Richardson, 1979; Agrios, 1978, 2005). On Citrullus spp. several diseases have been reported Richardson (1990) reported an annoted list of seed-borne from various parts of country as Alternaria leaf spot disease microflora as Colletotrichum sp., Didymella bryoniae, caused by Alternaria cucumerina and A. alternate from Colletotrichum lagenarium, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, (Jobner) Rajasthan (Khandelwal and Prasad, 1970; Goyal et F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Glomerelia lagenaria al., 1971); Maharastra (Poona) and Punjab (Rao, 1955; Chahal as G. oingulate var. orbicutare, Pythium aphanidermatum, et al., 1970). Leaf spot disease is caused by Phyllosticta Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes ssp. citrulli, Pseudomonas citrullina from Maharastra (Rao, 1964, 1965); by Myrothecium sp., Alternaria and Cladosporium. roridum from Allahabad. U.P., Delhi (Munjal, 1960); Gleosporium sp. from Maharastra (Rao, 1966), Cercospora Agrobacterium tumifacience (Smith & Townnsend) Conn., citrullina in Pusa, Bihar (Mundkar and Ahmed, 1946), Erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora (Jones) Bergey et al., E. Clasdosporium herbarium in Maharastra (Rao, 1966), tracheiphila (Smith) Bergey et al., Pseudomonas chichorii Colletotrchum capsaci from Karnataka (Amin and Sohi, 1979; (Swingle) Stapp., P. pseudoalcacaligenes subsp. citrulli Amin and Ullasa, 1981) was reported respectively. Schaad, Sowell, Goth, Colwell & Webb, P. soalanceaarum Anthracnose on leaf and stem disease caused by C. (Smith) Smith, P. syringae pv. lachrymans and X.c. pv. lagenarium reported from Banglore Karnataka (Sohi and cucurbitae are reported to be seed-borne (Bryan) Dye Prakash, 1972). The fruit rot disease caused by Curvularia (Bradbury, 1986). Some fungal diseases include Alternaria lunata from Maharastra (Rao, 1966), by Fusarium equisetai leaf spot/blight (Alternaria cucumerina), anthracnose (stem, from M.P. (Chaurasia, 1980; Jhamaria and Patel, 1971), by F. leaf and fruit) (C. orbiculare), belly rot (Rhizoctonia solani), oxysporium from Kota, Rajasthan (Mathur and Mathur, 1958), black root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola) and Fusarium fruit rot U.P., Punjab (Suryanarayan and Nath, 1963), by Geotrichum (Fusarium equiseti) are important diseases of watermelon candidum and Trichothecium roseum from Maharastra (Rao, (Martyn et al., 1993; Roberts and Kucharek, 2006). Seed- 1966) on stored fruit, Pythium aphanidermatum from Poona, borne disease caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae reported Maharastra (Rao, 1966; Narayanan, 1962). The rust disease is on watermelon, squash and bottle gourd (Sohi and Maholay, caused by Puccina citrulli reported from Coimbator, Tamil 1974; Maholay and Sohi, 1976; Sultana and Ghaffar, 1992). Nadu (Sundaram, 1963) and white rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsi reported from Maharastra (Uppal et al., 1935). Leaf, stem 3. International and national status and fruit gall caused by Synchitrium legenariae from Poona The common pre- and post-harvest diseases of cucurbits Maharastra and Lucknow (Karling, 1966), leaf gall caused by including watermelon are as Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria S. trichosanthidis from Pusa, Bihar (Matre and Mundkar, 1945) cucumerina, A. alternate), leaf spot (Clasdosporium herbarium, was reported. Other diseases were powdery mildew Cercospora citrullina, Colletotrchum capsaci, Phyllosticta (Erysiphae cichoracearum), wilt (Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. citrullina), downy mildew (Pseudoperenospora cubensis), niveum), Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) from all powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthi), anthracnose over country (Shaw, 1912; Shaw and Ajrekar, 1915; Butler, (Colletotrichum orbiculare), scab or gummosis
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