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Didymella Bryoniae on Glasshouse Cucumbers

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Didymella Bryoniae on Glasshouse Cucumbers DIDYMELLA BRYONIAE ON GLASSHOUSE CUCUMBERS 0000 0155 UklWbo J••.-Ti .,;( „SCHOO L WAGENIKGEN Promotor: Dr. Ir. J. Dekker, hoogleraar in de fytopathologie ^fjo^o1, (o °(( N.A.M.VA NSTEEKELENBUR G DIDYMELLABRYONIA E ON GLASSHOUSE CUCUMBERS Proefschrift terverkrijgin gva nd egraa dva n doctori nd elandbouwwetenschappen , opgeza gva nd erecto rmagnificus , Dr.C.C .Oosterlee , inhe topenbaa r teverdedige n opwoensda g 17Septembe r 1986 desnamiddag s tevie ruu ri nd eaul a vand eLandbouwuniversitei tt eWageninge n U v\; DANKBETOIGING Allendi eo pwa tvoo rmanie rda noo khebbe nbljgedrage naa nd e totstandkomingva ndi tproefschrif twi li kva nhart ebedanken .Enkel e personenwi li kgraa g inhe tbljzonde rnoemen . Allereerst dank ikmij nouder sda tzi jmi jd egelegenhei dhebbe ngegeve n eenwetenschappelijk estudi e tevolgen . Mijnpromoto rProf .Dr .Ir .J .Dekke rbe ni kerkentelij kvoo rzlj n interessei nhe tonderzoe ke nvoo rzij nbijdrage naa nd euiteindelijk e vormgevingva nhe tproefschrift . Dedirectie sva nhe tInstituu tvoo rPlantenziektenkundi g Onderzoeke nva n hetProefstatio nvoo rTuinbou wonde rGla sbe ni kdankbaa rvoo rd e gelegenheid diez emi jgebode nhebbe no mee ngedeelt eva nmij nonderzoe ka f tekunne nronde nme tee nproefschrift .Speciaa ldan ki kDr .Ir .A .Tempe l enDr .Ir .L .Bravenboe rvoo rd evrijhei d diezi jmi jgave no mhe t onderzoek teverrichte ne nvoo rhu nkritisch ekanttekeninge n bijd e manuscripten. Velepersone nzij nal sassistent(e )o fal sstagiair(e )gedurend e langere ofkorter e tijd betrokkengewees tbi jd euitvoerin g vanhe tonderzoek ;i n hetbljzonde rwi li khie rd eassistenti eva nS.J . Paternotte,B.C .va nDa m enG.P .Verduy nvermelden .Oo kd emedewerker sdi ed eplante nopkweekte ne n verzorgdene nzi jdi ealtij dklaarstonde no mstoringe naa napparatuu rt e verhelpenbe ni kzee rdankbaar . Speciaalwi l ikd eprettig ee ngoed esamenwerkin gme tverschillend e mensenva nd eafdelin g teelte nkasklimaa tva nhe tproefstation ,i nhe t bijzonderdi eme tDr .Ir .J . vand eVooren ,Ir .J .Bakke re nIr .D . Bokhorst,vermelden . Decontacte nme td evoorlichtingsdienst ,komkommertuinders ,medewerker s vanhe tInstituu t voord eVeredelin gva nTuinbouwgewasse ne nkomkommer - veredelaars zijnaltij d plezierig ennutti ggeweest . Destatistic iB.J .va nde rKaa ye nJ.CM .Withage nbe ni kdan k verschuldigd voord ewiskundig everwerkin g vand eresultate nva nhe t onderzoek. Drs.W.A .va nWinde ndan k ikvoo rhe tcorrigere nva nd eEngels e tekstva n demeest eartikelen . Deredak *i eva nhe tNetherland sJourna lo fPlan tPathology ,di ed emeest e /J NO ?1,0 ', I 0 ° 1 STKLLISGKN 1.Bi jhe t optreden van inwendig vruchtrot bijkomkomme r is het bloempje van doorslaggevende betekenis. Dit proefschrift. 2. Gewasresistentie tegen Didymella bryoniae leidt ook tot minder vruchtrot. Dit proefschrift. 3. De benaming bladvlekkenziekte voor aantasting vankomkomme r door Didymella bryoniae ismisleidend . Gewasbeschermingsgids1985:310 . 4. Vaak wordt ten onrechte aangenomen dat een ziekte of plaag afkomstig isui t het land waar het optreden ervan voor het eerst is beschreven. 5.Energiescherme n in de glastuinbouw verhogen de luchtvochtig- heid in deka s en verlagen dekan s op schimmelinfecties. 6. Niet alleen chemische, maar ook biologische bestrijding van plagenka n de export van tuinbouwprodukten in gevaar brengen. 7. Wakimoto et al. hechten ten onrechtewaard e aan de gevonden verschillen in concentratie bacterie'nva n Corynebacterium michiganense bijd e door hen getoetste cultivars van tomaat. Wakimoto,S. ,Uematsu ,T . and Mukoo,H. , 1986. Bull. Nat. Inst.Agr . Sci.Ser .C 22 : 269 - 281. 8.Bestrijdin g van nematoden met het middelmethylbromid e heeft de voorkeur boven het gebruik van aldicarb en oxamyl. 9. De teelten zonder aarde inkasse n bieden bijuitste k moge- lijkheden voor de biologische bestrijding vanwortel - pathogenen. 10. Gecomposteerd plantaardig tuinafvalka n niet ind e intensieve glastuinbouw worden hergebruikt. i"^' ->-SCHOO L 11. Doorstroming van onderzoekresultaten naar de praktijk wordt belemmerd door het huidlge overheidsbeleld ten aanzien van de voorlichting. 12. Het vak geestelijke stromingen dient behalve voor het baslsonderwijs ook voor het voortgezet onderwijs verpllcht te zijn. 13. Organisatiestructuren komen en gaan,maa r onderzoek zal blijven bestaan. N.A.M. van Steekelenburg. Didymella bryoniae on glasshouse cucumbers. Wageningen, 17 September 1986. hoofdstukkenva ndi tproefschrlf tkree gvoorgelegd ,dan ki kvoo rhu n suggesties terverbeterin gva nd emanuscripten . Verschillende personenzij nbehulpzaa mgewees tme the t typenva nd e manuscripten,waarvoo rdank . Tot slot,Gemma ,Daniell ee nSander ,mij nvrou we nkinderen ,he ti sfij n enstimuleren do mnaas the twer k inee nander eomgevin gbi jjulli et ezijn . CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION Thecucumbe r Industryi nth eNetherland s 1 Productionsystem s 1 Growingenvironmen t 2 Cultivars 2 Economics 3 Fungaldisease s 3 Didymellabryonia e 4 Aiman doutlin eo f thepresen t study 6 ARTICLES: 1.Epidemiologica laspect so fDidymell abryoniae ,th e causeo fste man dfrui tro to fcucumber . Neth.J . PI.Path .8 9 (1983): 75-86. 8 2.Factor s influencingexterna lfrui tro to fcucumbe r causedb yDidymell abryoniae . Neth.J . PI.Path .8 8 (1982):47-56 . 20 3.Factor s influencing internalfrui tro to fcucumbe r causedb yDidymell abryoniae . Neth.J . PI.Path .9 2 (1986): 81-91. 30 4.Influenc eo fhumidit y onincidenc eo fDidymell a bryoniaeo ncucumbe r leavesan dgrowin g tipsunde r controlled environmentalconditions . Neth.J . PI.Path .9 1 (1985): 277-283. 41 5.Influenc eo f theglasshous e climateo ndevelopmen t ofdisease s ina cucumbe rcro pwit hspecia lreferenc e toste man d fruitro tcause d byDidymell abryoniae . ActaHort .11 8 (1981):45-56 . 48 6.Influenc eo fventilatio ntemperatur e andlo wventilatio n rateso nincidenc eo fDidymell abryonia ei nglasshous e cucumbers. ActaHort .15 6 (1984): 187-197. 59 7. Influenceo ftim eo f transitionfor mnigh t toda y temperatureo nincidenc eo fDidymell abryonia ean d influenceo f thediseas eo ngrowt han dyiel do f glasshousecucumbers . Neth.J . PI.Path .9 1 (1985):225-233 . 70 8.Compariso n ofinoculatio nmethod swit hDidymell a bryoniaeo nCucumi ssativus . Euphytica3 0 (1981):515-520 . 79 9.Chemica lcontro lo fDidymell abryonia ei ncucumbers . Neth.J . PI.Path .8 4 (1978): 27-34. 85 Recent developments inchemica lcontro lo f Didymellabryoniae . 93 GENERAL DISCUSSIONAN DCONCLUSION S 96 SUMMARY 98 SAMENVATTING 101 INTRODUCTION Thecucumbe r industry inth eNetherland s Productionsystem s Commercialproductio no fcucumbe runde rglas si nth eNetherland sbega n abouta centur y ago.Productio no fvegetable sunde r framesstarte d between188 0an d 1890(Barendse ,1951) .Accordin g toHazeloo p (1897) theframe s inth eLoosduine nare awer emainl yuse d forcucumbe r production.Th efirs tsingl espa nglasshouses ,speciall y designedfo r cucumbercroppin gwer e builti nth eNetherlands ,afte rEnglis h example,i nth ebeginnin g of thiscentur y (Nederpel,1954) .I nthi s typeo fglasshous ea nincline d orarc h trainingsyste mwa sapplied . Commercialcroppin gunde r framesan di nsingl espa ncucumbe rhouse s hasbee nabandone d nowadays.Th elarges tdevelopmen t incucumbe r productionwa si nth efiftie san d sixtieswhe nth euprigh t training system inmulti-spa nglasshouse s foundacceptance . Thissyste mrequire s lesslabou ran dgive shighe ryields .On eo fth e benefitso fmulti-spa nglasshouse s istha tthe yallo wa flexibl e change toanothe rcrop . Early-planted cropswer e traditionally growno nhors emanure , whichwa s laterreplace d bystra wbales .Th edecompositio no fth e manurean dstra wprovide dheatin go fth eroo tzone .I nth eseventie s thestra wbale swer emor ean dmor ereplace d bya soi lheatin gsyste m ofburie d pipesi nth esoil .Sinc e197 5ther eha sbee na nincrease d useo frockwoo la sgrowin gmediu m forcucumber .Abou t30 0h a (60%)o f theearly-plante d cucumberswer egrow no nrockwoo li n1985 .Rockwoo l isa ninert ,pathogen-fre emediu mwit hgoo dwate r retaining properties.Water ,containin gal lth enecessar y nutrients,i sapplie d toeac hplan tb ymean so f trickle irrigation.Th enutrien t solutioni s notrecirculated . Fourproductio nsystem sca nb ediscerned : 1. Pipe-heated cropsplante dbetwee nDecembe ran den do fFebruary . Croppingextend s toOctober .Par to fth eacreag eo fthi s early-planted cropi sreplace d bya nautum ncrop . 2. Air-heated cropsplante d inMarch/April .The yar egrow ni n rotationwit hothe rcrops ,mainl ylettuce . 3. Unheatedcrop splante d inMay/June ,als ogrow ni nrotatio nwit h othercrops . 4. Autumncrop splante d inJuly/August ,usuall y followinga mai n cropo f tomato,wit hcroppin g toOctober/November ,s othe yhav e tob ehea tassisted . Growing environment Thecucumbe rcro p isth emos t thermophylic oneo f theglasshous e vegetables.Sinc eth eenerg ycrisi so f 1973price so ffue lhav erise n enormously.Th eshar eo f theheatin gcost s inth e totalcost so fa n early-planted cucumbercro pincrease d fromabou t2 0t o30 %i nth epas t tenyears .Th eglasshous e industrywa sforce d tocarr y outenerg y savingmeasures .Leakage s inth eglasshouse swer esealed ,therma l screensan ddoubl eglaze dwall swer e installed,ventilatio nwa s restricted andheatin g temperatureswer elowered .A mor ehumi d environmentwa s theresul to fal lthes emeasure swit hit sconsequence s onth eincidenc eo fdiseases . Cultivars Thecultivar shav echange d throughout theyears .The ydetermine dals o theproductio nsystem .Th emai nobjective so fbreedin gwer eearlines s andhig hproduction .Nowaday smor ean
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