RACE TYPES LV POLLVESIA 23
for a moment at stature or body height. The living yield the following averages in centimeters: • awaiian 170 Marquesan 170 Tubuai 171 ew Zealand 171 Tuamotu 172 Easter Island 172 RACE TYPES IN POLYNESIN arooa 172 Tahiti 173 Tonga 173 Cook 176 By LOUIS R. SULLIVAN \:','::',Compare with these figures the reconstructed stature of the
<;,~k:.eletalremains which have been studied: HE now rapidly accumulating data on the biology of the inhabitants of Polynesia are beginning to indicate clearly ;S:a.waiian 163 New Zealand 163 Chatham other Polynesians T Island 165 166 that the "Polynesians" are in no sense to be considered a uniform racial type. The "Polynesian type" is an abstract con differences are enormous and amount in some instances cept into the composition of which have entered the characteristics three inches. of several physical types. It is roughly comparable to an "Ameri The cephalic index tells a similar story of change: can type," defined by the average characteristics of the Anglo Cephalic Length-Breadth Index Saxon, Slavic, Mediterranean, Indian, Negroid and Mongol Skeletal Living Tahiti, Pomotu, Tubuai 76 85 elements which inhabit America. Tahiti Anthropologists have disagreed on the racial affinities of the 77 86 Maori 74 78 Polynesians. Some have classified them as Mongols, others have Samoa 78 84 classified them as Caucasians, while still others have maintained Marquesas 76 79 Hawaii that they are a separate race. This in itself is strong evidence that 80 84 the Polynesians are a badly mixed people for whenever there has Brachycephaly or a tendency to short-headedness is charac
been a general disagreement as to the racial affinities of any group :?,;'t~risticof a majority of the living peoples, but not of the pre it ha.s been found almost invariably that the group was a non 'historic peoples represented by the skeletal remains. homogen~ousgroup. A study of the nasal index complicates matt~rssomewhat. There is much vagueness as to what constitutes a Polynesian nasal index of the skull varies from 44 in the Moriori to 53 in but as generally conceived and described, the Polynesian is a tall remains from Easter Island. In detail it is distributed as and remarkably well-proportioned type with a short head, a high and relatively narrow nose, straight or slightly wavy black hair Maori 47.9 Marqucsas 49.3 ·.rahili -19.4 and a yellowish brown skin. Now, as a matter of fact, in no part Easter Island 52.5. of Polynesia from which we have data, does this type make up the On the living the nasal index has different values of course, entire population at the present time. There is strong evidence is similar to the nasal index in the skUll in that a small index that in times past, and not so very long past either, this element dicatcs a narrow nose and a large number indicates a wide nose. was entirely absent) or not present in any appreciable strength. ::rhe val~eson the living for nasal index are:
1 Based upon the published craniometric and osteometric literature an d upon the ;';' Samoan 74, Tonga 76, Maori 76, Hawaiian 78, Tahiti 80, l1eld data on the living Polynesians obtained by members of the Bayard Dominick "'Tuamotu 80) Tubuai 80, Marquesas 82, Easter Island 82, Cook 85. Polynesian expeditions of the Bernice Paua1.i Bishop lHuseum. There is seen to be a tendency to both broad noses and narrow 22 in both the long-headed and shart-headed groups. 24
bined
stature. Polynesia
very Polynesian
to
with
been
(projecting been population
the common Central
course,
combined I element soine
Polynesians
inhabitants have Indonesian
of
Caucasoid one
type
term
Indonesia, Caucasoid
Proto-Armenoid characteristic Polynesia,
In
that
bave
H
In
Malaysia
Melanesians.
primitive
described
unable we In I
theChatharn'Island a with
anthropologists
under Tonga,
have
appreciated
title.
Indonesian
since broad
already Hawaii,
This
turn
Polynesia. is
in
and
with it
and the face). a
New
elements
called
to
would and is we discussion.
of
element types, it next
narrow'
regardless
in
Samoa,
is
as nose
one
a isolate
consequently
of is
a indicated the caubtsoid
find
in
AMERICAN
the
Zealand,
Caucasoid that term.
Melanesian
relatively more
Indonesia.
Polynesian,
to
This
and
the
generally are
almost
In
this
United
neither and
a Easter
It
in
same
has
nO~_~7
Tahiti,
has
it
this
Marquesas
short
generally Alpine.
the
element ilnportant
the
Malaysia,
of
cannot fact
has
The
been
a
above
Easter been
material seem
the element
type.
facts
sense lack.
ANTHROPOLOGIST Island, narrow moderate States
in head skeletal
also cannot
taken
of
etc.,
or
and
principal
This and
fact
isolated
designated appearance.
which has
that
an rightly
applied the
of been Island,
that
and
combined we perhaps
a a elsewhere. have
that
are type in
we If Oceanic as we
long
nose
short-headed long-headed state
prognathism
objections this
find remains
large
typical to we
is
it tendency find
in applied
have
objections Americans.
there
has be
called
been
a important
and and to
type
the has
how
an
are
lesser
as
a
that
numbers
negro.
called
the
also
with
the
long extrelnely
living
to high
the are
been of
recognized
closely had
this
to
It
to
them
to
Caucasoid
a
degree long Polynesia
been
one the
to
one
undoubtedly
true head
a
other to
and is lesser call
this. the
stature. Polynesian,
in
type
applied broad
So
numerically
prognathism [N. oeauthors Some
this in
probably
similar
it related Anglo-Saxon
head all Indonesians.
designated
Polynesian. best
'moderate
far s., any
combined
short
elsewhere
resembles the
types
degree
parts
They
use is
and
26,
nose,
I
and
peoples claim
com
living
fairly
to type
have
1924
to
head
of to
This
has
more
of
two are
a two by in the of
the the
low
in
as
in
I
.
}(qo:ubtful
":::/Well /"1'ecognized ':',pften
)cMements
',Fal J.;rhis ,,::3.Uyconsidered
"::pological "Johave
tstrated
'"arious ~.herally
~plynesia '~?land :'\fu.t "type
~iuffrida-Ruggeri . ·,we '~;I,ndonesian .populations
/,or '-:e:ments >\
:~patomy. ;'types 'parts
',~musing .,lb.e escribe ',lure 'egrito,
Alpine,
e
that
The
Malay
Before
cannot in types.
has
The Alpine
as
is
designated
in which
groups. term.
and are'not of
essential
but
proportions
true been other ..
some
beyond
then affiliation,
question in
more
distributed
the Polynesia
is Archipelago. classifications
these Two the
work
in
Race. Until
a
The
different it
and
Logan
I outside
and composed
world. a
dark
anthropology types is
it
local
Mongoloid have
term
Negroid
very
infonnation Different
of not
same thing
types out
Polynesian should
doubt
by
we
and
make RACE
will
We
these
skin. first
types
but designated than as Negrito Indonesian is
to important
any
untangle
proportions.
of
throughout
type
to
of
many others should can
identical
make
Polynesia used
that or TYPES
of
be shows
more It
lasting
of are
note islands
course
differentiated those
oeauthors Some
characters.
Melanesian.
be
should
in at
man
designated
that
to
on in
it. different
Caucasoid
the
pthe up
not have
satisfactorily
some at
three
progress
least
designate
the IN
several it
element
designated
in
classification. be their
in
we are present I
with
Polynesia.
as
tall
have
POLJ"NESIA.
as am
a be
generally
raised,
the·
previously
of
different Indonesian have
sense
a
four
well. populations
pointed
short-headed,
not names.
specific
these
scramble
the
Negroid three same by
as
These in
on
in
A is
the
have
more
the
different isolation
entirely "Is a southeastern
by
that
appearance fourth
European
detailed
named It
highly
Polynesian
same terms, accepted
groups
parts
One
first
Logan.
Our
out,
it
racial
is If types used
names described
chiefly
the
characteristics
of
certain
pretty
it
of
to
is
type
current other
however,
different
geography
complex of on
such it
population
can
and
contain
narrow
of
relationships, the do
the
relationship.
combine
is the
conception
and the
than
because
in somewhat and
this be
Asia
necessary
branch that
is as
generally
different term
distinct
worlcl this different
different
anthro
demon
Alpine, gener
Asiatic
physi
mixed since
from quite
these
nosed
that
and
these
and
as
25
to
of it
as in
is of ------.
26
island islands?" of
few each types narrow-nosed to a sequence types islands
local
abandon a
Aside
AMERICAN
instances
strain
and
NEW
both is
groups
origin
is
conllned
everyone
YORK from of This
not
to
within
the
MUSEUM
these
of
as
clear
had my element
CITY.
seemed
the
idea
many
these
wholly
fUfERICAN
types credulity
and
been
of
almost OF
at
of
these NATURAl.
types the
at
is
as
local
without
reached
and
to
first a
four
present
certain
types fairly
Polynesia.
to
differentiation. in
their
HISTORY, ANTlIROPOLOGIST
plausible
separate
Polynesia. believe
Polynesia
by
outside
eetarrival recent
fact
time.
order
man
that
to that
times.
The
of
of-
me not
argues
Polynesia
arrival some
the
Noone distribution
for
only
But
in
tall
it
strongly
of
was
Polynesia
once in
when
these
short-headed
of
I
[N.
the
was
something
these
s.,
but
of
I
various remote against
26,
forced
found
tbese
l
in four
1924
the
a
.
'~hecave .;j-vould i)'monopolized
)?rm ··ely :tq
:~rms :){istent ~ntionalization. the ;:s;volutes,
~and ,~ch l.ch
.
"i;lexpression,
e
.. r,
E a
hind existence. ished kinds; ompared art i:r far 'hich
ions imate
'Ous
extent the
es
study
game
female
paleolithic
were
and
l
more small
outnumber THE
of
are
game
to fauna.
are
l
is red
account makes from
and
game
and
tbe
tectiform
artist man
of
animals
to derived very the
prayers
with pronounced
of
deer,
wave
By
cave share;
FIELD
horse
which
animals
the
the tbe
Among
symbol tbe
(or animals
GEORGE
tbe Among
not his especially rare.
artist's
in
the
same art, hind inanimate,
but
tbose
ornaments,
to would
species. from
for
far part
figures; attention.
strongest
only
reptilian
it
lion.
tbe
OF
one
the ~)Ccur he
the reflects
The by
of outnumbers
may
captured. tbe
GRANT
of
animate
range for than
had
animals
naturally
also is PALEOLITHIC
fecundity;
the
increase
when animal
To
tbe
also
fauna,
inanimate
impressed,
In
the
be
much
predilection
but
representations 27
appeal
presence
in
and one
the seems
stag,
some Birds of
MAC
said
by
preponderance
it
others.
on objects
was
forms models
fauna
animal mammals
Besides, of
chevrons, alphabetiform
happens loom
more
tbe
which
CURDY
of a
species
to to the and the
confined
fact field
although
of invertebrates.
hyena;
have
the
large
reproduced
of through
species
for frequently larger
fishes
The antlers; killed
included
he
which
many
ART
is tbe
to
senses
tbe such
frets
(including
fed),
had
are
represented
on
stag
ahnost
as
be
noted
time.
came because
not
the
useful
sex
processes species
the is or
figures of does signs,
practically
a essential
tbere
is
both can
surprised,
distinction signmcant. grecques,
number
the preference
than
in
horizon; in
above. the
wholly
for
To Plant
tbe
man)
paleo
be
for it some would repre
as
of
tbe
first
food
any was
by tbe
red
dis
of
the
a
the to
of