RACE TYPES LV POLLVESIA 23

for a moment at stature or body height. The living yield the following averages in centimeters: • awaiian 170 Marquesan 170 Tubuai 171 ew Zealand 171 Tuamotu 172 Easter Island 172 RACE TYPES IN POLYNESIN arooa 172 Tahiti 173 Tonga 173 Cook 176 By LOUIS R. SULLIVAN \:','::',Compare with these figures the reconstructed stature of the

<;,~k:.eletalremains which have been studied: HE now rapidly accumulating data on the biology of the inhabitants of Polynesia are beginning to indicate clearly ;S:a.waiian 163 New Zealand 163 Chatham other Polynesians T Island 165 166 that the "Polynesians" are in no sense to be considered a uniform racial type. The "Polynesian type" is an abstract con­ differences are enormous and amount in some instances cept into the composition of which have entered the characteristics three inches. of several physical types. It is roughly comparable to an "Ameri­ The cephalic index tells a similar story of change: can type," defined by the average characteristics of the Anglo­ Cephalic Length-Breadth Index Saxon, Slavic, Mediterranean, Indian, and Mongol Skeletal Living Tahiti, Pomotu, Tubuai 76 85 elements which inhabit America. Tahiti Anthropologists have disagreed on the racial affinities of the 77 86 Maori 74 78 Polynesians. Some have classified them as Mongols, others have Samoa 78 84 classified them as Caucasians, while still others have maintained Marquesas 76 79 Hawaii that they are a separate race. This in itself is strong evidence that 80 84 the Polynesians are a badly mixed people for whenever there has Brachycephaly or a tendency to short-headedness is charac­

been a general disagreement as to the racial affinities of any group :?,;'t~risticof a majority of the living peoples, but not of the pre­ it ha.s been found almost invariably that the group was a non­ 'historic peoples represented by the skeletal remains. homogen~ousgroup. A study of the nasal index complicates matt~rssomewhat. There is much vagueness as to what constitutes a Polynesian nasal index of the skull varies from 44 in the Moriori to 53 in but as generally conceived and described, the Polynesian is a tall remains from Easter Island. In detail it is distributed as and remarkably well-proportioned type with a short head, a high and relatively narrow nose, straight or slightly wavy black hair Maori 47.9 Marqucsas 49.3 ·.rahili -19.4 and a yellowish brown skin. Now, as a matter of fact, in no part Easter Island 52.5. of Polynesia from which we have data, does this type make up the On the living the nasal index has different values of course, entire population at the present time. There is strong evidence is similar to the nasal index in the skUll in that a small index that in times past, and not so very long past either, this element dicatcs a narrow nose and a large number indicates a wide nose. was entirely absent) or not present in any appreciable strength. ::rhe val~eson the living for nasal index are:

1 Based upon the published craniometric and osteometric literature an d upon the ;';' Samoan 74, Tonga 76, Maori 76, Hawaiian 78, Tahiti 80, l1eld data on the living Polynesians obtained by members of the Bayard Dominick "'Tuamotu 80) Tubuai 80, Marquesas 82, Easter Island 82, Cook 85. Polynesian expeditions of the Bernice Paua1.i Bishop lHuseum. There is seen to be a tendency to both broad noses and narrow 22 in both the long-headed and shart-headed groups. 24

bined

stature. Polynesia

very Polynesian

to

with

been

(projecting been population

the common Central

course,

combined I element soine

Polynesians

inhabitants have Indonesian

of

Caucasoid one

type

term

Indonesia, Caucasoid

Proto-Armenoid characteristic Polynesia,

In

that

bave

H

In

Malaysia

Melanesians.

primitive

described

unable we In I

theChatharn'Island a with

anthropologists

under Tonga,

have

appreciated

title.

Indonesian

since broad

already Hawaii,

This

turn

Polynesia. is

in

and

with it

and the face). a

New

elements

called

to

would and is we discussion.

of

element types, it next

narrow'

regardless

in

Samoa,

is

as nose

one

a isolate

consequently

of is

a indicated the caubtsoid

find

in

AMERICAN

the

Zealand,

Caucasoid that term.

Melanesian

relatively more

Indonesia.

Polynesian,

to

This

and

the

generally are

almost

In

this

United

neither and

a Easter

It

in

same

has

nO~_~7

Tahiti,

has

it

this

Marquesas

short

generally Alpine.

the

element ilnportant

the

Malaysia,

of

cannot fact

has

The

been

a

above

Easter been

material seem

the element

type.

facts

sense lack.

ANTHROPOLOGIST Island, narrow moderate States

in head skeletal

also cannot

taken

of

etc.,

or

and

principal

This and

fact

isolated

designated appearance.

which has

that

an rightly

applied the

of been Island,

that

and

combined we perhaps

a a elsewhere. have

that

are type in

we If Oceanic as we

long

nose

short-headed long-headed state

prognathism

objections this

find remains

large

typical to we

is

it tendency find

in applied

have

objections Americans.

there

has be

called

been

a important

and and to

type

the has

how

an

are

lesser

as

a

that

numbers

negro.

called

the

also

with

the

long extrelnely

living

to high

the are

been of

recognized

closely had

this

to

It

to

them

to

Caucasoid

a

degree long Polynesia

been

one the

to

one

undoubtedly

true head

a

other to

and is lesser call

this. the

stature. Polynesian,

in

type

applied broad

So

numerically

prognathism [N. oeauthors Some

this in

probably

similar

it related Anglo-Saxon

head all Indonesians.

designated

Polynesian. best

'moderate

far s., any

combined

short

elsewhere

resembles the

types

degree

parts

They

use is

and

26,

nose,

I

and

peoples claim

com­

living

fairly

to type

have

1924

to

head

of to

This

has

more

of

two are

a two by in the of

the the

low

in

as

in

I

.

}(qo:ubtful

":::/Well /"1'ecognized ':',pften

)cMements

',Fal J.;rhis ,,::3.Uyconsidered

"::pological "Johave

tstrated

'"arious ~.herally

~plynesia '~?land :'\fu.t "type

~iuffrida-Ruggeri . ·,we '~;I,ndonesian .populations

/,or '-:e:ments >\

:~patomy. ;'types 'parts

',~musing .,lb.e escribe ',lure 'egrito,

Alpine,

e

that

The

Malay

Before

cannot in types.

has

The Alpine

as

is

designated

in which

groups. term.

and are'not of

essential

but

proportions

true been other ..

some

beyond

then affiliation,

question in

more

distributed

the Polynesia

is Archipelago. classifications

these Two the

work

in

Race. Until

a

The

different it

and

Logan

I outside

and composed

world. a

dark

anthropology types is

it

local

Mongoloid have

term

Negroid

very

infonnation Different

of not

same thing

types out

Polynesian should

doubt

by

we

and

make RACE

will

We

these

skin. first

types

but designated than as Indonesian is

to important

any

untangle

proportions.

of

throughout

type

to

of

many others should can

identical

make

Polynesia used

that or TYPES

of

be shows

more It

lasting

of are

note islands

course

differentiated those

oeauthors Some

characters.

Melanesian.

be

should

in at

man

designated

that

to

on in

it. different

Caucasoid

the

pthe up

not have

satisfactorily

some at

three

progress

least

designate

the IN

several it

element

designated

in

classification. be their

in

we are present I

with

Polynesia.

as

tall

have

POLJ"NESIA.

as am

a be

generally

raised,

the·

previously

of

different Indonesian have

sense

a

four

well. populations

pointed

short-headed,

not names.

specific

these

scramble

the

Negroid three same by

as

These in

on

in

A is

the

have

more

the

different isolation

entirely "Is a southeastern

by

that

appearance fourth

European

detailed

named It

highly

Polynesian

same terms, accepted

groups

parts

One

first

Logan.

Our

out,

it

racial

is If types used

names described

chiefly

the

characteristics

of

certain

pretty

it

of

to

is

type

current other

however,

different

geography

complex of on

such it

population

can

and

contain

narrow

of

relationships, the do

the

relationship.

combine

is the

conception

and the

than

because

in somewhat and

this be

Asia

necessary

branch that

is as

generally

different term

distinct

worlcl this different

different

anthro­

demon­

Alpine, gener­

Asiatic

physi­

mixed since

from quite

these

nosed

that

and

these

and

as

25

to

of it

as in

is of ------.

26

island islands?" of

few each types narrow-nosed to a sequence types islands

local

abandon a

Aside

AMERICAN

instances

strain

and

NEW

both is

groups

origin

is

conllned

everyone

YORK from of This

not

to

within

the

MUSEUM

these

of

as

clear

had my element

CITY.

seemed

the

idea

many

these

wholly

fUfERICAN

types credulity

and

been

of

almost OF

at

of

these NATURAl.

types the

at

is

as

local

without

reached

and

to

first a

four

present

certain

types fairly

Polynesia.

to

differentiation. in

their

HISTORY, ANTlIROPOLOGIST

plausible

separate

Polynesia. believe

Polynesia

by

outside

eetarrival recent

fact

time.

order

man

that

to that

times.

The

of

of-

me not

argues

Polynesia

arrival some

the

Noone distribution

for

only

But

in

tall

it

strongly

of

was

Polynesia

once in

when

these

short-headed

of

I

[N.

the

was

something

these

s.,

but

of

I

various remote against

26,

forced

found

tbese

l

in four

1924

the

a

.

'~hecave .;j-vould i)'monopolized

)?rm ··ely :tq

:~rms :){istent ~ntionalization. the ;:s;volutes,

~and ,~ch l.ch

.

"i;lexpression,

e

.. r,

E a

hind existence. ished kinds; ompared art i:r far 'hich

ions imate

'Ous

extent the

es

study

game

female

paleolithic

were

and

l

more small

outnumber THE

of

are

game

to fauna.

are

l

is red

account makes from

and

game

and

tbe

tectiform

artist man

of

animals

to derived very the

prayers

with pronounced

of

deer,

wave

By

cave share;

FIELD

horse

which

animals

the

the tbe

Among

symbol tbe

(or animals

GEORGE

tbe Among

not his especially rare.

artist's

in

the

same art, hind inanimate,

but

tbose

ornaments,

to would

species. from

for

far part

figures; attention.

strongest

only

reptilian

it

lion.

tbe

OF

one

the ~)Ccur he

the reflects

The by

of outnumbers

may

captured. tbe

GRANT

of

animate

range for than

had

animals

naturally

also is PALEOLITHIC

fecundity;

the

increase

when animal

To

tbe

also

fauna,

inanimate

impressed,

In

the

be

much

predilection

but

representations 27

appeal

presence

in

and one

the seems

stag,

some Birds of

MAC

said

by

preponderance

it

others.

on objects

was

forms models

fauna

animal mammals

Besides, of

chevrons, alphabetiform

happens loom

more

tbe

which

CURDY

of a

species

to to the and the

confined

fact field

although

of invertebrates.

hyena;

have

the

large

reproduced

of through

species

for frequently larger

fishes

The antlers; killed

included

he

which

many

ART

is tbe

to

senses

tbe such

frets

(including

fed),

had

are

represented

on

stag

ahnost

as

be

noted

time.

came because

not

the

useful

sex

processes species

the is or

figures of does signs,

practically

a essential

tbere

is

both can

surprised,

distinction signmcant. grecques,

number

the preference

than

in

horizon; in

above. the

wholly

for

To Plant­

tbe

man)

paleo­

be

for it some would repre­

as

of

tbe

first

food

any was

by tbe

red

dis­

of

the

a

the to

of