Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUMR 110. NUMBER 1.1 (Knii «»k Voumki CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SOVIET UNION (With Five Plates) Compiled by HENRY FIELD (Plblication 3947) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 22. 1948 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 110, NUMBER 13 (End of Voia-me) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANTHROPOLOGY' OF THE SOVIET UNION (With Five Plates) Compiled by HENRY FIELD (PcnLiCATioN 3947) CITY OF WASHINGTON PLDLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DECEMBER 22. 1948 BALTIMORE, MD., V. 3. A. CONTENTS Preface V I. All-Union Conference on Archeology i II. Recent work in anthropology 7 A. Ancient peoples and their origin 7 B. Modern races and their history 12 C. Variations in the structure of human bodies 17 III. Paleolithic sites jo Introduction 20 Primitive Mousterian and Clactonian sites 21 Black Sea Littoral : Abkhazia and Crimea 21 ^fouste^ian sites 23 Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic sites 29 European part of the R.S.F.S.R 29 Ukraine 37 Territory of the B.S.S.R 46 Crimea 46 Caves in the Caucasus 50 Open-air sites in the Caucasus 52 Asiatic part of the R.S.F.S.R 53 Arctic Paleolithic 64 IV. Miscellanea Archeologica 66 Introduction 66 Ukraine 67 Crimea 67 Black Sea coast 75 North Caucasus 78 South Caucasus 78 Armenia 85 Don region 85 Volga region 87 Novo-Akkermanovka cemetery 87 Kochergino cemetery 88 Upper Volga 88 Previous research in the Upper \'oIga region 94 Central Asia 95 Uzbek S.S.R., I937-I939 95 Soghdiana 106 Kirghiz S.S.R no Siberia 1 10 Khakass A. S.S.R no V. Miscellanea Anthropologica 1 13 Introduction 113 Anthropology of the western Pamirs 116 Iranian tribes of the western Pamirs . 119 Mountain Tajiks J25 iii IV CONTENTS Page Peoples of Uzbekistan i6i Reasons for supposing nomads dolichocephalic i68 Comparison with historical, ethnological, and philological data. 173 Linguistic and anthropological characteristics of Turkomans.. 174 Uzbeks of Khwarazm 183 Kazakhs of the Altai 184 Pigmentation 185 Beard development 187 Head form 188 Browridges 188 Facial form 189 Nose 189 Lips 190 Ears 190 Summary 190 Western Kazakhs 195 Pigmentation 197 Stature 199 Cephalic index 200 Head breadth 200 Facial index 201 Nasal index 201 Conclusions 203 Turkomans of Khwarazm and the North Caucasus 204 A study of the Turkish peoples, 1924-1934 207 Paleoanthropology of the Lower Volga area 213 Craniology of the Tatars of the Golden Horde 216 Conclusions 220 Craniology of the Kalmyks 222 The Ulchi ( Nani ) cranial type 226 Two types of Yakut crania 227 Craniology of the Orochis of the Maritime area 228 Craniology of the Aleuts 230 Conclusions 234 Origin of the Mongol 235 Origin of the Eskimo 2^6 Observations on the tibia 237 Head form and growth in utero 237 A study of blood groups in the Caucasus 238 Isoagglutination of the Turkomans 241 The Tardenoisian skeleton from Fatma-Koba, Crimea 242 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate i. Akhshtyr cave, Abkhazia 245 Plate 2. Mzymta Gorge, Abkhazia 245 Plate 3. Dr. and Mrs. S. N. Zamiatnin and Dr. A. E. Jessen outside Akhshtyr cave, Abkhazia 245 Plate 4. Cross section of Akhshtyr cave, Abkhazia 245 Plate 5. Dr. M. E. Masson and Dr. L. V. Oshanin examining skulls from Khwarazm, Uzbekistan 245 PREFACE This study, whicli includes a compilation of anthropologic.il data based on Soviet published and unpublished materials, has been divided into two sections, one dealing with archeology, the other with physical anthropology. The majority of tlic archeological publications from wliich summaries have been translated were given to me while a guest of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. during June-July, 1945. in ^^oscow and Leningrad. The occasion was the Jubilee Session cele- brating the 220th anniversary of the founding of the Academy by Peter the Great. I was the bearer of official greetings from the Smithsonian Institu- tion, the Archaeological Institute of America, the American Anthro- pological Association, the Library of Congress, the National .\rchives, and the National Geographic Society. At a full session of the Praesid- ium of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow I was invited to address the Academy and to present these greetings from the United States, which were officially accepted and warmly reciprocated by President X'ladimir Komarov. For an account of this trip the reader is referred to "Anthropology in the Soviet Union, 1945" in the American Anthro- pologist, vol. 48, Xo. 3, pp. 375-396, 1946. Chapter III was translated by Mrs. John F. Normano, the Asia Institute. New York City. Chapters IV and V are based on summaries translated by Eugene V. Prostov prior to 1941. Some sections in chapter IV have been translated from French summaries during 1946 by Mrs. David Huxley, to whom a footnote reference is given. A special introduction to chapter I\', with a list of abbreviations (pp. 114-115), has been included. While every effort has been made to express clearly antl concisely the results obtained by the Soviet archeologists and antliropologists whose work has been translated and summarized, this has proved to be an exceptionally difficult task. Among other special problems was the fact that work was l)cgun on this publication 10 years ago and during the war years remained untouched. In addition, my collaborator. Eugene V. Prostov, has been on Government service abroad since 1946. However, he has checked the text, particularly the spellings of proper names, but with- out his customary library and reference works at hand. Hence, some discrepancies and inconsistencies, will appear. Dr. Sergei ; VI PREFACE Yakobson, Consultant in the Library of Congress, very kindly stand- ardized some of the spelHngs in order to follow the Library of Con- gress system of Russian transliteration. Some place names follow the spelling approved by the Board on Geographical Names. We noted, but could not correct or change, differences in terminology we have kept as close to the original as possible. In some cases we have made minor additions to elucidate the text either in footnotes with initials or in brackets. Since we have often taken considerable editorial license with the text in the selection and rearrangement of the materials, we decided to place the name of the author in the first footnote of each article. On the other hand, there should never be any question as to the authorship of any statement. This publication should be considered as complementary to our previous publications on the U.S.S.R. (see chapter IV, footnotes I, 2), to my "Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran," and in particular to my forthcoming "Contributions to the Anthropology of the Caucasus," wherein will appear my anthropometric data on the North Osetes and Yezidis as well as Soviet comparative data on Ciscaucasia and Transcaucasia. No bibliography has been compiled because, for the sake of con- venience, references have been listed in the footnotes. In the preparation of this material for publication, I have had some editorial assistance from Miss Morelza Morrow. As already mentioned, Mrs. John F. Normano and Mrs. David Huxley translated part of the material. The greater part of the text was typed by Miss Elizabeth Beverly in Thomasville, Ga. Miss Betsy King Ross, who very kindly assisted in the final stages of preparation, also typed part of the manuscript. We wish to acknowledge with gratitude all this assistance. We also wish to thank Dr. T. Dale Stewart, curator of physical anthropology of the United States National Museum, for making helpful suggestions regarding certain portions of the manuscript. My wife generously assisted in the compilation of the statis- tical tables and in proofreading the copy. We are grateful to Soviet anthropologists, who have contributed so much to our knowledge of ancient and modern man from the Ukraine to Siberia and from the Far North to Central Asia. We received information in 1939 and in 1945 that anthropometric surveys were in progress in European Russia, in the Caucasus, Turkestan, Central Asia, and Siberia, and hope that at some not too distant date we may be able to make the new results available to the PREFACE VII Student of Asiatic racial problems, who is cither unfamiliar with the Russian language or does not have access to this important ^"n!'? literature. Henry Fielu ^h-tobcr 2S, 1946. Cuernaraca, Mexico. CONTRIUUTIOXS TO THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE SOVIET UNION Compiled by HENRY FIELD (With Five Plates) I. ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON ARCIILOLOGY* This Conference, called by the Academy of Sciences, was held in Moscow during 1945. Represented at the Conference by a total of 156 delegates were the Marr Institute, the Academies of Sciences of the various Union Republics, branches of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Peoples Commissariats of Education of the I'nion and Autonomous Republics, universities, teachers* colleges, central, terri- torial, regional, and municipal museums, the Commission on the Preservation of Ancient Monuments, and other scientific bodies. The Conference was opened by V. \'olgin, Vice President of the Academy of Sciences and chairman of the committee on organiza- tion. In his opening speech Academician Volgin reminded the delegates that the Marr Institute—the leading center of Soviet arch- eolog)'—had recently celebrated its twentieth anniversary. I'ounded as the Russian Academy of the History of Material Culture, it suc- ceeded the Committee on Archeology which had been in existence since 1859. "We no longer support the teachings of f(jrmer archeologists that the ancient history of our country was represented by .separate 'archeological civilizations.' We regard it rather as a harmonious and logically connected chain of consecutive stages in the development of humanity from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages." 'Jhe problem of the origin of the Slavs and their relations with neighboring tribes is now presented from a new angle.

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