Lapp Racial Classifications As Scientific Myths
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Anthropology of Race 1
Anthropology of Race 1 Knowing Race John Hartigan What do we know about race today? Is it surprising that, after a hun- dred years of debate and inquiry by anthropologists, not only does the answer remain uncertain but also the very question is so fraught? In part, this reflects the deep investments modern societies have made in the notion of race. We can hardly know it objectively when it constitutes a pervasive aspect of our identities and social landscapes, determining advantage and disadvantage in a thoroughgoing manner. Yet, know it we do. Perhaps mis- takenly, haphazardly, or too informally, but knowledge claims about race permeate everyday life in the United States. As well, what we understand or assume about race changes as our practices of knowledge production also change. Until recently, a consensus was held among social scientists—predi- cated, in part, upon findings by geneticists in the 1970s about the struc- ture of human genetic variability—that “race is socially constructed.” In the early 2000s, following the successful sequencing of the human genome, counter-claims challenging the social construction consensus were formu- lated by geneticists who sought to support the role of genes in explaining race.1 This volume arises out of the fracturing of that consensus and the attendant recognition that asserting a constructionist stance is no longer a tenable or sufficient response to the surge of knowledge claims about race. Anthropology of Race confronts the problem of knowing race and the challenge of formulating an effective rejoinder both to new arguments and sarpress.sarweb.org COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 3 John Hartigan data about race and to the intense desire to know something substantive about why and how it matters. -
White by Law---Haney Lopez (Abridged Version)
White by Law The Legal Construction of Race Revised and Updated 10th Anniversary Edition Ian Haney Lόpez NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London (2006) 1│White Lines In its first words on the subject of citizenship, Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “white persons.” Though the requirements for naturalization changed frequently thereafter, this racial prerequisite to citizenship endured for over a century and a half, remaining in force until 1952. From the earliest years of this country until just a generation ago, being a “white person” was a condition for acquiring citizenship. Whether one was “white” however, was often no easy question. As immigration reached record highs at the turn of this century, countless people found themselves arguing their racial identity in order to naturalize. From 1907, when the federal government began collecting data on naturalization, until 1920, over one million people gained citizenship under the racially restrictive naturalization laws. Many more sought to naturalize and were rejected. Naturalization rarely involved formal court proceedings and therefore usually generated few if any written records beyond the simple decision. However, a number of cases construing the “white person” prerequisite reached the highest state and federal judicial circles, and two were argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in the early 1920s. These cases produced illuminating published decisions that document the efforts of would-be citizens from around the world to establish their Whiteness at law. Applicants from Hawaii, China, Japan, Burma, and the Philippines, as well as all mixed- race applicants, failed in their arguments. Conversely, courts ruled that applicants from Mexico and Armenia were “white,” but vacillated over the Whiteness of petitioners from Syria, India, and Arabia. -
And the Hamitic Hypothesis
religions Article Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis Justin Michael Reed Department of Biblical Studies, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY 40205, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I consider how the racial politics of Ridley Scott’s whitewashing of ancient Egypt in Exodus: Gods and Kings intersects with the Hamitic Hypothesis, a racial theory that asserts Black people’s inherent inferiority to other races and that civilization is the unique possession of the White race. First, I outline the historical development of the Hamitic Hypothesis. Then, I highlight instances in which some of the most respected White intellectuals from the late-seventeenth through the mid-twentieth century deploy the hypothesis in assertions that the ancient Egyptians were a race of dark-skinned Caucasians. By focusing on this detail, I demonstrate that prominent White scholars’ arguments in favor of their racial kinship with ancient Egyptians were frequently burdened with the insecure admission that these ancient Egyptian Caucasians sometimes resembled Negroes in certain respects—most frequently noted being skin color. In the concluding section of this essay, I use Scott’s film to point out that the success of the Hamitic Hypothesis in its racial discourse has transformed a racial perception of the ancient Egyptian from a dark-skinned Caucasian into a White person with appearance akin to Northern European White people. Keywords: Ham; Hamite; Egyptian; Caucasian; race; Genesis 9; Ridley Scott; Charles Copher; Samuel George Morton; James Henry Breasted Citation: Reed, Justin Michael. 2021. Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and Religions the Hamitic Hypothesis. -
Was Hitler a Darwinian?
Was Hitler a Darwinian? Robert J. Richards The University of Chicago The Darwinian underpinnings of Nazi racial ideology are patently obvious. Hitler's chapter on "Nation and Race" in Mein Kampf discusses the racial struggle for existence in clear Darwinian terms. Richard Weikart, Historian, Cal. State, Stanislaus1 Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Shakespeare, Hamlet, III, 2. 1. Introduction . 1 2. The Issues regarding a Supposed Conceptually Causal Connection . 4 3. Darwinian Theory and Racial Hierarchy . 10 4. The Racial Ideology of Gobineau and Chamberlain . 16 5. Chamberlain and Hitler . 27 6. Mein Kampf . 29 7. Struggle for Existence . 37 8. The Political Sources of Hitler’s Anti-Semitism . 41 9. Ethics and Social Darwinism . 44 10. Was the Biological Community under Hitler Darwinian? . 46 11. Conclusion . 52 1. Introduction Several scholars and many religiously conservative thinkers have recently charged that Hitler’s ideas about race and racial struggle derived from the theories of Charles Darwin (1809-1882), either directly or through intermediate sources. So, for example, the historian Richard Weikart, in his book From Darwin to Hitler (2004), maintains: “No matter how crooked the road was from Darwin to Hitler, clearly Darwinism and eugenics smoothed the path for Nazi ideology, especially for the Nazi 1 Richard Weikart, “Was It Immoral for "Expelled" to Connect Darwinism and Nazi Racism?” (http://www.discovery.org/a/5069.) 1 stress on expansion, war, racial struggle, and racial extermination.”2 In a subsequent book, Hitler’s Ethic: The Nazi Pursuit of Evolutionary Progress (2009), Weikart argues that Darwin’s “evolutionary ethics drove him [Hitler] to engage in behavior that the rest of us consider abominable.”3 Other critics have also attempted to forge a strong link between Darwin’s theory and Hitler’s biological notions. -
Unit 7 Major Races of Mankind*
Classification of Human Populations UNIT 7 MAJOR RACES OF MANKIND* Contents 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Concept of Race 7.1.1 Racial Classification 7.2 Major Races of the World 7.2.1 Caucasoid 7.2.2 Negroid 7.2.3 Mongoloid 7.2.4 A Comparative Account of Three Major Races 7.3 UNESCO Statement on Race 7.4 Summary 7.5 References 7.6 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives After reading this Unit, you would be able to: Understand the concept of race; Explain the biological basis of race; Discuss the salient features of major races of the world; Analyze the negative impact of Racism; and Appreciate the UNESCO Statement on Racial Discrimination. 7.0 INTRODUCTION It is already accepted fact that there are no two completely identical humans in any form even among the twins. Variation has been an important feature of living species including humans. Understanding human variation is one of the important interests of anthropologists, biologists and geneticists. Gene- environment interaction could manifest in bringing the variation that exists between the human inter and intra population groups. These variations can be in terms of physical characters be like height, skin colour, hair form, eye colour, fold, etc., or physiological characters like body metabolism rate, blood pressure, etc., or in the extent of genetic polymorphisms like blood groups, nuclear and mtDNA variant, etc. Such variations enable humans to cope with the selective pressure, to adapt and undergo reproductive fitness, which is important for continuity of species. Moreover, the knowledge of human variation can be applied in different areas such as forensic, health assessment, etc. -
America and Britain in Prophecy
Editor in Chief Roderick C. Meredith Executive Editor Raymond F. McNair Project Editor Thomas E. Robinson Associate Editor Gary Foster Assistant Editor Bradley J. Mitchell Contributing Editor Ronald B. Nelson Art Director by Raymond F. McNair Karen Myers Art Assistant Donna Prejean Contributing Artist Page Sandy Davis Business Manager J. Edwin Pope 1 Foreword Circulation Bryan D. Weeks Technical Advisor 2 The Identity Question Eric T. Myers Information Systems Sanford Beattie Robert Carrico Introduction—Chapters— 5 The Rise and Fall of Ancient Israel American office: P.O. Box 501111 San Diego, California 17 A Great Mystery of History 92150-1111, USA or toll free: 1-800-959-1641 28 Anglo-American Ethnic Roots Australian regional office: P.O. Box 772, Canberra 45 The Birthright Finally Realized! ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA or call: (06) 242-7266 56 What Is Now Prophesied? or freecall: 1800-816-543 Canadian regional office: P.O. Box 2400, Edmonton Alberta T5J 2R4, CANADA Introduction—Conclusion— or call: (403) 489-9901 or toll free: 1-800-932-4264 European regional office: 65 Epilogue LE SIECLE A VENIR Allée Grand Chéniat 30, B-6280 Loverval, BELGIUM Photo Credits or call: (32) 71-218-190 Global Church of God: all maps, front cover & pages 5, 8, 10, 19 (bottom) & 50. GCG; Corel: pages 23, 28, 45, 46 & 64. Guyana regional office: GCG; Digital Stock: pages 58-59 & 61(bottom). P.O. Box 10271 GCG; Digital Stock/NASA: page 55 & back cover. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; Biblical Archaeology Society: pages 14 (top & right), Georgetown, GUYANA 17 (top), 61 (top) & 62. -
Key Equity Terms & Concepts
KEY EQUITY TERMS & CONCEPTS: A Glossary for Shared Understanding SEPTEMBER 2019 WWW.CSSP.ORG INTRODUCTION Developing a shared language for thoughtful discussion about equity is critical for all of our work. This glossary of key terms includes many words and concepts that are foundational and relevant to CSSP's work. This is a living document. Just as our work has evolved over our history, so too does language and thinking on race, equity, and justice evolve over time. We will update this document as our thinking and thinking in the field changes, and will note any time that we have made changes. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This glossary was compiled by a workgroup of CSSP staff, led by Maya Pendleton. Members of the workgroup in alphabetical order: Ali Jawetz, Ann Nguyen, Charlyn Harper Brown, E Feinman, Emily Verburg, Juanita Gallion, Miguel Amaguana, and Taysha Milagros Clark. This report is in the public domain. Permission to reproduce is not necessary provided proper cita- tion of CSSP is made. Original publication, September 2019. SUGGESTED CITATION CSSP (2019). “Key Equity Terms and Concepts: A Glossary for Shared Understanding.” Washing- ton, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy. Available at: https://cssp.org/resource/key-equi- ty-terms-concepts/. NOTE: Citation information for all terms and concepts can be found at the conclusion of this document. 2 Center for the Study of Social Policy TERM/ CONCEPT DEFINITION Ableism A set of beliefs or practices at the individual, community, or systemic level that devalue and discriminate against people with physical, intel- lectual, or psychiatric disabilities and often rests on the assumption that disabled people need to be ‘fixed’ in one form or the other. -
Ahura Mazda, 184 Alans, 49, 115 Alarodians, 105–106, 115
INDEX Ahura Mazda, 184 Ban (viceroy), 24–25, 105, 116, 134, 184 Alans, 49, 115 Benzon, Branko, 198 Alarodians, 105–106, 115 Berger, Gottlob, 199 Albanians, 59, 61, 65, 84, 91, 96, 106, 136, black race (Africans), 50, 68, 85, 89, 106, 152, 192 151–152, 156 Alpine race, 10, 11n, 50, 77, 80–81, 83, 85, Blaškov, Vjekoslav, 218 88–89, 94, 99–100, 102, 151, 169–170, Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 21 172–174, 176–177, 179–180, 197, 200, 206n Bogdan, Ivo, 163, 183, 189, 208 Altaians, 45–46 Bogomils, 60–61, 87, 110, 136, 164 Ural-Altaic, 121 Bolshevism See communism Andrić, Ivo, 73 Bonifačić, Antun, 220 Antes, 99, 115, 117, 181, 186 Bošković, Ruđer Josip, 163, 221 Arachosia (Harahvatiš), 184 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1, 25, 30, 36–38, 41, Aristotle, 34 51–56, 58–59, 61, 67, 76, 78, 96, 99, 102, Armenians, 56, 86, 122, 131, 152–153 109, 117, 133, 135, 141, 145, 154, 170–173, Armenoid race, 94, 170, 172–177, 201–202, 179–180, 190, 203, 206, 212, 216–217, 226 206 medieval Bosnia, 60, 164 Also see Near Eastern race Bosnian Muslims, 4, 6, 37–38, 41, 64, 73, Artuković, Andrija, 220 95–97, 120–124, 132, 136–137, 171, 180, Aryans 190–194, 197, 211 Aryan descent (arijsko porijetlo), 18, Buć, Stjepan, 117–120, 123 148–155 Budak, Mile, 129–133, 138, 143, 146, 158, 167, culture, 114 191, 205, 207 Iranians, 115, 184–185, 201 Bulgars/Bulgarians, 36, 59, 66–67, 74, language, 20–21, 40, 86, 88, 90, 100 95–96, 100, 108, 122, 196, 204–205, 215n, race, 6–9, 11–12, 14, 16, 22, 29, 42, 45, 217–218 49–51, 57–60, 62–63, 69–70, 78, 100, Bulić, Frane, 175 106, 109–110, 115, -
08 Human Population Genetics Module : 20 Concept of Race
Paper No. : 08 Human Population Genetics Module : 20 Concept of Race Development Team Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Principal Investigator Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator Prof. Gautam K. Kshatriya Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Content Writer Ms. Shalini Singh and Prof. GK Kshatriya Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Content Reviewer Prof. A.Paparao Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 1 Human Population Genetics Anthropology Concept of Race Description of Module Subject Name Anthropology Paper Name 08 Human Population Genetics Module Name/Title Concept of Race Module Id 20 2 Human Population Genetics Anthropology Concept of Race Learning objectives: a. It aims to understand the social and biological concept of Race. b. It aims to understand the various physical and biological criteria of racial classification c. It aims to understand the primary races of man with a greater emphasis on the racial elements present in Indian Population. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction I. Overview II. Definition III. Biological concept IV. Social concept 2. Criteria of Race 2.1 Physical Criteria of Race I. Skin colour II. Hair III. Stature IV. Head form V. Face form VI. Nose form VII. Eye VIII. Ears IX. Lips X. Finger, Palm and Sole prints 2.2 Biological Criteria of Race I. Blood group II. Colour blindness III. Response to Drugs IV. Growth 3. Primary races of Man 4. Classification of Human Races I. Risley II. Haddon III. Hutton IV. Guha 3 Human Population Genetics Anthropology Concept of Race 5. Summary Introduction In a lay man’s language race refers to the classification of human being’s, ancestry, its origins and ethnicity. -
Transcending the Western Paradigm of the Idea of Race
1-Yasuko Takezawa(p5) 6/9 05.7.12 6:40 PM ページ 5 The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 16 (2005) Transcending the Western Paradigm of the Idea of Race Yasuko TAKEZAWA* IINTRODUCTION Did the idea of race originate in the United States, or is it a universal idea?1 There is a long-standing debate on the origin of the idea of race, particularly in regard to the question of whether the idea has been con- structed in the modern West, or whether it has been found from ancient times across different regions of the world. One dominant view is that the idea of race spread from the United States to the rest of the world. This paper argues that the idea of race is not of American origin. It also claims that it is neither a modern Western product, nor universal. Due to the limited space, I will not review the literature nor discuss the pitfalls of previous studies in this paper. However, I propose an alterna- tive understanding of race by taking into account non-Western experi- ences, including, among others, the Asian and the Pacific experiences. One of its ultimate goals is to promote dialogue among scholars spe- cializing in race studies in different regions of the world, particularly, between those working in the United States and in Japan. There is a huge accumulation of research on race. Nevertheless, in the course of proceeding with my research by going through the literature on race and exchanging views with researchers inside and outside Japan, Copyright © 2005 Yasuko Takezawa. -
Race": the Political Classification of Humans
1 | P a g e "Race": The Political Classification of Humans Introduction Why Be Concerned About “Race” and Racism? Chapter 1 The History of the Ideas about "Race" Chapter 2 Old and New Forms of Racism Chapter 3 The Biological Side of the "Race" Signifier Chapter 4 The Political Side of the “Race Signifier Chapter 5 Toward a Program of Anti-Racism From a Communication Theory Perspective Chapter 6 The Need for a Political Turn: Putting Politics into the Study of Racism, Ethnicism, and Prejudice Can America Move Toward Post- Chapter 7 Racialism? Moving Forward With Courage Conclusions Index 2 | P a g e “RACE:” by Kenneth L. Hacker © 2014 Sixth Edition (no permissions given) Introduction: Why Be Concerned About "Race" and Racism? I began writing this book many years ago as my teaching of political communication drew in more insights about the problems of racism and prejudice in American society. As I did research for a lecture on racial aspects of voting in the United States, I was struck by some academic references to debates about the very existence of human races. Like most Americans, I took the word “race” at face value and equated it with skin color patterns. Later, I realized that nationality, culture, heritage, family lines, genetic patterns, religious affiliation, ideology, personality, motivations, and social networks might be as important as or more important than these superficial patterns of outer physical traits. For many years, like most people I knew, I wondered how anyone could doubt what you saw all around you – people of different colors and physical traits and groups of people with clusters of those traits. -
Terminal Pleistocene Human Skeleton from Hang Cho Cave, Northern
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol. 116(3), 201–217, 2008 Terminal Pleistocene human skeleton from Hang Cho Cave, northern Vietnam: implications for the biological affinities of Hoabinhian people Hirofumi MATSUMURA1*, Minoru YONEDA2, Yukio DODO3, Marc F. OXENHAM4, Nguyen Lan CUONG5, Nguyen Kim THUY5, Lam My DUNG6, Vu The LONG5, Mariko YAMAGATA7, Junmei SAWADA8, Kenichi SHINODA9, Wataru TAKIGAWA10 1Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan 2Department of Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8561, Japan 3Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa 061-1408, Japan 4School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT0200, Australia 5Institute of Archeology, Hanoi, Vietnam 6The University Museum, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam 7Faculty of Literature, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8644, Japan 8Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Saint Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan 9Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan 10Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 162-8644, Japan Received 16 April 2007; accepted 9 January 2008 Abstract An excavation at the cave site of Hang Cho in northern Vietnam resulted in the discovery of a terminal Pleistocene human skeleton in a relatively good state of preservation. The material cul- ture from this site belongs to the pre-ceramic Hoabinhian period. An AMS radiocarbon date on a tooth sample extracted from this individual gives a calibrated age of 10450 ± 300 years BP. In discussions of the population history of Southeast Asia, it has been repeatedly advocated that Southeast Asia was occupied by indigenous people akin to present-day Australo-Melanesians prior to the Neolithic expan- sion of migrants from Northeast Asia into the area.