Volume XiIl Number 2

SOUTHERN Rhodesia Becomes A RICA Zimbabwe $1.25 February 1980

Tanzania AR-bh R~% nml-. CONTENTS SOUTHERN SPECIAL REPORT 3 Tactics for Change in Southern Africa A View from Mississippi Af RICA 5 Censored: A Nuclear Volume X111 Number 2 Conspiracy February 1980 ZIMBABWE 6 A Delicate Peace 7 Tragic Death of Guerrilla Leader 10 Refugees Preparing for Home 12 Diary of a Missionary Report From Inside Rhodesia

..... A'. UNITED STATES 14 American Legion Urges Friendly Policy 14 Carnegie Poll Findings I AU 14 Sectarian Group Spies for Pretoria ENECA IE r 15 Space Research

p ,., JR. CE..NTRA' . Building South Africa's & TIATTI ) 10I Armaments Industry RTRf tAN110 C AST -11E .....ARIN....CI iC'JER.EUwa ATES NAMIBIA 16 Pretoria Digging In SOUTH AFRICA CRR111-1-11S 17 Township and Shopfloor

A. L _AI Resisters Unite 18 Boss Defector Talks SI . R O NOI 19 Politicos Escape From Jail 19 Nuclear Bomb Test 19 South African Immigration Drops DEPARTMENTS 1 Overview 2 Update 13 Washington Notes 22 Culture: Front Cover: Zimbabwe, guerrillas The Artist Protects Humanity return home to a delicate peace 23 Resources 24 Action News and Notes Subscriptions: Individual (domestic)IS10.00; instltutlonall$18.00; Individual (forelgn)l $13.00; Institutionalt$21-00; Airmail: Africa, Asia, Europe/$22.50; South and Central 25 Briefs Americal$19.50. Members of the Southern Africa collective who contributed to the production of this Southern Africa is available on microfilm through University Microfilm Zerox Company, Craig Ann Arbor, Mich 68206, and is listed in the Alternative Press Index. Issue: Michael Beaubien, Jennifer Davis (Editor), Truman Dunn, Bill Hartung, Howard, Richard Knight, Edgar Lockwood, Andrew Marx, Malik Reaves, Christine Root, Karen Rothmyer, Mike Shuster, Stephanie Urdang, Jim Weikart Distributors: New York, NY: Emeka, Delhi Distributors; Washington DC: Liberation Infor. mation Distribution Co.; Boston. MA: Carrier Pigeon, Third World Distributors. Chicago: Special thanks for their assistance to: Africa News, Jim Cason, Anne Crane, Jennifer Link, Guild News Agency; Minneapolis, MN: Rainbow Distribution; St. Paul, MN: Isis News Rebecca Reiss, Tim Smith, Distribution. Josh Nessen, David Brooks, Susan Stout, Mike Fleshmen, John Stobo, Mike Italia, Kim Barton, Renee Gadsden, Steve Goodman ISSN 938-3775

Southern Africa is published monthly except for July-August, when bi-monthly, by the Typesetting by Liberation News Service Southern Africa Committee, 17 West 17th Street, New York, NY 10011. Cover and layout by The Letter Space Overview

Looking to the Future

Fourteen years after a small handful of guerillas fired the first can be neatly transferred from one place to another. shots in a struggle to achieve the liberation of Zimbabwe, sufficient Recent Zimbabwean experience should prove a valuable battles have been won for the freedom fighters to come in out of reminder of this sometimes forgotten lesson to those concerned for the bush and hills in the hope of starting to build the society they southern Africa's liberation, at the same time serving to underscore fought to achieve. problems about the nature of the struggle that still lies ahead. But their victory is not yet clearly established; the terms on which As in Mozambique, so in Zimbabwe, any movement that sought they return home place serious restrictions on their ability to carry change had to mobilize the peasantry. But it also had to operate in through a fundamental restructing of Zimbabwean society. Power side an economy with extensive commercial agriculture, with is not yet in the hands of the Zimbabwean people-and the settle significant portions of the population physically removed from the ment now being implemented is designed by Britain and the Rhode land and crowded into special reserves, and with an industrial sian settlers to constrict as tightly and as long as possible any economy which had produced considerable black urbanization and transfer to the people of effective power. serious economic differntiation within the black population. Yet the struggle for Zimbabwe has been bravely fought. It Far greater internal economic development in Rhodesia than in seemed to be following a strategy which had achieved dramatic vic Mozambique, greater western and South African investment, also tories for the people of Mozambique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau had their effect on the opposition to Zimbabwean liberation, mak against Portuguese colonialism in the mid-seventies. Why now the ing it tougher, stronger, more rooted than the Portuguese, and pro apparent check in momentum? viding it with very determined external allies. The difficulties currently being confonted by Zimbabwe's libera Considerable peasant mobilization was achieved in Zim tion struggle bring into sharp focus issues that were more easily ig babwe-as witnessed by the consistent popular support for the nored in the brief euphoria that followed Portugal's retreat from guerrillas. But there appears to date to have been little if any Africa. narallel mobilization manifested in the towns and mines-a poten Victory against Portuguese colonialism hid been achieved in tially serious weakness in an economy where these areas constitute armed guerilla struggles led by political movements which drew real centers of power. strength from the broad mobilization of peasant populations. It A second problem raised in relying heavily on the guerrilla war was often said that the enemy controlled the air, the movements the fare strategy in the face of a powerful antagonist is the potential ground. Thus inside all three countries, liberated areas were vulnerability of the movement to secondary pressure. Both achieved with elements of a real transfer of power-areas where the SWAPO and the Patriotic Front have seen supportive host coun movement led the people in beginning the process of constructing tries like Angola, Mozambique and Zambia attacked with increas an alternative society, within the context of a developing socialist ing ferocity by Rhodesia and South Africa. Such attacks have dif political consciousness. fered quantitatively and qualitatively from Portuguese incursions But activity and strength were always concentrated in the coun into Tanzania in the days of that country's support for FRELIMO, tryside-almost universally the towns were dominated and con and raise serious questions about the ability of any southern trolled by the Portuguese. African state to provide significant shelter for large scale liberatory And despite the obvious similarities there were also profound forces. differences in conditions within the three colonies-differences of A third question inevitably presented by the current Zimbabwean culture, terrain and political history, and also of the extent of situation relates to the issue of political unity. Any lack of unity in economic development, urbanization, and the degree of economic Zimbabwean forces is many times multiplied in contemporary differentiation within the population. Such trends, as well as the South African ranks. Explanations which look only to personality non-Portuguese western economic involvement, were in general and ethnic rivalries will miss the most important element-black most clearly manifest in Angola. Zimbabwe or South Africa can no longer be classed as even crudely All these factors had an impact on the political lives of MPLA economically homogeneous. Future healthy political growth may and FRELIMO, and explain at least in part the Mozambican move thus require an intensification of political differentiation-or at ment's greater ability to achieve mass unity within a single least a clearer explanation of the basis on which alliances are being organization. Yet although anything more than a casual glance made than the broad, race-related groupings of the past. reveals crucial differences between the struggle in Angola and All this is not to say that nothing has been won in Zimbabwe. But Mozambique, these were often ignored, at least by outside com it is certain that the biggest struggles probably still lie ahead even mentators. for Zimbabweans, and that the problems they will have to confront Human beings are fond of looking for models. But despite the are those that will face black South Africans even more intensively traditional saying, history, in fact, never repeats itself identically, as they move to seize power over their own future. despite obvious logical progressions. Thus Zimbabwe is different from both Mozambique and Angola-and no model of struggle Jenn(fer Davis

FEBRUARY 19801SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 agronomist, and the party organization has bombed areas of northeast Rhodesia. Lord always stressed the importance of agri Soames, the British governor in Salisbury, cultural development and food self has also officially deployed 16,000 aux sufficiency. iliaries-members of the private army or Cooperatives have been encouraged and iginally recruited by Bishop Abel Muz have scored some notable successes. Under orewa-to counteract guerrilla influence in LW PAIGC leadership, agricultural exports rural areas. Sister Janice says that this !I I 'T.I grew meeting 70 percent of import costs by deployment has sent more refugees headed 1977 as compared with 9 percent in 1974. for Mozambique. Yet since 1977 the return to drought has Under the agreement, the refugees should meant insufficient harvests for food, ex be going home. But Sister Janice reports that Food Crisis in port, or processing at the new Cumere agro tne autmorities in Salisbury are claiming industrial complex. Until this year at least that cholera has broken out in the Mozam Cape Verde the rural population has had enough food, bican refugee camps and are therefore seek and Gulnea-Bissau with imports needed mainly for the towns. ing to restrict the refugees return. The Now even the rural areas need help, and claims of cholera are disputed by World With drought newly afflicting the Sahel lacking adequate exchange reserves, the na Health Organization officials on the scene. region, affected countries including Cape tion must for the present rely on donors. Officials of the United Nations High Com Verde and Guinea-Bissau are appealing for mission for Refugees are also protesting the substantial emergency food aid for 1980. So decision by the provincial commissioner in far, international responses to the appeals Umtali, on the Mozambique border, to re launched in late 1979 remain far short of fuse refugees permission to enter a recep needs. Angola Re-Shuffle tion center at the Umtali showground. The Drought has become chronic in the Cape showground, it seems, is in a white-only Verde group, where the 1978 rains were the Angola's defense minister, "Iko" Car part of town. first in twelve years. The PAIGC (African reira, has been quietly removed from his From other reliable sources, we have Party for the Independence of Guinea position on the political bureau of MPLA. received reports that as many as 4000 South Bissau and Cape Verde), which has ad Carriera is one of MPLA's earliest mem African troops-ten times the number that ministered the island nation since the bers, and he was one of the first to par have been reported in the US press-may be achievement of independence in 1975, has ticipate in the guerrilla struggle against the deployed in units in various parts of Rho worked steadily to cope with the twin pro Portuguese. He led MPLA's army during desia. One of those units, sources say, is blems of water and jobs. With substantial the war in 1975-76, and he has been defense stationed at Victoria Falls on the Zambian international assistance, the government minister since Angola became independent. border. has employed large numbers of persons The move is the most significant govern who were forced by drought off the land in ment re-shuffle in a year, but the only ex schemes to entrap water when it does fall, planation to emerge from Angola so far Rural Police Station to discover and tap underground water comes from ANGOP, the government news sources, to stop erosion and expand irriga agency. ANGOP announced that Carreira Attacked tion. By 1979, over 5100 acres were under had been sent abroad for "a further course irrigation, and 650,000 trees had been of study." ANGOP gave no further details, Three guerrillas attacked the police sta planted. but added that Carreira would retain his tion in the small town of Soekmekaar in the With these measures, international aid post as defense minister. northeastern Transvaal province of South and money sent by Cape Verdeans residents Some long-time observers of the MPLA are Africa, on January 4. In spite of an intense in Europe and the United States, the skeptical. It has been suggested that Car search by police, aided by the all-white government has been able to ward ott reira has really been ousted from his posts, paramilitary commandos, the men escaped. famine and even improve living conditions. and that he may have left Angola for pol The Soekmekaar attack, described by the But the 1978 rains were inadequate, and the itical reasons. Why? Some believe that Car black-run Sunday Post as "the seventh corn crop failed again. There was a 70,000 reira has been removed because he is a guerilla attack in South Africa since the ton shortfall that year, and in 1979 the mulatto. The attempted coup against the Soweto uprising in 1976," left one black drought was back in full force-virtually all late president Agostinho Neto in 1977 constable wounded. Two police were killed non-irrigated crops were lost. And again for revealed a strong current of anti-mulatto during a similar assault in November on the 1980 a food crisis looms. and anti-white sentiment within MPLA that Orlando police station in Soweto, and one Guinea-Bissau, which is located on the may not have disappeared altogether. died during an attack on the Moroka police mainland, is considered much richer agri station in the same township in May. Police culturally and has had less occasion to call say no one has been arrested in either inci for food assistance. As drought again British-- Rhodesian dent, and a sergeant who had been jailed as enveloped the Sahel last year, however, a suspect following the earlier attack later Guinea-Bissau found itself with a 40 per Violations Threaten escaped. cent shortfall in basic food grains. Now, in order to insure a daily ration to both its ur Ceasefire ban and rural population in 1980, the coun try needs to import over 57,000 tons of Just before press time, we received the UPDATE this month was jointly cereals. following information via cable from Sister prepared by Southern Africa and Africa Like Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau is Janice McLaughlin, who is working in Zim New Service, which publishes a weekly governed by the PAIGC. The party's babwean refugee camps in Mozambique. digest available to individuals for founder, Amilcar Cabral, who was Sister Janice reports that, in flagrant viola $25.00. Address correspondence to assassinated by Portuguese agents on tion of the Rhodesian cease fire agreement, Africa News, P.O. Box 3851, Durham, January 20, 1973, began his career as an on January 12 the Rhodesian airforce NC 27702.

2 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 SPECIAL REPORT Tactics for Change in Southern Africa- A View from Mississippi

"By law and custom blacks... were allowed to hold only certain jobs, mainly as Western proposals for majority rule in Zimbabwe and servants. Initially education was denied to Namibia rely heavily on electoral process. Black them; later schools for blacks were kept american experience in the South indicates the pitfalls separate and inferior to the white schools. Similarly, the right to vote was initially in this route to liberation. denied to blacks and, once they had achieved that right, thousands of tricks were used to prevent them from exercising that right." A drowsy or distracted member of the UN General Assembly's Fourth Committee could easily have listened to those sentences in a petition on Namibia last November without even realizing they were part of an historical analogy. But they were. They described not Namibia in 1979 but the southern United States prior to the civil rights movement. The analogy is as irresistable as the dif ferences are irreducible. Over the years, blacks in South Africa have drawn on the writings and experiences of the American civil rights and black power movements for ideas and inspiration. Over the same years, American politicians, botn black and white, have drawn on the history of civil rights United League President Skip Robinson (on left), was arrested several times on ele( struggles to lecture South African whites on day while trying to prevent harassment and intimidation of Black voters the need for change and South African blacks on the need for moderation. ample, assistant NAACP director Michael sides in the mounting struggle for southern If the lectures have not been enthusi Meyers, speaking on behalf of the Interna African liberation. For observations during astically received, it is hardly surprising. tional League for Human Rights, presented a recent visit to the heart of the region con While considerably impressed and influenc a petition on Namibia to the Fourth Com firm that whites in the southern US have ed by the theories and spirit of such mittee of the UN General Assembly. relinquished little of their power and have American black leaders as Malcolm X and Meyers used an account of the role played devised effective strategies to ensure that Stokely Carmichael, blacks in South Africa by the federal government in the southern they won't be forced to do so anytime soon. also remain acutely aware of those irreduc United States to argue for "a strong and ible differences. Most of all, as one member determined UN role in the elections process Mississippi Revisited of the SASO executive wrote in 1970, they in Namibia." Just a week before Meyers presented his see an enormous distinction between being "We believe that a number of important petition at the UN, the state of Mississippi an oppressed minority and an oppressed lessons can be learned from the experiences was conducting its elections. For blacks in majority. "The Afro-Americans accept of the civil rights movement in the the state, the results marked a major stride that they will never be in a position to American South," Meyers stated. forward. . . along a road that still stretches change the system in America," a paper The lesson Meyers pressed upon the UN a very long way ahead. In a state where of delivered to the SASO executive after study committee was the fact that "true progress ficial census figures say blacks make up of works by Carmichael stated. in black registration and voting only came nearly half the population (and where many "Whereas... purely from a consideration about in the American South with the in blacks suspect that they are really the ma of who we are, we realize that it is we who troduction of supervisions and control jority) 17 blacks were elected to the state must be allowing others to participate in from outside." In Namibia, he urged, the legislature-out of a total of 174. our system." UN would have to provide that "supervi More than fourteen years after oassage of South Africa's white rulers, undoutedly sion and control." the Voting Rights Act of 1965, hailed as the with the same glaring differences on their Meyers didn't mention certain other crowning achievement of the American civil minds, have ridiculed analogies as lessons that could be extracted from rights movement, whites retain a firm grip preposterous. But they haven't managed to developments in the southern US-lessons on political and economic power in the state do away with them. Late last year, for ex- that could prove highly instructive to both which has by far the highest percentage of FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 SPECIAL REPORT

Inblacks in the REPORTnation. During the primary elections, the mayor of SPECIALPetty apartheid-US style-has more or Holly Springs was spotted at the polls after less disappeared, although activists in he had already voted once by absentee Holmes County, just fifty miles north of ballot. That method became less popular the Mississippi state capital, point out that after blacks won three of five seats on the signs designating separate "white" and election commission. From one election to "colored" waiting rooms at a local medical the next, the number of absentee ballots in clinic only came down last year. But if far the county plummeted by 85 percent. sighted planners in Pretoria want to see Along with voting several times how the signs can come down without themselves, whites are also said to have bringing drastic changes in the realities of made a practice of bribing blacks not to power, they need look no further than vote at all. "People have called us and men Mississippi. For the fact is, as civil rights ac tioned that a white person offered to pay tivist Julian Bond told a conference in for their groceries and give them a ride Mississippi during November, "Black home," Sister Beverly Weidner reported. Mississippians and black Americans are "White candidates raised a lot of money in worse off in 1979 than they were in 1964." this county, but they didn't put up a single And in Mississippi, as in the rest of the poster with it, they didn't buy time on the country, there are still two societies, one radio with it. You can't tell me they raised black one white, separate and unequal. the money and didn't spend it." United League President Alfred "Skip" District Manipulation Robinson voiced similar charges at the A graphic example of this fact was League's headquarters in Holly Springs. presented by long-time black Mississippi ac "They were giving families $50 not to vote tivist Henry Kirksey in describing the elec and then they had people waiting out in tion district in which he ran for the state front of the polls with lists to see if they Senate in November. "At one end of my tried to come and vote anyway." district," Kirksey explained, "you have Robinson's claims sounded entirely precincts that are 95 and 98 percent black. plausible to two reporters who had been At the other end is a precinct that is 100 per harangued for several minutes on a nearby cent white. The median black income in the street corner the day before the elections. district is $3000 a year. The media white in When he had finished telling them that come is $9000. The average black voter in meddling reporters were the only source of the district has completed eight years of trouble in Holly Springs, their middle-aged schooling. The average white has completed white antagonist continued on his way to Fourteen years after Its passage, the voting the local liquor store. A few minutes later, more than twelve years." Rights Act has not brought Mississippi Inclusion of two such distinct popula he emerged with several cases of whisky-in tions in one election district didn't happen Blacks either economic or political power pints, a useful denomination of payment if simply by accident. Kirksey calculates that education and registration, the election not of consumption. any effort to draw lines around "compact itself, and the tally of the vote and election * Tally of the vote and election aftermath: and homogeneous districts. . . would aftermath." At each of these points, he While much of the rest of the state has unavoidably result in at leaast 30 to 40 per warned, South Africa's white rulers could followed the rest of the country into the cent of the districts having a black employ "machinations to try to affect the voting-machine age, Marshall County still majority." For fourteen years after passage outcome." At each of these points, relies on paper ballots and on the highly of the Voting Rights Act, he battled in the Mississippi's white rulers do just that. subjective perceptions of the election com courts to reapportion the state along those e Voter education and registration: In mission members who count them. While lines (and replace a system which made it Holmes County, where the population is 72 tallying up November's returns, for in virtually impossible for any black candidate percent black, "the Circuit Clerk was just stance, white memebrs of the Marshall to win a seat in the legislature). A month refusing to register black people to vote," County election commission, who had after a special court decided in favor of a according to Sister Beverly Weidner, a always been sticklers for throwing out plan based on Kirksey's work, a higher white nun who has lived in the county for ballots that used "x" marks instead of court issued its own plan, carving up the several years. "People would come in and checks, suddenly started pushing for a state into strange configurations like "the he would tell them the books were closed liberal interpretation of the rules when it seahorse district" in which Kirksey ran and and send them home." came to a white write-in candidate. They in won. "The circuit clerk's office is the begin sisted on counting anything that remotely Manipulation of voting district boun ning of the election process," added Joseph resembled her name, regardless of spelling daries is just one of many tactics used by Smith, a Holmes County activist in Missis or of where it had been written on the whites to maintain control. Particularly in sippi's strongest and most active civil rights ballot. They prevailed because one of the rural areas, where blacks often outnumber organization, the United League. "You can three black members of commission whites by as much as two or three to one, take an election with those books." changed his vote and sided with them, whites have resorted to everything from 9 The election itself: "I could name you reportedly after spending half an hour outright terror to bribery and casting multi people right now who have voted five times closeted with the county clerk. ple ballots to win elections. already this morning," a white businessman That incident highlighted what Robinson remarked jovially early on election day in called "our second big job" in the after Learning from History Holly Springs, county seat of Marshall math of the elections-"keeping an arm In his statement to the UN committee, County at the northern end of the state. around the people who were elected to see if Michael Meyers suggested examining three Voting more than once is apparently a com they function right." stages of the election process-"voter mon practice among whites in Mississippi. Continued on page 20

4 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 SPECIAL REPORT Censored: A Nuclear Conspiracy

"Ifound this book extremely interesting, Deliberate Blackout preferred not to have discussed in public. but what astonishes me is the lack of That press blackout is the subject of a Rogers indicates that many American reviews I have seen in the English press. I study by one of the book's authors, Bar reporters permanently stationed in London think I have only seen one. Is there an ex bara Rogers, which was submitted to the rely on background press briefings by such planation for this?" International Commission for the Study of officials, who can be very uncooperative -Graham Greene Communications Problems, a project of when articles embarrassing to the British on The Nuclear Axis UNESCO, the UN Educational, Scientific, government are published. Thus reporters and Cultural Organization. Southern are susceptible to pleas from officials to kill A funny thing happened to The Nuclear Africa has obtained a copy of that study, a story. Axis on the way to the market. Nobody which documents the overwhelming lack of heard about it. coverage of The Nuclear Axis in the Sudden Death This is particularly unfortunate, because Western press and examines some possible In Great Britain, The Nuclear Axis has The Nuclear Axis concerns a highly ex explanations for what appears even at first not been as completely ignored, but when it plosive subject: how the West helped South 'glance to be more than a remarkable coin has been overlooked, the cases have been Africa develop a nuclear bomb. cidence. more shocking. Most incedible has been The Nuclear Axis: Secret Collaboration Publication in the US was met with com the treatment by the prestigious Sunday between West Germany and South Africa plete silence from the press. The New York Times, which offered a large amount of was written by Zdenek Cervenka and Bar Times was on strike at the time, but on the money before publication for exclusive bara Rogers and published simultaneously day of publication the Washington Post did world-wide feature rights to the book. The in Great Britain and the US in July 1978. file a request with The Guardian in Lon Sunday Times put a top writer on the story Using government documents provided to don, with which the Post has an arrange who confirmed the research done by the the authors by members of the African Na ment for exchanging news stories for its authors and added some new detail, par tional Congress and anti-apartheid activists story on the book. Unhappily, The Guar ticularly as a result of interviews in West in West Germany, the book makes a solid dian- despite the presence of halfa dozen Germany. The Sunday Times also in case that West Germany, with help from Guardian reporters at the press conference vestigated, with the help of some British the US, Great Britain, France, Israel, Iran, at which the publication of the book was government agencies, the background of and Brazil, collaborated with South Africa announced, despite the commission of a the authors to make certain that the story on the construction of a uranium enrichment news story on the book two weeks in ad had not been planted by the Soviet Union. plant at Valindaba, South Africa. This vance of the publication date, despite the A lengthy article was prepared for publica plant has permitted South Africa to build belief of its reporters, according to Rogers, tion, and the editors of the Sunday Times its own nuclear weapons, evidence of which that the book contained information of ma approved the article several months before became public this past fall with the satellite jor importance, and despite the actual the book itself was published. sensing of a nuclear blast in the Indian preparation for publication in The Guar But as publication date approached, the Ocean off the southern coast of South dian of more than one article-made no Sunday Times' article still hadn't appeared. Africa. mention of the book or the press conference Finally, on the date of publication, July 26, When reviewed, the book has been on the morning following publication. 1978, a senior representative of the Sunday favorably treated. Le Monde Diplomatique Nor therefore, did the Washington Post. Times telephoned the book's British called the study "the most comprehensive The Post's request did prompt the editors publisher to say that the article had been study of South Africa's nuclear program of The Guardian to run a story the follow dropped. It "did not hold together," the from the very start." The Library Journal ing day, but news momentum had been representative said, in direct contrast to said the book's documentation is lost, and the Post never mentioned the the paper's earlier enthusiasm for the "thorough," and the Los Angeles Times book in print. The Guardian'seditors never material. With that, believes Rogers, the added that the documents "speak for explained why they killed the story in the channels to worldwide distribution of the themselves, and they depict West Germany first place. information were closed. All inquiries rapidly and clandestinely constructing With the single exception of the Los about feature rights had been referred to nuclear reactors and weaponry, and they Angeles Times, no American newspaper of the Sunday Times; the publisher had not show that the US winks at the growth of a any significant circulation or prestige has made alternative plans, and ironically, an nuclear-industrial-military complex." covered or reviewed this book, despite its offer from the BBC had been dropped But reviews have been few and far be publication by- Times Books, which is when the authors made the deal with the tween. Almost as sensational as the story owned by the New York Times. And no Sunday Times. the book reveals has been the story of the news story out of London reached print in Rogers believes that the paper could also book since its publication a year and a half the US press. have told the authors weeks before publica ago. Stated simply, The Nuclear Axis has Rogers attributes this to the suggestions tion date that the story wasn't worth prin faced a near-total press blackout in West made by Foreign Office officials to ting. No representative of the paper has Germany, Britain, the US, and France-the reporters that they downplay the story. It given any explanation of why it had to wait nations where public knowledge could have was an issue, these officials made clear to until the last minute to withdraw from the some impact on the policies of the govern American journalists who inquired about deal. In Rogers's opinion, "the paper could ments that have collaborated with Pretoria. the story, that the British government Continued on page 21 FEBRUARY 19801SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 ZIMBABWE

A Delicate Peace

Despite a negotiated ceasefire and preparations for elections, serious tensions in Zimbabwe still threaten to disrupt the transition to majority rule.

Despite a negotiated ceasefire and among their conclusions, which they made paign," said a British spokesman, who add preparations for elections, serious tensions public in a communique, the presidents ed that Soames found it "particularly hard in Zimbabwe still threaten to disrupt the called for "unity in action within the to be criticized by one of the party leaders transition to majority rule. Patriotic Front." Mozambique's President in view of the performance of some of his With just a little more than a month until Samora Machel, who has been ZANU's supporters." new elections in Zimbabwe, two develop strongest supporter, has spoken publicly The same could probably be said of ments of major importance are likely to several times-including at the funeral of Mugabe's attitude toward criticism from shape the character of the election cam ZANU military commander Josiah Tongo Soames. Both ZANU and ZAPU officials paign and its outcome. Robert Mugabe ap gara-in favor of unity. find it extraordinary that Soames has per pears to have decided-there's been no of The front-line presidents also criticized mitted the South Africans to stay, par ficial announcement yet-that ZANU has the British, who they accuse of "blocking ticularly because the London agreement the strength to win the election on its own the carrying out of the Lancaster House ac specifically called for South African troop and that it will run as a separate political cords in their entirety." Several of the withdrawal. ZANU officials maintain that party from ZAPU. At the same time, charges made by the presidents echoed the South Africans are not only in Rhodesia ZANU and the British governor, Lord charges from ZANU itself: the British to guard the railroad bridge at the southern Soames, appear set on a collision course. refusal to force the withdrawal of South border with South Africa, as the British There are signs that the British are consider African troops inside Rhodesia, and the have maintained. South African troops ing banning ZANU from the election and British failure to restrain the activities of have also been deployed along the Mozam that could lead to the resumption of war. the auxiliaries, those military forces loyal to bique border, say ZANU officials, and If ZANU's headquarters in Maputo, Mo Bishop Abel Muzorewa. some units are included in the Rhodesian zambique have been officially silent on the security forces. That charge appears to be question of whether there will be unity British Violations corroborated by an item in late December within the Patriotic Front during the elec Mugabe himself, in a letter to British in the Johannesburg Star that a South tion campaign, individual ZANU members Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, has ac African ierving with the Rhodesian air have been outspoken in their assertion that cused the British of these "flagrant viola force died when his helicopter crashed. there won't be. ZANU representatives, tions," adding to the list the British The British have permitted the South from Salisbury to New York, have made it authorization of the use of Rhodesian Africans to remain, most observers on the clear that there will be separate ZANU and security forces against guerrillas who have scene believe, in order to bolster the fragile ZAPU slates when Zimbabweans go to the not gathered at designated assembly points. confidence of Rhodesia's white population. polls from February 27 to 29. "We expect Lord Soames has shown himself to be That decision could end up being at the ex to fight the election as separate parties particularly immune to such criticism, and pense of Mugabe and ZANU. As the con although we will collaborate by speaking some of his statements are almost un flict between ZANU and the British from common platforms," said a senior believable. He has completely dismissed the becomes more heated, the British hint more ZANU representative in Salisbury. "After issue of South African troops-which have and more openly that they might prohibit the election, even if we in ZANU win an been variously estimated by American ZANU from running in the election. That outright majority, which we expect to do, reporters at 300, by British reporters at move could easily lead to more war. we will form a coalition with ZAPU, 2,000, and by ZANU and Mozambican allocating cabinet offices on the basis of the authorities at 3,000-by saying in typical State of Emergency results." upper-class British style, "It's a bit like the As if to underscore that possibility, chambermaid's baby. It is a baby, but it's a Soames has extended the state of emergency Unity Urged very small one." that has existed in Rhodesia for the last ZANU predictions of victory might seem As for the activities of the auxiliaries, the fourteen years for another six months. The plausible under the best of circumstances, British refuse to take ZANU's criticism emergency decree was to have expired but with ZANU and the British more and seriously because, say British officials, January 25. Its extension will mean that the more in open conflict, many observers are Mugabe's fighters continue to infiltrate elections will take place under conditions worrying about the wisdom of running across the border from Mozambique and where censorship, martial law, and deten separately. Not the least of those observers because ZANU, they say, has sent a num tion without trial are possible. are the presidents of the front-line African ber of non-combatants to the guerrilla Criticism of the British has not only come states. Alarmed at recent developments in assembly points. "It is difficult to avoid the from the guerrillas. British Commonwealth Rhodesia, the front-line presidents met in conclusion that their objective is to carry commissioners, the Catholic Commission Beira, Mozambique on January 10, and out intimidation during the election cam- Continued on page 20 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 ZIMBABWE

Tragic Death of Guerrilla Leader

In one of fate's bitter twists, Josiah cause it's a long story. In brief, I'd say that Magama Tongogara, guerrilla leader and I pay a lot of tribute to the late Benjamin chief of defense of the ZANU wing of the Burombo, the first nationalist who hap Patriotic Front, was killed in a motor acci pened to come from the same area dent in Mozambique on December 27, one [Selukwe]. As an old man, each time he'd day before the ceasefire that had just been come back home to the reserve where I was, negotiated at the London Lancaster House he would tell us about politics, why there conference came into effect. was a need to change the system in Zim Tongogara, a key figure in the organiza babwe. tion of the war that laid the basis for that settlement, had crossed the border into How old were you at that time? Rhodesia clandestinely many times as he Oh, I was a kid really, in the '50s I was directed the guerrilla effort. This time Zim really a kid. I was eight, maybe ten years babweans were already planning a huge old. welcome when stunned crowds heard of his death. You joined the Youth League? (A precur Widely respected as a military strategist sor to ZAPU and ZANU.J in both his own and the ZAPU wing of the Yes, not full time, but as a student, you front, Tongaogara was also a strong propo know. I was in my upper primary, when the nent of complete Patriotic Front unity. Youth League started. [I joined] with the According to commentator David Martin youths who could read and write, analyse of the Observer, before leaving London at the situation. Each time we had our de the conclusion of the Lancaster House con bating program we would really speak very ference, Tongogara and the commanders ZANU Comrade Josiah Magama Tongogara vocally against oppression. The school of Joshua Nkomo's ZIPRA military force superintendent didn't like it at all, even had agreed that integration of their armies life struggling for Zimbabwe's political when I completed my senior secondary would begin immediately at five of the six liberation. Born of a poor family in school. teen assembly points designated for front Selukwe in southern Rhodesia, he was guerrillas under the agreement. This would much influenced by its own tradition of One of the things that league did was to lay the foundation for a Zimbabwe national resistance to oppression. His grandfather speak about the land at the time. army and help to allay fears that the two had refused to move when the colonizers Yes, and the way the people were being guerrilla forces might become embroiled in wanted his land. "We'll stay," he told the treated, even the white people did not a civil war. settlers, "even if you have to kill us." The possess enough livestock, cattle and other Tongogara had carried his belief in the name Tongogara epitomizes that spirit. It things, which impressed us very much at need for political change into practice in means, "we'll just stay even if there are dif that time. many spheres-one of the most strking of ficulties." What does these being his integration of women into When Southern Africa's editor spoke it mean, the land, for you, as ZANU's active fighting force. Sister Janice with Tongogara in Zambia in 1974, he a guerrilla, not as a leader? McLaughlin, who was in London during stressed two things: that impatience and Well, let me first of all tell you that I the protracted settlement conference, tells short-cuts would win no fundamental learned much of my politics from my how consistently he urged women to take changes in the life of Zimbabwe's people, parents. As a kid I used to listen to my up their responsibilities and rights in the and that simply labelling all whites as evil parents talking about the shortage of land. struggle: doers was no basis for designing a new Whenever given a piece of land they would "One evening some leaders of ZANU society. complain: it's barren land, land which is women's groups in Britain came to see him His death is a serious blow to Zimbabwe, not fertile, that most of the good land was and they discussed the role of women in the but he leaves behind a tradition on which given to the white expatriates. So land to struggle until 2 a.m. Tongogar: spoke others can build a new society. me is derived from my background. It's highly of the women commanders in the Shortly before he died he spent several very important, and even when we started ZANLA army. He pointed to traditional hours talking to Alves Gomes, a reporter the armed struggle we made a scientific in customs which held women back and told for Mozambique's Tempo magazine. vestigation among the masses according to the women they must be prepared to We excerpt portions of this interview for their national grievances, and land comes challenge their parents. Southern Africa readers because they give a on top. Anyone who joins the armed strug "He also asked them if they had ever vivid picture of Tongogara, his history, and gle, is joining on the basis of land. We are taken the initiative and told a man that they his beliefs. deprived of our land, so it's very important. loved him. When they protested and said a How did woman couldn't do that, he told them they you become a guerrilla? But we are speaking about how you wouldn't be liberated until they could." Oh, that's something that needs to be became a guerrilla. How did you join? Josiah Tongogara had spent most of his discussed when we have got more time, be- My background is really very com- FEBRUARY 19801SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 ZIMBABWE plicated. As young as twenty years I had 10-15 minutes of fire, and then we quelled We look at the whole situation in Zim already become a chairman of a ZAPU the enemy fire. And we proceeded. That babwe that way, that we are fighting in district, in Zambia then, not in Rhodesia. was my first encounter. order to have independence for the people So I was in charge of a big province where of Zimbabwe. If the Rhodesians had ac we had more than 70,000 Zimbabweans. When was your last contact? cepted this principle of independence in the And I was in charge in my youth. When in March 17 [19791-I won't forget that one 1960's we wouldn't have taken up arms. So 1963 we decided to change our approach to -I was wounded in the arm. I was listening we are not fighting for the sake of fighting. the political conflict in Zimbabwe, and to BBC till 8. At about 8:15 1 heard some We are fighting in order to liberate Zim formed ZANU, I became again the first sound, then I realized that the enemy was babwe. Any form which can bring in chairman of the ZANU [section] in Zambia coming. I tried to tighten my shoes, but the dependence, we are not opposed to it. This in 1963. 1 had a duty to go for military enemy had already approached and was is the reason why we are here [in London]. training in order to enforce the idea of bQmbing. So we all took position and If the Lancaster talks can produce peace, direct confrontation, that is, facing the started fighting. We were kept in that en independence for the people of Zimbabwe, enemy right in the bush. In 1965 I left Zam circlement until about 2:30 p.m. this is exactly why we are in the bush. bia for my military training, and did nine months training in Tanzania. And what was the result? You are in London, and your leaders have been saying that you will run for the And then the party decided that I should The result is that I'm here. If we hadn't I wouldn't be here. In fact I elections, as one party. You have ZAPU go to Peking for specialization. In 1966 I succeeded and ZANU-how will you do it? went to Peking-well why don't you ask should say the enemy suffered. There were what did you go to specialize in, I know you around 12 planes, and from my recollec We don't talk of ZAPU and ZANU at want to ask this question! But they sent me tions, half of them remained there. the moment. We are a Patriotic Front, the to specialize mainly in political organiza Patriotic Front, which embraces ZAPU and What is the present military situation in tion, mobilization. ZANU, and we have formed this not the country? because we were going to go to Geneva, or When was the first time you went back Well, on our side we look at the situation Malta, Dar es Salaam, and London. We to Zimbabwe as a guerrilla? inside as excellent. We have made a lot of formed it in order to achieve national unity. I returned at the end of '66, October, and progress. This 1979, we termed it the year So there is no way of thinking that the was appointed the commander of the of the people's storm. . . the central com Patriotic Front is there for London. It is ZANLA forces, in charge of reconnais mittee decided that we should try to fulfill not there for London. It is there in order to sance and intelligence. From there I was the transformation of the war-transform bring unity for the people of Zimbabwe. given a very hard task. I was posted to areas ing purely military exercise into a people's where they felt we should start armed strug exercise, that is giving the people the task to So you will run the election as only one gle, to go and really make a thorough in fight, turning the war into the people's war. party. vestigation. I was then posted to the north In this we have succeeded. Sure, we are seeking an agreement under ern province, close to our entry points, the Patriotic Front and we will go back as What does the London conference mean from Zambia into Zimbabwe. I spent much Front. That's all. for you? the Patriotic of my time along the border and inside Zimbabwe. We treat London as our second front. And do you hope to win the elections? We have the home front, which is the front It's something that is natural. I don't When was your first contact with the for confrontation, and then we have the have to hope. enemy? London front, which we term a peaceful It was in 1967. What happened was that, front. In the home front, whenever we go to How do you see the transitional period in after having been satisfied that comrades the battle, you put on your uniform, get Zimbabwe? could enter into the country-although the your kit bag and your gun and everything. The way I visualize the transitional area had natural barriers, the Zambezi, and Now in London you put on your suit and a period is that it will be a peaceful period we had to use dug-out boats to cross-each tie and then you go and talk. So it's a where lost children will be meeting with time we had comrades going in I would lead peaceful front. But the fact is that this con their parents who have missed them for them, because I knew of all the entry points ference is a product of what is happening years, joining hands to enjoy their freedom, in the area. I would take them from Zambia on the home front. What we are discussing where people will be rejoicing over their vic to their operational areas, and then leave here should reflect what is happening at the tory. So it must be a peaceful period. them with instructions and explain to them front. What I mean is that what is happen the situation around the area. One of my ing at the front in the way of achieving What is your reaction to the Zimbab first encounters was near Binga in northern peace. weans who are In the regime's forces? Zimbabwe. After we had crossed [the The British are saying that you did not Once the bad elements and the border] at night, at about 9:30 pm, we mercenaries are pulled out, what will re come here as the winners of the war. walked about fifteen miles inside, and main in the Rhodesian army are those true What is your comment? didn't realize that the enemy had tracked sons of Zimbabwe, black and white, who our footprints, because we had been there a The British can never say we came here as want to see peace. We will join hands and week before, to counter-check the situa the winners of the war. I think they know say "A luta continua." tion. So we happened on an ambush at exactly that we are the winners. When the dawn; we only had a hundred bullets. Rhodesians declared UDI in 1965, Wilson You are prepared even to rebuild an army said he was not going to send troops; what in Zimbabwe according to the conditions What was your reaction? is happening here at Lancaster House is you have laid down? The first five seconds it was very terrible, that the British now want to intervene. We want to create an army for Zim I couldn't realize what was happening. I on They want to send their administration, babwe, of the people of Zimbabwe, ir ly found myself lying, and thought pro they want to take over, because there is respective of their color or their old inclina bably I was shot, but later on I discovered I something going on. It is the war that tion. We are going to produce a new Zim had not even a slight wound. We had about makes them think so. babwe from every Zimbabwean who is

8 SOUTHERN AFRICAIFEBRUARY 1980 ZIMBABWE

got money. What does he do? He goes to "Anyone who joins the army because it's the only job open to $mell of Profit the armed struggle, is him. That is not commitment. in the Air joining on the basis of You will allow the white farmers to pro International business and finance has duce and work on their land? high hopes for a "new Zimbabwe" free of land." We will allow every Zimbabwean to run economic sanctions. The Confederation of what he's supposed to and irrespective of British Industries (CBI), for example, has committed to seeing peace in Zimbabwe, to his color. We are trying to destroy this idea sent out a "reconnaissance team" in seeing stability. of race which we think is very dangerous. preparation for a full-scale trade mission in Every Zimbabwean is a Zimbabwean, re March or April. Britain's department of You, guerrillas, do you have contact with gardless of color. trade considers it likely that British exports the farmers? to Zimbabwe will reach the $220 million What do you ask from the white farmers Oh yes, we have contacts. In much of the mark within the next year. who want to remain in the country to To ensure a favorable investment area we have covered there are farmers, and work? in those areas we have committees and climate, British industrialists helped raise some of the farmers have joined the com We are going to ask those people to more than $200,000 for Bishop Muzorewa's mittees, but mainly the blacks. You could realize that now a new Zimbabwe has been campaign in the April 1979 internal settle not expect the whites to do so. Some of the created and the struggle is not yet over. We ment election. The London Financial Times white farmers have sympathized with us should enter into the struggle for reports that the fund was established after a and given us some help. reconstruction to make Zimbabwe into a meeting of CBI company chairmen and flourishing country for us all. overseas directorate staff, at which What kind of help? Muzorewa promised that as prime minister It will be an anti-racial society? Without mentioning names of the he would encourage foreign investment. raised for farmers, if you go to their farm and ask for Yes it will be an anti-racial society. A similar fund is being Muzorewa for the February elections. Ac food they give you food. You ask direc The South Africans have threatened to tions, they give you directions and tell you, cording to South African reports, millions intervene in the country. If they do not do of dollars are now pouring into Rhodesia to "the security forces are there. Go this so, what will your relations be with the way." We have taken these white farmers help the Bishop. America's Union Carbide, South Africans? has substantial interests in as our allies because they want to see that which Rhodesia's chrome mining industry, is the people of Zimbabwe are free. Just to If it doesn't intervene, it would be wrong and South African give you one example, we have gone across to treat South African as our main enemy. among those Western donors already identified. to some black farmers in Zimbabwe to get South African investors are also anxious food. He says, "OK, he'll get some food. about future opportunities in Zimbabwe. He runs to the enemy to report you-black, South African commerce already has an like myself! You "We are trying to go to a white farmer and estimated $1.2 billion stake there, and this he gives you food and tells you where the destroy this idea of will likely grow quickly as a result of the security forces are. Who is your real ally cease-fire. there? The white one who saves your life. I race which we think is "Businessmen in this country," the think they are as equal as my Zimbabwean Johannesburg Star reported in December, in the bush. very dangerous." "are now poised to shore up the bulwark against the communist threat in the They will receive special treatment after politically sensitive independence? area with a new injec tion of free enterprise and expansion of Not special treatment. They will have We will put it in its place as it is put by other their interests." that special treatment which is given to OAU countries. We will still talk to them US corporations have been pushing for every Zimbabwean. because they will have done nothing to us. the lifting of sanctions for some time. US investments at the time of UDI totaled $57 What about the farmers who do not give Do you think the South Africans will in million, 70-80 percent of which consisted of you support? vade your country if you win the elec Union Carbide mining operations. Some of these farmers who don't give us tions? US breaches of international sanctions support, and some of the soldiers who op This is a foolish idea for the South were formalized with the Byrd Amendment pose us, they think they must fight to main Africans. If South Africans invaded Zim in 1971, which allowed commodities on the tain white supremacy. But once a govern babwe, who is going to be killed? Zimbab "strategic and critical materials" list, such ment of the people's choice is there, I see weans. Not ZANLA forces, not PF forces. as chrome, to be imported from Rhodesia. the possibility of those people changing The ordinary people will be caught in the Mobil Oil and Caltex openly supplied oil to their mind. Once they accept the reality, cross-fire, because we live with the people. Rhodesia under their own brand names, there is no reason to go round and say, We have transformed this into a People's presumably supplied by their refineries in "You don't support us." You might as well War. And if the British are going to back South Africa. say everyone who used to be in the barracks this, the world must see that the British are Sanctions had blocked foreign accounts of the enemy is our enemy. I have got the the real murderers in this exercise. If the in Rhodesia, and the multinationals now facts from Zimbabwe. Some of the young British are prepared to endorse that plan, may repatriate some of their newly-freed men in the [government] army-blacks let me assure them they will learn a lesson. capital. Nevertheless, the enthusiasm with have joined not because they have got con The Zimbabwean people will not lay down which the international business communi viction, but because, say, one wants to get their arms, will not succumb to what the ty greeted the lifting of sanctions indicates a married and hasn't got the money, or he British want. We will fight them to the last strong interest in increasing investments in wants to buy a suit, or food and he hasn't Zimbabwean. We are prepared for that. El what it hopes will be a stable Zimbabwe. EU FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 ZIMBABWE

Refugees Preparing for Home

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that there are 220,000 Zimbabwean refugees in camps in Mozambique, Zambia, and Botswana. Ac cording to the terms of the London agree ment on Rhodesia, they are supposed to return to Zimbabwe before elections take place there at the end of February. UN officials say that "spontaneous repatriation of refugees has already begun," primarily from Botswana. Meetings began in early January-involving the UN, the British, the Patriotic Front, and the front-line states-toplan the return of the refugees. But the problem is so vast that the parties have agreed, according to Klaus Feldmann of UNHCR, to divide the operation into two stages: before and after the elections. "It's likely that a majority of the refugees will be returningafter the elec tions, "Feldmann said. Sister JaniceMcLaughlin is an American nun who worked for several years inside Rhodesia, and who will be working in the refugee camps in Mozambique as the UN attempts to organize repatriationto the new Zimbabwe. She visitedsome of those camps late last year, before the peace accord was signed. Her reportfollows.

Zimbabwe's refugees did not make the Education, a priority in the refugee camps and In Zimbabwe. headlines like the boat people of Vietnam educational programs, Matenje is the home students and teachers. Each class has a large or the starving Cambodians. Even when of 3,000 students, 200 orphans and several blackboard, which is carried carefully to their camps in Zambia and Mozambique hundred teachers. It also accomodates and from the forest each day. Despite the were bombed, and they were brutally ZANU's teacher training center and scorching sun, students participate eagerly, murdered, the rest of the world hardly research unit. answering questions and discussing issues. heard about it. The day begins at 4:30 A.M. at Maten Teaching methods stress involvement by Yet until the signing of the Rhodesia je-long before enemy planes flying in the pupils rather than long lectures by the peace accord in London, they were the search of targets to attack, might disrupt teachers. Group work and demonstration fastest growing group of refugees in the activities. Freedom songs echo through the are encouraged. Because of the shortage of world. There were 150,000 Zimbabwean forest as the refugees exercise and march books, teachers rely heavily on the black refugees in Mozambique, another 60,000 in for several hours in the early morning mist boards and students copy the lesson notes Zambia and 20,000 in Botswana. These before the sun rises. from the board into their individual thousands of forgotten exiles have not only Though they have had no breakfast, at notebooks. Students are very vocal and a story of hardship and material depriva 7:00 A.M. students and teachers march en preface their answers with revolutionary tion to tell, but also an heroic tale of self thusiastically to their school in the forest. slogans: "Pamberi ne chimerenga. Pamberi reliance and determination. They are Matenje is one of eight ZANU schools in ne hondo. Pasi ne imperialism." ("For already building the new Zimbabwe in the Mozambique that teach 23,000 students ward with the struggle. Forward with the refugee camps, which have become models from Standard I through high-school. The war. Down with imperialism.") for the future. classrooms are scattered among the rocks They study the usual subjects for primary Matenje Camp in Mozambique's Tete and in the shade of trees and bushes where and secondary school, but all the lessons Province is a striking example of the students have built bamboo desks and are put in the context of the liberation achievements that have been made under benches. The classes are small, approx struggle and their situation in the camps in Patriotic Front leadership, despite endless imately 35 students per teacher, so there can Mozambique. ZANU, which is responsible problems. The headquarters for ZANU's be more personal interaction between the for education, medical care, and develop- 10 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 ZIMBABWE

distributed equally among the inhabitants. There were no full-time cooks or farmers, but everyone took turns so that all could at tend class. Teachers were not exempt from manual labor-they were responsible for sanitation in the camps, a task which in cluded keeping the pit latrines clean and building new ones when necessary. Cultural activities are an essential part of the weekly schedule. Music, dance, and drama give the students an appreciation of their culture and history and provide an art form to convey the present political realities. The melodies are traditional but the words I heard referred to the internal settlement, the massacres in the refugee camps, the sacrifice and courage of the freedom fighters, and the aspirations and hopes of the people. Mabel Mutasa, the cultural officer with whom I lived, guides the students in their activities, I- I%~W I but they form their own groups and create their own songs, dances, and Zimbabwe refugees in Mozambique, trained in the camps they now have a plays. One Sunday I was treated to an all vital role to play in building their new nation. tions: "How does the Amer ican economic day, masterful performance. Even the small ment projects in the Mozambique camps, system affect the educatioi n system? Do children joined in the dancing. A play, has begun to produce its own textbooks, students accept the system the way it is? Are "Black Is Beautiful," was the climax of an The first two in the series of Shona there any revolutionary mo,vements trying unforgettable day-broken by a two-hour language books have been published and to bring about change in the United States? intermission to put out a forest fire! are being used. The title, "Svinurai"- What's happened to the civiil rights move The nights were unforgettable too. As which means "Open Your Eyes" or "Wake ment? Do the workers in Arnerica support soon as the sun went down the rats ap Up"-is more than symbolic and represents the Zimbabwe struggle?" peared. They would jump from the grass the political consciousness that is develop- At noon the refugees have their first meal roofs onto the beds and play games on the ing. of the day. It consists of sacrza (stiff maize top of the blankets. But after such ex Not long ago, I sat in on many different meal porridge) or rice an d occasionally hausting days, even the rats couldn't keep classes at all grade levels. The political some vegetables or dried fish . Food is a ma us aWake. There were many jokes about the education lesson that week was "How to jor problem, though each crimp has a gar growing rat population. The children had Combat Liberalism," and the teachers used den where students grow veg etables to sup names for all the rats-and most of them mimeographed lesson notes prepared by the plement their starchy diet. T hey have plans were named after members of ZANU's research unit. In one science class a student to raise chickens, rabbits, a nd pigs if they Central Committee! was presenting a lesson on climatic changes get the necessary funding. 1'he UN World A more serious matter was the constant and had drawn pictures on the board to il- Food Program supplies the bulk of the food threat of attack by the Rhodesian security lustrate her explanation. Her classmates en- for the 150,000 refugees in Mozambique, forces. The children had survived raids on joyed asking her very tough questions but but shipments are often late and there are schools at Nyazonia, Chimoio, and Gon failed to stump her. The agriculture class shortages. Sometimes stude'nts go several dola. For the first few months at Matenje, was studying terracing, accountancy stu- days without eating. they lived in fear and would run to hide in dents were learning about debits and the forest at the sound of a plane, cutting credits. Work in Progress and scratching themselves on bushes and I was surprised to discover that most trees and going without food for several classes are conducted in English. The After lunch, the students engage in pro days. In almost every conversation I had at students also study Shona and Sindebele, duction. They were buildirng new houses the camps, the refugees would mention that but the Shona literature classes suffer from while I was there, which me;ant walking far the enemy might come to kill them at any a shortage of books. Using the one or two into the forest to collect gras s for the roofs, time and destroy everything. books available per class, which had been collecting bamboo poles foir the walls and Despite the danger, the poverty and lack brought by freedom fighters from schools weaving reed mats for thqe walls. Older of facilities and supplies, the refugee camps inside Rhodesia, a student would read a refugees from a nearby camj p came to teach are places of hope and joy. They are in fact paragraph from a Shona novel and then the the children building skills a nd to supervise a form of liberated area where the new Zim teacher would ask the class questions about the construction. The girls had built the babwe is being built. The communal life that passage. education and research offic e by themselves style, the policy of self-reliance, the new and were proud of theirr achievement. educational system are models for the type Training Teachers Traditionally, construction was a male of social transformation needed after in monopoly and Shona won nen would not dependence. The men, women and children The teacher training course was also in have been allowed to particiipate. who have had this experience may play a session, and I spent a morning with the sixty Some students work in th e garden grow vital role in restructuring society-serving participants involved in an intensive four- ing vegetables, others hav e responsibility as the nucleus of change-when they even month course designed to prepare them for for cooking the evening n neal in big tin tually return home. Their resettlement will the new education system being created in drums. Water had to be car ried up a steep be a first-and major-step in the creation the camps. They asked me difficult ques- hill from a nearby river. AllI the tasks were of the new society. El FEBRUARY 19801SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 ZIMBABWE

Diary of a Missionary Report From Inside Rhodesia

The following is a selection from the 1979 also a defense committee in which all the around here. Soldiers were dropped by par diary of a Christian missionary who lives in lines will be represented. Any activity for achutes and then supported by nine planes the Gwelo-Ft. Victoria area of Rhodesia. the development of the local population is and helicopters. A circling spotter plane The missionary has spent more than fifteen encouraged as long as it is not tied to gave instructions to the people and to the years in Rhodesia and is well-qualified to government: women's clubs, adult literacy, ground forces, such as: "There is a woman observe the changes in the life of the local cattle spraying. coming from the river carrying water, sure people under the recent conditions of guer ly for the Magandangas (bandits). Shoot rilla struggle. He indicates both the progress Re: Action of the security forces and her." And they shot her. "You girls, don't being made in popular participation in auxiliaries hide under the granary, surrender and areas where the Patriotic Front could exert hands up." They did not follow those in its influence, and also the constant harass - 17 May: Army collected people (about structions, so one of them was hit by an in ment of the population by the Smith-Muz 400-500) and made them remove road cendiary device (napalm?) and killed, and orewa government. Southern Africa ob blocks. They were given no food and the granary and sleeping room set on fire. tained these excerpts from missionary blankets, and kept in school overnight. Two grade four boys (twins) who climbed sources in London. Some severely beaten. up a tree were shot and killed. Those who - 5 June: Army in helicopters attacked, were killed: two twins, married man and Re: New structures set up by the ZANLA killing five (one girl) and injuring fifteen, two children (nine and three years), man forces one mukomana, (guerilla), the rest mu (eighteen years), married man, etc. (nine jibas, (civilians). civilians, three guerrillas). Several people - 23 July: One notices the improved ap - 19 June: Two land mine explosions. So were brought to the hospital. pearance of the villages: clean-swept yards, many villages were burned down again, - 14 July: Auxiliaries took three girls, newly thatched and plastered huts, freshly others looted, people beaten up and some raped one. ploughed fields, vegetable gardens, etc. It is even shot two days afterwards. One, Mr. X, - 18 July: Guard force made people pick said that this is due to the establishment of received a stomach wound one day after cotton on white farm. In retaliation the committees of eight leaders (plus eight sub wards in broad daylight when he wanted to vakomana attacked the farm. stitutes) in each village. Each member is go to help people affected. The wife of - 23 July: There are reports about two responsible for a certain department (hy catechist Y was beaten so badly she is still in other incidents in the southeast; one on 16 giene, education, etc.) Cooperation is great hospital. One man was shot through the July with three or four killed and one on 19 ly encouraged, e g. payment of school fees chin and had been beaten badly. He showed July where eighteen believed to have died. for poorer members of the community. me the wounds and said, "See what Bishop - 8 August: Four shots, two at midnight, - 11 August: A new structure of local Muzorewa has done to me." Nowadays one in the back in the a.m. 95 homesteads government is being built up by the especially the auxiliary forces are involved. burnt, men shot are Samuel, Kaston, Kota, vakomana. (Vakomana is the Shona word - 9 July: Security forces burnt down the and Maonda, all with families. Army raided for boys, the term used by local people for huts of eight families after they took what another area nearby and arrested many. the freedom fighters.) In each line, a line they liked of the furniture, clothing, - 13 August: Huts burnt after land mine committee is formed with each committee blankets, etc. explosion. Security forces rounded up member being responsible for a certain de - 12 July: There was a land mine explo many accused of being collaborators. partment. Two to three lines elect a base sion on 8 June. The army took revenge on - 17 August: Security forces killed two committee which consists of a chairman, the residents nearby: the houses of four vakomana, six civilians (including a girl secretary, and treasurer, and their sub families burnt, granaries burnt, eight heads who was in the field and a headman run stitutes. This committee deals with all civil of cattle of headman killed, some people ning from them). In the X area they burnt and criminal cases, contributions for the beat up. On 15 June another land mine inci sixty houses, granaries, and cattle kraals. cause from the villages, etc. dent on the same road. In retaliation 47 - 30 August: Army camp attacked by the The elections are conducted freely and houses and 36 granaries were burnt. vakomana on 21 august. Army then shot the committee goes into any complaints - 13 July: In the early afternoon of Fri. three people in broad daylight, many thoroughly. The vakomana leave these mat day, 13 July, the security forces launched villages were burnt in another incident. ters to the committee. It is planned to form an air attack. It is so far the worst incident Soldiers took things from Mrs. M's store. *44wl -1615

Committee which deals with energy legisla an Armed Services Committee group was tion, also went to South Africa to see visiting a country against which the US has SASOL in January. an arms embargo, Price replied that South South Africa's promotion of its coal Africa was important to US strategic in gasification plants is not new. Back in 1975 terests, ".... otherwise we wouldn't be Representatives Richard Ichord and Harold here. Our visit is because of our interest in Runnels and former Representative John defense matters." One member of the dele Dent traveled to South Africa to see the gation advocated loosening the arms em SASOL operation. This was one of several bargo so as to cover only offensive trips supposedly funded by South African weapons. Botha Visits Rumored businessman Werner Ackerman, who was Both the Wright and Price delegation A speech made in New York late later revealed in the Muldergate scandal to visits were funded by Congress. December by British Prime Minister That have been operating as a front for South cher has prompted rumors in the South Africa's Information Department. Export Controls African press that she plans to meet soon In 1979 Representative William Moor with South African Prime Minister Botha. head, who represents a coal-producing area Continued Thatcher referred to "welcome changes in Pennsylvania, sent one of his staff The Commerce Department lost out to in South Africa's domestic policies" members to South Africa. In the last year the Department of State at the end of 1979 words greeted as "encouraging" by the Moorhead has spearheaded a drive to sub in an internal administration battle over South African press, which has also report sidize the construction of new synthetic fuel whether the total ban on exports of US ed that Botha may soon visit France for plants in the US. While the $85 billion he origin goods and technology to the South talks with Giscard D'Estaing. advocated was cut back, Congress and the African military and police would be Nationalist party papers have been urging administration agreed to a more modest weakened. President Carter informed Con Botha to push against any door which has program that will produce oil and gas from gress on December 29 that the only change opened, if only a crack,-and suggest that a coal. As part of Moorhead's plan, he suc in the South African regulations would be visit to Washington would be very useful. cessfully lobbied the Energy and State to permit sales of medicines and medical Departments to loosen restrictions on im supplies "not primarily destined to military Congressional Visits to ports of technical data from SASOL's or police entities or for their use." operation. The State of Kentucky is cur The executive branch first annual review South Africa rently considering construction of a $3 of these controls and all other foreign Recent congressional delegations to billion plant based on SASOL technology. policy controls world-wide was mandated South Africa have given the Botha govern Another senior House leader, Represen by the Export Administration Act of 1979. ment a chance to "sell" its strategic and tative Melvin Price, Chairman of the House Although the intent of the congressional economic importance to the United States. Armed Services Committee, went to South committees which urged adoption of the Its latest trump card is the advanced coal Africa in November, leading a delegation bill was to reduce restrictions on US ex gasifiction technology developed by from his committee that also made stops in ports, changes in the South African con SASOL, the para-statal oil from coal pro the Sudan, Nigeria and Tanzania. Like Jim trols were minimal. In addition to continu ject, which already has one plant in opera Wright, Price has generally voted against ing the ban on sales to the military and tion. open support for South Africa and Rho police, which went into effect in February In mid-January House Majority Leader desia, although he follows the conser 1978, the President's decision also main Jim Wright of Texas led an energy in vative stance of the majority of his commit tained the restriction on aircraft sales to vestigating delegation which included 12 tee on military matters. The Price delega civilians unless there is written assurance congressional representatives, on a trip that tion visited the SASOL facilities in South against military or paramilitary use, and on incorporated visits to the oil producing Africa, as well as the Simonstown naval certain computers sold to the government states of Nigeria and Saudi Arabia and a base. Ten of the 45 members of the Armed which would be used to support the policy stop to check out the SASOL plants in Services Committee have now travelled to of apartheid. South Africa. Wright is the second-ranking South Africa, either in this latest group or Some congressional opposition to the Democratic leader in the House and would in a 1975 trip by several Republican continuation of South African controls is be a major political "catch" for South members. expected. Representative Dan Quayle, a Africa if he returned from his visit in a Price's initial report on the trip echoed young conservative Republican from In mood sympathetic to Pretoria's aims. South Africa's propaganda. He stressed the diana is reported to be working with the In the past Wright has advocated a com critical importance of Africa's mineral South African embassy to orgamze opposi promise position on Rhodesian sanctions deposits and the strategic importance of the tion to the controls before they become and opposed the immediate lifting of sanc Cape sea route. "In our flight ... up the final later this spring. Senate sources have tions in June 1979. He also voted for coast to Dar es Salaam from South Afri complained that export controls in general legislation restricting Export Import Bank ca," he reported, "we ... at times had six should have been further reduced. financing to South Africa in 1978. tankers under observation at the same time. The president's report provided some Congressman Bill Gray, a member of the This line of tankers, in the truest sense, is ammunition for those arguing against the Black Caucus and the Africa subcommit the jugular vein of the free world." Price South African controls on the grounds that tee, took his first trip to Africa as a member was careful not to say anything in his report they hurt US interests. In a required state of the Wright delegation. Although only a about his own views on South Africa. In ment on the impact of the controls, his letter freshman, Gray is becoming an important stead he reported on South Africa's desire states that the US share of the South advocate for majority rule. He made a for an end to export restrictions and for co African market in pharmaceuticals, tires, special stop-off in Soweto and spent more operation with the US against Soviet in chemicals, trucks and locomotives, motor time in Zimbabwe than the rest of the fluence in Africa. (A fuller Committee vehicle components and computers fell delegation. report on the trip was not yet available as from 1977 to 1978 and could have been Representative Jim Santini of Nevada, we went to press.) partly caused by the government export who sits on the Interior and Insular Affairs When asked by the Washington Post why restrictions. El FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 UNITED STATES American Legion Urges American investment in South Africa to Friendly Policy assure continued and expanding American access to raw materials, including gold, chrome, platinum, iron, vanadium, copper, A delegation from the American Legion very active in promoting US investment in zinc, and industrial diamonds. has recently completed a two-week tour of South Africa. *The US should assist South Africa South Africa, Rhodesia, and Namibia. The The American Legion of War Veterans is politically and militarily, in repulsing "the Namibian and South African press reported said to have over 2.6 million members, of spread of communist imperialism" in that the delegation included: J. Alvis which three-quarters of a million are Viet Africa and that, as part of this military Carver, a member of the Legion's foreign nam veterans. The organization is primarily cooperation, the US should reintroduce relations commission and past North concerned with issues directly affecting regular naval maneuvers with the South Carolina state commander; James Zimmer veterans such as rehabilitation and federal African navy. The US should also fully man, an executive member of the Legion benefits, but it does also take stands on utilize South African port facilities, in and a wealthy real estate developer in broader issues. While not endorsing cluding those at the former British naval Florida; Jack W. Flint, a former national political candidates outright, the Legion base at Simonstown. vice-commander and presently a candidate passes resolutions at its annual conventions *The US government should adopt an for national commander of the American for which it will actively lobby. As the even-handed policy with respect to South Legion (Mr. Flint is also chairman of the largest single veterans group in the US, it is Africa in the field of human rights American Red Cross and Salvation Army); recognized as an influential political lobby specifically, that South Africa should not Judy B. Rowntree, a staff member at the ing force. be held to standards different from those headquarters of the American Maritime The Legion has sent a number of high applied to other African states or Service; and Dr Robert J. Billings, ex level groups to South Africa and Rhodesia elsewhere. ecutive director of the Moral Majority and in recent years. Their reports to the *The Legion itself should encourage and president of the Christian School Action. membership resulted in the passage of a support an urgent nationwide educational Dr Billings is reported to head a television number of pro-apartheid resolutions at the program on the increasing importance of network with approximately 3.25 million recent annual convention. The resolutions the economic, political, and military viewers and is a strong opponent of the included: significance of South Africa to the national World Council of Churches. He has been *The US government should encourage interests of the United States. M.B.EJ

Carnegie Poll Findings Sectarian Group Spies

"There is a clear consensus in the foreign overwhelming majority of those inter for Pretoria policy community that the United States viewed recently echoed that sentiment. The shadowy United States Labor Party should exert pressure on the South African The feeling among those polled was that (USLP), an anti-left sectarian group, has regime to change its domestic racial change in South Africa was imminent, and recently been linked to the white minority policies". That is the finding of a recent, desirable, and that the US should do all it government of South Africa and to the pro rather unorthodox poll conducted by the could to encourage such change. As one South Africa lobby in the U.S. In 1977-78, Carnegie Endowment for International prominent executive stated, "Clearly, USLP activities included meetings with Peace. It consisted of in-depth interviews South Africa will have to make some fun South African diplomats, a conference to with eighty influential Americans, some of damental changes, and given the back encourage investments in South Africa, and whom are also specialists in the field of US ground and current politics, this is over the preparation of "intelligence reports" South African relations. whelmingly difficult. But it is still in on anti-apartheid groups. The people interviewed included promi evitable." The US Labor Party first appeared dur nent government officials, congressional At the same time, there was a feeling that ing the 1968 uprising at Columbia Universi representatives, public interest activists, America had neither the domestic will nor ty as the National Caucus of Labor Com academics, lawyers, businessmen, and the ability to affect events in South Africa. mittees, a name it carried until 1972. It of leaders from labor, churches, and the black Nonetheless, most of the respondents fered an allegedly Marxist view that the community. echoed the sentiments of one labor official Soviet Union and the United States were Questions were addressed to the in who said, "For better or worse, we still are joined in a conspiracy against workers. But dividual's perceptions and assessments, and number one in the world. We can influence then Lyndon LaRouche, a former econom not their factual knowledge. what other countries do." ics professor and leader of the group, This poll was quite different from the Members of both the right and the left returned from a visit to West Germany with scientific survey that the endowment con felt that current American policy was not a new vision. His party turned to the ex ducted earlier in 1979, which queried a effective enough. Both sides also agreed treme right and to anti-Semitism. The party more representative sample of the that the Carter administration's policy was ceased tolerating internal debate and began American public on the same subject. But headed in the right direction but was physically assaulting other groups on the the results were remarkably similar, lending misguided in its execution. Some wanted to left. It has zigzagged continually rightward credence to the belief that there is a clear exert pressure through economic means, since then, always appearing to have a great American consensus on South Africa. For while others felt that "economic and deal of money available for funding its ac example. 86 percent of the people respond diplomatic" disengagement would bring tivities. ing to the previous poll's questions about about the desired transformation in South New York reporter Dennis King has been apartheid felt that it was "wrong," while Africa. investigating the USLP. Examining the only 2 percent felt that it was "right." The Continued on page 21 Continued on page 21

14 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 UNITED STATES

Space Research- Building South Africa's Armaments Industry

New evidence of US government com of Pentagon, CIA, and State Department 50,000 rough steel forgings (semi-finished plicity in illegal arms shipments to South officials, but it was formally rejected when artillery shells) produced at a US Army Africa was presented in a television a senior State Department representative arsenal in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Similar documentary, "Hot Shells: US Arms for threatened to resign if the shells were pro ly the State Department relaxed its defini South Africa," produced by William Cran vided to South Africa. Stockwell asserts, tions, so that Bull's rough steel forgings and broadcast on January 16 as part of however, that Major John Clancy III, a would not need export permits from its Of WORLD series of the Public Broadcasting CIA paramilitary officer, continued to seek fice of Munitions Control, since they are System. out the shells, under orders from the not identifiable as parts or components of Strong circumstantial evidence of high CIA Africa division chief. Clancy told weapons systems. level government involvement in the Space Stockwell that he had found some shells, Frank Nipper, who runs the Scranton Research deals was provided in interviews and that the actual transfer would be han arsenal, told WORLD reporter Jack Cole with Colonel Jack Frost, an international dled by informing the South Africans where what he thought of the State Department's arms dealer, and John Stockwell, former the shells could be had and letting them ar decision in favor of Bull. "You might use head of CIA covert operations in Angola. range the details themselves. them as boat anchors or fence posts, or Space Research, which is chartered in At about this time Frost, the arms dealer, something of that type, but there is no other both the US and Canada, has been under had put Clancy in touch with Space practical use for these that I know of except investigation in both countries since a Research. Clancy visited the company's to convert them into 155mm artillery shells. November 1978 program by the Canadian facilities on the Vermont-Canada border. It would be very difficult for me to believe Broadcasting Corporation and the BBC Shortly thereafter a team of South African that these rough forgings could be exported produced detailed evidence of its involve arms experts, including Dennis Zeiderberg, as non-military items." ment in the shipment of artillery shells and made a trip to the plant. Lenny Young, a driver for Star Trucking, related military equipment to South Africa In March 1976, a second party of South a small local firm used by Space Research to (See Southern Africa, Jan. 1979, Nov.-Dec. Africans, including Colonel P.M. Lom transport the 50,000 rough steel forgings 1979, and Jan. 1980). The latest interviews bard, who commanded South Africa's ar along with six cannon barrels produced for with Frost and Stockwell added further tillery in the Angola war, visited Space the company at Watervliet arsenal, asserted evidence to recent press accounts, par Research to work out the final details of the that the final machining of the rough forg ticularly in the Vermont-based Burlington transfer of artillery shells and howitzer ings into extended-range shells had in fact Free Press, which indicated that US govern technology to South Africa. been done at the Space Research facilities. ment officials had helped facilitate Space Nevertheless, the company was able to ship Research transfers of military equipment to State Department Told these shells (still labeled "rough steel forg South Africa. Frost, who claims that he told Space ings"), along with cannon barrels, testing South African interest in acquiring Space Research founder Gerald Bull at the time of equipment, and a complete version of its Research shells and equipment followed his first meeting with the South Africans most advanced howitzer, the GC 45, to from its battlefield defeats during its 1975 that he should immediately cut off contacts South Africa, with the acquiescence of the invasion of Angola. The artillery used by with them, notified the State Department of US government. the South African invaders was consistently the second meeting. "I certainly was con outdistanced by the Russian artillery used cerned that as the person who identified the South African Cannon by Cuban troops supporting the MPLA technology, that if something happened in Besides providing new evidence of US According to Frost, who operates out of the future, that somebody might say, well, government complicity in the Space Belgium andl had helped Space Research set he arranged it-and that wasn't true," Research arms-smuggling scheme, the up its international sales office there, he Frost said. "I immediately made a report to WORLD documentary revealed the role was approached during the Angolan war by the Office of Munitions Control to explain that Space Research personnel and equip Dennis Ziederberg, a member of Armscor, the transaction. And when I made the ment have played in helping South Africa the South African state-run armaments cor report, I thought the transaction was ter develop a new 155mm howitzer in what poration. Ziederberg was seeking access to minated." Prime Minister Pieter Botha descibed as the technology needed for producing ad Two separate sources in the State Depart "record time." vanced 155mm howitzers, and Frost re ment confirmed for WORLD researchers Lenny Young described driving a load of ferred him to Space Research. According to that Frost's report, which specifically men electronic gear from Space Research head Frost the South Africans dropped this par tioned Space Research Corporation and the quarters in Vermont to JFK airport in New ticular approach because the technology visit by the South Africans, was received by York, where it was put on a South African "4cost too much money." the Office of Munitions Control. No action Airways flight going directly to Johan was taken on it. nesburg. Among the equipment shipped CIA Role This prior knowledge of the relationship was "a kistler piezzotronic guage 217C," But, according to John Stockwell, head between Space Research and South Africa which arms expert John Wolfe described as "a of CIA covert operations in Angola during makes the State Department's later dealings device designed solely for measuring the the war, shortly after they signalled Frost to with the company all the more inexcusable. internal ballistics of high performance guns stop looking, the CIA received a request The company had received special treat and cannons." from the South Africans for 155mm shells. ment from the Pentagon (See Southern Bruce Durgin, a Space Research The request was reported to a joint meeting Africa, Nov.-Dec.) to allow it to purchase Continued on page 20 FEBRUARY FEBRUARY 198OISOUTH-ERN AFRICA 15 NAMIBIA Pretoria Digging In

News from Namibia in the past month betray a belief that guerrilla activity is from its external wing and bring about the has been scant. But there are a few details anything but decreasing. disintegration of the organization. Angula of .significance to report. Here's one example. Truck drivers who was arrested in early January. The South African Defense Forces in make the run from Oshivello north to Namibia are in the process of buying up Ovamboland recently did not take to the Diplomatic Moves almost 150,000 acres of land in Okahandja, road for three days as a result of several On the diplomatic front, there is only the east of Windhoek, for a new training base land mine explosions along the route. One slightest of movement at the United Na and artillery practice field. The defense truck was blown up. "The sight was ex tions on the plan for UN-supervised elec forces tried to keep the project quiet, but tremely unpleasant," wrote the Windhoek tions, and that movement is meant only to the land proved to be too close to some Observer, "and started to affect ihe nerves give the impression that the South Africans small towns, and farmers began complain of the drivers." The trucks carry fuel, are still interested in the plan, if it can be ing that practice artillery shells might fly among other products, and shortages modified to suit Pretoria's objections. too close to their homes. In size, the base resulted from the unofficial strike. South Africa had said that it would accept will be "without comparison on the "It was also an unpleasant sight to' be in principle the concept of a demilitarized southern African subcontinent," according continuously faced with blown-up tele zone on Namibia's borders with Angola to the Windhoek Observer. phone poles," the Observer reported, as ad and Zambia, although it laid down certain There are already an estimated 65,000 ditional evidence that the guerrillas are pre preconditions for its acceptance. The most South African troops in Namibia, and the sent. In mid-December "eight poles were important precondition was the elimination building of such a base can only preview an blown between Oshivello and Ondangua. in the already-accepted proposal of even greater expansion of South Africa's Although repairs are usually quickly ef SWAPO bases inside the territory during occupying forces. South Africa continues fected, it is a demoralizing sight." The the transition period before elections. to maintain that it will seriously consider drivers make the run in convoys, and they Secretary General Kurt Waldheim has so accepting the UN plan for independence are protected by anti-land mine vehicles far ignored these preconditions. He is pro and elections in the territory-if only cer carrying ten soldiers each. ceeding with plans for further technical tain conditions are met, all of them dis Administrator General Gerrit Viljoen has talks on the demilitarized zone. At the same advantageous to the Namibia liberation offered an amnesty to all SWAPO guer time the UN has appointed a new com movement SWAPO-but the building of rillas who are willing to lay down their arms mander for UNTAG, the UN peace-keep new bases and the further expansion of the and come in from the countryside. At the ing force for Namibia. He is Lt. Gen. Prem defense forces are in direct contradiction to same time, Viljoen is still refusing to release Chand, an Indian officer with extensive the UN plan, which calls for South Africa's dozens of SWAPO political activists ar military service with the UN. He has served, withdrawal and a reduction of the number rested in police sweeps over the past six in peace-keeping forces from the Congo to of bases. months. SWAPO offices inside the ter Cyprus. Chand had been retired, but he The South Africa command claims that ritory had been closed during the sweep, returned to the UN in mid-January and was there was a decrease in guerrilla activity in but after Viljoen's offer of amnesty, Jason expected to lead a small delegation of December and early January. The army Angula, the SWAPO secretary of labor, re technical experts on a visit later in the bases its estimate of guerrilla activity on a opened an office and issued an attack on month to Angola, Zambia, Namibia, and body count, which was down, but if tension Viljoen. Angula charged that Viljoen's of South Africa. M.S. could be measured in some areas, it would fer was an attempt to split internal SWAPO

South African artillery In Namibia. More to come?

16 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 -SOUTH AFRICA, Township and Shopfloor Resisters Unite

In a cloud of teargas and a flurry of ar rests on January 11, the South African government made it official-black resist ance is on the rise, both in townships and on factory shopfloors. And the govern ment's vaunted program of "liberal ization" is in serious trouble, challenged by a wave of strikes and demonstrations that state leaders clearly found more threatening than the negative publicity sure to follow a new crackdown on political activity. Hints of a new upsurge of black militancy had filtered out over a period of several months. A paragraph here, a sentence there, mentioning the emergence of a number of new Black Consciousness Move ment (BCM) organizations and walkouts by workers at various plants across the coun try. But as happens so often in trying to decipher developments in South Africa, it was the level of repression that finally gave a measure of the scale of resistance. On January 11, the Johannesburg Star reported, "Police fired teargas to disperse gathering crowds in Port Elizabeth's Wal mer township after a Security Police swoop Thozamile Botha, carried shoulder.high by Ford workers during strike. voice and the detention of three top black civic as many as 10,000 people ... and many In addition, Pebco's involvement in the leaders." Among those detained was workers at Ford and General Tire display Ford strike, completely eclipsed the recog Thozamile Botha, a leader of a powerful Pebco insignia." When Ford pressured nized black trade union at the plant. In so local BCM organization, the Port Elizabeth Botha to resign from a draftsmen's trainee doing, it cast a long shadow over govern Civic Organization (Pebco), and key figure program because of his involvement in Peb ment hopes of separating labor organizing in a long strike by more than 700 black co, its entire black work force walked out. from political struggles by granting careful workers at Ford's Cortina assembly plant in And the strike spread quickly to two other ly controlled trade union rights. As the Port Elizabeth. factories located nearby, General Tire and British Guardian's correspondent in Johan Less than a week before Botha was de Rubber Company's 26 percent-owned af nesburg wrote, "observers made two de tained under the Terrorism Act, Ford had filiate and a South African firm, Adamas ductions: that the conservative white union announced a settlement in the strike that Paper Mill. .strategy of imposing 'tame' or parallel had idled their plant since November. But black unions on black workers to control the government may well have cancelled Political Workers them is bound to fail; and that, despite that settlement when it hauled in Botha and Government beliefs to the contrary, it is im two other members of the Pebco executive. Particularly ominous for the South Af possible to divorce politics from black labor "As the news of the arrests spread," the rican government and its American cor matters." Star reported, "about 3,000 residents of the porate apologists was the fact that Pebco's Ford was apparently forced to make the Zwide township near Walmer held a meet activities explicitly challenged key elements same deduction. In order to settle the ing and decided that unless Mr. Botha was of the government's "liberalization" pro strike, British papers reported, the com released by noon today, a proposed work gram. Pebco flatly rejects any participation pany ended up "agreeing to most of the stay-away would be implemented on behalf in the "community councils" offered as a strikers' demands" and negotiating directly of Pebcop" vehicle for political participation by urban with Botha and other Pebco members ac This had to be heard as potentially blacks. In an interview with the Financial tive in the walkout. "Although union more than an idle threat, given Pebco's sup Mail in late December, Botha declared, leaders were also present" at the final port in Port Elizabeth's black townships "Pebco is aiming for one municipality for meeting that ended the strike, "negotia and the fact that the Ford strike had or the whole of Port Elizabeth. We reject com tions appear to have been conducted mainly iginally been touched off by Botha's forced munity councils and do not want separate with Mr. Botha and other strike leaders," resignation from a training program in the municipalities for the black townships and the Financial Times reported. plant. According to press reports, "Pebco white area. And we shall pressurize govern Botha didn't dispute charges that he was and Botha enjoy wide support in the Port ment by refusing to have anything to do "bringing political issues into the factory." Elizabeth black community. Meetings draw with bodies like the community councils." He simply asserted that the political issues FEBRUARY 198OISOUTHERN AFRICA 17 SOUTH AFRICA

had been there before him. "The union militancy lies in the fact that black workers ganization (Azaso) was announced, with doesn't want to involve itself in politics," have gained more highly skilled jobs, mak the goal of organizing students on all South he told the FinancialMail. "I don't agree ing them more difficult to replace when Africa's black campuses. It joins Azapo, with that. The position of blacks in fac they go out on strike. But a more important Cosas (whose members are high-school stu tories is political. So the problem is also a key may be the links forged with what one dents), the Writers Association of South political one, which the union cannot af report called "the renascent Black Con Africa (which groups black journalists) and ford to divorce itself from." sciousness Movement." Certainly the community groups such as the Soweto Civic government views that link as important. Association and PeIco. Sullivan Principles Challenged As usual, it expressed its assessment in a And as Botha stressed in a meeting at series of arrests and bannings. Along with Port Elizabeth's Walmer township, the That stance challenged not only the Botha and other Pebco leaders, the govern combination of black labor and black government's labor reforms but the "Sul ment has arrested most of the leadership of organization can be potent. "The economy livan Principles" embraced by Ford and the recently formed Congress of South Af rests in my hand and in my numbers," he about 150 other multinationals operating in rican Students (formed last June to replace said, speaking for South Africa's black South Africa. "The Ford dispute has con the banned South African Students' Move population. "If I don't go to work tomor firmed the doubts which existed about the ment). row the country is in trouble. If I don't buy influence the codes can have on the South The new black consciousness groups con at the shops the country is in trouble." African labor scene," Dr. Nthato Motlana, tinue to multiply and grow. Most recently A.M.[0 chairman of Soweto's Committee of Ten the formation of the Azanian Students Or- stated at a December press conference. And Botha himself flouted the law against men tioning disinvestment by telling a reporter BOSS Defector Talks for the Transvaal Post, "Perhaps an ex odus of the American companies from With "Muldergate" barely behind them, authenticity of McGiven's South Africa could bring about a change." documents, or South Africa's white rulers are once again for that matter of McGiven himself. Talk like that, coupled with a strike caught up in a major political scandal. Ac against one of the largest US investors in cording to documents obtained by the Lightweight South Africa (Ford's 1978 sales in the coun Evidence Observer, the Department of National The way the Botha government has try totaled $271 million) brought top Ford Security (DONS) better known by its handled the allegations, the pettiness of the management and the US government scur former acronym BOSS, has for years con charges leveled against the dreaded BOSS rying into the picture. According to press ducted an extensive mail intercept and wire apparatus, and the inaccuracy and flim reports, the US consul-general in Cape tap operation against white oponents of the siness of the documents produced (one old Town sat in on meetings between manage Nationalist Party, including opposition MP file identifying Jimmy Carter as the ment and strike leaders. "Pressure from the Helen Suzman and members of the ultra "Governor of Alabama" for instance) have US government and from Ford headquart right Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP). some observers questioning the credibility ers in Detroit is believed to have con The documents in question are portions of the entire affair. tributed to the settlement," the Financial of secret BOSS files allegedly smuggled One skeptic, British Anti-Apartheid Times reported. from South Africa by Arthur McGiven, a Movement chairman Robert Hughes, com senior intelligence officer who purportedly mented, "This information can be seen as Some Victories defected to England last September. chicken feed. One wonders if it is not being McGiven joined BOSS as a student in used to obscure more serious DONS work These outside forces may indeed have former in 1972, and later worked in BOSS in Britain or Western Europe." The same hastened a settlement at Ford, other headquarters as an intelligence evaluator. may be true of Africa. observers agreed. But they also pointed out Charges that the government spies on its McGiven told the Observer about the ex that recently "South African companies white domestic opponents come as no sur istence of two DONS spy-rings in neighbor such as Sea Harvest and Fattis have also set prise. HNP leader Jaap Marais summed up ing states; Operation Timmerwerk (Carpen tled with striking workers." More than 700 a widespread reaction when he commented try) in Zambia, and Operation Indiaman in black women walked out on the Sea Har that the scandal "confirms what we have Mozambique, utilizing elements of the old vest fish packing plant in isolated Saldanha been saying all along" about BOSS and its PIDE (Portuguese secret police) network Bay for almost a month. When they did go successor, DONS. Nevertheless, the revela still in existence. But to date, McGiven has back in early January, they all went back. tions have made front page news in South failed to release any information that might As with the Ford workers, they had held Africa, causing an uproar among outraged disrupt or destroy those operations. In out for and won reinstatement to their jobs, whites. stead, McGiven seems to have chosen infor a concession rarely granted to striking black Progressive Reform Party MP Helen mation calculated to embarrass the Depart workers in the past. And they had also won Suzman said she was "disgusted" about be ment and infuriate its critics at home. His an increase in wages which for many had ing subjected "to the prying eyes of shifty revelations have not injured South Africa's been as low as $12 a week. little men in government." She plans to covert efforts to destabilize and subvert The wave of strikes by black workers and "raise bloody hell" over the matter when progressive African countries and the their success at winning some major de Parliament reconvenes. Suzman and Marais Namibian, Zimbabwean, and South mands have "opened a new chapter in have demanded an investigation into DONS African liberation movements. South African labor relations," the Rand activities against opposition politicians. The BOSS/DONS scandal surfaces at a Daily Mail concluded. "Black workers have And remarkably, the government quickly time when the agency, closely associated shown that they are determined to stick agreed to set up a commission of enquiry. with disgraced former PM John Vorster together and demand a better deal-and At the same time, Alec van Wyk, current and General Hendrik Van den Bergh, is be they are doing so more successfully than at head of the security bureau, denied having ing restructured. Covert and intelligence any time in the past." files on members of "an acknowledged gathering functions have reportedly been One key to this increased strength and political party" but failed to challenge the transferred to military intelligence and the

18 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 SOUTH AFRICA

Security Police, agencies more responsive scientists in the US have speculated that the Of the 20,686 whites who left South Af to the current Prime Minister Piet Botha, a flash was a freak combination of a "super rica to settle elsewhere in 1978 9,167 were former Defense Minister. bolt" of lightning and the simultaneous en economically active, 3,254 being people Some observers suggest that Botha plans try of a meteor into the atmosphere. with professional skills. Further, 5,534 of to use the scandal to complete his victory But there is good reason to believe that a the emigrants (more than 25 percent of the over his old political foes Vorster and Van bomb had been exploded. This is the 42nd 1978 total) were in the 25-34 age bracket, a den Bergh. Last month Botha appointed his time that a Vela satellite has detected the population segment subject to the draft. own man to head the agency, 31 year old twin flash characteristic of a nuclear explo Britain continues to attract the great ma Lukas Barnard, a professor with no known sion, and in the first 41 cases it was always jority of emigres, followed by Australia, connections to the South African Security correct. In addition, the Vela satellite's op Germany and the USA. establishment (Southern Africa, January tical sensors were calibrated for accuracy South Africa, on the other hand, is still at 1980.) M.F. D just a week before the event and immediate tractive to some-8,652 new settlers arrived ly afterwards. from Rhodesia in 1978! Further, the geographic point where the Politicos Escape From event occurred is in the areas known as the Jail Southern African Anomaly, a point be tween South Africa, Australia, and Antarc tica where the radiation belts surrounding the earth reach sea-level. This point would Three South African political prisoners be an ideal spot for a nuclear test, for radia security who escaped from the maximum tion from the test would be obscured by the Pretoria Central prison December 11 have high levels of radiation already present. It surfaced in Lusaka, Zambia, appearing at a had even been suggested that South Africa January 2 press conference with Oliver was actually testing nuclear explosives in Tambo, president of the African National the South African Anomaly as early as Congress (ANC). 1967. Alexander Moumbaris, Stephen Lee, and In late December a panel of experts con Timothy Jenkin, all whites, had been serv vened by the White House ruled out almost ing sentences of 8 to 12 years under the Ter all other possible explanations of the twin rorism Act. They had been convicted of flash of light. But in mid-January, the charges of producing pamphlet bombs to White House released yet another in scatter ANC literature in crowded urban conclusive report, suggesting that the twin areas. Their escape was followed by an un flash of light might have been sunlight successful nationwide manhunt and the ar reflected back from a small meteorite or rest of at least one prison official alleged to mirrored satellite. have helped in the breakout. But at the same time, scientists at Los The last major escape of political pris Alamos question this rather implausible ex oners was in 1963. It involved the escape of planation, citing evidence from "faint but four men from a Johannesburg police cell. unmistakable echoes of the explosion's All four eventually successfully fled form sonic boom on [US] early warning radar." South AFrica. This evidence, yet to be independently con Members of the ANC leadership such as firmed, is the first indication from a source Nelson Manedela, Walter Sisulu, and other than the Vela satellite that the Govan Mbeki are all still serving life "event" which occurred on September 22 sentences on Robben Island. was indeed a nuclear explosion.

Nuclear Bomb Test South African Immigra

At 3:00 am on September 22, 1979, op tion Drops tical sensors on a nine-year-old US Vela satellite detected a twin flash of light in the southern hemisphere-somewhere in the Though whites in South Africa continue vicinity of South Africa. A month later the to enjoy one of the world's highest stan US press revealed that the flash might have dards of living, the increasing militancy of been evidence of a nuclear explosion. the Black population and regional political In the months following the initial instability have led to a two-fold increase in reports, a debate has developed between white emigration in the 4 years ending Dec some scientists who believe the satellite did ember 1978. At the same time the number just what it is supposed to do-detect a of whites choosing to settle in South Africa nuclear explosion-and certain branches of decreased by more than 50 percent, falling government, which feel the evidence is not from 50, 464 in 1975 to 18,669 in 1978. In strong enough to confirm speculation. 1978, for the first time in 18 years, The South Africans have gone so far as emigrants outnumbered new South Afri to suggest that a Soviet submarine, known cans, with nearly 21,000 whites leaving the to have been off Cape Town in September, country, producing a net loss of more than had blown up, causing the twin flash. Other 2,000 people. The trend continued in 1979. FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 Mississippi Experience Delicate Peace weans, let there be no recriminatory statements that bring about misunder Continued from page 4 Continuedfrom page 7 standing. All the people who have chosen to Without an active black organization to for Peace and Justice and other clergymen make this country their home, it is their keep an arm around them, many of the and Amnesty International have all called home. They don't have to ask anybody to blacks elected in the past have ended up do into question the impartiality of Soames as be here." ing more to disillusion their constituents governor. Probably their most serious In British eyes Nkomo's statement is not thart to improve their lot. "We didn't have charge is that white Rhodesian officials are completely true. It doesn't apply to at least enough strong people prepared to assume still, in effect, in charge. one person: Robert Mugabe. Mugabe leadership," at the time of the Voting "Business as usual," said John Deary, originally planned his return to Salisbury Rights Act, commented Henry Kirksey. chairman of the Justice and Peace Commis for the Sunday following Nkomo's rally. "So in many cases we just changed the col sion. "It seems to be pretty evident that Bri But Soames said that Mugabe would not be or of the people in office." tain has totally underestimated the man able to organize a political rally because it Whites have done their best to make that power required and is entirely dependent on conflicted with another planned for the happen, finding compliant blacks to run for the higher echelons of the Rhodesian civil same day. Mugabe did not go home, and a office when possible and cozying up to service, which does not contain one black date has yet to be fixed for his return. other black candidates once they take of face." M.S.0 fice. The only way to combat that strategy, Independent observers also say that according to Skip Robinson, is to build Soames has no way of knowing whether the organized black political power. allegations of ceasefire violations are true. Space Research That is what Robinson and the United On the basis of those allegations, Soames League have been doing for more than a has extended the state of emergency and Continuedfrom page 15 decade, starting in Holly Springs and threatened to ban ZANU, yet his office has employee who spent two years in South spreading across most of the state. In made little attempt to differentiate among Africa in charge of an air traffic control November, all those years of work paid off actions by guerrillas, bandits, and simulator, which the company had sold to in the election of Marshall County's first criminals. The Rhodesian military issues the Johannesburg airport, admitted seeing black sheriff, along with a number of other daily communiques alleging the violations, a number of Space Research personnel in black candidates. but there has not been a single case reported South Africa who could only have been It took years of hard work to get to that of violations by the military or the aux there in connection with armaments work. point. It took dozens of demonstrations iliaries. The Peace and Justice Commission Those seen by Durgin included Louis escorted by United League members with says that there is considerable evidence of Palacio, the head of Space Research Inter shotguns to prove that blacks in Holly ceasefire violations by the auxiliaries. But national's Brussels sales office, whose main Springs would no longer back down to Ku Soames says they "are an important ele job is to market the company's extended Klux Klan terror. On election day, rumors ment in maintaining security." range 155mm artillery shell, and Tom Col were flying that the Klan would be in the Among those critical of the British is US gan, a range photographer, whose job is to streets in front of the polls. They didn't Senator Paul Tsongas (D.-Mass.) who photograph shells in flight during testing of show up but black voters did. And Robin visited Rhodesia and the front-line states in a new shell or howitzer. The Burlington son stated confidently, "The Klan won't early January. Tsongas described the Free Press reports evidence that at least show their faces here because they know British attitude as "cavalier," and he said eleven Space Research employees have par we're ready for them." that "some very questionable events are ticipated in artillery testing exercises at It took months. of boycotting white taking place," which are putting the peace Schmidt's Drift range in South Africa. owned businesses to give blacks confidence agreement "in some jeopardy." WORLD reporters attempted to check that they could challenge even the entrench "Inmy opinion the only reason that the their findings with administration officials, ed economic power of whites. In the weeks agreement will work," Tsongas said in but they found all doors closed. Ongoing before the election, black sheriff-elect Washington, " is that the Patriotic Front grand jury investigations were cited as the Osborne Bell charged that whites tried to believes it will win, and it won't jump ship, explanation for this official silence. To date use that power to defeat him. "Some top in spite of British provocations." Tsongas there has been no denial of WORLD's people in local factories were telling their said that if the British were really commit allegation that high ranking government of employees that if I got elected, the factories ted to carrying out a fair process, they ficials in the Defense Department, State were going to close up and move out of the would demand the withdrawal of the South Department, and CIA were all involved in county." Bell won decisively anyway. Africans and replace them, possibly with defying the US arms embargo on South "When you look at it, we made a lot of Canadian troops. Africa. B.H.- gains," Skip Robinson commented after Some indication of support for the the elections were all over. "We have guerrillas hit the headlines in mid-January proved to the system that we can win." when Joshua Nkomo, the leader of ZAPU, But the most important victories for returned to Salisbury for the first time in blacks in Mississippi, as for blacks in three years. He was welcomed by a crowd Namibia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, of 150,000, probably three times the still lie ahead. Certainly, there are lessons number of people who showed up at a rally they can learn from each other to hasten for Bishov Muzorewa a week earlier. success. For their enemies have at least as Immediately Nkomo struck a moderate as they do. And post tone. He called the war "a tragedy" and much in common "regrettable." apartheid Mississippi could prefigure many "Having fought, let us say of the structures that may shape post to each other, it's all over. The war is apartheid Namibia, Zimbabwe, or even over," he said. South Africa, unless the struggle for libera Nkomo also stressed that there must be tion does not stop with the attainment of reconciliation between blacks and whites in the right to vote. A.M.L3 the future Zimbabwe. "I ask all Zimbab-

20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 Carnegie Poll Sectarian Spies completion. The report was of interest to Findings Continuedfrom page 14 Panax because the NNC had recently passed a resolution critical of firings within Continuedfrom page 14 South African connection, he reports that Pretoria's diplomats in Washington and the Panax Corporation. In a recent report on the poll, J. Daniel New York admitted associating with the In addition, Our Town obtained a USLP O'Flaherty, a senior associate at the USLP, but deny encouraging it or giving it report entitled "The Conspiracy to Destroy Carnegie Endowment, reviewing confu money from the "Mulder" fund. Karl the Republic of South Africa," written in sions in current US policy, commented, "If Noffke, information counselor at the South 1977. It includes profiles of anti-apartheid a violent confrontation of races in South African embassy in Washington, told King, groups in the US which it describes as Africa is inescapable, increased American "They [the USLP] wanted to alert us about "front groups" for international Jewish economic involvement is futile and perhaps certain forces they think are bad for South bankers. detrimental. If we do not know which Africa: the British, the Wall Street bankers The USLP's most blatant effort to align trends to reinforce to promote peaceful and so forth." The USLP also used the op itself with the South Africans was the stag change, or if we have deep reservations portunity to inform the South Africans ing of a conference on southern Africa in about whether it is possible at all, then a about its theory that the US and Israel are May 1978. The event was ostensibly spon consensus on the desirability of pressure is conspiring against South Africa. sored by the Fusion Energy Foundation, an meaningless. The disagreements extend into Writing in New York's Our Town, King organization whose IRS tax address is coin cidentally the same the Carter administration, where uncertain disclosed that USLP connections have in as the USLP. Out of ty about trends in South Africa compound cluded individuals involved in the South thirteen speakers, five were USLP its diplomatic problems in southern African influence-buying "Muldergate" members, including two from the party's Africa." scandal. One such person was John national executive committee. The con "I don't think there's a lot of hope for McGoff, the US publisher covertly funded ference came at a time of strong anti peaceful change," one high administration by South Africa to buy the Washington apartheid activity around the country and official told Flaherty, "but I think it's im Star and other US media outlets. its basic thrust was to protect South Africa from economic and diplomatic isolation portant to act as if there is hope. You've got Our Town obtained a draft copy of a and to stop the divestment movement. to try." On the other hand, said another report prepared by USLP security staff in Apparently, the South Africans high official, "in my view, violent conflict 1978 regarding the National News Council ap preciate the efforts of the USLP because in is inevitable and there is little that the (NNC)-the "ethics committee" of the August 1978, To The Point International(a United States can do about it. Given this newspaper industry. According to Our pro-apartheid South African news maga perception, I do not think that we have a Town, USLP defectors say that they were zine, which has been heavily involved in policy toward South Africa. We are unwill told by party leaders that the report had "Muldergate") ran a full-page article pay ing, perhaps unable, to confront the real been prepared for Panax, McGoff's cor ing tribute to Lyndon LaRouche, current situation and thus write prescriptions for an poration, and that the USLP was given USLP presidential canditate. B.R.EJ imaginary illness." C $1000 in advance with more money due on

Nuclear Conspiracy NATO controls, by-passed the Nuclear ternationally, impair the West as a whole Continuedfrom page 5 Non-Prolifeation Treaty, and helped South and strengthen "the ideological and thus Africa to manufacture nuclear weapons the political position of the Soviet Union in not have chosen a more effective way of were "without foundation." Africa." killing world-wide syndication." Rogers says that the West Germans Experienced observers of the West Ger Coverage in the British press was general denied allegations that the book did not man press, according to Rogers, attribute ly better, though, than in the US. Reports make. Cooperation with South Africa had its apparent conspiracy of silence to the in appeared in the provincial newspapers and been carefully tailored to fall within the let fluence of the Deutsche Presse Agentur a factural account was produced in several ter of NATO regulations and the terms of (DPA), a major agency owned by all the London papers and on the BBC. the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The major newspapers, which are also its key issue was not the manufacture of customers. Little coverage of southern German Response weapons but the transfer of the key Africa appears in DPA, and therefore there Coverage was worst in West Germany, technology for uranium enrichment, a is scant coverage of the region in Germany's against which the book's allegations had crucial stage in the production of fis newspapers. There has been virtually no been the strongest. Says Rogers, there was sionable material, which in turn would mention, for example, of the South African "a systematic news blackout together with enable South Africa to build its own bomb. Information Ministry scandal. The authors overtly hostile intervention from the Despite the complete blackout on The of The Nuclear Axis did receive some aid government itself." Not one word appeared Nuclear Axis in West Germany, in from reporters who work for Der Spiegel in the press on the subject. November 1978 the Bonn government and Der Stern, but subsequently both news The government was ready on the day of published an attack on the book's findings, magazines have been silent on the issue. publication with a denial of the book's con a pamphlet entitled Fact v. Fiction. The Rogers does not argue that the story of tent, but Rogers believes that the denial was pamphlet attacks the ANC, the West Ger The Nuclear Axis has faced complete cen in fact a sort of confirmation. According to man Anti-Apartheid Movement, and the sorship in the Western press. The failure to the statement, the allegations that the West authors, as responsible for a "campaign of cover the story, she writes, is based on "the German government had disregarded defamation" to discredit West Germany in- erratic nature of the Western media in general, combined with government in fluence." She concludes that "the dice are loaded against investigative reporters on Subscribe to Southern Africa this kind of issue. Alternative channels of international news distribution are urgently needed." M.S.EJ FEBRUARY 19801SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 The Artist Protects Humanity

by Carole Gregory ble," warns Frances as she points out their Selaelo Maredi, South African play common oppression. wright in exile, was recently acclaimed for It is insights such as these that have won his dramatic work by the Afro-American Maredi the respect and affection of Afro community, when his play, "Homeland," American audiences. "If you look into was nominated for best play award at the America, and look into South Africa, you Seventh Annual Audelco Awards cere will think you just walked across 125th into mony. This award was originated in 1973 by Harlem from a South African township. a small group of Afro-American women Because South Africa today ; just Amer concerned "' with recognition of meaningful ica. There is nowhere, I doubt, in the world contributions to Black theater at the profes where the US sells clothes, records and sional, non-profit level." other commodities like they sell them in Acceptance as a political artist is especial South Africa .... People in South Africa ly important to Selaelo, who respects an au are greatly influenced by American com dience that advocates political change. mercial goods and cultural values." "Political" is a key word for this play The race and class oppression of Afro wright. Thus when another artist finally Americans prepares them to identify with won the award Maredi commented, "When Maredi's dramatic themes. A veteran I lost in the finals that did not bother me. worker in the anti-apartheid movement in Why? Because I knew this person who won Boston cried when he saw a production of is on the same track with me ... I knew that "Survival," the play that Maredi and three the winner's work dealt with the problems other South African blacks brought with that political artists should face." them to the US. The play was very well The Audelco founders, Vivian Robinson, received by the entire audience. Renee Chenoweth, Sylvia Spooner, and Selaelo plans to continue to reach all Winifred Richardson sponsored the festive Selaelo Maredi Americans. He told Southern Africa "In my award presentations at New York's Sym latest play, I am trying to deal with humani phony Space on November 19. Homeland ty." Called "The Residents," the play is Selaelo's love of human beings has made based in Johannesburg, and has three char him an effective political artist. This same In "Homeland" Maredi dramatizes the acters, Marie, a black woman, Ranko and love also helped create an artist who works role of US corporations in South Africa. Kruger, one black, one white alcoholic, at well with other artists. "When I first took His idea was to show that "the US corpora the bottom of the social ladder. Only Marie this role of writing political plays, I worked tions are mercenary. For instance, a cor has the strength and humor of a survivor. with others to form a group. We were writ poration like General Motors goes to the In contrast, Kruger expresses his frustra ers, actors and directors. Our goal was to extent of signing a secret agreement with tions as a white man. "To be white in this create drama from the experiences of our the South African defense force that in case country is to be like a German during the people. For example, when I was alone I of serious uprisings, G.M. will be taken time of Hitler." said, 'I am not a politician. I see what is over by the South African defense forces. Says Maredi, "The theme of the play happening. There is nothing I can do. I am So it shows that there is a commitment to shows how we misinterpret oppression in angry.' When we were together all of us protect their dollars in South Africa and this entire world .... You are not only op thought, 'I see the people die every day that corporations will get involved on a pressed by white people. It is the system. ... Now how can we dramatize this in military level." Greed and corruption in people make the theater so that our people will see?' It took A young woman, Keentseng, is his central system bad. People don't want to share. the South African government a long time black character. Her warmth, humanity, People have lost their humanity." to realize that theater can be used as a and dignity serve as a foil to expose the "The Residents" is a play still in pro political medium." callous, self-seeking brutality of the cor gress. Maredi has organized several public This realization has led to the banning, poration men. readings as his ideas have developed, and he imprisonment and censoring of many play The relationship between people of color urges his small audiences to participate in wrights. Thus Mzwandile Maquina, a priest is also explored in "Homeland." Keentseng its growth by commenting critically and who wrote "Give Us This Day," a play in travels to America as a servant when the frankly. which the police mail a letter bomb to a G.M. executive goes there for business. She The acceptance of Selaelo Maredi rep political activist is now in jail for his power meets Frances Green, a black maid from resents a recovery of something decent and ful protest work, and the South African Harlem. Frances belongs to a people with a honest in ourselves. We are all inspired to government has enacted laws that require long history of international outlook and continue to struggle for George Jackson every black playwright to submit all plays to she helps her sister Keentseng recognize the and Steve Biko. The artist reminds us to white censors. exploitative nature of the G.M. executive. protect Angela Davis and Winnie Mandela. Carole Gregory is a poet and writer who "As long as the white man is still the one Surely, this must be some clue as to why we teaches at York College in New York who pays the wages, then you are in trou- love Selaelo. 0

22 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 L~ 11 I I L k '

Books Received Canada), 1979. 308 pp. $8.95 paperback. South Africa-General Bibliographies/Photograph Exhibits/ Other Resources "We Will Not Move: The Struggle for South Africa-Soweto Under Apartheid, a portable exhibition Crossroads." Rondebosch: National Union of John Kane-Berman, Soweto-Black Revolt, Children of photographs published September 1979 by South African Students (NUSAS, 109 Main White Reaction. Johannesburg: Ravan Press Road, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa) 1979. (Ravan Press, 105 Corbett Place, 62 De Korte IDAF. £4.50. Pamphlet. Donations welcome. Street, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001, Namibia in Struggle, a portable exhibition, also South Africa). 1978. 268 pp. $8.50. Paperback. available from IDAF, published September Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom, The Broeder 1979. £5.00. bond. New York; Paddington Press (Paddington Baruch Hirson, Year of Fire, Year of Ash, The Each of the above available from International Press Ltd., 95 Madison Ave., New York, NY), Soweto Revolt: Roots of a Revolution? London: Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 2 1979. 596 pp. $15.95. Zed Press (Zed Press, 57 Caledonian Rd., Lon Amen Court, London, EC4M 7BX, UK. don NI 9DN or in the US through Monthly T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Review Press), 1979. 348 pp. $25.00. Kevin Danaher, South Africa and the United Power, Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil States: An Annotated Bibliography. Available Religion. (University of California Press, 223 Dennis Herbstein, White Man, We Want to Talk from Institute for Policy Studies, 1901 Que Fulton Street, Berkeley, CA 94720, or 50 East to You. New York: Africana (Africana Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. $3.00, 42nd St. New York, NY 10017), 1974. 300 pp. Publishers, 30 Irving Place, New York, NY orders over 5, 40016 off. $5.95 paperback. 10003), 1979. 270 pp. $14.50. Taking Stock of Divestment, Truman Dunn and Heribert Adam and Hermann Giliomee, Ethnic Zimbabwe Dominique Colon. Single copy 30c, 10-20 15€ Power Mobilized: Can South Africa Change? each, over 20 I0€ each, plus 15076postage and New Haven: Yale University Press' (Yale Univer From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe: The Food Prob handling for all bulk orders. American Commit sity Press, 92 A Yale Station, New Haven, Con lem. London: CIIR (Catholic Institute for Inter tee on Africa. national Relations, necticut 06520), 1979. 308 pp. $5.95 paperback. I Cambridge Terrace, Lon Fluor: Building Energy Self-Sufficiency in South don, NW 14JL, or through the Africa Fund, 198 Africa, Africa Fund 1979, 6 pp. Rates same as Gail M. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa: Broadway, New York, NY 10038), 1979. 78 pp. the preceding pamphlet. Africa Fund. The Evolution of an Ideology. Berkeley: Univer 60p. Eighth of a series entitled From Rhodesia to Southern Africa Literature List Fall 1979, 100 sity of California Press (University of California Zimbabwe. items listed, American Committee on Africa, Press, 223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 94720, or 50 Dr. Claire Palley, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Should free. East 42nd St. New York, NY 10017), .1979. 364 The three preceding items are available at pp. $5.95. Paperback edition. the present government be recognized? London: CIIR (Catholic Institute for International Rela ACOA, 198 Broadway, New York, NY. Pierre L. Van den Berghe, editor, The Liberal tions, I Cambridge Terrace, London, NWI Wiehahn/Reikert: Apartheid for Industrial Dilemma in South Africa. New York: St. Mar 4JL), 1979. 40 pp. 50 p. Peace, Washington Office on Africa, 110 tin's Press (St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Ave., Political Prisoners in Rhodesia in 1979. London: Maryland N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002. New York, NY 10010), 1979. 000 pp. $00.00. IDAF (International Defence and Aid Fund, 2 Bernard Magubane, The Political Economy of Amen Court, London EC4M 7BX ), 1979. 92 pp. Guinea-Bissau Race and Class In South Africa. New York: Case by case elaboration and documentation. Stephanie Urdang, Fighting Two Colonialisms: Monthly Review Press (Monthly Review Press, Women in Guinea-Bissau. New York: Monthly "Private Armies" in Zimbabwe. London: IDAF 62 West 14th St., New York, NY 10011), 1979. Review Press (Monthly Review Press, 62 W. 14th (International Defence and Aid Fund, St., New York, NY 10011), 364 pp. $18.50. 2 Amen 1979. 320 pp. $16.50. Terrace, London EC4M 7BX), 1979. 4 pp. No Sizwe, One Azania One Nation. London: Unity and Struggle: Speeches and Writings of Zed Press (Zed Press, 57 Caledonian Rd., Lon Namibia Amilcar Cabral. New York: Monthly Review don NI 9DN or in US through Monthly Review Press (Monthly Review Press, 62 West 14th St. Namibia Dossier. Geneva: IUEF (International Press), 1979. 215 pp. $16.95. New York, NY, 1001 I), 1979. 320 pp. $16.50. University Exchange Fund, Postbox 108, 1211 With an introduction by Basil Davidson and a Nic Rhoodie, Intergroup Accomodation in Geneva 24, Switzerland), 1979. 127 pp. $2.00. biographical essay by Mario de Andrade. Plural Societies. New York: St. Martin's Press Documentation on the struggle in Namibia, in (St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New cluding interviews with SWAPO militants, UN Africa/Southern Africa York, NY 10010), 1978. 482 pp. resolutions, statements of church officials, and other background information. Albert Nzula, Ivan Potekhin, and Aleksandr Focus on the History of Labor Legislation, Zusmanovich, (Robin Cohen, ed) Forced Labor Rondebosch NUSAS Law Project (Natidnal Tanzania in Colonial Africa. London: Zed Press (Zed Union of South African Students, 109 Main Press, 57 Caledonian Rd., London NI DN), Road, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa), 1979. Michaela von Freyhold, Ujamaa Villages in Tan 1979. 218 pp. $16.95. Pamphlet. Donations welcome. A useful, non zania: Analysis of a Social Experiment. New technical summary that attempts to give an York: Monthly Review Press (Monthly Review Colin Legum, The Western Crisis Over Southern analytical and historical perspective on labor law Press, 62 W. 14th St., New York, NY, 10011), Africa. New York: Africana (Africana as a form of social control in South Africa. 1979. 201 pp. $14.50. Publishers, 30 Irving Place, New York, NY, 10003), 1979. 270 pp. $12.50 paperback. Ernie Regehr, Perceptions of Apartheid: The Guy Arnold, Aid in Africa. London: Kogan Churches and Political Change in South Africa. Page Ltd. (Kogan Page Ltd., 120 Pentonville Kitchener, Between the Lines Press (Between the Road, London, NI 9JN), 1979. 250 pp. £6.65 Inclusion in this list of publications received Lines, 97 Victoria St. North, Kitchener, Ontario, p.b. does not preclude later review. FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 23 UNOME position to South African aggression Socialist party caucus for the imposition of (Southern Africa, January 1980). John Col an immediate oil embargo on South Africa, lins, co-director of Clergy and Laity Con but passed a motion instructing the govern cerned (CALC) announced that CALC haa ment to consult with European Economic -N I. helped ship Omkeer (About Face in Community member states on the possibili Afrikaans), a banned soldier's publication, ty of initiating oil sanctions against South into South Africa. Collins said Omkeer Africa. The time limit for this consultation had been sent directly to the homes of process is June 1, 1980 "thousands of troops during the Christmas Dutch anti-apartheid activists havw holidays from lists provided by an officer in worked hard to achieve this victory, having the South African Defence Force." waged an intensive six-month campaign. About 100 activists turned out for the The effort included door-to-door distribu Saturday demonstration in front of the tion of information on Shell, film show South African Embassy in New York, ings, interviews on TV and radio, and mail while 75 supporters braved torrential rain in ings of thousands of pro-embargo San Francisco. Don Morton, staff co postcards to Dutch members of parliament. ordinator for SAMRAF underscored the Although Dutch oil exports constitute a significance of the demonstrations when he fraction of the total South African oil im said, "These demonstrations are important ports, the imposition of an embargo would War Resisters because it's the first time the soldier's be an important psychological and political March resistance movement has been supported boost for the black resistance movement in publicly, and the first time exiled South South Africa, at the same time delivering a African resisters have coordinated their serious warning to the apartheid regime. For the first time in years, anti-war demonstrations in both Europe and the demonstrators once again took to the US." BRITISH BANK ACTIONS... Anti streets in New York, Chicago, and San SAMRAF plans similar demonstrations apartheid activists from End Loans to Francisco on Saturday, January 12. Only to oppose South African militarism and help South Africa (ELTSA) held a picket outside this time the marchers were South African build the resistance movement among the headquarters of Barclays Bank in Lon war resisters and their American sup South African soldiers. For more informa don on December 6, 1979. The action was porters. The US actions, organized by tion, SAMRAF can be contacted at 138 part of a series of protests against Barclays' SAMRAF (the South African Military Aid Berkeley Pl., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11317. financing of South Africa's vital SASOL Fund), were called to protest the induction oil-to-coal project to provide a long-term of between 25,000 to 30,000 white South source of energy. Barclays, a heavy lender African conscripts. Similar demonstrations DUTCH OIL EMBARGO... The Holland to South Africa, has been the focus of were held in London and Amsterdam. Committee on Southern Africa and the several recent demonstrations-including At a press conference held in New York "Werkgroep Kairos" have met with some protests organized in seven countries last the day before the demonstration, activist success in their efforts to impose oil sanc September. El Dave Dellinger called on progressive tions on South Africa and force the with Americans to support the resistance move drawal from that county of the partially ment in the South African military. He Dutch-based multi-national Shell Oil Com pointed to the recent desertion of 300 South pany. On November 19, 1979, the Dutch Appeal to activists: We are trying to im African soldiers as a sign of growing op- Parliament rejected a proposal made by the prove the Action News and Notes section of the magazine. Please send your reports, assessments, newsclips, and especially graphics to: Action News and Notes, c/o Anne Crane and Jennifer Link, 41 Ballard Street, Boston, MA 02130; or phone: (617) 524-7142.

Editor Southern Africa Magazine .... Dear Friends, We are launching a project in honor of Agostinho Neto-the Agostinho Neto SkUfRC WY Memorial Collection-and are inviting writers and scholars to donate manuscripts SXIPPOTER and papers for the Collection. f I would be grateful if you would IC'J,ir publicize this ih Southern Africa-which continues to do a great job. Best wishes for 1980. Dennis Brutus Exiled South Africa Poet Northwestern University College of Arts and Science Braving the winter winds outside the South African embassy, demonstrators In New Department of English Evanston, Illinois 60201 York support war resisters. 24 SOUTHERN AFRICA/FEBRUARY 1980 In absolute terms for Africans, Cape Africa's strategy for expanding coal exports Town is the most expensive city to live in. to the West. Both France and Germany im Although prices are lower, it is not cheaper port significant quantities of South African to live in rural areas. Transportation costs coal. France is developing a new coal facili are high and competition to drive prices ty at Le Havre specifically to accommodate down is lacking. For example, the rural 120,000 deadweight-ton carrier ships used town Peddie has only one general store. in the trade with South Africa. A govern ment official recently predicted that coal 0 exports could soon reach $1.8 billion per On December 20, South Africa sold out year, making coal South Africa's second its 1979 supply of Krugerrand coins. leading export after gold. Although the number of coins sold in 1979 Increasing coal exports by South Africa ways announced in December that dropped from the 1978 6.01 million high to also fits into one possible Western strategy itSOUTH planned toAFRICAN buy 12 Boeing AIR 737 4.9 million, the increase in the price of gold for maintaining energy supplies. In an arti cle titled jetliners for a minimum purchase boosted South Africa's annual earnings "Expanding World Use of Coal" in the winter 1979-80 price of $146 million-the biggest single from Krugerrands from $1.2 billion in 1978 issue of Foreign Af fairs, Ulf Lantzke, director of the Interna purchase in the airline's history. The to $1.7 billion. tional Energy Agency, predicts that as oil planes, expected to be delivered in 1982, are In 1970, Kurgerrand absorbed only 0.7 supplies decline, a 15-fold increase in South ostensibly for use in SAA's domestic and percent of South Africa's gold output. By African coal exports will be necessary by regional routes and thus do not fall under 1979 the coin accounted for fully 23 percent the year 2000 to help meet world energy the present ban on US arms sales to South of its total gold output. needs. Africa. In an attempt to broaden the market for Yet South African law clearly states that South African gold, Pretoria is minting two in times of emergency, strategic industries new smaller and cheaper coins, the two can be commandeered for military use. rand and one rand. Just 0.23 oz. of pure SANGOLA'S OIL MINI These planes would be ideally suited for gold, the two Rand has sold well: 322,000 in ster, Jorge Morais, recently head military use because the last quarter of 1979, 52,000 in North of their design and fuel ed a delegation visiting northern efficiency. America. Despite a grassroots mobilization against Angola to inaugurate formally the Krugerrand sales in the US, Americans pur new off-shore oil drilling site, Kumtala-l. chased about 50 percent of the coins sold in This is the first off-shore site to be brought into production since Angola achieved in According to a report in the December 22 1979. The US and West Germany are the dependence in November 1975. issue of the Johannesburg Star, South leading markets for South African gold Kumtala-I is situated in an area under Africa has sought to purchase coins. 100 Nomad joint development by Sonango (the state oil planes from Australia. The article also in company) and Texaco. Initial production in dicates that a "dispute has developed the period July to September of the past among senior Australian government IN MOZAMBIQUE TO year is reported at betweem 3,000 and 5,000 ministers over the possible $115 million air day there are 1.6 millionchildren barrels a day. craft sale to South Africa." studying at primary and second Another recent development which The Nomad aircraft can easily be used ary schools, according to recent should assist Angolan redevelopment was for paramilitary and police work. Their sale statistics issued by the Ministry of Educa- the granting of a $10 million dollar loan by to South Africa would violate UN sanctions tion. the Arab Bank for African Development against military sales to that country. The Ministry reports that there are (ABAD). The loan is to be used for The Australian embassy in Washington the 1,474,553 day students in the country's repairing of th Lobito railway line. The told Southern Africa that the deal has been 7,080 primary schools. In 1973, one year loan represents 39.1 percent of the project's rejected. However, the embassy's most re before FRELIMO's victory over Por total cost and is to be paid back over fifteen cent information is an October 31 report tuguese colonialism, there were only years at an interest rate of four percent an from Radio Australia, which states that an 588,868 primary school students in Mozam nually. It also includes a five-year agent claiming grace to represent the South bique. period. African government had been turned down There are now 91,911 day students and by the Australian minister of productivity. 18,387 night students in general secondary schools, with a further 12,448 day students 0 and 3,998 night students in technical sec A South African mining company, ondary schools. In the past six months, Africans have DeBeers, continues to play a large role in been hard hit by soaring prices. The latest the diamond mines of north east Angola. Household Subsistence Level (HSL) survey Since independence in 1975, the Angolan shows that breadlines have shot up by as THE UNITED STATES government has acquired a majority much as 10 to 13 percent in many areas. Central power and Light Com holding in the diamond mines, previously The HSL, a six-monthly survey by Port pany of Corpus Christi, Texas, is owned and run by Harry Oppenheimer's Elizabeth University's Institute of Planning planning to import 40,000 tons of DeBeers. But, according to some reports, Research, calculates both the bare monthly coal from South Africa for use in a new production has declined, and in an effort to minimum income needed by an African plant at Coleto Creek in south Texas. The ease a foreign currency shortage, Luanda family of six and a colored family of five to initial purchase will be used as part of a test asked DeBeers 19 months ago for more survive. to see whether the company can save money help. According to one report, there are Durban Africans suffered the most. by using South African coal on a regular dozens of South African mechanics, electri Their HSL rocketed 13.3 percent to $198 a basis. cians and experts working in direct recovery month. This sale is only a small part of South at the mines. 0 FEBRUARY 1980/SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 0

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