A Manual Cursive Shorthand

Home , Shorthand

A MANUAL

CURSIVE SHORTHAND

H U GH L A L L EN D A R B A . C . . ,

F E O OF Y C B G LL W TRINIT OLLEGE , CAM RID E .

0. J CL Y A ND SONS ?Lanh ou: . A , AM I I Y P A C BR DGE UN VERSIT RE S S W REHOUSE ,

AVE M AR I A L A NE. 1 889

A ll R h t r e erved ig s s .

PREF E A C .

EI’I‘ HERTO the use of Shorthand has been chi eﬂy con ﬁned to l ks a nd e r te s : h as as et to a n c er r po r it not y , y e bl t l t d l d for use appr cia e ex ent , supp an e onghan in

ordi nar y writing . Th e reason of this appears to be that the m aj ority of ’ m l k T l defici ent existing syste s are either, i e ay or s , in com lete ness th a t n di u w ds w h p ( is , the can ot sting ish or it _ y ’ suffi ci ent a r a or l k m l oo n ccu cy), , i e Pit an s , invo ve t ma y m b s a nd r efinem ents and a be ull wr a iguitie , c nnot f y itten a s bl d at rea ona e spee (see p. Th e conditions which a system of shorthand for general us e uld S d s d s m l th e sho atisfy, are iscus e at o e ength in I d e k Th e m bri efl ntro uction to the pres nt wor . argu ent is y l t d 40 h d i s f for . d recapitu a e on p , t o w ich the rea er re erre ’ um m l S rt d a s ary of the c aim s of Cursive ho han . ‘ ’ Th e f f u s u s fa l m l te chie eat re of C r ive are ci ity, co p e

an f ed m r m r eﬁnem ents but m t not ness , d re o f o ; it us be s upposed that it is therefore wanting in brevity: Th e di l C b d b m l r or nary s ty e of ursive, esi es eing uch c ea er, " is also m uch shorter than the corresponding style of

It would not of course be fair to com pa re th e ordi nary full style of . ’ Cu si h t r ve wit h e repo rting Ie of Pitma n s . I m ention th e point be a I h a d h a M r m n i n d c la d a m h c use ve notice t t it a , a wi ely cir u te p p let ’ en Pr o so E e m m h a h e fes r v rett s syste , co pares a s ort p rag rap writt n ’ m th e a d a s h th e m i n th e m s b a d y y , l tter s or in r t le wit sa e o t ab“ revi te s h o r d k tyle of P on g a ph y . Th e two specim ens are set side by si e to spea ” h m s s i h th e as h h a th e om a i o not a. a for t e elve , w t out le t int t t c p r s n is f ir one . In th e Everett specim en m ore th an 80 vowels a re deﬁni tely ex r onl m a n p essed ; y th ree are inserted i n th e Pit .

1 056 6 8 3 i v P r efa ce.

’ m In o t l if ll bb ted Pit an s . the rep r ing s ty e, equa y a revia , n l a s Cursive h as still the advantage in facility a d c e rne s . ‘ This point is m ore fully illustrated in the Com parison ’ 2 d th e I d . w m . 10 a n ith Pit an p , in ntro uction In com paring the two system s it m ust be rem em bered m b C r s l l a nd that the pri ary o j ect of u ive is genera uti ity, to t that the present m anual is not inte nded . each the t l M C r as i ts m m l repor ing s ty e . oreover, u sive, na e i p ies was invented with a view to being wr i tte n with a r unning h a nd nd d to d - m ta l , a oes not show a vantage in a type e cut ; ’ ‘ s m b m t m ll wherea Pit an s , eing a geo etric sys e , is speci a y adapted to that m ode of i llustration; but very difﬁcult to t l writ e accura e y. Th e difﬁculty of s atisfactorily im itating the natural ‘ ’ peculi arities of a script system in a type—block is so great that works of this ki nd are alm ost i nvariably illus tr a ted b l I all m t f y photo ithography. have the ore here ore . to k - t Mr S d w k in than the type cut er , aun ers , whose or connection with the illustration of shorthand system s is so W ll k w for and ski ll h e h as b t d e no n , the great care es owe on th e laborious task of executing the cuts for the present w k or . I w l k M M A m f d Mr H I . . ish a s o to than y rien s , . . nnes , , F ll T n ll M F l M A T ni C r C. C . e ow of ri ity o ege , . ay, . of ri ty ’ Coll a nd Mr J B H l B A C s for ege, . o t , . , of hris t , their ki dn s r di r of- and or m lu bl n e s in ea ng p o sheet s, f any va a e suggestions they have m ade wh ile th e book was passing thr ough the press : having h a d the advantage of their w k l r o s revision the or shou d be free from s erious e r r .

H L C LLEND R . . A A

TRINITY COLLEGE ,

CAMBRIDGE , 1 888 D ec . . N INTROD UCTIO .

RINCIPLE OF O N THE P S SHORTHAND .

C IV 1 . UR S E SHORTHAND is designed to supply the need of a m suﬁi ci entl l syste y easy , regular , and legible , for genera use , and at the sam e tim e brief enough to be adapted to reporting u p rposes . The advantages to be derived from a kn owledg e of short a sufﬁ ci entl m ll h nd are y obvious , and are oreover very fu y set forth by m any other wr iters on the subject . The principles upon whi ch a good system should be constructed are m uch less I m a be generally understood . y pardoned therefore if in

li s i new m I pub h ng a _ syste proceed at once to the considera k e tion of the principles it involves, ta ing it for grant d that the reader full y appreciates the beneﬁts resultin g from a practi cal

m i t. acquaintance with the art , and seriously desires to aster The ai m of every shorth and inventor h a s always been to produce a system of writing which shoul d be as brief as is com patible with the conditions that it should also be sim ple

l a Th e to earn , e sy to write , and easy to read . widest divergence t e of opinion exists , however , in the interpretation of these qui r em ents. The relative i m portance to be attached to the m l li qualities of Brevity , Si p icity , Facility , and Legibi ty , de l pends in part on the purpose to which shorthand is app ied . For reporting purposes brevity is a m ost essential condition ;

' but for general use legibi lity is m uch m ore indispensable , and ' r i s com ar ati vel l l Th e a ve y high rate of speed p y va ue ess. o m l reas n why shorthand is not ore general y practised , appears fﬁ i t k to m e to be that this point is not su c en ly ept in view . A system adapted for reporting m ay be m ore or less un 2 On th e P r i ncip les of Sh or th a nd .

l n m suitab e for general use . For insta ce , the syste known as Pockn ell e i ble S h h a nd Mr E. L g ort , by , was specially con structed to secure the greatest possible brevity , and is con i m dm i l fﬁ sequently, as the author h self a its , unnecessar y di cult m m k l and delicate for general use . The sa e re ar app ies to ' ’ m m i m m r e ula r h an Pit an s syste , wh ch , oreover , is uch less g t ’ P ckn ll Mr m m m o e s. Pit an , however, clai s that his syste of

' n “ m pho ography is, at once , as legible as longhand and six ti es asbrief and so sim ple that a child can m aster In explaining the conditions which a system for general use m I r m i ll m m ust satisfy, have d awn y ustrations ainly fro m ’ P s m Pit an s honography , both becau e it clai s to be the uni

“ s stem m I m versal y x, and because fro practical experience a

n m e w m r k well acquai ted ys lf ith its erits and d awbac s . m For convenience of arrange ent , the subject is divided into d 1 C 2 four general hea ings , ( ) onditions of Facility , ( ) of m 3 li 4 m Si plicity, ( ) of Legibi ty , ( ) of Brevity . It ust however be understood that these conditions are not generally i ndepen dent of each other : the conditions of brevity are often opposed l i a e to those of legibi ity, wh ch ag in are dependent on thos of a m i m f cility and si pl city ; other things being equal , the ore m l m si ple and faci e a syste is , the greater the speed with which u m it can be legibly written . The s itability of a syste for not general use, depends , on excessive attention to any one ut point , such as neatness or brevity of appearance , b on the

all ualiﬁcati on s blending of the various q in due proportion . For a brief sum m ary of the claim s of Cursive Shorthand as

m l use r 40. a syste for genera the reader is refe red to p .

A CONDITIONS OF FACILITY AND CLE RNE SS .

2 C or F . k n . DISTIN TIONS ORM In order that any i d of m a m i ll ﬁne writing y be scribbled without beco ng i egible , too i m m e dist nctions of for ust be avoid d .

“ T a e d A P as to th e S d Ph a h . r ct ntitle , ersu ive tu y of onogr p y

P m a n Lea ﬂ et 1 . t it , NO . 3 1 D uring th e la st yea r or two several articles h ave a ppea red i n ’ P m J our nal a s n h th n s s em ﬁtt d or ener a l it an s , se rti g t at it is e o ly y t e f g

e a nd ad n i d t ll s. us , vocati g ts a option to h e ex clusion of a oth er Co nd t ons o a c l t a nd Clea/rn ess i i f F i i y . 3

m r n I ﬁnd m k l In y expe ie ce , which is endorsed by any s ilfu l P stenographers , and in particu ar by rofessor Everett, it is im possible i n rapid writing to distinguish m ore than two siz es of character , as in longhand .

Pitm an di stinguishes four for i nstance

ou bé ond stands for y or y according to position .

A m t m i h t m et m ee i n as in g , , t g , etc .

m me m h i m m a a-m as in , y , , y , , etc .

m tr mdfr m i h in ma tte m h e , , or r as r, ot r , etc . f l Di ference of curvature , by itse f, apart from difference of i m size or d rection, is not a safe eans of distinction . For

e P m A lr li a lo e a llu e lowa instanc , the it an outline ( r, r , r , r, er s l m m m t etc . ) di ﬁ but s ightly in shape fro or r , and is easily m i staken for either if badly written .

ff i m r o Di erence of d rection is a good eans of distinction , p vi ded m z that too any directions are not recogni ed . In Cursi ve S h orth a nd four directions are practically distinguished ; the downstrokes and the upstroke and the horizontal stroke Pitm an distinguishes the vertical stroke from the back downstroke each of these strokes however is som e k m tim es aw ward ; by adopting , instead of the , the interm edia te slope (which m ay of course have any convenient inclin ation wo r m m m i between the t ext e es) , an i ense ga n of clearness and l faci ity is secured . The forward downstroke is certainly less facile than the other di rections ; but it is waste of m aterial to reject it al m m e n together , as so any script syste s do : a b tter pla is to use m it for co paratively rare sounds .

’

or CK N . P m m 3. DISTINCTION THI ESS In it an s and si ilar m i ff k k m syste s , d erence of thic ness of stro e is e ployed to dis tin ui sh k t and d r ch g pairs of letters li e I I , r and , f '\ m and A mp or mb : it is very di fﬁcul t in rapid writin g to preserve this distinction accurately , even after years of practice . It is true that the di ﬁerence of sound in m any of these t a 4 Conditions of Fa cili y a nd Cle m ess.

" nd d but n u i pairs (as between t a ) is not very great ; the co f s on , e n m a ve in this case , becom es very serious , when ore than h lf not the sounds are om itted, so that the writing is strictly ’ . P m phonetic In rofessor Everett s syste , which is very strictly ‘ k ’ phonetic and literally represe nts tal ing on paper , con ’ ot th i ckn P m fusion ess is not nea rly so serious as in it an s ,

' mi a nd n in which the vowels are generally o tted , the pho etic

principle is otherwise less accurately observed . In writing with a pencil the distinction of thickness is particularly diffi cult to give clearly ; with a stylograph it is i m m k m quite possible to a e it at all . So e writers no doubt possess the light touch required to enable them to preserve i n l m i nk it a arge nu ber of cases when using pen and , but the m ajority of ordinary folk would probably never acquire ki l m t h i k the requisite s l. It us therefore , I t n , be regarded as

a device unsuitable for general use . C ursive Shorthand uses only two sizes of cha racters , and m i kn does not e ploy the distinction of th c ess . Thus , where “ m o a ll Pit an distinguishes . the ten varieties , f, , \ bd bb b , \ pp , \ , \ p ,

b C h nl two 3 p ursive Shorthand di stinguis es o y , , as

ell e h e in , and y, as in t y : and so on throughout the

. o m m alphabet It is therefore , on this acc unt alone , uch ore

w t l m m m . easy to ri e egibly , and uch ore si ple to learn It m ight appear at ﬁr st sight as though by r ecogm z m g ﬁve tim es as m any distinctions it would be possible to m ake a

e m c h i m s n syst , say , twi e as short . T s is by no eans the ca e , eve m P m ’ P in theory ; and as a atter of fact , it an s honography , as k will appear later , is not only not shorter , but actually ta es

' m u C r very uch longer to w te than u sive Shorthand , when

fully written .

Pitm an adm its a lso an occa siona l treble length i n words like a tti tud e . Th e a d n s 31 ( p ditional distinctio of position ( ee . ) is li ed to m n of h kn l d i h e pp a y t ese signs . Poc e l istingu s s o y eigh t s a nd d o s not use k d a varietie , e tic s stan ing lone. ' C nd t n s o - a l t a nd 5 o i io f F ci i y Clea r n ess.

C A C P HRONOGR PHI E X ERIMENT S .

m own edi ﬁca ti on 4 . With a view to ascertain for y what m sort of com binations were ost facile , and what form s w could be m ost clearly distinguished in rapid riting, I put together an electric chr onograph capable of recording auto m a ti ca lly to th e hundredth part of a second the tim e taken to k h form any portion of any stro e in any kind of writing . At t e Cam bridg e laboratories we have e very facility for this kind

k k k - m of wor . The cloc wor , electro agnets, and other parts of n l such an apparatus bei g ready to hand , very ittle has to be specially constructed . The special portions of the apparatus in the present case were m ade after a design suggested by m y friend Mr Horace Darwin ; its perform ance was all that could be d desire . ~ The apparatus was so arranged that by com par ing the l actua writing with the record on the chronographic cylinder,

m m - a co plete solution of the ti e question could be obtained . A great m any experim ents were m ade on various ki nds of w m P ’ riting , including speci ens of honography (Pitm an s) by a k s illed reporter . Space would not sufﬁ ce to give a full descri p tion of the experim ents ; only a few of the m ore interesting results will be incidentall y m entioned as the questions arise to which they refer : but to m yself the experience thus acquired was of the greatest practical val ue in the endeavour to esta l m n b ish the present syste on a sou d basis .

or . m 5. LENGTH OUTLINES A ong the general resul ts of m m a m these experi ents we y here ention that , as is evident

i len h a p r ori , the actual gt of an outline has little relation to i li m li its fac ty. One often sees esti ates of the relative faci ty of two system s based alm ost entirely on a com parison of the dis

n de tances traversed by the pe , whereas the or r in which a k m wa series of stro es is ade , and , above all, the y in which they l m m l are joined , are a great dea ore i portant than the ength or i k direct on of the individual stro es .

‘ In deciding questions of relative facility and in esti 6 ond t o ns o a c l t a n d lea/r n e C i i f F i i y C ss .

m th e m l ating speed, ethod of repetition has , I be ieve, been

exclusively adopted by previous experim entalists . It has the m m m erit of si plicity , but the infor ation it affords is not i n o m m i . c plete and m ay even be islead ng For instance , k describing a series of stro es , such as in succession , the hand and a rm are unconsciously placed in the m ost favourable

ul i r h a i m position for that partic ar d ection , so t t , in an exper ent

m a m i thus conducted , it y happen to appear ore fac le than it h i m a really is . The chronograp c ethod has the adv ntage that th e actual condi tions of the problem are m ore closely repro duc ed ; it is possible to determ i ne the exact ti m e corresponding

ea h i m to c p ort on of an outline , and to allow for i perfections of

m m m . for ation , and for loss of ti e fro hesitation or other causes A com m on m ethod of estim ating the tim e required to write ’ m en - k any given passage , is to count the nu ber of p stro es or ’ i nfi ec i n s m di ffi cul t fix i n defini tel t o . Not to ention the y of g y ’ m ‘ i nfiecti on i n the eaning of an , this is a very rough and m i en k accurate ethod , especially if l fts of the p are not ta en " i m into account . For instance, on th s plan , the co bination

wo en - k m m ight be counted as t p stro es , and the co bina

m m tion as three , whereas in reality the latter is uch the ore

facile .

m ff m n sa m e m In co paring di erent speci e s of the syste , or of ’ m P ul e i si m i la r syste s , rofessor Everett s r ?would give rel able m k th e results , although it a es no allowance for great differences k that occur as regards good and aw ward j oinings . But in m w m m co paring a script ith a geo etric syste , it would be r l m absu d y unfair to the for er , because no account is taken of m f m m its ost essential eature , na ely that the aj ority of the i m outlines and j oin ngs are easy . No such si ple rule in fact

can be m ade to m eet this case . The objection to all such rules is that they cann ot take ac count of clea rness as apart from eas e of joining ; the easiest

n h o th a d em s i n a - See th e r o on S S Th e B a z a r 1 . co t versy r n yst , 882 83 ' ‘ ’ h n M a 1 . Al l nd C i sm Th i i t e o S h o r t a d . 884 . s s h a n 1 y, rou r tici ( rg ’ th e Sh th a nd S e and m us n sed i th F rd of or oci ty, t not be co fu w o s

S h or th a nd M a g a z i ne. ) l t a n d lea m ess Conditions of Fa ci i y C .

a t j oinings are often the m ost indistinct . The re l ques ion is m m a ks di s i nc i ons not the m aking of a nu ber of r , but of t t ; not h ow br i eﬂ y a word can be written , but at what speed it can be A m i t i safely distinguished . syste abound ng in ou l nes that l cannot be clearly distinguished unless carefu ly drawn to scale , and that cannot therefore be wri tten fast without spoili ng m ost m a of its characteristic features , however neat and brief it y appear in print , is quite unsuitable for general use , and cannot m i be co pared with a system in wh ch such faults are avoided .

m R V . m l 6. ST AIGHT LINES VERSUS CUR ES It is co on y stated that str aight lin es are m ore facile than curves . This is true of a series of straight lines described independently ; but the curve often has the advantag e in the m atter of j oining to other cha r acter s m a , for its curvature y generally be varied , especially

a m k ni . m ne r the ends , so as to a e the j oi ng easier The ost facile dir ections for straight strokes are the up and down strokes of longhand the horizontal stroke and the upstroke The backward slope is generally awkward unless the a rm be held in an unnatural position . The hori z ontal curves m u are the m ost facile cur ves ; they do not

n leave the li e of writing , and they generally present good i j oin ngs . In Cursive Shorthand the arrangem ent of the alphabet is such that curves are m ore com m on than straight lines : the

' m k u aj ority of the stro es are on the slope of longhand w ting , l a nd i nes in the awkward di rection are com paratively rare .

7 C AND C . . S RIPT SYSTEMS GEOMETRI SYSTEMS Since every m r educated person ust lea n to write longhand , and generally

v ﬁnd acquires considerable facility therein , he will e idently a m a i mi syste of shorth nd easier to write , the m ore closely it tates the outli nes and joinings with which he is already fam il iar in l onghand. The obj ection to script system s in general (such as that of Ga bel sber ger ) is that the disti nction betwee n different charac ters is often too vague and i ndeﬁni te ; they cannot usually be 8 Co n ditions of Fa cility a nd Clea r n ess.

Th e m ea deﬁned by sim ple g eom etrical form s . outlines rese bl series of ﬂ ouri sh es in whi ch the com ponent characters cannot easily be traced ; and the points of di stinction ar e often so

di fﬁcul t a n subtle as to be to recognize even in an engr vi g. O n th e other hand a str ictly geom etrical system abounds in

l k r v 1 7 - k polygona outlines , li e these } 7 ( ta en

m i m r i a nd fro Taylor, wh ch are very far fro cu s ve are diﬁi cult to write freely . Again there ar e several good outlines , such as d l, which are com m on and fam iliar in long a m m m k ‘ hand , but of which geo etric syste cannot a e any use l proportionate to their faci ity . I have endeavoured in Cursive Shorthand to com bine the m advantages of bo th ethods . The characters of the alphabet

“ deﬁned m m ri m are as far as possible by si ple geo et cal for s , but are assigned to the various sounds of the language in such m a way that the ajority of the outlines are cursive, and as m si ilar as possible to those of longhand . The other class of i outl nes, however , are not altogether rej ected , but are relegated to the representation of com parati vely rare com binations of

‘

- Oh eh O cisi s . sounds ; such as , in

' a n le occur s 8 . BLUNT ANGLE S . Whenever a blunt g in an outli ne there is a tendency in rapid writing either to sharpen

' r i m em o slur t. The great obj ection to geo etric syst s is that they abound in blunt angles . An k P tm outline such as p ( i an) , when written

l ends m i rapid y , t to beco e or (usually the latter) , wh ch

. m both m ean som ethi ng totally different . A blunt angle is ost

‘ di fﬁ cult to m ark distinctly when it occurs before or after a i n m P m curve the sa e di rection , as in the it an outlines,

/\ ’ f h el d Q / li ” wea er m o um . p , f rt, r , f r l k u Out ines of this ind, in which the bl nt angle cannot

off m i be rounded without causing confusion , beco e ind stinct when written fast . The chr onographic experim ents sh owed that a blunt angle was never correctly given , even by accident , without consider lea r s 9 Conditions of Fa cility a n d C ne s.

m m a k m i ni m m able waste of ti e , and that to r it with the u of k w distinctness too k longer than to m a e t o sharp angles . A m sharp angle , such as w , is the ost rapid and distinctive l tw two j oining of all , being slightly superior to a circ e be een

r m r Two cu ves in the sa e di ection , such as characters l k kk P m m k k joined continuously , i e ( it an) fro and take little longer to write than one ; but such a j oi ning is of no val ue as a m eans of di stinction apart from the difference of

l i t r m ength , if is not clear f o other evidence where one charac

ter ends and the other begins , unless , for instance , there is a

i in ﬂ ecti on N m po nt of , as in fro n and u In any case

two continuous j oinings in succession m ust generally be m k avoided , as they a e the outline indistinct and wanting in ’ r m m P sha pness . It is one of the chief erits of Pit an s hono graphy that he is enabled to avoid continuous j oinings in m any

cases , and thus to secure greater neatness and sharpness of i a m m m outl ne th n the aj ority of geo etric syste s , by the use of m r m his nu erous alternative cha acters but , as we shall see , fro ul i i h i dvan want of system and reg arity in the r applicat on , t s a

a riﬁ tage is only gained at an enorm ous s c ce .

r w e l r edomi In Longhand, when clea ly ritt n , sharp ang es p l n . nate , two continuous j oini gs hard y ever follow in succession Cursive Shortha nd ai m s at util ising sh arp ang le j oinings as

far as possible , and avoiding blunt angles , and so arranges e m a m atters tha t wherever blunt angl s occur , they y, except i n m very rare cases , be slurred or sharpened without detri ent

to legibility.

E Am ll z 9. SLOPING CURV S . ong other genera y recogni ed

sources of indi stinct outlines are the sloping curves

which Taylor and others reject on this ground . It is only in certain com binations that these characters are liable to produce confusion ; to rej ect them altogether is to waste m uch valuable m difﬁcult u stenographic m aterial . Pit an avoids the y by sing k l r alternative characters for 1, ah , and r , besides hoo s for , ,

r and f ; when the natural outline of a wo d is bad , he writes it m He ll l li so e other .way . sti retains , however , severa out nes t o l t a n d a 10 Condi ions f Fa ci i y Cle r ness.

sufﬁci entl which I should reg ard as not y distinct . For i n

di fﬁ cult r t k - stance, it is very in w i ing to eep the double sized f

tr dr th r m t f , f , or f , distinct fro both f ﬂ and ﬂ c k , i m m wh ch are outlines having the sa e length , and si ilar slope m and curvature, without confusing it with so e other outline ,

’ n P m such as p n. Again p , even in print (see it an s

l assi m m a m k m pub ications p ) , y be often ista en , when too uch

ﬂ t ened do uble ~ si z ed n m r m a t , for and si ilarly

l r ldr lth r A m tr m dr m th r . for t , , ; or , ,

In Cursive Shorthand the bad com binations ar e alm ost entirely avoided by the arrangem ent of the alphabet : the few m that rem ain are eli inated by using alternative characters .

1 V C C h c 0. ALTERNATI E HARA TERS are ot erwise obj e tionable as increasing the com plexity of a system and the num ber m of possible way s of writing each word . Syste s, however , m m m which do not use the , ust sub it to the worse evil of

P m h i s m indistinct and awkward outlines . it an utilises nu erous

m oi . alternative ways of writing a word , pri arily for the purp ose o e securing g od outlines , directing the student generally to choos

i m ﬁnds for h self those outlines that he clearest and easiest . In Cursive Shorthand the num ber of alternative characters m em ployed is as s all as possible . They are used ch i eﬂy for the purpose of securing clear outlines : rules are given in every case ff showing how this is best e ected .

1 1 ‘ ’ . LINEALITY. Longhand is perfectly lineal , that is to say , every character returns to the line of writing .

In Cursive Shorthand lineality is secured by giving to all the com m onest sounds characters which return to the line of wr i ti n such u d /m n nd g , as , , ; , I U do i and by using characters which not satisfy th s condition ,

m n either for the rarer sounds , as Cfor g , j or ai ly as

r eﬁx es m p and ter inations .

5 n T . h n d . d See . A d i e w o u lo e S h or t a e . Ree , Rev f D p g/ s , p , on d t ns o a c i l t a nd Clea m ess l l C i io f F i y .

1 2 ’ k USE O F Y . B m . S MBOLS y a sym bol is eant a boo or ci rcle or loop attached to a character to signify the addition of o m s e other sound, instead of writing the latter by its proper m ’ m m m alphabetic sign . The sy bols in a geo etric syste for k n a i d of subsidiary alphabet . They are used for various purpose s : by Pitm an ch i eﬂy as alternative characters to pr o vide clear outlin es for words of wh ich the full alphabetic form would involve awkward j oinings (see

1 3. C C C m IR LES . In ursive Shorthand the s all circle is used i h sh k m nitially for (forwards) and (bac wards) , and edially

m t fa h m in for ing a whole class of charac ers , as f (p ) fro P , v th m U 6 c k fro t, ch from (hard This arrange m r r m m ent is easily lea nt , and gives ve y full e ploy ent to a i device com m only adm itted to be of the greatest util ty . ’ L m m In Taylor s alphabet several characters , such as fro

8 / 3 , m t l fr om / 1 p ro , o , are form ed by addi ng circles at the begi nni ngs of other charac

a r e m a m di ters. Initial circles however uch less f cile than e al or ﬁna l circles ; and a ci rcle on a straight stem tends in rapid w m m a A riting to curve the ste , changing its e ning . circle be tween straight strokes in the sam e direction ( thus —n

l l wk r m ar ti cu ar a wa d . is p y , and liable to be iswritten The

i m two circle is m ost fac le when it co es between curves , as in w e P o ; or aft r a curve , as in 6 etc .

m k m - In a speci en of Taylor ta en at rando , three quarters of i m the c rcles were found to be initial , the aj ority were applied k m to straight stro es, and any of the m edial circles were k Cu aw ward . In rsive Shorthand circles occur m ost com m only

i e 0 er . ( . . in about 9 p cent of the cases) at the ends of cur ve r cha acters , in which case they are not liable to these obj ec tions ; i r k in tial ci cles are rare , and aw ward circles very rare indeed . The large circle is used in Cursive Shorthand as a pr eﬁx for

- - con m ti (m si on . U r ﬁx and as a ter ination for , sed as a p e it

l k a d is always written i e the circle of the letters , , q, in long m t hand , and is therefore extre ely facile , and never clashes wi h

m P m a the s all circle . it n appropriates circles entirely to the 1 2 ond t ons o a c l t a nd Clea/mwss C i i f F i i y . representation of s and 2 : this hardl y gives suﬁi ci ent scope to so useful a device .

H oox s m m . 1 4. are a very co on stenographic device They are objectionable as lim iting seriously the com pa ctness of the

a m be m com writing , because the ch racters ust ade large in m a k i l k parison , or they y be confused with the hoo s . Med a hoo s

m m . often present awkward , and so etim es i possible j oinings P k rofessor Everett uses h oo s very sparingly, and even of the few : Th e k that he uses he says hoo ed letters , though neat in

c u n appearan e , and convenient for leis rely writi g , are partien la rly liable to be spoi led in scribblin g From m y own ex ’ ’ per i ence of Pitm an s system I can fully endorse the Professor s m k state ent . In rapid wr iting hoo s are often so badly form ed m k i k as to be isread for tic s or c rcles , and accidental hoo s , i m l chang ng entirely the eaning of an outline , are iable to be intr oduced in the endeavour to sharpe n a blunt angle or ease m d m the hand . If a hook is a e too large it ay often be m k - ista en for a half siz e character . Pitm an uses two siz es of

k di fﬁ cult hoo s , which considerably aggravates the y.

C a fe k In ursive Shorth nd very w hoo s are used . They a re l carefu ly selected , and restricted to cases i n which they cannot i clash with other characters . They are not appl ed to straight k i k stro es , because they tend to produce curvature . Med al hoo s are enti rely avoided except in cases where they facilitate a joining .

1 5 p . Loo s . The only really facil e loops are those which

e 2 9 e occur in longhand in the lett rs 6y etc . Thes are largely used in Cursive Shorthand and give very facile and dis tin cti ve : m 0 f l Q nyy as in characters for exa ple , J 0

an e L n k i nke a nc h . g r , 9 g as in r, or

P m e l o t st it an us s o ps for s , r in certain cases , appli ed to the

m st ste s of other characters , thus : p . Thus used they are e not generally facile, they often pres nt bad j oinings , which have to be avoided by arbitrari ly writing the word som e other

wa . y They are also very liable to be m iswritten , or to curve

4 ondi ti mw a c li t cm d Clam s 1 C of F i y .

a ﬁrst The conson nt outline of each word is written , and the vowels are dotted in afterwards in thei r proper places . This is o called vocalizing the outline . The writer has to g over each ar ti ﬁci al n word twice , in a highly and un atural order , if he wants w h w i to put in the vowels , that is to say , if he is es his rit ng to be legible (see

This very serious and oft - repeated obj ection is so generally _ m i P m ’ m h ad itted , even by the part sans of it an s syste , t at it m would be waste of ti e to argue the point , were it not that special attention was given to detached vowels i n the chrono m m m graphic experi ents, the results of which see to throw so e li ght on the question . It is often m aintained that a detached vowel m ark counts in loss of tim e only about as m uch as an extra liftin g of th e

s y er a r m . pen . Thi is w fro true In addition to the lifting of the pen there is the tim e occupied in m akin g the stroke or dot i and locat ng it carefully in its proper position . This is not unnaturally foun d to be longer than the tim e required for the m ere m aking of the sam e num ber of dots and ticks irrespective of position . Besides this , detached vowels usually involve h esi a i n : ﬁni sh i n t t o after g the consonant , outline the writer m k m has to a e up his ind what vowels to insert and where , or whether he can leave the outline unvocali z ed : with unskil ful writers this is a fruitful source of loss of tim e : with skil ful lm m writers it is often a ost unnoticeable. But the ost serious i k hesitation generally occurs , and th s even with very s ilful

a te n writers , f r inserti g the vowels and before proceedi ng to th e m k next word . This is ost strongly m ar ed after inserti ng two m or ore vowels in one outline . It is probably due to the illogical order in which the vowels are written . The m i nd m l e m o entarily loses its p ace in the sentenc , and has to go k th e r nu back and pic up lost th ead , so as to d what com es next . The result is that the insertion of detach ed vowel m ar ks i m always involves such a disproportionate expenditure of t e, m m i that they ust be o itted in writ ng at any reasonable speed . The reader m ust understand that we are here dealing with m l l m f w very s al interva s of ti e, such as a e tenths of a second : ' h t a nd l 1 5 Conditions of Fa ci y C ea m ess. that it is diﬁi cult to take account of such sm all period s or make m any accurate observations upon the , otherwise tha n by m eans

“ m r l c m of an auto atic record , which can be ead at eisure and o par ed with the actual writing . A distinction is theoretically m ade betwee n a light dot for th e a e i a l short vowels , , , and a he vy dot for the long vowe s

a h a cc . m , y , Practically this distinction cannot be clearly ade

i n l r e m . writing , and is often bad y given even in p int d speci ens In the attem pt to preserve it the light dot is frequently m ade so evanescent as to be mi staken for a ﬂaw in the paper or al together mi ssed ; such m inute distinctions are very trying to i the eyes in read ng. The chief advantage of detached vowels is that they present

‘ s i ll i n n d e ec a . an appearance of brevity , a loo k neat, p y print They are so inconspicuous th at the inexperienced eye does not

" l di fﬁcult n m k rea ize the y of i serting the accurately, and ta es no account of the aerial m ovem ents of the pen which their n insertion i volves . To illustrate what is m eant by the ‘ aerial m ovem ents of ’ en i n the p , we subjoin a short sentence carefully engraved P m ’ m m n it an s shorthand , in which these ove ents are i dicated by faint dotted lines showing the order in which each vowel is inserted .

“ The sentence represented is as foll ows Detached vowel ” m arks always involve disproportionate expenditure of tim e

The sounds are written in the following order dtch te a vi ow e m r - ks ah aw lws eh i nvlv o dsrppr - sh a t0 aw e e ks nd i tm i p tr e yu of e .

Th e l z l u i ( ita ici ed etters represent so nds wh ch are expressed ,

’ not by their alphabetic characters , but by abbreviations ; the hyphens represent indicated vowels , and the spaces lifts of th e pea ) i i o a c t a l 1 6 Cond t m w f F ili y nd C ea r ness .

" i c i na r li We have followed the D t o y out nes, except that we

ex endi u e t d have ventured to Spell the word p t r wi h a , and to w l write the word a l a ys in full . Initia vowels are supposed to ﬁr st k be written for the sa e of the logical order, and to save

ﬁr s di s t distance traverse d . The t vowel in the word pr opor ti mm é an c k c not be learly inserted, and the r hoo cannot be properly m ade . The way in which each word is accented can only be k m ar ed by inserting sm all crosses near the accented vowels . For the sake of contrast we give the sam e sentence in C m ursive Shorthand , wr itten on the sa e scale .

v i m It is e ident that th s is not only uch briefer, but also m ore faci le and lineal than the Pitm an version . Moreover it represents m uch m ore accur ately the correct pronunciation of w i w the ords, and shows in add tion exactly h o each word is acce nted . Every sound is fully expressed in its natural order . t l i The dot ed lines are therefore not real y requ red , and only m k serve to co nfuse the outli nes . They are inserted to a e the specim en m atch the Pitm an version as exactly as possible . ’ There are twenty - six lifts of the pen i n Pitm an s (om ittin g one ﬁfteen i n C vowel , as against the version ; and the ) ‘ ursive ‘ aerial m ovem ents ’ involved i n the latter are m uch shorter and easier . Enough has been said to show that detached vowels are far inferior to j oined vowels in point of speed and clearness . This a m all is indeed generally d itted . But after , so their advocates

k . argue , these detached vowel m ar s are rarely required In reporting , they say , only one vowel in every twenty words

‘ m k P m i f th e a r e on the average , is needed to a e it an notes ( y well enough written and the subject is not too technical) decipherable without se rious errors , with the aid of the m m e ory and the context . m m This line of argu ent altogether isses the point . One

m a ufﬁ ci en e or i n vowel in twenty words y be s t for r p t g , if the

’ ‘

P m a n s P h o no r a h z c D i c i ona sth Ed . 1 884. it g p t r y , n d t ons o a c l t a nd Clea/r ne 1 Co i i f F i i y ss. 7

reporter i s sufﬁ ci ently skilful and has succeeded in learning

all th e conventional outlines . But vowels cannot be thus om itted in Pitm an ’ s system without the m ost serious loss of m k i legibility , such as would a e it quite unsu table for general n a mi purposes ; and , in poi t of f ct , they are not so o tted in the

‘ ’ k . published specim ens of the corresponding style . Ta ing a m m printed speci en of this style at rando , it was found that , r m m e m excluding g a alogues and sp cial abbreviations , ore than one hundred and sixty vowels on the average were inserted in m ls m every hundred words . So e of these vowe , no doubt , ight ’ have been om itted if Pitm an s Phonography possessed a reliable m syste of vowel indication : since , however , it does not , it is m k the m ore dependent on the aid of detached ar s for legibility . If the young reporter starts with the resolution of om itting

a ll diﬁi cult vowels , and is prepared to face the y of reading, detached vowel m arks are all very well ; there is no di fﬁcul ty m m i m about o itting the , and if he does not ntend to use the , he ‘ h i s m l i m need not waste ti e in earn ng the . But in shortha nd

for general purpo ses vowels cannot be thus neglected , and their expression by detached m arks is therefore a fatal objection to

li m a the general uti ty of a syste , though , as we sh ll see , it is

m th e by no eans only , or even the chief objection to which P m ’ m l it an s syste is liab e. On th e b oi ned other hand , the expression of vowels y , j ’ r m m r cha acters or by ode , is uch clea er and does not involve m di s r orti n r i m the sa e p 0p o ate expenditu e of t e , so that it is u possible to write words in f ll at a reasonable speed . In i reporting at h gh rates of speed , words cannot be written i n full ; but it by no m eans follows that recourse m ust be had to m the wholesal e o ission of vowels . The expression of vowels th e l s m m in outline , enab es u to e ploy better and ore rational m d etho s of abbreviation .

1 Lm r s or PEN . M 7 . THE ODES The tim e occupied

in lifting the pen and replacing it on the paper , supposing there

M n em m a k no ro s for th e di s i n f a y syst s e p vi ion t nctio o vowel sounds . M a n P1 tm a n1 te e o e eve m s r t h m y r p rt rs n r e t e , but trust to m em ory and a c t a nd 18 Conditions of F ili y Clea m ess.

th e c di to be no hesitation between words, varies ac or ng to cir cum sta nces from one to three - tenths of a secon d ; but is rarely

- so sm all as one tenth . It depends of course on the nature and direction of th e m ovem ents before and after : the lift involved

ba kw in travelling c a rds to dot in a vowel is one of the worst .

‘ An ordinary lift takes a little longer than the description of th e k k th e s quic est connecting stro e (not necessarily shorte t) , but takes less tim e than a connecting stroke whi ch involves an k aw ward j oining .

’ Thus Professor Everett s m odes of e xpressing vowels by l i th e en ift ng p and writing the consonants in position, are by no m s eans so slow as Pitm an would have u believe . They are

o in fact very far superior to detached m arks in p int of speed , l h faci ity, and clearness, and possess the furt er advantage of expressing the vowel in its logical order between the consonants . C d In ursive Shorthand detached dots are use , as in longhand ,

m a k . for punctuation , and to r abbreviated words They are

- l i k i . also occasional y used as d acritics , li e the dots in longhand Expression by m ode is em ployed for various subsidiary m ’ 2 3 4 purposes , those odes being chosen (Everett s nos . , , ) h w ich are always applicable and clear .

CONDITIONS OF SIMPLICITY . 1 m s m m 8 . A syste of shorthand for general u e ust be si ple and easy to learn : few people can afford to spend a lifetim e i i t i n acqu ring . It is far best in every way that shorthand k n should be taught , li e ordi nary writi g and reading , at a very

im i l early stage ; it should therefore be m ade as s l e as possible, and should be independent of the ordinary spelling . It is di fﬁcult to m ake a system of shorthand at once simple

. and comp lete. It is very easy to secure an appe arance of sim li ci t m a k m i m p y by ing the syste nco plete , by suppressing points of di ﬁi culty which are certai n to m eet the student sooner or n later, or by givi g vague general directions and loosely worded rules ; by telli ng the student for instance to wr ite according to h i m ﬁn h w sound , and leaving to d out for hi m self o it is to be

e h i m e don , or by giving s veral alternative ways of writing a word h im i and leaving to choose wh ch is the clearest and easiest . Cond t on s Si li ci t i i of m y. 19

In Cursive Shorthand I have spar ed no pains to avoid this e fault . I have end avoured to foresee and to i llustrate every ‘ di fii cult i l l k an y wh ch the earner is i ely to experience , d to m ake the rul es so defini te tha t a ny given sound cannot be correctly . a written in m ore than one w y . I can hardly hope to have m fir st m co pletely succeeded at the atte pt , but it is undoubt edly a step in the right di rection and will com m end itself to all wh o sl seriou y desire to utili se shorthand for practical purposes . It is of no use to m ake a system sim ple without m aking it ’ m e . m i l k co plete and accurat Syste s wh ch , i e Taylor s , content

m m a the selves with writing the consonants only, y have the m m l but ll erit of si p icity, wi always be found unsati sfactory for t k l any sor of wor where accuracy and egibility are essential.

1 BY . m b 9 . WRITING SOUND It is by this ti e agreed y all m be m good authorities that a syste of shorthand to si ple, con

m e m ust be P h o ne i . m sistent , and co plet , t c It ust discard the

fﬁ s m m inconsistencies and di culti e of the co on orthography . It is alm ost im possible to m ake a system represent consistently and sim ply the endless var iety of com binations in the com m on spell ing : but it is quite practicable to represent with sufﬁci ent accura cy the com paratively sm all num ber of sounds which are used to distinguish words in speech . In constr ucting Cursive Shorthand I have m ade it as strictly phoneti c as is pra ctically possible . This not only

m m - renders it ore co plete and self consistent , but considerably enhances its educational value , especially as a training in r cor ect pronunciation . The phonetic principle itself is not altogether free from i ll m m d sadvantages . Phonetic spe ing , though uch si pler than h e i m di fﬁculti es to t received spell ng, presents so e beginners , all h ow who seldom realise at accurately they pronounce , till their attention is specially directed to the subject . Moreover, all people do not pronounce exactly alike ; hence slight varia tions of spelling m ay ari se in a phonetic system correspondi ng to variations of pronun ciation . i m In order to m ni ize these disadvantages , I have published 20 Conditions of Si m li ci ty;

" a separate pam phlet explaining in considerable detail the phonetic notation and the standard of pronunciation which ar e

’ k ni adopted as the groundwor of the present syste . One of the com m onest obj ections to phoneti c spelli ng is w te i h that it confuses words , such as ri , r g t, ri te, which are k ff i n m pronounced ali e but di er eaning and orthography . This

c m obj ection is not serious , be ause such words are co paratively a ik fu r r re , and are scarce ly m ore l ely to cause con sion in oo s w m i re pondence than in speech . In riting fro d ctation it is actually a disadvantage to have di fferent outlines for words

' i k m l wh ch are pronounced ali e , because it is often i possib e

l end i to tell , ti l the of a sentence , wh ch word is intended .

20. B Y A . WRITING LPHABET Further , in order to be easy

em m us b A l h a b i c m to learn , a syst t e p et . It ust be capable of representing all words with neatness and precision by m eans of

few u m l com a f nda ental form s , the characters of the a phabet, bi ned c i r m l m a cord ng to st ict and si ple ru es . It ust not be encum bered with a m ultitude of arbitrary signs and abbrevia m m tions . It ust not abound in special exceptions ade in favour i m of ndividual words . For although such devices i part brevity

m a m en to the writing , and y be of use to whose life is spent in m m reporti ng , they are an i ense tax upon the m em ory and m k m a e a syste quite useless for ordinary purposes . The m aj ority of geom etric system s which em ploy sym bols

freely, cannot be called strictly alphabetic For instance in m ’ Pit an s , represents p , and or r , but represents p r as in p erson or p ri son : the sym bol representing the r is a k l hoo , which not on y has no sim i larity to either character for

' r ls m be or e . A i th , but a o co es f l the p ga n , represents and

8 9 sr th r all , but represents , not , but . Moreover these m m a a co binations y have other sym bols att ched at the end,

m a d tr dr tkr . and y be halved to add t or , or lengthened for , , or

P h oneti c S elli n H . L C l d . S m e h s. p g , b . a len ar a publis er Th e use of th e n i ooh a d d nd 1 n n h h t i it al s to r a after a conso a t, t oug st l s a k a d s m e of a a n ni en e rict y pe ing illogic l, is oubtle s a att r pr ctic l co ve c at th e beg inning of a word ; but wh en m edial th ey often join a wkward ly d h a d a n t us entail speci l evices .

22 Cond t ons o Le b l‘ t i i f gi i i y .

m c r di fﬁcul eaning , to be so pla ed as to rende it t to tell by the context which is intended ”

I C l SIMPL ITY is one of the conditions of legibi ity . If a system is too com plicated in the num ber of possible form s m and co binations of its characters , or too involved in the l hi m i ll app ication of the rules w ch deter ine its outl nes , it wi be di fﬁcult to read in proportion to the i ntricacy of the m ental

operations required to decipher i t. d l FACILITY is another of the con itions of legibi ity . If l a system cannot be written easi y, it will probably be written

l diﬁi cult . badly, and wi l therefore be to read Under this heading I have alrea dy discussed m ost of the i conditions wh ch depend upon sharpness of outline , and on the clearness and ease with which the hand can m ake the required Th e distinctions between the characters. conditions which I now proceed to consider are im portant even if the writing be ki ll engraved with the greatest s and care , so that each character k is unm ista eable . The general condition of legibility in a phonetic system is that SIMILAR sounns SH OULD BE REPRESENTED BY SIMILAR sreu l ff s, and converse y di erent sounds by different signs . It is one great advantage of a phonetic system that if thi s condition is obser ved a slight error in reading or writing will

correspond to a slight error in sound, so that the word though m a wrongly read or written y still be recogniz able . Ou the other hand a considerable di fference in sound will correspond f lin to a co nsiderable dif erence in out e , so that words of different k " sound will not be li ely to clash . In longhand the form s of th e letters have no relation to their sounds , and the writing is less legible than it would have been if any deﬁni te phonetic plan h ad been adopted . Al ternative characters such as bear no resem blance to ‘ ’ m deﬁned each other, and especially sy bols (as in t are objectionable because they viola e this principle, in that

m diﬁ r the sa e sound is represented by e ent signs .

’ It i s a com m on m istake to an pose th at Pitm an s system sa ti sﬁes co nditi on ; very d188 1m ilar we 3 often h a ve th e sa m e outli ne 111 h is ‘ ’ h no r h see 2 ne nd . p o g ap y ( p . 7, ar e ) Cond t ons o Le b' l t 23 i i f gi i i y.

22 . O NE O NE m l l WORD , OUTLINE . If si i ar sounds shou d

be s m la a or ti m repre ented by si i r signs , f ori the sa e word , m i l apart fro variations of pronunciat on, shou d always be represented by the sam e sign O f equal im portance i s the com plem entary principle that di fferen t words should be r e di presented by ﬁer ent signs . m l These are two ost essential conditions of egibility , apart from all questi on of good or bad writin g ; but it is nu

l fli l b h a t e doubted y very di cu t to satisfy ot onc . This was in fact far the m ost serious difii culty encountered in construct i m ng the present syste . The variety of m aterial supplied m ust be suffici ent for l the di stinction of a l such words as di ffer in sound , and at the sam e tim e the rules m ust be m ade so strict and defini te tha t the sam e word cannot be correctly written in

" i f l r m several d ferent ways . The pages of i lust ative atter in the exposition of the present system are m ainly devoted to explain i n h ow r g words should be correctly w itten , so fully and precisely th at a ll learners m ay naturally wri te them ali ke from the

‘ outset . It is not enough to say to the student , Here are your characters : select those j oining s which you ﬁnd th e ’ deﬁni tel best and clearest . It is necessary to point out y in s each case which characters are to be u ed. i m 23. Most authors are agreed with regard to the portance i f of d stinguishing dif erent words , and, in order to satisfy this

r n d n e condition , they generally provide such a supe abu a e of m — k t k m e aterial thic and thin s ro es, sy bols , d tached vowels , and m a ny diﬁer ent lengths and directions of character— that they ﬁn d m i m m it i possible to satisfy the other condit on . So eti es dm m m m they a it the failure as a isfortune , so eti es they glory

’ in th e ‘ endless variety of possible outlines without appeari ng to notice its drawbacks ; som etim es they deny that it has any m disadvantages , and refuse to recognize the i portance of m laying down strict rul es, and of always writing the sa e word in m the sa e way .

E es t of e a d m m ss ar d m a x , course, as r g r s si ple o i ion ; p t of a wor y be om i t for convenience i n h rasing or a bbrew a tl on : th i s 18 not th e . s m as ad n n n rd a e th i ng m itti g severa Pdiffere t outlines for a fully writte wo . ns o i 24 Conditio f Legib lity.

Mr O u this point we entirely agree with Pitm an , who " “ says : It is essential to easy and ﬂuent writing that every m ” word should always be written in the sa e way . ’ But Seei ng that in the Phonographic Alphabet [Pitm an s]

m eh I m a s and 7 have duplicate for s , that and y be written w either upward or downward, that and y have both vowel and

m 71 m a m consonant for s , that y be written by its consonant for u k a lSo m n ( p or down) , or by a joined tic , or a dot ; that a y groups of consonants m ay be expressed either by their alphabetic m n form s or by abbreviations [sy bols] , it is evide t that a large ” m m a m nu ber of words y be written in ore than one way .

ve um sa m e That is to say, in a ry large n ber of cases the word m a y (apart from all variations of pronunciation) be correctly represented (as far as the rules are concerned) by several

’ m m z i ns (so eti es two or three h undred) d ﬁer ent s g . Not only dz er ent are these signs ﬁ , but they bear as a rule not m k r the vag uest re se blance to each other . The hoo s , ci cles , m loops , bear no rese blance whatever to the alphabetic cha

' r a cters l r v n s z st str of the letters , , f , , , , , , , which they represent : and to halve the length of a stroke is not in the least like adding (I or t to i t. 24 m . The pri ary object of this variety is the avoidance of the straggli ng outli nes that arise from the inadequacy of the alphabe t (see p . Unfortunately it opens the door to

- of i m a diversity stenograph c representation for so e words , and casts on the writer the necessity of decidi ng whi ch form is ” s m ost conveni ent 1 . The resulting confu ion has been in som e m easure alleviated by the publication of a P h onograp h i c D i c ti ona r y, which is intended to relieve the student of the labour hi m i l i n of choosing . for self wh ch of severa possible outl es is m n ost conve ient and correct . It is one of the chief advantages of a phonetic system that words can be written by ear without reference to the spelli ng this advantage is lost when it becom es necessary to learn m correct outlines fro a dictionary .

M a nua l 43 n . 1 . 1 39 t Ed. 886 . , p , ( o e) M n a ua l . 1 , p . 46 , 1 53. Ed . 1 886

D wtzo n l 1 a r P a . Ed . 884 . I y , ref ce L 25 Co nditions of eg ibility .

’ In thi s respect there is a close analogy between Pitm an s m m J system of shorthand and the co on orthography . ust as

li i ndi vid ua l w ds i n learning to spell , the correct spel ng of or

’ m i n P m m th e m ust be learnt , so it an s syste student ust learn

the correc t outlines . In P ho nograp h y the choice of a correct outline of a word m m m m is not ade entirely at haphazard , si ilarly in co on spelling ther e are m any elastic and general relations between the sound and th e orthography ; but the exceptions are so

m m a an m nu erous , that you cannot fro the nalogy of y nu ber of cases deduce with certain ty th e correct result in any other m i case however si lar .

di ﬁi cult i n P h ono a h k The y of learn g gr p y, li e that of learn i n Mr P m l . c g to spel , is consequently very great In fa t, as it an i m F n r h un doutedl h self writes , o og a p y is y not a thing to be ” ler n ed without a li ttel truble . Most of our readers have probably long since forgotten the weary toil of learning to l i co m spe l , and will hardly be able to real ze the force of our

s Pi tm ani s r l pari on : but te , at any rate , who are a dent spe ling

m l si niﬁ ca nce . refor ers, wil appreciate its full g ’ The num ber of alternative cha racters even in Pitm an s alphaba is sm all com pared with the num ber of words in the l anguage . If th e usage of the alternative characters were

deﬁned t l be . by s rict ru es , a dictionary would not required ul m k m a The absence of strict r es, although it a es a syste appe r

m ﬁr st ~ si pler at sight , is in reality attended with serious dif i m i ﬁcult es, because it co pels the writer , if he does not w sh to m acquire a style peculiar to hi self and illegible to others, to l i learn the correct out ines of ndividual words .

2 we m n D i c 5. But have been assu i g hitherto that the " ti ona ry in question is a recognised and absolute standard of ’ h so P m m k c P h no ra . orrect o g p y If it were , it an s syste , li e the m m “ i n m m co on orthography , spite of its co plexity and its any l m l glaring would sti l be a practical syste . In rea ity M f e m As a m atter of fac t it is very im perfec t . any o th ost puzzling d a re m t a l h se wh s li n s wk a d or nn wor s o it ed, especi l y t o o e out e are a w r

' nd a r d . 26 1 . 1 S ta , Sept , 887 26 e t Conditions of L g ibili y.

m al m m the co parison is together unfair to the co on orthography , for not only is th e possible variety of phonographic outli ne m uch greater than the possible variety of spelling on any m m reasonable analogies , but whereas the co on orthography is

i eﬁni exceed ngly strict and d te , the usage of distinction by outline , even am ong skilful phonographers and in printed m m f m speci ens , is far fro regular and uni or .

In fact so great is the possible variety of outline in P h o nogr ap h y and so elastic are the rules that Mr Pitm an ha s not after ﬁfty yea rs succeeded in establishing uniform ity

- k k even in the text boo s publi shed by him self. To ta e one

m m be R e e instance , out of any that ight given ; in the p ort r ,

l or a c di n to c p . the out ine for ca rt ( cor g ) is given as wh ich properly stands for a word of the form kr - t as cra te

. 43 l a a a a u a e on p , the out ine given for c rt (also c r t, cc r t , and cura te) is which properly stands for a word of the form k- r - t as ca rr otf but in the P h onograp h i c Di cti ona ry the form given is which could hardly be distingui shed in rapid writing from ﬂ ca re (the latter word m ay al so be written l k w u c . i e acr e, cro , o c r)

ai r Ag n , it is very desi able that in a series of related words m m the sa e syllable should always be written in the sa e way. Here Mr Pitm an apparently gives up the attem pt to m ai ntai n consistency : every pag e of the D i cti ona ry is crowded with t v illustrations of the disreg ard of his ob ious principle .

k k i i ic Ta e for nstance the word cr t , which is written kr tk m i i a l ; in order to for cr t c , it ought only to be necessary

- a l : to add the syllable instead of that , Mr Pitm an write s the

' fir st difier ent wa k syllable in an altogether y, and puts a hoo fina l k before the , adding nothing at all at the end ; the result

ct kr tkl , does not in the least suggest the form of the original word cri ti c .

M a nua l . . Ed 1 See 46 . 886 . i s e a to th e ar also , p It nec ss ry note ti cula r d i i on b c s h a n s a re be n nd e t e au e c g e always i g m a de. I ex pe i n ’ 1 887 a ds of 1 03. on new set P m a ns ks nu upw r a of it n s i truction boo . I d h a sev h a es h a e a ad m d t t eral c ng v lre y been a e since th en. t Con dition s of Leg ibili y. 27

k i a m O r ta e aga n the word c rt, and co pare the derivatives ;

k t a a e t a e kr tt a ed . r , c rt ; kr r c r t r; , c rt 7 j g ,

These are by no m eans exceptional cases . There would be no ﬁ m m di f culty in giving thousands of si ilar exa ples . ’ We do not say that starting with Mr Pitm a n s m ethods and m ateri als it would have been possible to achieve a better result : the succ ess attained is probably as great as the fundam ental

m ll m He im perfections of hi s syste wi ad it . at any rate recog ni z es the desirability of always writin g the sa me word in the w m c a . sam e y , though his anner of attaining that end is defe tive

na r m l The D i cti o y ethod , even if consistently fol owed , would th e m m involve too m uch strain on e ory to be of general use .

0F 1 N SERT1 NG Vownns In P h n i C . a h 26 . NE ESSITY the o ogr p c ” Repor ter we ﬁnd thi s variety of form s with which the sam e ” m a n d m cluster of consonants y be writte , quote , a ong the m any points of superiority whi ch Phonography possesses over “ all other system s It is used i h providing di ﬁer ent outlines ” s m t for such word as contain the sa e consonants , so tha they m a y be disti nguished at once without the i nsertion of their vowels ’ Now P tm a i an s capricious v riety of outline , in addition to a its other dis dvantages, is quite inappropriate to this purpose .

For in the case of long words, where the variety is so great as e l m l to be absolut lybewi dering , the distinction is co parative y seldom required and i n the case of short words containing m one or two consonants , where the distinction is ost needed , k m it m ost hopelessly fails . To ta e as an insta nce so e words contai ning three consonants : the com bination kr t ca n be r i written in six different ways , th ee of wh ch are given for the word ca rt (see § To take one of them : the outline c (according to the P h onogm p h i c D i cti ona ry) represents the

a te a c or d d a d a te . di ssi m ilar words cr , c , cur t, occurr e , cre , cre etc ,

k r ea t a de a e d a u u ed . and if thic ened , g , gr , gr e , g r , etc , and if

can m c nc ete concu ed the dot for be o itted , as it often is , o r , rr ,

1 . p . 7, edi tion 1886 f 28 Con ditions of L egi bi li ty .

‘ ’ concor d ; except in Di cti ona ry writing it m igh t stand for

several other words .

m i ﬁ e kr t O f the re ain ng v ways of writing , one is too awkward to be of any use ; the other four are used for other

a a t a ccu a e u a te ca t u ca o . words , such as c r , r t , c r , r , c rt , rr ty , etc

Thi s however is a. particularly favourable case : the variety of ﬁve available outlines is unusual in so short a com bin ation ; yet even here it is seen to be quite inadequate: it is m uch

m e ore so in the case of shorter words. The cas s where it j ust happens to ﬁt the requirem ents of the language are exceedi n gly

fe m m w in co parison, and are very poor co pensation for the tr ouble and perplexity of choosing between the several di fferent outlines possible for every long word It m ust appear altogether absurd that it should be possible to write the consonant outline of the word Swi tz erla nd in

ff m so nearly four hundred di erent ways ; the ore , when we

’ r eﬂ ct sts - r lnt m e that , after all, the correct outline , ay

ll m a s- i t- i s- u - la nd ci i es- o - I ela nd sti be isread for yo r , or t f r , or

a s - m uc h - a s - I ela nd suc h - a s- we e- lent m r , or r , or so ething else ,

c di i a cor ng to context , and clearness of wr ting , and virulence

of phraseographic mania . The natur al way to distinguish words contai ning the sam e

consonants , is to write, or at least to indicate , the vowels . In Cursive Shorthand we have provided for the facile i n sertion of vowels by giving them j oined characters which are

written in their proper order together with the consonants . All words differi ng in sound are thus naturally di sting uished

r . l in w iting How a word shou d be written , or whether to

insert a vowel or not , is not left to the option of the student ; m the correct outline in every case is deter ined by general rules ,

so that no confusion of the kind we have described can arise .

2 V C . lone 7 . OWEL INDI ATION Vowel insertion a is not alto gether satisfactory unless supplem ented by vowel indi cation ; m n otherwise , if any vowels are o itted , there is nothi g to show

P h ono r a h i c D i cti ona r e a e . g p y, Pr f c

30 nd t ons o Co i i f Legibility.

1 k r used for the purpose of vowel indication ; ( ) the hoo ( ) , r

2 - r c preceded by a consonant ; ( ) the character ) , pre eded 3 r r by a vowel ; ( ) the cha acter ( r followed by a vowel .

r k Unfortunately (except that the downward , being an aw ward s character, is rarely used when a vowel follows) these rule are so little observed in practice that no reliance can be placed on

m m See . the as a eans of vowel indication . ( also p Mr E Pocknell h a s . undoubtedly rendered great service to shorthand by the stress he has laid on the im portance of vowel indication : but I think he goes too far in neglecting vo wel i n

' sertion . It is true that a great m any words are readily recog

i d i k no t n z e by the r consonant s eletons , especially if they are

ﬁn d m fﬁ ult r e spelt phonetically . No one would uch di c y in w cognizing the ords ,

Gl - dst - n R - n d - l h C - l - h - n Br - h t sh - rth - nd p , q , g , ,

h l - m t - bl d - bt - n - h - n th p g , , g , str g . In the power of distinguishing m onosyllables and short

. m k i words without the aid of detached vowel ar s , by ndicating

m m . n the nu ber and position of the vowels , his syste is certai ly m m P m ’ a great i prove ent on it an s . But in m any cases even the indication of the precise position

um sufﬁci en l o r and n ber of all the vowels , is not t y suggestive, m a k m m fails to show the exact word . It y ta e so e ti e to guess words like - t - g b - d - b q . In the case of short words there is usually a choice of alternatives , unless the exact vowels are wr itten . Wh o m m m To reporters , fro constant practice beco e fa iliar ntli ne with the o of every individual word, and who can transcribe m m of c their notes while the e ory the subj e t is still fresh, a

m - k k cer tain a ount of guess wor is not a very serious drawbac . e But for general use , especially for corr spondence and notes c h m of le tur es on tec nical subjects , we require uch greater ! - k certainty of rea ding , and continual guess wor is not to be tolerated . The exact expression of vowel sounds is at once m i m m m the ost d rect , si ple, and co plete ethod of distinguishing c f words , and . given j oined vowel chara ters , this can be e fected w t im ithout serious expendi ure of t e.

P o s e S h or th a nd Ma 1 884. r fes or Ever tt, , y, o 31 Co nditions f Legibility .

Cursive Shorthand has not onl y provided very fully and deﬁni tel e y for th facile insertion of vowels , where they are needed but h as supplem ented vowel insertion wi th a com plete m sy ste of vowel indication , which shows i n every case where

l no t m u vowe s do occur . We are thus enabled to o it obsc re

e il . vowels not only without loss , but with actual gain of l gib ity By system atically inserting accented vowels and indi cating a m alm un ccented vowels , the outline is ade to show in ost all cases exactly h o w the word is accented or divide d into l " i sy lables . The fac lity thus secured in reading long and uh

m i r s fa il a word correctly at sight , is found to be of the greatest practical value .

28 . Posrr i ox ar. WRITING . The device of writing a word in ‘ ’ P on r m m em osition above , , or th ough the line , is co only ployed in shorthand for indicating the nature of a vowel with out writing i t. ’ ’ P m m ‘ i n i m In it an s syste , writing a word position plies that its accented vowel is one of ﬁve or si x : this inform a

- i t tion is rather too i ndefini te to be of m uch use r. Besides m assu es that the rarer vowels are always inserted . In reality w the and y series of vowels , long and short , and the dis i ul syllabic diphthongs , ought to be included . Th s wo d raise m fift ' the total nu ber of vowels to nearly yi , to be divided m a ong three positions . Th e i in defini te use of position for this purpose, besides be ng , is particularly objectionable if the accented vowel does not

e i i ll be i n happ n to be n tial, because it is i ogical to g a word out m th e of position in order to convey, infor ation about nature of

m a m m th e end . P i a vowel which y co e so ewhere near osit on, if used , ought logically to be restricted to the expression of ’ i em init al sounds . It is thus used i n Professor Everett s syst ;

‘ ’ M s l s em ai m th d an a sh wi n b th e any y labic yst s cl e a v t g e of o g , y wa d i s w h ow d d d ed . y a wor ritten, it is ivi e or accent ’ 1 O i so i e h e for m s e r l ed . l ttl use t at, exc pt logog ra , it is g ne al y neglect et h a ll h m u f s i ti n h on m d be e n I Y wit t is ltitude o igns, no d s c is a e tw e th e d s th e e a i d i n th e rd ur a nd u h a i - soun of vow ls it l cize wo s , c t c rry, r oil d h a k a nd o Cur si ve Sh o d i s e di n i h a n yric boa b wi e . r th a n abl to sti gu s owe l s d h m h r a nd m eten s h h y oun s wit uc g ea ter accuracy co pl es , alt oug

- 1t em ploys only about one th i rd of th i s num ber of vowel ch arac ters . 3— 2 32 nd t o Le l t Co i ions f gibi i y . he write s a word above the line to indicate the om ission of an initial circle ; below the line to indi cate the om ission of initial

(1 m . This is not only perfectly logical , but also very si ple and useful . m The device itself however is open to so e objections , which m k a e it in m y opinion unsuited for general use . It appears difﬁcul t and unnatural to the average student , who generally m ll a m fails to aster it thoroughly . It is not at a safe eans of distinction , unless ruled paper is used . Even then the positions m ust be strongly m arked by putting the words well above or

com below the line . This seriously violates the conditions of

actness n m a m k p and li eality, and y often a e it necessary to u m shift the hand p or down in the iddle of a line, or to write li n m e a n c m half an out e in a cra p d position . In y ase uch u i space is wasted, and the writing acq ires a straggl ng appear a t m f l ance , so that the lines are p to beco e con used , un ess

conﬂi cts widely separated . It with phraseography ; a word cannot be distinguished by position when j oined in the m iddle m of a phr ase . For these and other reasons we have ade no use of positional writing in Cursi ve Sh ortha nd ; we are thus

th e enabled to dispense with ruled paper, and to secure

m m m m . axi u of co pactness , lineality , and phraseographic power ’ n ‘ m O the other hand the device of expression by ode , that is of writing characters in position with respect to ea ch i ul oth er, requ res no r ed paper and is perfectly reliable and m a t distinct . But it should be used in oderation , or it is p to li give rise to stragg ng and scratchy outlines.

C O F BREVI'J‘ Y ONDITIONS .

2 m 9 . The aterial at our disposal being thus lim ited by the

m l ow essential conditions of facility , si plicity , and legibi ity ; h is it to be utilized to the best advan tage in securing brevity ?

B m m i n y brevity we do not ean si ply shortness of outl e, but

m . rather speed , or shortness of ti e The rate at which an

lea l m k outline can be c r y written , so as to be un ista eable for

m . anything else , depends ore on its facility than on its length n o B 33 ond t o s r ev t . C i i f i y.

0 or AL 3 . ARRANGEMENT PHABET . Subject to the condition that sim ilar sounds should be represented by sim ilar signs it r n is evident that , in ar angi g the alphabet, brevity will be best secur ed by giving the quickest and easiest signs to the com m m onest sounds, and the clearest and ost facile joinings to the m m m co onest co binations . The sign chosen for any sound shoul d be suitable to its m usage, and to the ode of its occurrence in the language . Characters which are facile at the beginning or end of an out i line , but j oin badly elsewhere , should be given to sounds wh ch r eﬁx es m n occur generally as p or as ter i ations respectively . ’ It is one great advantage of a phonographic as Opposed to ’ m m an orthographic syste , that any given sound , fro its very

m m m . nature , occurs only in a li ited nu ber of co binations Two el i vow sounds , for nstance , rarely occur together, and the num ber of com m on com binations of consonants without m intervening vowels, is very li ited . It is therefore possible to choose for each sound a character suited to its m ode of ’ m occurrence . In an orthographic syste , on the other hand , m in so far as it is unphonetic , the co binations are not governed by any natural la w : each letter is liable to occur in every wa m di fﬁ ul variety of y, and it is ore c t to arrange the alphabet k so as to avoid aw ward outlines .

1 or A . Al 3 . WASTE MATERI L l the available stenographic m u m aterial should be used p as co pletely as possible . It should not be possible to change any distinctive feature of an

outline without m aking it m ean som ething different . The ability to write the sam e sound in m any di fferent ways nscee

r i l m steno r a h i o m sa y i plies proportionate waste of g p aterial , and a want of deﬁni teness in the m eaning of the outlines and

in the rules by which they are form ed . If we grant that it is possible in writing to di stingui sh two z la m k si es of character, a rge siz e and a s all size , stro es and k tic s , as in longhand , we ought so to arrange our alphabet as to k ta e the greatest possible advantage of the distinction , to use

’

u m . m it p co pletely In Taylor s alphabet , and in ost of the 34 Co nditions of B r evity.

system s founded upon Taylor , a double or a triple length e character stands for a character repeat d two or three ti m es ,

s ss sss z e as in (ass) , (assess) , (assi es) ; thes i two z cases occur so rarely that the dist nction of si es , though be a it has none the less to preserved, is pr ctically wasted . In Cursive Shortha nd th is wasteful use of the two siz es is avoided by th e arrangem ent of the alphabet ; and the distino tion is utiliz ed in other ways so as to m ake the alphabet At m m s m com plete . the sa e ti e the sound repre ented by the s all a siz e ch aracter , is in e ch case so related to that represented by

z f z i f m a the large si e , that con usion of si e, it occurs , y be m attended with the least possible har .

E ‘ Ms r nons or As s s s n 32 . SOM m ou wehave already m l poi nted out certain objections to the use of sy bo s . These m m k ‘ ’ devices are co only nown as m ethods of abbreviation . ’ To take a favourable exam ple from one of Pitm an s pam phl ets ‘ ' the full alphabetic form of the word m isreprese ntation in

P mi i n a ll v wels ﬁrs honography, o tt g o , is the t of the following cuts : m rpr z ntsh n

k sh n ut s If we introduce hoo s for r and , and p circles for m and z , it reduces to the second for , which is som ewhat k i shorter and clearer , than s part cularly to the circles which k s z m ll replace the aw ward , characters . This exa ple wi h ow ‘ m ’ sufﬁce to show necessary these ethods of abbreviation , ll r a with a thei attend nt disadvantages , are to a purely geo m m etric system . The necessity arises fro the inadequacy of m i t the alphabet ; there is no re edy for , but an entirely new departure .

’ P m two ‘ m it an has special ethods of abbreviation .

( 1 ) The addi tion of t or d is im plied by halvin g the leng th : 2 tr d r th r i n m n i t of a character ( ) or or ( ost cases) by doubli g . l k l e Ha ving a stro e is a very rea sourc of brevity , especially as the chara cters which Pitm an assigns to t and d are perpen ' i t w t Cond i m of B r em y . 35

di cular k k stro es , thin and thic II which if used to any g reat m extent , would cause any of the outlines to descend too far

th e li l k a i tude 4 m \b a dti ut bea i ude . below ne , i e tt co pare y ( t t )

’ Given Pitm an s arran ge m ent of characters ther e is no choice but to have som e other m eans of expression for these letters : the halving principle however has m any dis

u diﬁer t advantages . If it is necessary to distinguish fo r en m lengths of character, it is waste of aterial to use two of these lengths alm ost exclusively for the representation of a single of pair letters , and that in such a way as to leave it generally

uncertain which of the two is intended . m ay stand for m tr (m atter) or M r (m adder) or m i h r (m other or m ay there) .

for pp n (pippi n) or putr (painter) or pndr 'l (ponder)

nth r h or p (pant er) .

rp t for rapid or wrapt .

Moreover in rapid writing these di stinctions cannot be rigidly observed ; half length strokes are written so as to be m k k l k l t k ista en for tic s or ful length stro es , and ful leng h stro es f for hal length or double length . The confusion produced in t’ this way , by the accidental insertion or om i ssion of countless s

’ ’ d s r li m and , is one of the worst sou ces of illegibi ty in Pit an s

m e l k di s syste . It is th natura consequence of such a rec less m m h l regard of the funda ental principle , that si ilar sounds s ou d be represented by sim ilar signs . And yet we have seen it stated that the halving principle is one of the happiest devices in the whole history of short ” h a nd m I . It is true that later in the course of the sa e “ article the writer says of Phonography : To be legible it m i m ust be written with care . Th s necessity arises fro its brevity ; and its use of light and heavy , halved and double

' i n h h h Com pare th e arrangem ent of Everett s alph abet, w ic ori ke ne n d zenta i stro s are assi g d to th ese com m o soun s . h M nua l a nd th e D i c ti a re on h n f T e a ona ry at variance t is poi t, n m h s as o any ot er . ’ Enc . B r i t. Ed Ix . A Sh h d 1: ition rticle ort an . ' B m 36 Conditions of r e ty.

” m t i k n length strokes . Ah ad ission of h s i d , at the end of an ’ e l m m article devote d to an indiscrim inat eu ogy of Pit an s syste , i ni ﬁcant is very s g .

3 m i 3 . Where several of these ethods of abbreviat on happen “ we . m to conspire , obtain exceptionally short outlines A ong m 2 w the m any points of superiority ( entioned above , p . 7) hich “ P m m m ﬁr st it an clai s for his syste over all others , we find , the great concentration of consonant power in the sim plest m athe c ” ik str s s i ves m a ti cal form s . He instances outlines l e ig f ( tr ) , ( ‘ onsi de a i ns b m t r i n la adr sh ns (abbrevia tion for c r t o ) p (p t) , “ 3 fm t r m1t i end (f , fr ) . It is a com m on device in com paring two system s to select words of this sort , which happen to have exceptionally short outlines i n one but not in the other . Such outlines as the r r k above are very att active to the inexpe ienced eye, and loo well in advertisem ents ; but are often so exceedingly difﬁcult to write clearly that the gain in brevity is m ore apparent than

l Mr P m h i m k rea . As it an self says with reference to the hoo ed “ and looped form s of which beginners are so fond : The briefest outline to the eye is not always the m ost expeditious to the “ and again : In selecting one out of two - or m ore m m possible for s for any word, the student ust recollect that i n w m great ease riting, and , consequently, the saving of ti e m [and , he ight have added , legibility] , is not secured by using

k - hoo ed and grouped , and especially half sized , letters , on all possible occasions but he m ust learn to m ake a j udi cious He selection . should choose a long , easy and legible form rather than a short and cram ped one That the elaboration of such highly concentrated abbrevia tions is an exceedi ngly fascinating and seductive m ental t e m creation , we do not for a om ent deny : but they are too com plicated to be extem porized ; each com bination m ust becom e i ndi vi dua ll m r oﬁta bl y fa iliar before it can be p y used . As Pr ofessor Everett says : There is a certain pleasure doubtless M n l . a ua , p . 46 . 153. Ed 1 886. ' I 1 d . , p . 36, 1 29 .

t n o Br v t 38 Condi io s f e i y .

h m ﬁr st e l short and , is that of o ission the st p is general y to om it a ll the vowels ; the next only to write the ﬁr st two or three consonants of each word . The following is an exact ’ transcription of one of Taylor s specim ens .

- t s b b b r tr s f m r t n r dr t kh n - m n ndstr prf s s kntr fd

t t r d - fd s nt t- b rkr d w m ns n l r p t p b .

This is sufﬁci ently hard to m ake out as it stands ; in a ctual writing several of the letters would be uncertain which would h di fﬁ l add considerably to t e cu ty . A reporter who has to transcribe his notes while the i s m m subject still fresh in his e ory , can put up with a great deal of illegibility and abbreviation by om ission : but for ordinary purposes of correspondence , and for cases where the original notes (untranscribed) are required to be read easily

of m m at any distance ti e , perfect legibility is the ost essenti al m point , and the words should not be too uch abbreviated . The best m ethods of abbreviation ar e those which are m e m fa iliar in longhand . Indicating t r inations of long words , m m especially of words that are often repeated , o itting uni m m portant connecting words , and si ilar ethods, are very m largely used in reporting , and are uch preferable, for general m use , to the wholesale o ission of vowels , or the use of hundreds ﬁ of arbitrary abbreviations , such as still di s gur e system s of shorthand . It is true that nothing can be easier to read or to

r d- w h en nce i t h as bec m e write than an arbit ary wor sign , o o

e ectl a mi li a - p rf y f r . But such word signs , if they happen not to m ll difﬁcult be fa iliar , are absolutely i egible, and the y of m learning the , except in special cases , is so serious that they can only be of general use to professional writers

36. . of m i REPORTING For the purposes Verbati Report ng , abbreviation by om ission m ust be freely em ployed in any m bu syste , t facility and discretion in the use of it are only r to be acqui ed by diligent practice . If the coveted art of Verbatim Reporting could be so easily acquired as m any unscrupulous advertisers would have us believe , it would not be so highly valued . Its very value B 39 Con ditions of r evi ty.

fﬁ t Th e a m of Mr proves its di cul y. following st te ent Edward kn ll k w ll be w Poc e , a very well nown reporter, i read ith interest by those who wish to know the real experiences of a m a n of undoubted ability in the m odern school of reporting . “ The statem ents often published ever since the art ﬂ ou 1 00 er m e r i sh ed about learning to write words p inut , in any

m few k two m syste , in a wee s , or in or three onths , with a ' m l practice of an hour a day, are si ply udicrous to those who

i les m have had any experience . The pri nc p of a good syste m a y be acquired as fast as th e student pleases to read them ; but reducing them to PRACTICE is an essentiall y diﬁ er ent thi ng . ’ Mr Pocknell two ra c The author [ Edward ] , after years daily p ’ m hi s tice of Lewis s syste , in early professional career , could not write 100 words per m i nute ; and on abandoni ng that m P m syste for honography, which he also practised daily , so e i m t es at long spells, as a Reporter of Speeches for the Press ,

r e e 1 40 r mi th ee years pass d b fore he could write words pe nute . This statem ent is m ade in the assura nce that the experience ” of other practising writers has been the sam e .

‘ Of a certain system we have seen it stated tha t the report i ng style m a y be acquired in twelve hours ; but beginners in C r ﬁnd u sive should not be discourag ed if they that , though a

’ m onth s practice will enable them to write it with greater li m i faci ty than longhand , a uch long er apprenticeship is requ red

a i m k for verb t wor .

3 i k h ve ba i m 7 . It is not unl ely however that, w erever r t

a ccu a i m r cy is requ red , hu an agency will in a few years be

superseded by m echanical .

‘ ’ The well - known Ph onograph does verbatim reporting m m auto atically , and therefore not only far ore cheaply but m m k ll r ‘ P also ore accurately than the ost s i ed a tist . The hono ’ graphi c records have to be transcribed and put into shape for

k r m m the press , li e any ordina y verbati reports , but it is uch ’ e di m ‘ P hi easier to transcrib by ctation fro a honograph , w ch ﬁve m f m delivers to ten words a t a ti e, than ro the best

shorthand notes . 40 ond t n s o B r e t C i io f vi y .

But for the gr eat m ajority of private purposes - sueh as — correspondence , copying , and taking notes of lectures where transcribing is out of the question , and legibility is m ore e essential than spe d , the phonograph will never supersede shorthand . In fact there i s every indication that the popu lar i ty of the ar t in the future will increase . It seem s to m e

m k i n em therefore that it is a ista e , constructing a syst , to attach so m uch im portance to brevity as to sacr i ﬁce to it any i m l considerations of legibility and s p icity .

CLAIMS .

3 bri eﬂ h e m 8 . To recapitulate y t argu ent of the In tr oduc m C m tion , I clai that ursive Shorthand is a good syste , and suitable for general use , for the following reasons (1) Because it is easy to write : It two z r uses only si es of cha acter . It does not em ploy the k hi k w distinction of thic and t n stro es, or of positional riting , w en so that it can be written equally well ith p , pencil , or r l r stylog aph , and on ru ed or un uled paper . m It is very cursive and lineal, and si ilar to longhand , and k m l avoids indistinct j oinings and aw ward geo etrica outlines . i The vowels are written in the r natural order, by joined i k characters l e the consonants . Detached dots are rarely l used , and on y for subsidiary purposes , and need not be carefully located.

(2) Because it is sim ple to learn

‘ ’ ‘ ’ It is strictly alphabetic , and does not use sym bols or arbitrary signs .

It is strictly phonetic , and avoids the inconsistencies of the m m co on orthography . m l deﬁni te m The rules are si p e, , and free fro exceptions . (3) Because it is easy to read t m Its legibility is due par ly to its si plicity , to the facility

ci entiﬁ and clearness of its outlines , and to the s c arrangem ent — of the alphabet ; partly to its com pleteness all words differing 41 Cla im s .

i i n sound are naturally di stin guished in outl ne, and the rules are so deﬁnite that the sam e sound cannot be correctly written m in m ore than one way . Besides this , there is a co plete m system of vowel indication , and the outline is ade to show , in nearly every case , how the word is accented . (4) Because it is as brief as is com patible with the above conditions : l u m The given m ateria is not wasted , b t is used up as co

letel m m . p y as possible, and disposed in the ost suitable anner k It can be scribbled as rec lessly as longhand, and is about three tim es as brief when fully written (see also p .

C uali ﬁca ti o ns ursive Shorthand, in addition to the above q , possesses great advantages for educational purposes . Besides m being strictly phonetic , it is also very regular, syste atic , and m m co plete ; thus it not only i proves the pronunciation , but

ﬁ r a o ds a valuable m ental training . I do not think that there is any system at present before the publi c which com bines all these qualities in so high a degree and in such suitable proportions .

ORIGIN OF CURSIVE SHORTHAND .

m m m 39 . The present syste was founded on y re iniscences m m of an A erican pa phlet , the title and description of which ’ (taken from Dr Westby Gibson s adm i rable Bi bli ograp h y of S h ortha nd) are as follows z— A Brief History of the Art of ne P Stenography, with a proposed w system of honetic Short

m P . m . m s hand , by Willia Upha E ssex Institute , Sale , Mas , U S A 18 48 . . 77 . 8v . [Large o . Two plates , containing alpha

m J 1 602 m Towndr ow 1837 . bets , fro ohn Willis , , to Tho as ,

d 1 20 . n 1 . viii . an pp , includi g 0 plates ) Lest I should appear in what follows unduly to depreciate ' ’ m k m a outset th a t the value of Upha s wor , I y say at the , owe m m t o h i m I uch ore than to any other author, and that ’ I found h i s system so far superior to Pitm an s for general l m w purposes that, a though I had spent so e t o years in learning ’ l m m . the atter , I at once abandoned it in favour of Upha s syste 42 Or n o si ve h or th a ig i f e S nd .

k Cu t e The latter, li e rsive Shor hand, was design d to supply th e m s e need of a syste for general use . It di card d the di s t i i k k tinc ion between th n and th c stro es , and the use of detached

m k a s vowel ar s. Its alphabet w based on a very com plete s phonetic analysi , and provided si gns for all th e necessary

two of sounds . The distinction of sizes character only , was

m d e d m o i e ploye throughout . In all thes fun a ental p nts we m d n ’ have a e no cha ge . But in one sense Upham s system was i o m m h i s nc plete . So e of the characters of alphabet were k m li n inadequate, and gave rise to aw ward co binations entai g m special devices . A ong the worst were the following — h A w v v l 4 — 7 , , y , , ,

sh z h ch V Y , Y , v , j ;

(7 i u 1 u t 1 , 1 p , (73 , I p 00 , ﬁ . , (down) ( ) I(down) ( )

Th e m hi s few re aining characters of alphabet, with a ex ce ti ons m m C p , were uch the sa e as in ursive Shorthand , but differently arranged .

i h The loop characters f d were devoted to f , , and the m al z s large and s l circles to and . The device of expression ‘ m ’ by ode was not used . The short vowels were distinguished ‘ b ’ m i y character , a ethod very fruitful in bad outlines , s nce m ost of the short vowel characters would not j oin clearly in

m Th e m d several co binations . ethod of vowel in ication con sisted in the use of a large num ber of Special com pound conso nants ; m any of these were objectionable as not containing i m the r respective pri aries ; thus , — L t fr om v t and A — r l fr om n and l r , T p p h ,

o a t m n t m m m a nd . U fro and u , {1 p fro l p ,

J _ m c h ; 7 kn fr om é n kr fro and , gg g and Cg ,

A c k 10 kw from and A , etc .

There were also m any arbitrary non - alphabetic signs for

r eﬁx es e m i di s com m on words, p , t r inat ons , and phrases ; the o l t /m n Or igin f Cur si ve S m d . 43 tinction of three positions was arbitrarily applied to several of these signs .

Cu 40. In layi ng the foundations of rsive Shorthand the ’ ‘ alphabetic principle 20) was adopted as Opposed to the

ideographic Arbitrary com pounds and arbitra ry word - signs were therefore rejected wholesale . A great saving of steno graphic m aterial was eﬁected by giving the downward tick

s z e m ll to , , and using the devic of adding the s a circle to the m n t m utes , p , u , etc , to for the corresponding sibilants w a th . f , , etc The loop characters J , were then assigned k ﬁr st w l r . to , . Hoo s were used at for and y The alphabet of Cursive Shorthand thus took shape on th e

ﬁrst Ja nuar 1 887 . k w of y , The hoo s for and y were soon found a l e l m i a nd to be p rticu arly obj ctionable , especial y when ed al , the

v ‘ b m ’ de ice of expression y ode was , after various trials , applied wa s to these characters . This device found to be so satisfactory

i c that its use was extended to purposes of vowel ndi ation . m m Meanwhile any changes were ade in the vowel alphabet , especially in the expression of the short vowels . The characters l th e D for 11 , the reverse loops p for r , alternatives D 9 f , fort d , , were added to the consonant alphabet . Th e system of vowel indication was com pleted and sim pli ﬁed 111 such a way as to render the m ea ning of every outline m ore precise and deﬁni te m , and the writing consequently far ore legible .

k si o u Aw ward and indi t nct outlines were carefully hunted t, and elim inated by the appli cation of suitable rules to the usage of the alternative characters : these rules were m ade m m strict , instead of per issive, so that the sa e sound could se i ff not be correctly written in veral d erent ways . Th e above changes are m ore extensive and fundam ental m ﬁr st : than . ight appear at sight of the characters of the alpha bet less than a quarter rem ain unchanged in m eaning and usage ; and although Cursive Shorthand still bears a

u rﬁci al m u strong s pe rese blance to its prec rsor, the change in spirit and signiﬁca nce is so great a s to entitl e it to rank as a new system . n 44 Ph onetic Sp elli g .

PHONE TIC SPELLING .

41 C : . ursive Shorthand is very strictly phonetic words are k written as they are spo en and not as they are spelt . The com m on spelli n g is so com plicated and so full of i nconsistencies that it is im po ssible to construct a sim ple and consistent system of shorthand except on a phonetic basis . In order to separate as far as possible the di fficulti es which m are purely phonetic fro those of the shorthand itself, we em ploy a sim ple Phonetic Notation (distinguished throughout k C i s by the use of thic , or larendon , type) wh ch enables u to m ake our statem ents about sounds sufli ci ently brief and defini te , and to represent very accurately the sounds which the shorthand characters are intended to express . It is m ore full y explained and illustrated in a sm all m “ P pa phlet on honetic Spelling , which the student of Cursive

Shorthand will ﬁnd very useful .

42 we . The phonetic alphabet , if include the letter I for 30 m 26 l k s, contains letters , na ely the of the od alphabet and 4

o . inverted letters a , , x , q The letters 11, q are used for the two r i h h i n i ll th en en va ieties of heard in t H , and q . The letters A i n , 0 , are used for the vowel sounds the words butter , b a te ;

m e k a m . co r, o

0 s h z h The letters , j , q , represent the sounds , , ng ; as in the

i i i s v us i e v i on i o si n er si o. words c o , v c s ; , v j n ; g , q The soft

oh ch m to tsh sound of , as in whi , is the co pound ( ) . The soft

m d dz h . t sound of g , as in gentle , is the co pound j ( ) The let er ’

z h a a i . J, y, has the sound of the French j , as in j The sound

u u kw. ch ch r k . of g , as in q een , is Hard , as in a acter, is 2 m The rem aining 3 letters have their usual eaning . a e 1 o 11 0 w The vowels , , , , , when not followed by , , or y , i n represent the sounds of the accented short vowels , as the .

a t et i t ot ut. words p , p , p , p , p

h P oneti c S elli n b H . L . C d . S m i h 6d p g , y allen ar a e publ s ers, price .

46 Th e Com m on Or th o r a h g p y.

1 m m ( ) O it ute , or silent , letters .

For ‘ ex am le t l l p , the i a icized etters are not pronounced , and m ll : are therefore o itted, in the fo owing words

e b e e l e e e e ue . Mute . eliev d , bless d (b est) , liv , si v , lat , leag

h . h h h Mute g thoug , rig t , caug t , etc .

. m n m b h h lm m k Miscellaneous da , la ,p t isic, p sa , e pty , now , k h m ch l k w h . nig t , phleg , ya t , ic , ritten , onour

(2) A letter is often doubled in the com m on spelling to i n di ca te a short vowel , and a m ute e is often added to indi cate a long vowel . These devices are not required in phonetic l spe ling or m shorthand , where long and short vowel s are m n a n distinguished by other eans . For i st nce , one letter o ly would be written in each of the following cases

b i n m m l l k s etter, s n er, poppy , erry (co pare very , bury) se , is ,

a d z z . mm n n c h . d , bu irreligious, i easurable, i nate , co nect , Bac us

(3) In com m on spelli ng som e consonants change their di n sound accor g to their situation . For instance

a i ve et en l 9 is h rd in g , g , but stands for dj and j in g t e, j udg e.

k ca t i . c stands for as in , for s as in c ty In the phonetic alphabet the letter 0 is used only for the

cea n vi i us h a i se sus i i n su ci ent sound sh as in o , c o , c , p c o , ﬁ .

te c h sta nds for k as in cha rac r, and for te as in church .

a i n to na tu e sh n . t stands for 0 ( ) as in t o , for as in r

us 0 sh su a sur e 3 stands for 2 as in b y ; for ( ) , as in g r , ; for

z h leasu e vi si n. j ( ) as in p r , o

h ne i c v ne h m . ph stands for f as in p o t , for as in p

71 i nk n e m si n e . n stands for q ( 9) as in , ﬁ g r (co pare g r)

n h a e a n e d da n e . g for q in ng r, for qg in g r , for n j in g r

t i h i n h has three dist nct sounds ; the sharp sound x , in t , h i h w a h l h en th w ea h e t g , re t ; the dul sound 11, in t , y, r t ; the

- - m th ot hook sh t h a nd . co pound sound , in p , or Thi s list is not intended to be exhaustive but contains m ost mm of the co on variations . T m on Or th o r a h 47 h e Com g p y.

4 diﬁer ent m ff ( ) Words of eaning , pronounced di erently , are often spell ed ali ke ; such words are distinguished in phonetic On f spelli ng . the other hand words spelled di ferently are often pronounced alike ; such words are not di stinguished in phonetic

n bow w b u h a d b w . , bo (also o g ) a

- li ve 11V la li ve st k . , (verb) , yv as in oc w us e a wz ewes e s . , y ws yu (verb) (also , y )

l ea e tax) . ea d, l ed and liy d . t r , tye and

(5) A letter is som eti m es sounded in pronunciation which m m is not i ndicated in the com m on spelling . The co onest ex ’ am i s ‘ l a ple of th is the parasitic y before the vowe (you) , as i n bea u ew u e sui m u e uni on h uma n the words ty, f , c r , t , t , , ; y is l al mm k h e e ea i e ee . so co on y heard in words li e r , f r , p r, p r

(6) The com m on spelling i s ~ gener ally m isleading as to the vowel sounds . The best way to ﬁnd th e phonetic or shorthand

- l hi k ke equivalent for any given vowe , is to t n of the y words , and tr m m 48 y with which of the the given vowel rhy es . See .

The letter r in the com m on spelli ng when im m ediately fol lowed by a consonant , indicates one of the o vowels . It is not

r ll th e r r e t i ed and should not be written by phonetic ( ) , or its

l ﬁr s equiva ent, the shorthand loop character , because the t principle of phonetic spelling is to om it mute letters . The correspondi ng 0 vowel com pletely expresses the exact sound r : r ll without the addition of the to write the (tri ) , when it is e m e not pronounc d , is si ply to writ the word wrongly, and m di ﬁer ent mi ght often cause it to be confused with so e word .

CURSIVE SHORTHAND . k l d 46. In setting to wor to earn the shorthan , the beginner 4 48 49 Al b should start with 7, , , on the pha etic Words and m A o l Mn e onic ids , and sh uld then read the Genera Directions ,

52 m k m . 88 , and try to a e out the exa ple on p , with the aid i l of the Alphabeti c Table, so as to ga n a genera idea of the system before attem pting to m aster its details . 48 P 46. SHORTHAND AL HABET . §

C EL . ONSONANTS . SHORT VOW S

L ONG VOWELS .

em , m y owe

n eu, y J A

i q , i qo

' h oo h e K 0 hou h a ~ , y \ r , y N v woo we w e wa , y f or , y

oo r e ea y , yey yo , y

SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS .

- - i on 0 pt . S kt. U st n nt na 0 k on con , 6 , U , t ) Sh or th cm d A lph a bet. 49

4 O N C . s l 7 . NOTES ALPHABETI TABLE The tudent shou d

' not attem pt to learn thi s table as it stands ; it is only gi ven l b for reference , and as exhibiting a genera view of the alpha et.

I s r J 2 1 wr The consonants , , f J q are itten downwards .

' Th e r J uw oo ow vowels y , AO, , , / are written r upwa ds .

ﬁr v v w The st characters ; U , are generall y used for t d 1 ( th , ; 1 , 1 ( ) , respectively .

s w n ll k The ighs, and y , are expressed , i itia y by hoo s and i k ‘ ’ — m m 56 58 . t c s ; edially, by ode as explained in

a e 1 u i n i h d The short vowels , , and ; o, A , and , are dist gu s e

‘ ’ when necessary , by dots or m ode 77,

k e 1 ex e The upward tic is used for a , , , and y, c p t when 68 i n disjoined , and in the cases deﬁned on p . , which the r k downwa d tic gives a clearer outline . h 48 . C rm . t e ALPHABETI Wo s Most of characters , when standing alone (when not associated with other characters to form what are technically term ed are used to r epr e

‘ ’ sent certain com m on words call ed the Alphabetic Words .

Each word is chosen to suggest , when possible, the usage as h well as the sound of the corresponding character . T ey are

ke w l . very useful as y ords , and should be thorough y learnt

h 88 108 . For exercises t ereon , see pp . ,

Vow a .

and a i r

O f Ay !

a , an or the you / h ow

The straight ticks I when standi ng alone are arbitrarily

a nd o th e used for the words , f , , respectively . 6 k The unaccented short sound of the word , in phrases li e ’ ‘ h (1 ma n i o w c , is ident cal with the neutral vowel

The ch aracter a is also used for a n . 50 Sh or th a n d A lp h a bet.

I we r a r e J ou be The curved characters , , , y should k w m ade slightly longer than the straight tic s . They are ritten

ar e t k . sloping , and not so deeply curved as p , , k 1 The downstro e standi ng alone is the ﬁgur e , and is

Th e k used for the word one . tic s is not used standing alone ; it would clash with the verti cal tick 1 th e .

' Cousos m r s.

n m l pea for wi l as , has

' f \ P o h i s be have 0 10 0 is ,

U 19 m 0 to think fro who , self u do \9 them 0 very selves at a hath 7 /h i m l st had D with 1 m e into c key 6 which i hand

- o m Cgive 6 j y 0 circu stance .

These will be found very useful in learning the alphabet ; m they are not erely convenient abbreviations . Som e of them contain or im ply preceding or following

m me i n m vowels . The for s I and f are obtained by si ply j oi ning the vowel y (55) after 111 and before 11 . The character m e is only used when a short vowel precedes m . The charac ter

no m ll ny , used for the word , always i plies a fo owing vowel , but not generally 6 : at the end of an outline the vowel im plied

m a n is y , as in y.

Both the characters for r require followi ng vowels . The r e i n character J ( ) is used when a vowel does not precede, m n k m form ing co bi ations li e f r , as in fro : the character

er m c n ve 0 ( y) i plies a pre edi g vowel , as in the word ry. The

Z o ll w : character 0 ( o ) , requires a fo o ing vowel if no vowel is

66 uw m written the sound is i plied in certain cases , see 77

i s a s r n The 2 charactersfor , , being w itte downwards , cannot

” a e ou be confused with r , y , when joined to other characters . h i m W en stand ng alone , they should be ade longer and steeper , h or th a nd Al h a bet 51 S p . m ore like the q ( i ng) char acters J K which are not used for i alphabetic words . The words h s, h a s, are distinguished, if ° m i s a s b r eﬁx i n h i s h a s. necessary, fro , , y p g a circle thus , 1 , 9

sh d sh m ll The characters 6 c, , and 1, , consist of s a

r k. ci cles , turned in opposite directions at the end of an s tic The s tick is generally om itted and the circles are di rectly m attached to vowel ste s The character 1, when standing

suc h . alone , is us ed as an abbreviation for the word m ll a Th e s a h circle , st nding alone , is used for the word

h uw sufﬁx sel N o i sel . wh o , ; as a , for the word f, as in t f The double circle is used to add 8 to circle characters (see 8

83 dselves u selves. ) and for the wor , as in ( yo r

m t kt st s d The co pound characters p , , , p , nt, n , are only used when no vowel intervenes between the com ponents in

. m i k st i each case It would be a bad sta e to write 0 for c ty, a t f or S k t for c . There are a ew other com pound consonants l m me i m l m n of ess i portance , for d in a s i ar way by co bi ing their m co ponents . 80

B c y enlarging the circle of , j to add the syllable on , we

' l m m m m - i n ~ z obtain usefu for s for the co on ter inations t o , s on as

- md k e con i nd i ca i n ok e on c a si on . N y , t o S yj , o c

l r th e r eﬁx k on con Ini ti ally the arge ci cle is used for p , , as

k t o on a a k nsi stent onsi s ent. in on r , c tr , g o , c t When di sjoined it is used for the preﬁx ci rcum and when

l ci umsta n e . standi ng a one , for the word rc c

C A ms Th e th e al 49 . MNEMONI . characters of phabet are l best learnt by actua practice in reading and writing, by the a l constant use of the alph betic words, and especial y by noting the relations b etween the characters and the sounds they r e 5 n w prese nt 0, But the begi ner unacquainted ith phonetics will probably ﬁnd the following m nem onic associ a ti ons m ost useful at the outset .

0 ca t i m The char acter C for k ( hard , as in ) is s ply the letter c without the dot . 52 571m m Alpha bet.

Th th e character n for p , and e rela te d characters for

b t v u u . , , , curve p p , p

a c th e l The ch ra ter v for d, and re ated characters for

r down : d d n . t , x , a , cu ve , ow

c m n The chara ters for , , are portions of the lette rs M N l , .

‘ ’ c c e L i e i n er k - The hara t r q ( g ) for the bac nasal , is the y

w wi - a c e /n t e kw s o k a . ch ra t r I , ri t n bac ard , th the tic dded

Th e loo ch aracter s I l and r m a be associ ated p f for , y with the longhand script form s 2 r .

r c 0 th m m th e e t The cha a ter , is for ed fro cha ract r u by sm ll i l na r ad ding a a c rc e at the end, just as in the ordi y

i n 71 t r th spell g the letter i s added to giving the dig aph . Sim ilarly the other circle characte rs m a y be associ ated with th e i ordina ry spell ng , in which their sounds are often t e

s i k e h sh . i f ar th e pre ented by the d graphs p , , , etc , we reg d di i i th h T m o fy ng ci rcl e as correspond ng to e letter . hus

i i h ch p a m ; c . e . tc ; . h e ; ma

RELATIONS BE TWE EN SOUND AND SIGN .

Th e m r ters 50 . for s of the cha ac are chosen so that sim ilar m i l i s sounds m a y be represente d by si ar s gn .

D ox r Z ﬁrst i sr m cn s o SI E . The sixteen consonants are a n i n r i b t a k i v d rra g ed natu al pa rs ; p , , g , , nu, te ] , 8 1 , m m s l c j . The e bers of each pa ir are very clo e y related in n e n a l la ﬁr st m m e sou d. In t ch ic nguage the e b r is said to be ’ ‘ ’ ‘ a a nd e . s n . bre thed , the s econd voic d The corre pondi g di f i n th e a e a x z fere nce ch rac t rs (except , c j ) is one of si e .

Th e sm a ll siz e ch a r a cter S h v ) t ( e to e p , , L n x ,

‘ ’ 6 to b l th e e i s r t l n , e onging to br athed or wh pered a icu atio s , are m a de a little less than half th e siz e of the correspondi ng

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ll or voi eed o s A b v d n : v u fu , , s und , ) , ( g , , 3 q ,

1 . In th e case e x c m C 11 of , j , it is ore c onveni ent to m ak e

i t n i n a k i s r the d s i ction other w ys . The tic for s st aight , for z

5 l D r e t ons or r t 4 Gener a i c i f W i ing .

C GENERAL DIRE TIONS FOR WRITING .

t m 2 A . 5 . WRITING MATERI LS The pret iest and ost accurate results are obtained with pen and ink on ruled paper ; but for all practical purposesCur sive Shorthand m a y be equally well h written on plain paper with a pencil or stylograp .

IN m LEARNING TO WRITE , it is i portant as far as pos sible to avoid writing words incorrectly ; at ﬁr st therefore

the student shoul d never hurry , but should draw every m character carefully and deliberately, so as to avoid for ing

. i l m bad habits Speed w l co e by practice . In taking notes the ' n student should on all possible occasio s use those words ,

‘ ’ especially alphabetic words , with the correct outlines of whi ch he is already fam iliar : im portant and unfam ili ar words should

ﬁr st i i n an if at be always wr tten longh d ; written hurriedly , e before a good style has be n acqui red , they wi ll probably be m a di fﬁcult written incorrectly , and y be to read afterwards .

' I sh ould a rti cular l N LEARNING TO READ , the student p y avoid spelli ng words out by the ordinary nam es of the longhand U im letters, which are often no guide to the sound . lt ately a habit is acquired of recogniz ing words by their outli n es i n m m without spell g the out , or even pronouncing the ; in the m m m wr eanti e , if a word ust be Spelt out , it is best to ite down l the equi valent of the shorthand out ine in phonetic notation , i t and then try to pronounce , putting in the vowel e in place of

‘ ’ indicated vowels .

53 i n a r . In writ g , the char cte s representing the sounds of a

all i n th ei r m word are j oined together _ proper order , for ing

‘ ’ ni tli . e a continuous whole , tech cally called an ou ne The p n is not lifted from the paper except as required by the Mode of Hiatus ’ (see

Th e relative siz es of large and sm all characters m ust be

ll m . z carefu y aintained , just as in longhand The actual si e of m r m the characters ay be varied according to ci cu stances , such Gener a l D r e t ons or r t 55 i c i f W i ing .

as the goodness of the light and th e writing m aterials . The m inuteness of any kind of writing is lim ited byth e siz e of the C m l sm all est characters . Since in ursive Shorthand the s al

z m a m m ll k h m ll l si e y be ade as s a as you li e , and t e s a circ e m a be c th e m a be m a m y redu ed to a dot , writing y de very co pact

i e i n - m l k indeed . Th s is often conv nient arginal notes and i e m ﬁr st cases The beginner should not atte pt this at . The best general rule is to m ake the sm all character s 0 u c J — “ as sm all as they can conveniently be m ade say from I? to l i n i l — of an inch ong , as ord nary onghand writing and

A u l ast i i Th e k the large siz e C a t e tw ce as b g . tic

l k m - h i 8 shou d be ept as short as possible, not ore than one t rd n of the le gth of n.

i in lm r The way in wh ch the characters are joined , a ost eve y c bl m ull onceiva e co bination , is very f y illustrated in the suc ceedi ng pages . The student is advised to write down every ill m i to m ustration as he co es to t, and co pare the phonetic ke w l own y ith the out ine , and with his pronunciation, in each l i n be case, so as to earn to dist guish accurately the sound long i n g to each character . Wh n e erever alter ativ characters are given for any sound , it is not optional to use either i n any given com bination . Which m i of two al te rnati ve characters is to be used , is deter ned either by rules of vowel indication or by considerations of clearness and facility . ' The si m pli ci ty and phonetic str ictness of Cursive Shorthand alone render it possible to provide a com plete set of rul es to m nl eet all cases . This not o y saves the student the trouble and per plexity of choosing for hi m self which of two characters m m w is preferable , but also secures uni for ity of style a ong riters m of the syste . Great pains have been taken in illustrating the rul es to e th e m m h i choos ost sugg estive exa ples . In addition to t s

a series of progressive exercises has been appended , which are arranged in such a way as to show what characters are to be used in each case . 56 Gen er a l D /r e t ons or r t n i c i f W i i g .

54. ANG S or J I . i i e i f LE O NING In jo n ng two charact rs , the m ﬁrst second begins in the sa e direction as the ends , the j oi ning is not m arked by an angle or break but is said to be

‘ ' C cu m c . continuous ; as in k eo, r , fr o k and ao

- - im l t wt oa t c/ k ow cow t kt . S i arly c/ m ; , ; N p ; g m b In any cases , where a very lunt angle (greater than r m would naturally occu , if th e exact geom etri cal for s of the ll m characters were fo owed , no angle need be ade in actual writing , provided that th e com ponent characters are clearly

i n i l m d sti gu shab e , as in fro go This does not apply to blunt angles between straight strokes as in the case of coerci on and oa sis The angle nwd not be m arked in the com binations ’ e d a i d b ba \1 h \/ y , ; e , ; s t ei t e a \ y y , } y g ; p y, p y but should be m arked after u and u and before n and ﬁ

1/ M W toe ﬂ Awf oa W ota to as in , ; , f ; p . 1 20° l r m k Blunt angles of or less shou d gene ally be ar ed , m a off n but y be slurred or rounded , as in the an exed cuts .

d o oubt wt, d ; & lm o, ca r e ; N oodo, or der .

Angles less than a right angle are generally sharpened :

W (11 1 616 6 7 NO I' ‘ s s 31 1 1 ; W ; uwn oon ; NO . 7 , T 7 ch a Sharp angle j oinings are the clearest . The alternative ra cter s are used so as to secure sharp angle j oinings wherever l C n i possib e . onti uous j o nings are speedy but not always clear .

li d - ba Out nes such as b eyt , de te, involvi ng conti nuous j oinings , are wanting in sharpness , and if written fast are di fﬁcul r h t to w ite neatly . T ey occ ur very rarely in Cursive t a Shor h nd . When a character endi ng in a circle is joined to a followi ng m m character, the circle is described by a continuous ove ent of d the pen , en ing in the direction in which the second character begins so that there is no break or angle ; com pare the words :

e th e d da : f( foo or e rf oo o e q y , y; ey , y , f ; p , p r ;

- - tcao h a i kao a e : w t h a ; w d t , dot. K , c r ; , c r q , t t r t n 5 Gener a l D irections f or W i i g . 7

i n i O o In a few case s , those wh ch the circle ends in the pp e a site di rection to b ginnin g of the next char cter , a sharp ‘ the angle is m ade after the circle , as in

' - - a h nsu r f k i ; co, ce e. g , gr p c Z sen r

N A H 0 SE w Y. I ITI L , ( ) , ,

55 H c m r l h . , . The s all ci cle used for initia , is turned

m i r a i forwar ds O , in the sa e d ection as th t in wh ch the

k m . m 0 sh hands of a cloc ove The s all circle used for initial ( ) ,

l k - k is a ways turned bac wards O , counter cloc wise, in the m 0 sa e di rection as the longhand letter 0 or . The sound j (z h ) does not occur initially in English (see v h ea d of h ell c u h ut h e h en a , , , , ,

fs / sh ed Q? sh ell 0- 0 sh ut 0 s O , , , , h e, sh i n ,

0 h a e o- u h ur ’ r , t , 5 h ou , o C ha k \ r r ,

' K sh a e Q — sh i t f sh or e o’ sh a r , u r , o , c rk,

” ° M e f h a h i h ( , c h oot, y, \ g ,

/ V a sh ow / sho sh sh . o , o ot , y, Q y

Th e l mi I sh a ll sh uld . vowe s are o tted in the words , Q J o

sh e m a Q In practice , the word y be written straight ; thus ,

It need not be curved unless joined to followi ng characters .

l h m i h ow Initia is o tted in the words , h ouse and the circle k i s turned bac wards i n the word h i s (p. Medial h is rare ; th e forward circle generally j oins badly m a between two characters . The h circle y never be j oined m a k after consonants ; and y never be turned bac wards . It m a y be joined after vowels if it falls naturally outside an angle ; as in

a h ea d a h o m f ash o e a s W , y ; co pare r , h a me .

56. w. k A forward hoo is used for initial w , before

wea ve C w k wa lk forward curves ; as in W , ( oo , : and in th e m m following co on words , from which the vowels are om itted ;

wh a t w ld 9 D ou wh en went wh enc e. , , 7 , 2 , 2 58 In t a l H SE W 0 Y. i i , ( ) , ,

Ah upward or up- backward tick is used for i nitial 1 7 in other cases ; as in

0 wet w w d won m m woe wash < , oo , 7 , 7 , , ; well j w o l N wh we e wa , o , y, r , y ,

’ a d “ wi od wei d woe w d w ar , x / y , r , , N oo .

m a ner all be om i t d s m d Th e w yge y te , or expre sed by o e ’ T wa s wh e he a we e wa won . m the words , , A } t r ; lso in r , y, t

5 r i k i i l 7. . The downward t c is used for nit a y as in

w et V es ell a ot ac h y , y , y , y p , R 1 y , y t ;

‘ a d oun ﬂ a wn eas . N , w t y r , ?y g y , y ‘ It i s j oi ned by an upward tick before a downward vowel ; V V ea a e. as in the words \ y , \ y r

uw 00 Ini tial y is omi tted before the vowel J , , as in

J u a use . uwx use i 56 t . y w , (subst ) 4 y , (verb) ; in tial , wi hout

l i n e 62 . the y , occurs on y the word ooz , which is written as in § i k If great preci sion is requ red , the y tic is used , followed by

- ﬂ th e m nw ou h uwl ule . y ode ; thus , W y x , y t ; y y , y ‘ ’ a m a be m e m The y in ye r y o itted , or express d by ode l i h w l i k i a Vowe s follow ng , , and y , are a ways written l e init l 6 e e 1 vowels 9 , Exercise exc pt that the short vowels a , , ,

t . t w h are written upwards af er y Af er and , they are

n k ks k writte n dow wards before upstro es and bac tro es, or if not joined to a followi ng char ac ter . ks i l w n The tic are used for ini t a and y , o ly befor e vowel cha rac ters .

’ Manm u w are o r 58 . and y expressed by M ODE m m s , to l n m ll that is say , by ifting the pe , leaving a s a interval or ‘ ’ i t s r w l . hi a u , and start ng af esh, above for , be ow for y

i n th e l k ud Th us out ine wey , q ; the w is expressed h c by begi nn i ng the ey a little above the end of t e k .

i n 9} h uw h ue M 9_ a dh eo a dhe e Sim il arly y , ; y , r ; the y is expressed by beginni ng the vowel below the h circle . E W Y In t a l H 0 S . 59 i i , ( ) , ,

’ Th e wh th e w i mi l r sound h w , , breathed , is s arly exp essed b s w - m t r th e h i y u ing the ode af e c rcle ; thus ,

o wh e e o h we wh e \ h waa , r \ y, y .

But the di stinction between w and 10 71 is not generally m ai n ta i n suﬁi ci ent ed in English speech ; it is therefore , except when e mi l it is desir d to i tate a pecu iarity of pronunciation, to write

10 in a ll cases for wk.

The y- m ode is m ost com m only required before the vowel a ou i n th e yuw (y ) , as words

- l b uwt bea u n uw ew / s uw sue. M y y , ty; } py , p , y ,

Th e - m i s ch i eﬂ e i to w ode y r qu red after k , t express the o m u tw : c binations kw (q ) , , thus j C - x r V ( 1 kw 1 e ua l w ak w es a ui es e . kw10, quee ; y , q ; k y , cq c J u twa n twi ne dwel dwell ; swao, swea . ? y , ; V , r m w m r c It ay be observed that , in the and y odes , the cha a ters are written in position as though th e ticks were inserted

s owe a wa e s a ea . thu , y , y ; ye , y r l l They should be m ade to overlap each other s ight y , when

i i m . poss ble, to show the r connection ore clearly k h if m i a ll Th e ti c s are good initial c aracters , but used ed y woul d ofte n present awkward j oini ngs : in rapid writing th e m odes generally give clearer outlines . Initial hooks can only be used safely i n the special case

l k r . selected , nam e y the forward hoo before forwa d curves r k Othe hoo s , such as c/, though they can be easily

i a. t m co a ow disti ngui shed n cu fro c/ , p y , c/ c , would cause serious clashing in actual practi ce .

LONG VOWELS .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 59 . By the term s Long vowels and Short vowels are to be understood th e sounds given i n the Alphabetic Table under those headings. Long vowels are expressed in alm ost all cases by writi ng their characters in their proper sequence . 60 Lon wels g Vo .

r a o se a w e 00 ow o The vowels , , , y , , , y generally present good j oinings , and require no alter native characters . (See Exercises II . , III . , p.

k N V 1 J A u The characters as , ay , y , w are lik ely to give th e student m ost trouble at ﬁr st. They involve cur ves on the awkward slope which som eti m es present bad

i a r . joinings , and therefore requ re lte natives . (Exercise IV )

l k 60. The cha racter a o j oins we l after upstr o es , and back - circle characters : ’ as a i la i . na e , ne er ; p , p r; la o, r

A k s m s s fter the downstro es, , , p , and after forward circle , as t h ar such , , the ch acter is used, as in

1 a 6 . AY . The ch racter I is generally used for the sound a y , as in the following words

- - ‘ r l a y , r el ; d m den ; li ke 46 y y, y q ; 7

A b s i c ’ D ; A , e ; m e es . A i e ei n q Y. y y . y k y q , y g

It i t r k - l is stra ghtened to af e a downstro e , or forward circ e.

si n ma m f e n 3 . a at fa . 7 s y , g ; L y , y ; y, ﬁ 7 , end )

Th e cha racter is leng thened to and to be fore

’ r i e I ve m i le type A p M .

a a s t d 1 After y, and k , the consonants , , x , 1 , are written 3 D a D respectively (Exercise IX) ; after al l other vowels the characters u u w u ar e used .

’ ei h er m wh i e aod a i d . 1 m m. t ; 6 m . t . , r

t h e The chara cter is used af er circle , but is short ned to k before a consonant downstro e ; thus, 0 0 h i h i ne h ei h g , 7 H , 3 g t, )

n l 62 Lo g Vowe s .

The upstroke of the character em represents a short l mi vowe It is o tted after long vowel characters . The

' k oin ed but downstro e is not j , is written in position as k C m th e though the upstro e had been described . o pare words / l / h m e oem w /ti me V I a m o o , m / p ; , ;

s , / m eum eem suum assum e . Ll , 4/ ; y , 9

L G Vows ns ABE R Y . 65. ON AREL OMITTED Long vowels , m di especially when accented , are the ost au ble of sounds , m im i in and are the ost portant in distinguish ng words .

m a mi speech . In shorthand , long vowels y only be o tted in m e m ufﬁ ci entl very com on words and t r inations , such as are s y h distinguished by their consonants, and cannot clas with the h full outlines of other words and p rases, so that the gain of brevity is attended with little loss of legibility . l m In abbreviating words , it is genera ly better to o it one or k c d . two h ual consonants , and to eep the a cente long vowels m i i n The latter re a n audible Speech long after the consonants , h i f m h e c so t at , we retain the , t habits of interpretation whi h l w have been already acquired in istening to spoken discourse , ill

s i h then avail u in read ng abbreviated short and . The vowel ey m ay be m uch m ore frequently om itted than o any of the other long v wels . The gain thus secured in m m sharpness and co pactness of outline , by the o ission of the k aw ward slope , is often great ; and the loss of legibility is m e m m relatively s all , because y is a very co on vowel and closely related in sound to e

The com m on term i n ation - a te is generally long in verbs ; but is so com m on that the vowel m ay always be om itted in ll words of m ore than two sy ables , provided that its place is indi cated and that a clearer outli ne is seem ed by its om ission ; as in the words ,

f J i na te asc e a e . 3L» a om moda e a i a e, / , 1, O , t t f r t cc t CM g 7 7 p m m m The outli nes of all th e co on words fro which . vowels

e 106 1 07 m ay be om itted ar given in the list on pp . , ; and are collected for reference in E xercise XX . Sh or t Vowels. 63

R SHO T VOWELS .

m k 66 . It is a ar ed peculi arity of th e E nglish accent that m m z so e syllables are strongly e phasi ed or ac cented , and others t i slurred or pronounced wi h very l ttle force . The sounds of m i n the a c cented syllables are ost clearly given pronunciation, and are m ost im portant in di sti nguish i n g wor ds. A short vowel in an una ccented syllable te nds to lose its distinctive l m m features , and to pass into a neutra voice ur ur .

More than half the vowels i n English are short and un a c en d ch i eﬂ m c te . The function of such a vowel is y to ark the arrangem ent of the consonants . In speech words a r e di s ti n ui sh ed s unds la c es g not by the o , but rather by the p of their o unaccented short vowels. If therefore the place f such a vowel

m i ndi a e d a ong the consonants be c t , it is fully and adequately e express d , and need not be written by character . m This ethod of tr eating the una ccented vowels , enables a s m k hi to ar the way in w ch a word is accented , and is one of i the ch ef featur es of the present system . The beginner will

l fir st u i m H perhaps fai at to appreciate its f ll portance . e m ay fin d som e di fficulty in the distinction between a ccented and e e l m unaccent d vowels , b cause , a though it is one of the ost l t essentia distinc ions in speech , it is not recognized in the m m lli i f co on spe ng . For a fuller explanation of the d ference , he is referred to the pam phlet on P h oneti c Sp elli ng before m entioned (p . in which the subj ect of the expression of accent is di scussed and ill ustr ated in considerable detail .

6 C . A sh i s i ndi ca ted 7 . VOWEL INDI ATION ort vowel at the l j unction of each pair of consonants , uness its absence is m speciall y im plied by one of the ethods given below .

At the beginning or end of an outlin e no vowel is im plied

e c i n th e m ( unless written) , x ept special cases entioned below l ﬁna l l w 69 , Initia and vowe s are generally ritten . A vowel indi cated in a shorthand outline i s denoted by P K a hyphen in the corresponding honetic ey . 64 Sh or t Vowels.

68 CC ao . A ENTED SHORT VOWELS . Short vowels when

’ cented are often of i m portance in distinguishi ng words by

. a t et i t ot ut their sounds The words p , p , p , p , p , for instance , di r are stinguished solely by the sounds of thei short vowels . The accented short vowels are divided into two groups 1 25 a e 1 2 a er 0 A n . ( ) the y ( ) group , , , ; ( ) the ( ) group, , , a e 1 r all The vowels , , , a e three represented by either of the

é ~ ti cks r o A u é r - i k o , or the vowels , , , by the t c , .

The upward é - tick is to be used except in cases where the

. 68 . contrary is expressly stated . (See p , end ) w a e k The distinction bet een , , and 1, and li ewise that u m ‘ m ' between 0 , A, and , is ade by ode of writing in a way n which will be explai ed later . F or the present a and 1 will be d a written (and should be pronounce in re ding) as e, which is interm ediate in sound between them : and sim ilarly o and u

A Th e l will be written , and should be read , as . legibi ity thus secur ed is found to be am ply sufﬁci ent for all ordi nary pur poses , and the further distinction is readily added if precision is required . k 69 . A . o A INITI L SHORT VOWELS The tic is used for , ,

x a e 1 : é - k or u ; or for , , or the tic is written downwards k k k before upstro es and bac stro es , upwards before down h V k s . stro es and 0 (See Exercise . )

WV 11 3 z wa s . h app y; 7 ; 7 a , ; N i t; w ij

11150 utter ; 011 ; egg ; E a ; J v , 7 z zr The sound 0 is im plied by a hook before the characters

‘ h f a v . e i 0 A , {5 , The character should be writt n i

o A 11 . 6 the vowel is accented , , , or (See Initial , when

a ea a bove a b u Unaccented , as in the words pp r, , o t, is generally

t a é - k r onounced o, but is best writ en as , with the tic and not p ‘ with the hook and sim ilarly in the pr eﬁx a d ’ ( ’ 0 u a s o c é nce oven V1 a eo a ea . é n , Qﬁ , , _ py r 7 p , f ? 7 , pp Th e character 0 er y im plies a preceding vowel ; if no vowel

m . C m th e s i s written the soun d 0 is i plied o pare word ,

’ - r - n a an e a r - nd o a n e r nd a n e ; a di , rr ; j , r g . 40 j , r g 47 g d] h or t wels S Vo . 65

The nasal com pounds cannot be pronounced without a pr e n l : m cedi g vowe if no vowel is written the sound y is i plied .

m t nd ( ko o . 89 5 . Uy . q . ( q s

Th e e m upward is not joined before , we use the form

m e a m n m . . The word o g is written e q , not su q

0 FI Vownns un 7 . NAL SHORT in English are always r acce nte d . We distinguish only two va ieties , which are denoted by the ticks o (é r ) and f y ﬁnal (7 in m m l 0 co on spe ling always stands for the sound .

m ﬁn l Exa ples of al 0 (see a so E xer cise VI . )

J ofo d er m d - feo de e l a , ﬁ ; co pare , f r ( ong accented) .

- t k m CL k m o c m e 1 k o i n e i nc i . , o r ; g q , r (co pare r) r w k a k k Final y is w itten do n after upstro es and b c stro es , w '

u k . ( ( f o o a i c p after downstro es o ty , f rty; a y y , y .

k r Downwards after bac ward ci cles , upwards after forward U a sh I»ta tc u h t i e E e . c rcles ; as in R a cy , y ; , y , to c y ; w y , ﬁ

e k c k i h Upward y is writt n as a hoo after , Cg ; as , r U K da k duc ki e J et bu y , ; Gg ; t ggy. m e e Final y is i pli d , and need not be writt n , after the

ﬂ 1 r n o w . characters y , y , d ery , y ; is ritten

a n M - lovel Surr e / ; l sar . 7 eny , y vly , y ; 3 y , y

1 L A VowEL s . m l 7 . MEDIA SHORT short vowel in the idd e of an outline is i ndi ca t ed at the junction of each pair of con m e sonants , unless its absence is specially i pli d by one of l w m th e fo lo ing ethods . B m (1 ) y the use of the co pound characters .

C m (A ta st M set i . i n N o pare s y , y ; y , c ty 6 to ; / 2 B i ( ) y certa n of the alternative consonant characters .

— ’ - C m ¢3 1nveos z 7werse n vo neve . o pare 7 , ; , r 17 z ﬂa w ow uw ellow fel r & “ to t. , ﬂ , f ; m

- t a tr 1 h r h i s . 6 y r ; toory , T r m r y , y 0 est , to y ﬂ o y 66 l Sh or t Vowe s.

The usage of the al ternative consonant characters is very l ll i n 0— 8 ful y i ustrated 8 9 . (3) By the MODE or HIATUS The j oining of two consonant character s gener ally i m plies an intervening short vowel ; if they are not joined but written m side by side , leaving a s all interval or hiatus, the absence of a vowel is im plied . (See 77 i a m m m l S nce ll the co on co pounds are special y provided for, thi s m ode is onl y requi red in ez cep ti mm l ca ses parti cula r ly i n the ca se of com pound words where th e consonants belong to separate ? v ar - e . 111 1 1 t ul tex t bAk ex b k. syllables : . g “ , fi f ; , t t oo i /fi t U V - - - h a nd m a i d r st la ss out do . , Um fi c , J

Q/ t- a < Ush or h nd ; com pare 7] sh ortened (p . ? - - - - - C m V d z m l , disma l M d s m l deci ma l . o pare 4 ; , This use of the m ode of hiatus is exactly analogous to

- i A m d i n word d vision . co pound word is divide where vowel di cati on i t r to requires , but the parts are w itten close together

I . show their connection . (Exercise XXI I )

2 U CC Vows L s AB E 7 . RULE . NA ENTED SHORT OMITTED

WHENEVER THEY CAN B E INDICATED . This is the fundam ental rule of vowel insertion and

m . I . o ission , and includes all the others (Exercise XV I ) In som e cases the consonant characters cannot be clear ly joined without a vowel tick : an intervening vowel cannot then

m . . be indicated , but ust be written (Exercise XVIII ) The tick I s on account of its shortness cannot be joined continuously to downward characters : when s is followed by a

t th e n downward charac er interveni g vowel , if any, is always written . “ W / ss s s si s e i t xl ﬁ a e se 1. sot t r NO n o ; ; . , ( T 0 ) V When a vowel does not intervene the m ode of hi atus is u m m d sed , unless a special for is provided for the co poun . \ E lsi e sna e [ H sma ll m u sta e. , r , p 5 , co are \ r l k k 0m The insertion of a vowe tic after characters li e i }, wels 6 Sh or t Vo . 7

er e b c k 0 y , is requir d to give a good j oining efore , s and t a k k generally before and af er b c ward stro es .

- ’ h e 1 i s c 4 P a s z 5 wm i i n u . 27 w s rs; W h ; 7 r ; 05 j ry m c e k In any other ases , especially b tween downstro es , as " m ud a t , and after circle characters , as re f , the insertion m k of a vowel tick , though not essential to clearness, a es the outline easier to wr ite fast . Medially th e distinctionbetween the una ccented vowels o and y is generally unim po rtant : it is therefore sufﬁci ent to indicate such a vowel , or if it cannot be indicated either “ m rs n char acter a be used ; for instan ce in the word p e o , y , 7 0 m son m a be be the sound in the ter ination y written y ,

- k cause the é tic joins m ore clearly and easily .

3. 7 ACCENTED SHORT VOWELS ARE WRITTEN . The insertion of a c cented short vowels serves two purposes 1 i 2 ma k ( ) to d stinguish words , ( ) to r the accent.

1 r a en e l ( ) When the cha acters 0 and y represent cc t d vowe s , the difference of character is often useful in di stinguishing words . The distinction is m ost im portant in the case of m l onosyl ables and rare words . (E xercise VII . ) In the case of com m on words such as readily suggest them l n i ar e se ves , especially con ect ng particles , and words which m m d co only slurred or unaccented in speech , in icated vowels m are generally o itted . This not only possesses the advantag e u i m of brevity , b t also serves to d stinguish them fro rarer

i l . words , wh ch are fu ly written . (See Exercise XXI )

u w m but x not V h i s . Thus we rite (NOT ( v ) , [ , t \3 m N bet net h us. Co pare , , 7 t

In short words and in cases where the accent doe s not

m k é - k a e 1 m a m m require ar ing, the tic , for , , or , y so eti es be m m o itted . To distinguish such words fro words containing

sufﬁ ci ent 0 , A, or u , it is always to insert the latter and if an ul accented vowel has been om itted , it sho d be pronounced as e in reading .

’ The upward é - tick should never be om itted between down

k k et set let m et stro es , in words li e p , , , , when it gives a clearer 68 Sh or t Vowels.

li n m a m t d o out e . It y nearly always be o itted after , , x , q , t , dj , k b 11 a z a . when followed y downstro es, especially , , or q (See l ell ll . m e f ell E xercise XIX ) In so e other syl ables such as p , f , , nell ness i t m , , where it j oins continuously, its nser ion or o ission is gener ally im m aterial and m akes little di ﬁer ence to the

2 m two ( ) In words of ore than one or syllables , the sounds h of the short vowels are seldom t e only m eans of disti nction . But i n this case the in sertion of accented vowels is useful in a

diﬁer ent m m k . way, na ely in ar ing the accent This often m l m akes a word uch easier to read , especial y if it is a rare n word, or if it is accented in an u usual way . ’ ’ v N Th i be o en d de end . t, ﬂ ) p , 1) p

’ ’ ’ esté r da undé rsta nd K / N ad ve i se . M y y, W , } rt

' ’ v é cr t f lu erm i t r o é r t A li be . b .) rt ﬁ , p , r p p y, y '

M d tti c M a ttdc k N u e i ue te V w dbbot abd t. , 2 , t q t , , m The insertion of a vowel tick gives no inform ation about 2 the acc ent in cases , such as those of 7 , where its insertion is e required on other grounds . The ins rtion of an unaccented m vowel , when not required, is isleading ; it is in all cases better sim ply to indicate a short vowel th an to insert it wrongly .

R E- r rcx DOWNWA D . The cases in which the downward

é - k m al a e l tic is used edi ly for , , or 1, are as fol ows It e b is always us d before p , , v, except after p , b , y . l m Before other characters which require it initial y (na ely , k k 01 bac stro es and , it is only used after character s which

ﬁn all m k - i and t d and require it y (na ely, bac c rcles , , after

k . r . , g (Exe cise VII ) Thus , ( Q a 8 s A sa ki c k ki ll h i k f h i ll ell . p , C , ? , } t c , c , J t It m ay be noticed that the downward tick is never used after the characters n m or before th e cha ra cters u u 19 u nder any circum stances ; and that the cases in which it

a e 1 represents one of the short vowels , , and , can never clash with those in which it is used for the long vowel a y

70 Mode of H ia tus.

The end of the character n is for these m odes considered h to be its upper end , whet er the second stroke is inserted or

. Th e am 11 m not s e rule applies to q , and the co pounds , na , nt . Sim ilarly the beginning of an m is considered to be its lower

ke end , whether the upstro is written or not . 77

C C nwa si n ere i na n m i nu i a e . \ o y, c , p o g t , t 7

77 . M O F B F C N C A C ODE HIATUS E ORE A ONSONA T H RA TER.

1 TWO C m 2 m ( ) BETWEEN ONSONANTS , ode ( ) i plies the

. 1 m absence of a vowel Mode ( ) is used for ter inations ,

. 85 92 m 3 w see pp , ; ode ( ) for unaccented y , as in the words ,

” l I A - o u a te ccu a m u a e voluble . ﬂ p p , o p p t t , K N y, w w

s r n After the character J y , g ery, y , which necessitate

' m 2 x r ss to e e 1 . a following vowel , ode ( ) is used p the vowel y

d . If no character follows , a dot is use ﬂ ni knee n l kne l d e h d nee . y , ; i y , ; i y ,

“ / r l r e v a d a y , ; r i d , e ; r i m e m . J M y r J y , r

m nw m 2 cl 9 Si ilarly is expressed by ode ( ) after , 1y (as suggested by the alphabetic word loo) (see 86)

W l uwm l om 1uwod leewa d - / W h al luw o . g , ; f ; « g o > , r y

m knee r e m a m In onosyllables (except , ) the dot y be o itted , e b cause the vowel is necessarily long .

fl fluw ew r i th ee r , x . fl ; 3 y , r In other cases a dot at the end of a word is used as a general m ark of abbreviation (see and the use of the m d two second o e between consonants in cases where , owing

m us to the exigencies of pronunciation , a vowel t intervene, m ll i plies the vowel of the alphabetic word , genera y the alpha beti c m 91 word itself in a co pound (see ) thus ,

ro/or m oi n n eac e C ke s A bees f , C j , , p , y , , l f ( 11l de o H a tus 1 o f i . 7

But except in initial syllables , and in the case of 1y after a t the char c ers r y and ny , and of uw after 1y , it is generally better to write the vowel character . (E xercise XXV . )

2 m ( ) AFTER A LONG VOWEL CHARACTER . The ode of hiatus e m m aft r a long vowel and before a consonant , except , i plies a s short vowel . Modes and are u ed to distinguish th w o i e unaccented vowels , , y ; but the d stinction is generally m of little i portance , and need not be very carefully observed :

i n . the sound w does not occ ur this way in E nglish (Ex . XXIV . )

E a c ui ed J akwa od r u ui n . m an sci n g y , q r ; wyn , r 7 , o u d/

‘ / n / i K ow l v wel p a w s es V s i e . o ﬁ v y , o ; p y y , p o y “ oc ty

th m When no consonant follows , e 0 or y tick is si ply " I i : i n /\ s w h o w oe see . j o ned as o y, Q J o r, L r If the vowels do not j oin clearly the m ode of hiatus is used the w - m ode after an w ( 00 ) vowel ; the y - m ode after an y ( cc)

s w e sa e e i r e Ch a s vowel ; as in o r ; y r ; ay , ; o . 7

- m m When an o vowel is i ediately followed by another vowel , er r is usually sounded , but the character 0 y need not usually l c th e be written , un ess great precision is required , be ause r trill

sufﬁci en tl m o is y i plied by the use of the vowel ; exceptions ,

la w e m . such as y r , are so extre ely rare as never to give trouble

’ 7 - - W l b oor os la bo i us s eor o su eri . y , r o ; py y , p or

l 0

U nea es sm ous er z od . r t, , w p

w The distinction between the sounds a wer and a , as in

s a us dra wers and dra ws, core and c e is not com m only m ade in conversation ; but m ay be m arked 111 shorthand by adding 0 ;

f ‘ / ; ﬁ la w e N a u ea a d ra we c . te ” L u a . , ﬂ 7 r ; p y r , L r , r w An a ccented short vowel, follo ing a long vowel , is written , if required to m ark the accent ;

ﬁ p A edli c \ a e i a l z o tom l . , ﬁ r , y, ogy H 0 2 M de H a tus 7 o of i .

(3) AF TER A snoa r' vows n CHARACTER and before a con m o sonant, the three des are used to distinguish between the o E ac cented sh rt vowels . ( xcept before m (Exercise and in m i n very special cases , this ethod is never used practice , see § 79 . ) e 1 a , , and , are distinguished by m odes and after th e é - k : o A u m é r - k tic , , and , si ilarly , after the tic ; thus , u a t et N i t m Ot m ut 3 p v . u p p u p ( )

ﬁ/wi m am SwAm swa m P sw on swa n s ; sw ; , ; I , ; / /sh a m Sh em o H a m o Q / \ me S h ma n. , , , Hy r, y

r i n ess i nces esen esen p c , p r ; p r t , pr t . 254 32 a e 1 The character to be used for , , and , whether or is determ ined by the sam e rul e as for h ual vowels An accented short vowel is always im m ediately7 followed by a consonant so that this m ethod cannot clash with the ex pression of w and y . M a bove a o ode , is used for and , the vowels in a bove .

8 m a 7 . In actual practice the Mode of Hiatus y often be l i dispensed with . This is general y the case w th the disti nction

e 1 o A 11 . between a , , and ; , , and The hiatus need never be m A m r m k ade after e and , ode unless it is desi ed to ar the accent very particularly ; and it is usually sufﬁ ci ent to write e

1 11 . for a and , and A for o and In long and com m on words the r eﬁnem ents oi vowel indica m m a h e tion , involving the ode of hiatus , y often neglected l without m uch danger to legibi ity .

For instance the outline represents a pri yceyt, which is 2K) li a eci a te . an intel gible , though not a perfect pronunciation of pp r ll m a ri c e t The fu for p y y y involves hiatus twice .

“ i m r ------t k l o, W op t n t , n tr l S ila ly p W y M ,

- - — - - - N ed k e con br - k f st k lk l t y , , , co

sufﬁci entl a ti cula o tuni t na u a l are y suggestive of p r r, opp r y , t r ,

k a s la t educa i on b ea t ca lcu e . t , r f , , though not strictly correct a tus 3 M ode of Hi . 7

It is not i ntended to recom m end the writing of words m l m i ncorrectly , but si my to i lustrate the fact that the syste is r eﬁn em ents so constructed that the neglect of such of accuracy , k does not ma e the writing illegible .

m m r eﬁx es k a d ob a i c After co on p , li e , , h , wh h are rarely l th e m followed by a vowe ode of hiatus need not be used , — a dve se di ve se a bdi a e . W ﬁ r , w 7 r , N c t

mi m m m in ﬂ ecti ons Si larly before co on ter inations and , ’ l - s - d th e m hi m a especial y , , ode of atus y often be dispensed

i . C w th, if great precision is not required ases like the follow i n i n m g are exceed gly rare , and would be al ost invariably dis ‘ ’ tin ui sh ed h a tch d h a g by the context 2, and tch et; ’ r i d d i i d i n s en i e g and r g ; p r t and pr t c . JQJ 22! ﬁr st k The word in each case should , strictly spea ing , be written wi th hiatus .

two 79 . When characters have been j oined together by k i n m m ista e , a case where the ode of hiatus should have been l m k m . 1 used , the fol owing correction ar s are e ployed Mode ( ) is indicated by a dot placed above the character which should

m 3 Th e m have been separated ; ode ( ) by a dot below . o ission m h m k m m of edial is ar ed by a s all circle ; the si ple hiatus , k m ode by a vertical tic . These m arks are som etim es useful for purposes of revision , when accuracy is required . “ ' ’ a t a i t f f r eh end M 10 i t di d not. p , p , 20 pp , 7 The consonants w and y are generally im portant for the b m recognition of a word, and should always be expressed y ode where they occur ; they should not be habitually om itted in O n writing and dotted in afterwards . the other hand , the distinction between the short vowels is seldom essential ; it

l m a m a y therefore be generally neg ected in writing , and y be m ade afterwards by dot if necessary .

m r These dots are very seldo requi ed except in rare words , m l m e k or in unfa i iar proper na s , or in passages , li e that on 2 h n n p . 9 , w ere the co text happens to be of no use in indicati g th e right word . They need not be plac ed with any greater

a 13 . accuracy th n the dots in longhand (Exercise XXVI . ) 4 7 Consona nts.

C ONSONANTS .

fo 80. P A 13 r F e v. i ac t s , , , In j o ning these char er t uw Ow s af er vowels , except J , , y, the angle hould be m k d A k m a ar e hoo y be introduced to sharpen the angle , as in

i 9 ’

t h O d ve . ( h Awp , p o r i k m l i Th s hoo is used to i ply the vowel c , not on y nitially, k s m 1 k but also in syllables . After the downstro es , , , the hoo becom es a loop ; a nd the character A need not be inserted

ki . unless the accent requires m ar ng . (Exercise VIII )

I N m a l V tub m cu a r e sh ove ck su A A ve. , p , , p , f , o

w é - k l Except after p , b , y , the do nward tic is a ways used

1 b f v. for a , e, , before the characters p , , ,

ta M a Q ca ma gs la r a w x . n , L, , , “ , , p p p f p p p p

C m i e e o pare the outlines of r p , typ

m n s li s t 3113 91010 di s The co pound p , as in 4 p , 1 a

- ti ng ui sh ed from A s p by deepening the curve of the p .

m a i n m o m 1111 m b f b mi Si il rly the co p unds p , , ; p , , and , ght

w /7 e be ritten , 0 , ﬂ r spectively ; but the distinction is of l l m i k ma i m sufﬁ ci entl itt e i portance, because cases l e p and p are y disti nguished by the vowel precedi n g th e m : the characters m a be im e a s m y therefore s ply j oin d , in the following exa ples ;

’ A em b m M em h a i a m ca m d . . e i r t GA 0 M , , r, p o p t c c p , g p

81 . T v 1 9 11 u 11 . u , , These characters are used

t d e al m for , , x , q , xcept in the speci cases entioned below. l i They gener al y present the best j oin ngs , and they do not leave the line of writing .

3 a t h a d h a h c) wi h ch i eﬂ The characters , , a t , t , are y i b used for the correspond ng alpha etic words , and in phrases m n n m and co pounds contai i g the such as , e/ wi i n wi h ou wi th h old L h e ewi h . th , 9 t t, D/ , r t 9 TD

l er n ao They are a so used aft the lo g vowels Ay , . 1 . ns n 5 Co ona ts. 7

k m a m d ex ee t i rii ti a ll The character or Ay y be o itte , p y

6 l bl ki e h t i m i b n and in the sy la es S t , ) ﬁg , being pl ed y usi g si h t C) ui te the special characters ; thus , 5 g , q ,

bi te vi de , p ro , q ’ 7 3 3

m i h li h en i de de ed ne i h er . g ty, g t , a) p r , ﬁ , a t

After other vowels these characters are not used .

ea h ‘ ﬂ u h ) f out rt , NOT 3 ; o g t , NOT f ; , NOT

- The characters 3 a are used in form ing the com pounds t kt ft P , , , PEI, 10 1, fl

’ “ / V ‘ - a ti ve a a t x x f th . c , S r ck d ) t, 9 of , de th , i f J , p g p g After these characters and a q ﬁnal y is wr itten

w i nﬁ ti ns - th - cd a do nwards , the ec o e , are added thus , and - i ng by the cross stroke

wr i e h wr i i n i nvi ted . t t , 4 t g , 43 7 }

The character d is also used in form ing the auxiliaries

ould u for m J eood w d 5c , 9 wo ld ; and the ter inations , ar ; w ‘ ’ the being expressed by m ode .

wa wa d m rwa d h a di h d . y r , ) fo r , r oo The com pound U st is form ed by j oining I s and u t the upstroke of the t is brought up to the level of the top of the s m for the sake of lineality , and the co bination is m ade strai ghter and narrower to avoid confusion With k ; if st were written i m ul 6 st, s ply j oining the characters, confusion wo d probably m nd m l m m n occur . The co pound 0 is si i arly for ed fro and v d and nt m n w t . , fro and lj /

2 c K G 6 TC D J . o e 8 . , C , , 6 The t ps of these charact rs

i k to should be well curled over in writing , l e the p of a long

0 m m k hand , to di stinguish the fro straight characters li e

C m - - nt. /k m st m . Ust , o pare C , A l/ 76 nson a n ts Co .

A11 vowels j oin very easily both before and after these cha r a cter s : the insertion of a vowel tick is som etim es required to m ake the j oini ng easier 72)

V o k A b ok l k L suc k L sac k t t o , c o , 4 oo , c , C .

c k i n m u sk o k m a In j oining after s the co po nd , a ho y 7 r e ( Esk ski sk . be introduced to sha p n the angle , d, t, Q y

' The com m on com poun d 1 is sim ply written 5 k s : if a

C- ki ss us . vowel intervenes, it is inserted , as in q , r, c p

r eﬁx m e In the p ex , the initial vowel is o itted if unaccent d ;

i h C ex é t m ex a n ex n é z é r ci s , n c ; f e , e . as s p co pare i t t; t t 3 ll l! }

The pr eﬁx - k on is for convenience wr itten 0 before down

' k s c k ; k stro es , such as , instead of writing 7 m o i using the de of h atus.

ns a nt C concdr M c ndi ti n onside . a co t , L _ _ , o o , N c r ll The 11 character is added to the circle before upstrokes and

X. in 72» con é r nne . vowels ; as , f , co ct (Exercise )

m m to d The special for s 6 C are given to the co pounds , d,

Which are very com m on in English . The true guttural

L h Ich . sibilants only occur in foreign words , such as oc , k a r O r i a te The bac ward characters are otherwise pp p to to, d i j , because these sounds are ofte n etym olog cally descended from

‘ ’ corrupted gutturals ; com pare the Engli sh ch urch With the ‘ ’ ki k l c eh to Scotch r , or the Ita ian , pronounced as , , With the c e Latin , pronounc d as k .

8 r J z 3 s . e z . , The alt rnative characters for are i requ red to facilitate j oinin gs . The general rule is to use di e uw ow o When sjoined , and aft r vowel characters except , , y ,

. C 89 . and upward y ( p . q , , and see Exercise XI )

The distinction betw een 8 aud z is m ost i m portant at the

: m e wsea l M ea l beginning or end of a word co par , , z ; r essu es r e i ous - h i s x - 2 h ese r r , precos, ; f t 11 , t . i p f p c , }

78 Consonan ts.

84 . c J . 0 sh l d k , The circle of ( ) is a ways turne bac wards , i n the sa m e direction as the longhand letter 0 ; th at of j (z h ) h m d r h e (and of ) forwards , in the sa e i ection as t loop of the l II longhand etter j . (See (Exercise X . )

r c k The cha acter 6 is used for , after , g , and when disjoined ; 6 E e er shee rl c f i che L k e eo cas h i e . y n . g, y , ; L c , l ( ) y , r k m t m ll r Otherwise the s tic is o i ted, and the s a ci cle , turned k e l m bac wards , is directly attach d to vowe ste s ; thus ,

ha she she Russ r r, ma r , ma ch i ne , i a r , r vi ci ous s a ci ous dish M ush i sh ﬁﬁ p , w , p , n ? p .

Short vowels before and after c are written like initial and

- ﬁn k . a l vowels . Initi ally , the é tic is written upwards before 0

The ci rcle 0 is for convenience turned the other way in the

m m h a ll be sha ll h a ve i n co on phrases , s , ( 7: ; the word ’ — suc h th e m - sh i wo sh i 0 ; and in ter ination m p , as in x fm r p ,

ki nsh i 0 l d m n n 1 p . The circle is a so use in for i g the conve ient

- ‘ v a l m c muc h 0 ac eac h . abbre i tions, , , , ,

s t . w The consonants , , etc , When follo ed by y , are often e c in o p to , conversation ; in cases Where b th .corru t d m m l pronunciations are equally co on , that shou d be chosen which gives the clearest and m ost suggestive outline.

‘ / A J i ssue Ui Ttue c L h si e ex osu e J ; W , o r ; M p r .

U - u e m i tu e s ri u e UL i ndenta r e. @ tu ; . _ f r gp c r ; 3) c p t r

- n tco na u e r ooedur e . 6' ; [ , t r W p

C m or tune 0 a i ons ? r es M 1 u e. o pare ( ff ; f ct ; 2 p s r m When c is co bined with a consonant , no vowel inter ni n m u “ 1 ve g , the ode of hiat s is used , except after and n , an d f l m a r ne be ore t, to which the circ e y be di ectly j oi d ;

° ' “ e s nx i ous n o. u - sh t o) o - s 7 q co , a ; ” p o ; co ﬁ ho ot .

' ’ - - - a l A U a st f n nc l a ci r g Welsh ; { wi sh t i oni sh d . w , ﬁy n Consona nts . 79

“ m th e m ntc i nc h The for /is used for co pound , as in , <7

f h cont a nc i en i nch benc er; eyn , t . 7 p , i m na The for 0 is used for the j ; as in the words ,

a l n ch a n es. a h i n ed nge , engi ne , g s g , W m ﬁ

l com Th e sound 1 is very rare in E ng ish , except in the

' chi eﬂ m i ~si on - on pounds dj , ndj . It occurs y in the ter inat ons j

s u e - o lea s u e easure lei su e (see and r j , as in p r , tr , r ; the

l i s wr i tten e o a z u e m o measu e. atter thus ; 5 j , r , ej , r {r

~ - TION N . I . Th 85. J N s10 e CON , o ( , ) (Exercise X II ) e larg ’ ‘ k con k a oo circle is turned bac wards for (except after , q, ), ’ ‘ kw on l forwards (cloc ise) for j . After long vowe s (except i y) th em r the circle is turned on e st of the cha acter ; thus ,

sta ti on emo i n { D ex erti o lﬂ so lu i on (A o , t o , m ﬁ t ,

' O occasz on (K a u i on lla i n collusi on u K , c t , £ 0 co t o , {eo o w Af ter short vowels and 1y, the con circle is ritten as an

' ’ i k n 0 o ndependent loop, li e the lo ghand letter , and is n t turned

m /0 9 sesswn . on the ste of the vowel ; thus , (NOT ) é i k m th e i The downward t c is o itted before c rcle, as in

e i i . C m n l p t t on, below o pare the ca and j on circ es

ussi n e i i a li i n d CI conc o , m t t on, co t o , V e le i on, O o p QO p t

on i si on m vi si n collisi on ao c c , o , b , 65)

After a consonant , if no vowel intervenes , the circle is turned dir ectly on the stem of the character ; it is tur ned

‘ ’ forwards after k and a q ; thus ,

ex ce ti n ( 9 ues i n emulsi on 6 ex em ti on $0 p o ; q t o , , $ p , i i ens n a c i n di s i n i on . un t . t o , t o , t ct , f c on z) 8 W The large cir cle is m ost conveni ent as a pr eﬁx or term in a

e s om l m l tion ; it do not always 1 wel in the idd e of an outline. In a ddi ng i nﬁecti on s and term in ations vowels shoul d be “ i c y a ssi a inserted where they fac litate j oinings ; p. r e p on te, U & st oni s i ona l, C que i t f but the

6— 2 Consona n ts. m ode of hiatus should be used if the joining does not happen

~ i n m i to be clear and easy . The g ter nation is added with the

- - cross stroke and the s inﬂ ecti on by. a sm al l circle or hook 83) the character is used for the - ed i nﬂ ecti on after

ca u i oned ccasi ned . the forward circle , as in t or o o

- can on This circle should only be used for the sounds , j , when they represent the substa nti val t erm i na ti on . " ” P e si a n 9 su i ent A r , 13 ﬁ c , are written dj ectives , such as 7 5 alphabetically.

86. L n. r be , The loops 1 , , can written either forwards ,

r 01y , i k k J y , in the d rection of the hands of a cloc ; or bac ‘ ’ w - kw i iff e ards el , ery, counter cloc ise The d erenc of , a appearance produced is suﬁi ci ent for the purpose of vowel n w i dication . Forward 1 and for ard r indicate the absence of di w o m m l prece ng vo els , and are used in f r ing the co pounds p , 11 XIV r tr k r . . , p , , , etc (See Exercise )

’ la t sh h t cr r a ctr es enr p a é g , y , ‘ p y , H y, ' j 2 { J

g si l e a s sh i ne . C m 5 ellet l t rr x , i a e. r o pare N p , , Wp y z p r t m m kl l Special for s are given to the co pounds , g ; thus ,

l ( ll l G c Q la d m j cu C/u l. K ay, J g ; co pare , g k d el k Bac war , is written li e the longhand 1, but with a m ore open loop . It is written half- size to indicate the absence o e i t i n m Ir l s of a v w l after , as the co binations 1p , , 1k , , etc .

wea lth p° sel ° Q\ h el Me elt ~ Q/ o ld m i lk A V \ ” . 6 , f, p , p , / ,

C m a r é a lm r eldme o p re the words , , . 77,

i m T r The ute , which occu s before a consonant in com m on

' a r sh o d spelling , as in t, rt , in icates one of the o vowels , and is

not written with the loop character . The loop characters t e l e r r ed he i n . present the tri led , follow d by a vowel , as in , rr g a k d r ery B c war , a , is used after vowels ; as in the words , Conson cm ts. 81

r r m a if Forward , y , y be used the preceding vowel is f cli ed n o pp in co versation, as in the w rds;

° ’ ’ ’ ’ r a s se r a te dz r ent em r o r . 2 p p , ?v p , f , p

m 1 i n k a r t sh or e So e dialects trill the words li e , t , b fore a

. e i consonant This p culiarity of pronunciation m ay be ndicated , s if desired , by inserting the character 0 written half ize

v rb a r t. to indicate the absence of a following vowel, as in

8 . M em i ndi a e 7 . The character I is used to c t a pre ceding short vowel in all other cases the downstr oke m is not j oined, but is written so as to end near the end of the X i a . V preced ng char cter (Exercise . )

- m s m e k - m e m - - s /m m r m em r umi d . , o ; 0 , co ; y , o y; h

‘ 84m m sa lm i m e e m a me sm ke /r . , p ; 1 /t ; Q g ; c ; [y o

i ﬁ d In rare words the particular short vowel should be spec e ,

m /Ta m P m 7 as , w , ry /y . [See 7

ma n m m - The word , and the unaccented ter ination n , are

11 written without a vowel tick between the m and ; thus ,

- ( h uma n ma n wi m n m en o_ Ge ma n. , , , , /r

m t d th e When a vowel does not intervene between and or ,

i m 1/em t 1/cm d characters are joined , giv ng the for s , , which are l nt nd but are written above the ine , analogous to 6 , U ,

k 11 m: k mi t - l li e e the upstro e is o tted, unless a shor vowe

. m 16em t m m m precedes The for _ is ost co only used as an

m - m ent abbreviation for the ter ination , which is usually written

m t l a . Aem i mcn i n i ma e. , t t in ongh nd p ty, t 6L,

’ monwntous M i m lemen s. J seem d év , p t , b

a m usemen . ( a um en a i ve é a rli a menta r , t M rg t t , j op y (d, 82 Consona/nts.

. N r k n f m m 88 . The downst o e of di fers fro that of in n li te n i t beginni g on the ne ins ad of endi g on , and in being i d C m d rectly j oine to preceding characters . o pare

mew nea m e e none m m A , r , r ; , .

Th e character ny is used when n is foll owed by a vowel

i h know na a h e . as , , y , no t r

h e c m oﬁ Th e angle in t o bination r no is rounded but ﬁnal a r k mi e m r before the upst o e is o tt d co pa e ,

- m no ma nne i nne ; one hon u . , r Z r Z , o r

Th e m - m n i om ni sci ent co pound is written as in i ,

6/h i m ne m a 11 a ni m a l enem . c y is j oined fter thus , , y

k Th e upstro e of n is om itted if no vowel follows . The

r eﬁx es i n un k p , , are j oined before upstro es .

unb r n i nver se e . uni verse i ni i a l . M o , M , p p ﬁ , t

i n . Th e e l s 89 . Q ( g) charact r ca led q used

J o i n after vowels, except upward y , nw, ow , y ,

i u a XVI . wh ch cases the other c rve J q is used . (Exercise )

/ n I sowi g , sa i n d i n I sa wi ng , ( y g , V y g , 7

v wi n o i n . M o g , d t y g

bun r un ‘ h on tAq , ton ue ; sun g, g , t g . 7 g f g, 7 ” 7

l d a a n The opposite curve j cal e q ( y) , is used after upward

l f n 2 p 1 t . m , , p , n y , and after ost consonants especial y , 0

i n h a m ba n a n . sa n g , r g , ] g g j g , v ” 9

' lli n h un i n su n wa tch i n . si z i n , sh i g t g , i g , g g , Z j pp f

n h i n i n : was h i n . h a l i g t g , d g , g t , j 7 j Consona n ts. 83

h ﬁr st i r k By omi tting t e and th d stro es of lqo, we obtain

uri i n i l the back upward ﬂo sh 1q ( g) . Th s cha racter is on y

used for the participial ter m ination - i ng after certain con

s ll u t nd r k i . sonants , e pecia y , 0 , (f 0 , and bac c rcles — o Q h u i n si n ei n rt g , g g .

1) The character i q is used after p , sq , which l s i e : joins conti nuous y) , when a continuou join ng prec des and

t d . si mi larly a q instead of i q after ,

i n Q h oo g wa i i n . (NOT 9 ) p , (NOT t g When the uni nﬁected word 8 inone of the characters

r m n o 3 t d m d u 8 , , , , q, y, , , D , the ter ination g is expressed by th e cross - stroke (see After an a vowel the use of

- k m r sa wi n the cross stro e i plies r when no is heard , as in g , the character Aq should be used .

h u i n i t i n i n i n s lon i n l rr n nd i n . y g , “ up y g , g , g g y, g ? 47 ﬁ

' ’ u si n \ a i m i n 4 ! o emn v d oori du i n C c r g , X g , ﬁ g , y q , r g . fi 7 x A ar The characters lq , aq , q, e very suitable as term inal

ﬂour i sh es , but do not join well to following signs . Short term inal i nﬂecti ons m a y be join ed as follows ;

s i n e h wi n éd si n er str i n , g , g , l n i sh . 2 g , 52 gy t t o g m In the m iddle of a word , the ode of hiatus is used

ki n dom v si n s n lon h a a d as in j J g , j / g o g , g . m m m k t d But the co on co pounds q , qg , q , q , qx , are written w i o th e o- k mi and th e w ith the y q character ; tic is o tted , follo ing h i k c aracter is d rectly j oined after the upstro e of the q ; thus,

‘ ’ ( i nke O a n e t i nk x q o, r ; Q YQS , g r ; f yq , d

’ 8 8 len h k / d wi n d f m m in gt y yq , as in p g .

la n ua e a n lon e g g , gry, g r .

i f ui n ua n ula r flwr i nkle c . uncti ona l. ( Crag q q g , fl , p gflf i ' r e n ou s. 84. Fo g S nd

m i n v d The co oun d ndj soft as d o da n e , p [7 ( v n j , g r

‘ w h a n e a n ea must not be confused ith q or qg , as in g r, g .

Th e reﬁx es i n 1171 ' m l p , , before 11 , g , are often assi i ated in

i refer bl ' wr i tten m sound to q , Aq , but are p a y by ode of hiatus :

i nc ns a n unki nd i nc ease a o t t, , r . ft 7b 75, 0 9 . FOREIGN SOUNDS often occur in short quotations and l d isolated words . Such words should be underlined , or ita icize to distinguish th em from English words ; and shoul d be expressed by as close an imi tation as possible in English

‘ f f’ ”7 : r ; ea r L e x Wi en Vi enne. sounds thus , p , 0 j , / , 7 A few special foreign sounds have no satisfactory equi va l u m ii lents in Eng ish . The French , or Ger an , is written 1y ,

- b w m . C m followed y the ode , or the w dot o pare the words ,

f K uons b i e m u deux tr wa o i s. N , w , e, ne v , , tro m 7 , 7 The French nasaliz ed vowels a r e expressed by m aking the t i f ﬁn l nex character (q a ) intersect the vowel ; thus , ‘

K a i n r bon o . b nne c m men l n lon ue . j p r y ( p Wo ) , o t , o g , g

The character a is used for j in French words , such as , f 4 r uw u e f . 4 j , ; o W AO oi e j eon, e12ne . 4 ro g j , j 7 j

m c h h l r Ger an is written with the circle, fo lowed , befo e

a - m d a k vowel, by the y o e, as in m B c ,

‘ ’ Th e b I lla n m a reathed , heard in Welsh words , li ke , y be d reﬁx in h e lla n istinguished by p g the circl ; thus , h la n, .

1 F C . i i 9 . IN LE TIONS In add ng i nﬂecti ons the outl ne of the l i origina word should be altered as l ttle as possible .

With abbreviated words the m ode of hiatus should be used .

’ ” o ” n e ne s o nesel f wh se o /whom 0 wh o . o c , o , /o f, o , ,

C f ’ ’ i ves i ven m \ c . P s a nd S C o s 7 en o . , 6> , g Cg , / Q , ( j y , j y

86 P u nctua t on etc. i ,

ETC PU C N . N TUATIO ,

92. STOP s m ay all be written in the usual way ; but in

i n f l . rapid writ g , punctuation is best ef ected by eaving spaces A HYPHEN between two words is indicated by dr awing a

v - l n m 5 h a d ea ned . i e over the ; thus , 7 / r r Em m sx s m i z . The clearest way to e phas e a word is to write it in longhand ; if the word is written in shorthand , draw i t li i t a line round , or under ne . Ita li es are indicated by sin gly underlinin g ; SMALL CAPITALS by two lines ; LARGE CAPITAL S by three . Foreign words k l and quotations , and nam es of boo s and periodica s , are

z generally italici ed .

EB ASE d two l l i t. To A WORD , raw paralle ines through

3 ‘ r ﬁ r es l m l 9 . FIGURES . The A abic gu shou d be ade arge and l di stinct ; they generally give no trouble unless bad y written .

m / ow In writing round nu bers , the abbreviations, g n for

housa nd [2 mi l mi lli n ll : t , for o , wi be found convenient but it is clearer and quicker to add two noughts to a num ber than to

u r abbreviate the word h nd ed. 4 um an m k l 9 . h s are ar ed as in onghand by placing a dot a fter them . The following signs are used :

F . t . K . . A . a O

13. G . L l? P / N . . n .

' H 0 . C. c . . Q . c

' I. k . B . r

E. J . C.

m r 7 m So e , as , represent the sound of the na e of the c c th e w i longhand letter ; others, as , sound ith wh ch the l word usua ly begin s . AN INITIAL CAPITAL is m arked by a short tick struck ﬁr t i t through the s character or written close below ; thus,

J k U . M ones , Sy es , « West

l m Sm he The exact spel ing of a proper na e , whether yt or Smi h B wne B own m t , ro or r , is often i portant . Unfam iliar m proper na es should in this case be written in longhand . P r a ctice. 87

C PRACTI E . h m 95. The art of short and writing is in the ain a m echanical art ; to attain thorough excellence in it practi ce a alone is nece ssary, but practice is essential . Shorth nd is of little practical use until it can be written and read Without ff m i i conscious e ort and hesitation . The ti e requ red to atta n this degr ee of pr oﬁci ency will depend partly on the sim plicity of the system and on the intelligence of the learner ; but no m ll di l a ount of inte igence is of any avail without igent practice . At least an hour a day should be devoted to the m echanical act i m l of writing, t ll it beco es no onger an effort but a pleasure . A good m ethod of practice is the followi ng : Take a printed

m h ke speci en, read it t rough carefully , referring to the y if necessary ; then try to write it from the key without referrin g C m ul c to the copy . o pare the res t with the opy , and rewrite e l m s vera ti es words incorrectly written . When sufﬁ ci ent accur acy and facility have been attained by

i r copy ng practice , in order to acqui e speed the student should k o i t n m C i ta e every opp rtun ty of prac isi g fro dictation . opy ng practice is of little use in acqui ring speed . Practice in reading shorthand is j ust as essential as practice in writing . The student should m ake a point of readi ng every w ‘ l thing he rites , not imm ediately, but after an interva of a week or two ; and should not be sa ti sﬁed till he can read his writing quite as easily as longhand at any distance of tim & The best kind of reading practice is afforded by correctly m h m printed specim ens of unfam ili ar atter . T is tends to i prove l n the style of writing , and prevents the possibi ity of guessi g m m words fro a re iniscence of the subject . With the object of providing copious reading and writing k l k practice of this ind , it is intended to publi sh short y boo s of k exercises and illustrations , as well as standard wor s printed ’ il m in the Cursive character . Meanwh e the preceding exa ples 1 08 ll and instr uctions , with the progressive exercises p . , wi enable the student to attain such certainty and ease in rea ding

i k m r e and writ ng as to m a e shorthand , not erely a pleasant

m h m m - crea tion or an idle acco plis ent , but a ti e saving expedient of real practical value . 8 8 Sp ecim ens of Wr iting .

M P C F . 96. S E I EN S O WRITING

At c t 38— 52 the outset of his practi e , say af er reading ,

for th e and before proceeding to learn the rules writing, student is recom m ended to an alyse the foll owing easy exam ple He m m with the aid of the alphabetic table . ust expect to eet few ll c with a points which he cannot as yet fu y appre iate , but he will ﬁnd that the m ajority of the outlines present no difﬁ culti es B k . y way of writing practice he should ta e a para m k k n graph fro a boo or newspaper , pic i g out all the alphabetic m words and writing down the characters that represent the . He m r m a l should not atte pt to w ite unfa ili r words , ti l he has k — 1 wor ed carefully through the whole of the exercises on 53 9 , and has acquir ed a fair knowledge of writing by sound and of the usage of the various ch aracters .

’ THE LORD S PRAYER .

’ The Lord s Prayer is very com m only given as an illustration

m . in syste s of Shorthand The following version , written in ’ ‘ C m a m a m a the fullest style of ursive , y be co p red with si il r m versions in other syste s .

J N G /V i W ? — x w ﬂ , f f 1 V 7 ( 7 \

x 7 e ﬁv f b

’ EY li . THE L os n K s P Y . . (Line for ne ) RA ER v l Our Father which art in hea en , ha lowed be Thy nam e;

k m m . Thy ingdo co e Thy will be done in earth, as it is in

us a . heaven . Give this day our d ily bread And forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors . And lead us not into m us m l m te ptation , but deliver fro evi . A en .

m r k e i n m (Capitals are not a ed . The s cond vowel the word A é n

i n . should have been nserted , si ce both syllables ar e accented ) o r t n Sp ecim ens f W i i g . 89

’ A BOY S COMPOSITION . 7 Lf

' s f m 1 x ak ﬁ f b 7 “ W 7 4 ? ” (i { Q J A

’

n ! l . A key of th e above 111 phonetic writi g wi l be found in lli n Th e n the pam phlet on P h oneti c Sp e g (p. origi al is

’ s s Ta u h taken from Engli sh a s h e i g t.

K EY ON m . . G t s Girls ar e very stuckup and di gniﬁed in their m anner and i k m be have your . They th n ore of dress than anything and l h co like to play with dow s and rags . T ey cry if they see w ‘ a in a far distance and are afraid of guns . They stay at hom e

m - all the ti e and go to church on Sunday . They are al ways ’ k al - fun m k a sic . They are ways y and a ing fun of boy s h nds h ow i r m m and they say d ty . They cant play arbles . I pity the h m k poor things . T ey a e fun of boys and then turn round and ’ ki m . love the I don t beleave they ever lled a cat or anything . k m They loo out every nite and say oh ant the oon lovely .

Thir is one thi ng I have not told and that is they al - ways now their lessons bettern boys .

' Th e s e h of th e al h a e m e d h a nd h h p l ug origin sb en i itat , ere t ere, bot i n th e ph onetic and sh orth and versions. cm ens o r n 90 Spe f W iti g .

A1 1 ELEGY ON THE DEATH or A MAD D oe .

s Good people all of every ort,

“ Give ear un to m y song ; ﬁn ’ t And if you d it wond rous shor ,

It cannot hold you long .

s m an In I lington there was a , Of m m who the world ight say, i That st ll a godly race he ran , ’ Whene er he went to pray . A ki nd and gentle heart he had, To com fort friends and foes ; k The na ed every day he clad , Wh hi s en he put on clothes .

do as And in that town a g w found ,

be As m any dogs there , m a nd Both ongrel , puppy , whelp, hound,

And curs of low degree .

' This dog s ud m an at ﬁr st were friends

But when a pique began ,

do m The g , to g ain so e private ends , m ad th e m an Went and bit .

’ m ll n e h b ri n s Around , fro a the ig g street ’ wond ri n The g neighbours ran , h i And swore th e dog had . lost s wits _ ,

To bite so good a m an .

’ Th e wound it seem d both sore and sad To every Christian eye ;

o m d An d while they swore the d g was a , th e m a n di e They swore would .

m l But soon a wonder ca e to ight , ’ l Tha t show d the rogues they ied ,

’ v r The m an r eco e d of the bite ,

The dog it was that died .

Oli v G ldsm i th er o . S eci nwm o r t n 9 1 p f W i i g .

Z L / w w w v v w m » c’ M U 9

N / Q/ J x m a j/u d f s 7 ~ U

z / —Qz o u l g

m - m Q x /x ﬂ . 70 2 A 92 Specim ens of Wr iting .

A F MON SYL LAB s C B B C EC O O Ln. fol 99 . RA ED OLL TION The m ik i t Mr a l lowing passage or so ething l e , was read by R ndel at a m eeting in the presence of several shorthand writers of various system s “ r e i Ryde w ot the rude reed, read ng aright the ready

. r od r writing Wright wrought a , and hu ried ahead, at a horrid rate , a harried rat , in a harrowed arid rut , with a rotten root ,

8 . d reedy rood, on the ruddy Rea ing road , to rot a ratting rad i n red with a written writ , r e riding a rowdy raid , ar rayed , to ” rout the irritating riot of rutting roes . m e l i t It is al ost ne d ess to say that everyone was beaten by , P “ k except rofessor Everett , who too it down at a very decent ” k m i t. speed, and read it accurately, not nowing the ea ning of i fﬁ Such pas sages present no d culti es in Cursive Shorth and . The followi ng is the com plete version of the above

h f l ﬁ‘ ﬁ v “ “ ; d A AM A ” " A v ” ” dx 7 l 0 Thi s can be written by a skilled hand in about half a m inute (that is to say alm ost as fast as the words “ them selves ca n be di sti nc tly articulated) ; and at the sam e tim e so clearly that m l c anyone who knew the syste , cou d read it orrectly at sight without havi ng ever heard the origin al . ’ P m ’ P i A version of th e sam e in it an s honography, is g ven as 1 d . 3 an illustration of the use of detache vowels , on p . It wi ll be noticed that the outli nes in the Pitm an version are nearly all alike , but for the presence of certain little dots and k k m a r e m tic s , which loo very neat and har less , but which ost i ncon annoyin g in practice ; in reading , because they are so d r k spi cuous and in istinct ; in w iting, because it ta es so long to insert them with the care and accuracy nec essary to distinguish the words correctly .

‘ ‘ ’ ri na s a r ad b h ave sirica discovered th at th e o gi l pa s g e, as e y

wa s ss ab . Mr Rundell, le el orate

4 Jl k o 9 et ods f Abbr evia tio n.

l m m If a ong word occurs several ti es in the sa e passage, it should be wr itten in full the ﬁr st tim e (unless it is a com m on m a word) , but y generally be abbreviated with safety on each

. ni m a subsequent repetition I tials y be used , as in longhand , d m for wor s or na es that are constantly recurring . m m a m The ethod y be applied even to onosyllables, especially if the shortened outli ne could not stand for any other English

word . This restriction need not be observed in the case of very com m on words when the sense is obvious :

nt m e e K came ve m i e oi , K , , , . p ti lif K ga , y fr nd m m m It is especially advantageous to o it long, co on, or

m ~ ul - a ble m l m eaningless ter inations , such as f , ore particu arly such as if written woul d be separated from the rest of the m outline by the m ode of hiatus . The dot ay be placed above

or below to indicate w or y ; thus ,

e valua ble 0 0 consequ nt , a c consecuti ve 77 . , A substantival term ination m ay be indicated by a sm all

‘ ’ i suﬂi x sel . c rcle disj oined , when it does not clash with the f l An adverbial term ination is indicated by a doub e dot ; thus , ! k ulness N : a o i l m: es eci a ll . (f, than f , satisf ct r y, p y

The following adverbs , and the corresponding adjectives , l . m a etc , y be conveniently abbreviated as shown by the ita ics olu el a teri sti ca ll i a ll di na r i l abs t y, char c y, essent y, extraor y,

e a ll i m m i a el i na ll ula l i ca ll gen r y, ed t y , orig y, partic r y, pract y, i vel e a ll ufﬁ c l a l li cl ec s i ent . prob b y , pub y , resp t y, sev r y, y Unless the term i nation is very long it should be written m i ( onsci usl in full . The ter nation of the word c o y, for Z1

instance , can be written nearly as fast as the double dot , but k onc encosl cons i en i usl it is worth whi le to abbreviate y y, c t o y,

provided that the m eaning is otherwise clear . Abbreviations fam iliar in longhand m ay be safely used as

a rule in shorthand : for instance ,

a i ne m m m i na ti on Mag z , advt (advertise ent) , Govt (govern ent) , exa ,

ab . ppose (purpose) t , etc

h d not of r s d for th e ne a ti ve m J essness. It s oul , cou se , be u e g ter ination th o A br ev a t on 9 M e ods f b i i . 5

The following are particularly com m on and convenient

" “ M' / AM 4 44 D ' , 7 Messrs , , Miss, Misses, v ,

e end L d a b l m m L . n le b l e . Rev r (Lord , p , ) 2 ho our , e r

m m m - nce m a The co on ter ination y be indicated , as in

‘ - cc r u longhand , by s , w itten above ; th s , I ’ ' ' d erence a n c . a n a e v iﬁ , m adv ce , p adv t g s .

1 0 . C V 1 SPE IAL ABBRE IATIONS . A pr eﬁx or initial syllable m m which is co on to several words , does not m ake a clear abbreviation unless its use is restricted by special convention m l to so e particu ar word , preferably the com m onest word con i t m taining . The ost suitable word in each case will depend on the kind of Work in which the writer is em ployed : the l w m fo lo ing wi ll be found of general util ity , and ay be taken as typical exam ples l a nta e Ch s i a n ec t ( ni m adv g , ; , 5 ri t , obj s sig fy U M e o ec t i on b advt , charac t r b s , opin , é , j 7 ” v i e en » n h A u ec t ul d ff r t , a stre gt , s bj , awf , ‘ v d i cult ' nc i a l V e e a l n a k éﬁ , 2 pri p , 7) s v r , spe , ’

f nda nt la tz m ubzi c li sh . w de e , , ﬂ p i h f , p , Q Eng

l i n ua e genera , relig o , lang g ,

It is a com m on device to om it the m iddle of a word and

r eﬁx m m join the term ination directly to the p . This ethod ust

‘ be n used with great caution , and can o ly be applied safely to known cases which do not clash with unabbreviated words : such as, k wl i n uence twi th s a nd g k ac no edge , Z ﬂ , no t in ,

uni e th e opport ty , {U int rest , never less ,

' 0 rf li a a . es O m 9 consider tion , ( qu tion , pub c tion ,

C19 i u i n ma e a . const t tion, 6 for tion gen r tion M eth o d e n 9 6 s of A bbr via tio .

There is no li m it to the num ber of logogram s that m ay

m i . be for ed on th s plan They are useful for reporting , but should be avoided in ordinary writing .

102 . TH E C V P C ON ERSATIONAL RONUN IATION , provided that sufﬁci entl m a it is y full to be intelligible, y always be followed in abbreviating words , whenever it gives a clearer and easier l m l i n out ine . This ethod is particularly usefu the form ation of phrases . In conversation , if a consonant ends one word

m e two and begins the next and no pause is ade b tween the , the m articulation is not repeated in speech , but one is ade to do double duty . In such cases the consonant need not be repeated in shorthand . Exam ples of conversational pronunciation :

m e m N be m ust be rV so ore, ought to , L ,

’ ’ x 1 ca n m n m h a N - e th a 7 not , ore ( ore t n) , 7b tter n (better n) ,

s a s a s M a s M a s. 7 as oon , j ﬂ as long , as far , so With respect to the om ission of vowels the student is r e i nser ferred to the rem arks in 65. The strict rules for vowel ul tion sho d always be followed in the case of rare words , and , if such words are to be abbreviated , they should be abbreviated in the regular way . C m a m e m onsonants y be o itt d , as in etrical writing , in the ’ ’ ’ e er e en o r m i . words , , e , and in si lar cases When several consonants com e together in a single syllable one of them m ay som etim es be om itted without m uch loss .

The pr efix es tr a -ns and self m ay be written tras and sef L T m respectively . and , when co bined with other consonants , m ay occasionally be om itted in unaccented syllables and i n m m d l l l i e very co on wor s , as in chi dren , pub ic , app ication , nt rest , fil A m m r efix m a m m ful . instruction , contradict, co on p y so eti es be om itted if the word is clear without i t; thus can and com

a m c m om c mm m y be o itted in the words , o pletion , c bustion , o uni

c n conﬁdent n u s m cate , com parative, o clude , , co scio s , and o e m m others. These ethods ust however be used With great

. m caution , and are not recom m ended to beginners Exa ples are ,

a 4 - 7 l e i nstm cti on 4 n @ om l . 2 se f resp ct ; é ; 23tra sact ; w c p etion

Ph r eo r a h 98 a s g p y.

Y PHRASEOGRAPH .

1 4. m w k 0 Ti e is often saved by riting whole phrases, li e en single words , without lifting the p excep t as required for the ‘ m ’ ode of hiatus . Initial and ﬁna l short vowels m ay be frequently indicated n s in this way , by j oini g the con onants ; and initial w and y m m i ay be expressed by ode nstead of being written . A k rec less use of phraseography , however, is strongly to be condem ned . Only such words as are closely connected in sense m a y be j oined together ; and the conditions of correct

and i li i sﬁ vowel indi cation , of facility l nea ty , should be sa t ed . The conversational pronunciation m ay generally be followed ; but it is desirable th at the outline of each com ponent word m should re ain unaltered , so as to be separately distinguishable . Th e following are a few typical exam ples : I cannot

I shan ’ t you do not

we’ ll not by that

you are not there is

7 4 it is not they are

W I a m not m should have

’ b m I ve a l y dear sir

m i The alphabetic words are so fa liar, that exceptions to the str ict rules of vowel indication m ay be m ade in the case m m m of very co on and useful phrases containing the , provided l that the j oinings are easy, and that the resu ting outline can s not clash with any Engli h word . Such as are fully expre ssed m a th e a nd o th e om ve y be freely j oined ; but words , , f, , fr , ry ,

h i nk h em i ve d . t , t , g , can only be joine in special cases kr o r a h 9 P a se g p y. 9

1 a sns C a a nd o the or to ETC. ( ) ONTAINING , , f, , f , , The

- i k m a a e - k th e o t c y be used for , and either of the tic s for , after l m m alphabetic words , and at the ends of severa co on phrases ;

v and the

A of the

V\and of the

sf and are from the

i s P“ and with a f is as 2

b '\ j with a view to the , with regard to the ,

A ﬂ / Cf c . ﬂ for ever , m forbid , orget , p forego .

S (2) AUXILIARY P HRAS E .

would be we have had

A will be we shall have

" H ? it has been m a y have

A let us be

k / ‘ x should be

s s a h (3) NEGATIVE Pnna s . The negative in auxili ry p rases m a y often be im plied by INTERSE CTION .

cannot have m a y not h e

i should not do had not been 100 P/wa seogm p ky.

(4) MISCELLANEOUS Em r nns.

u m A k as i f i t were u I wi sh to be

A, a s i t i s W I sh a ll be

’ to a V /x o d you think able do th t

I think I was in order to do so

M to thi nk that m everybody

r m a m im s Many other ph ases y be for ed on s ilar analogie . Short phr ases m ay be directly derived from longer ones : from the phrase i n a ll th a t i s m ay be derived the useful phrases

l h a h a a ll h a i s i n a ll h a On th e al i n a l , a ll t t, t t i s, t t , t t. an ogy

b h a t m a b h i s b h ese b those b h ei . of y t , we y write y t , y t , y , y t r, etc ; would be e m a m ca n be uld be on the analogy of , w y for , co ,

i h be h a d been w uld h a ve uld h a ve . m g t , , o , co , etc

- m m In phrase for ing , the conversational pronunciation ay d C a nd or always be followe onnecting words, such as , ,

o the . m a be m m m f, , etc , y freely o itted in co on phrases ; but if i the rem aining words are abbrev ated , it is generally better, m m m e instead of j oining the , erely to write the closer tog ther

so as to show their connection . P wi h hrases beginning with words, such as th a t, t , whose ar m m outlines are characteristic , e par ticularly to be reco ended ,

r because they are at once recognized as ph ases , and cannot m k possibly be ista en for words . An im portant use of phraseography is to indicate the B connection of words . y j oining tog ether i n phrases only

m a l words that are closely connected in sense , we y not on y m save ti e , but also secure greater legibility . The student should exercise the greatest caution at the outset in h i s use of phraseography : he m ust rem em ber that abbreviated words cannot be freely joined Without danger of clashi ng ; that tim e is not saved by j oi ning words which join awkwardly or indisti nctly ; that phrases which are so long that w they cannot be written easily ithout shifting the hand, can be written m ore clearly and qui ckly if divided ; and that only very com m on phrases are likely to becom e sufﬁci ently fam iliar for ﬂuent writing and reading .

2 m n a r i son w th P tm a n 1 0 C p i i .

C m m a so wrr n P . e t 1 05. o N ITMAN The subj c of the fore m k m A P e sua si ve to going spe ci en is ta en fro a tract entitled , r th e S tudy of P h onog rap h y where it is given in the r s m briefest reporti ng style . It is also the ﬁ t exa ple given in ’ m a s m r Pitm a n s Reporter . We y rea onably assu e that it e h i m presents ssyste at its best , and that it is a fair subj ect for

m r our co pa ison . The Cursive version given on the pr ew di n g pag e is NOT ‘ writte n in the briefest possible style . None of the words are m m m be m om i tted , and any of the ight uch further abbreviate d

to th e s i n in practice , owing accurate expres ion of vowels the i e r outl nes . It is quit brief enough however for ordin ary e

“ o k n porting , and we therefore prop se to ta e it as it sta ds . It is m uch m ore fully and clearly writte n than th e Pitm an

m o n - m version . The nu ber of s u d ele ents , vowels and con n sonants , actually expressed (leaving out of accou t , for the a l c present, the indic tion of vowel p aces and of ac entuation) , is ° n l 1 5 Cu h th e P m o y about /o greater in the rsive t an in i t an ; but whereas i n the form er they ar e nearly all sim ply and

deﬁni tel i h e y rendered by the r alphabetic c aract rs , in the latter nearly half (upwards of 40 are m ore or less un certai nly m m i plied by ethods of abbreviation . Not only is the actual num ber of soun ds expressed i n the C th e m m i m ursive larger , and ode of expressing the s pler and clearer ; but the selection of the sounds is als o m ore rational ; t those sounds being chosen , whe her vowels or consonants , which are m ost useful for the reco gniti on and di stinction o f the words: More than one hun dred and twenty of the m ost im portant

b ' oi ne d c o vowels are written y j characters a c rding to rule . ﬁft Besides this , the exact places of about one hundred and y i l c others are ind cated , the quality as wel as the pla e of the l i n vowel is genera ly shown , and the absence of vowels all

' Th e m ont other cases is corr ectly f im plied . eaning of every

Th e pla te wa s executed a wh ole m onth before th e idea o f ma king th m n en a i ed e co pa riso was tert n . i n on two e s h as es s ch as ha ve be 1 Except e or v ry obviou p r , u en . om a r so n w th P tm an 103 C p i i i .

li ne is thus rendered so deﬁni te that guess - work is prac tically

The illegibility of the Pitm an version is largely due to i nc its di sproportionate deﬁc e y in the expression of vowels .

Only ten vowels are inserted in the whole passag e . There

m . a r is scarcely any atte pt at vowel indication The downw rd ,

c e i t indicating the absen e of a vowel aft r , is only used four

- w s tim es , out of twenty t o ca es in which it is theoretically i Th e m st ﬁv requ red . loop for the co pound is only used e

m k l m r ti es out of twenty . The hoo s for the and r co pounds a e used as often as not (22 tim es o ut of 45) when vowels inter m vene . Even when carefully eng raved , the Pit an is , therefore ,

fa r m . e m m fro legible When writt n at a oderate speed , any of ‘ r eﬁnem ents k its essential of length , thic ness , and position ,

d o m are lost or obscure , and in hurried writing it often bec es

quite undec ipherable .

C i r “ urs ve on the other hand is not one quarte ! as delicate . lm The outlines , being a ost entirely on the longhand slope , ﬂ w have an easy o , and can be recklessly scribbled with little or

. P m m no loss of legibility Thus, although the it an , being uch l 25 less fu ly written , is about briefer to the eye , the Cursive m is so uch easier to the hand , and involves so m uch less m l eﬁor t sk enta , that , given equal ill , it can be written in a m m m k the s e ti e, not only with far fewer ista es , but with m inco parably superior legibility .

In h s n th e m ar k th e a bleet c al e t i con ection, re s of pra tic xponent of Ph n h n nd n M r T A . Reed re a r e. In c ri ti cis o p y , . , are inte sti g i st uctiv ’ “ i n s s em h a n m a n s h e sa : Th s th e n n a riefer y t t Pit , ys i [ cou ti g of in gections] i s by no m ea ns a conclusi ve test . Th ere a re i nflecti o ns a nd i nflecti on Tw n i nflec ti ons m a be w t e m r a d h a n s. e ty ea sy y ri t n ore pi ly t a doze n di ffi cult ones with awkward j oining s. ea sy fl ow of a system is one o r i ts m ost im porta nt pra ctica l p recisio n is n eeded i n rega rd to th e size a nd slope of th e peculia rities a re ecessa r u fa a b e s ee a nd eas i n r n a nd ea n ily n vour l to p d e w iti g , gr tly detrac t from th e va lue of th e system to th e pr ofessiona l sh orth a nd h m a ll d ni e and re finem ents a h n i n th e writer, to w o un ue ceti s are t or flesh See n . s r d . 3 4 6 etc al o I t o uction , pp , , , ' See l ntrod u ti n d . c o . 4 ea en 1 , p , n r ’ E i m a d b v re 6 P . E e t s ul d i . 1 st te y rof t r e, Intro uct on , p . " o r t n 104 Fa csim ile f W i i g .

a srm nn o r W N Narua u. Z . 106. F c ORDINARY RITI G ( SI E)

There are three ways in which the conditions or character m i sti cs of the tim e m ay be said to affect a s. They odify m m belief, they odify society , and they odify the private personal r life of every one of a s. The p eacher who stands forth at the m m Ch k present ti e as the a bassador of rist , cannot , I thin , use the sam e conﬁdent language he would have used som e ﬁfty h e a o . m years g I do not ean that ought to do less, or would ’ C m a ut do less , for the cause of hrist s religion, but, if I y p the m m n i s case as it appears to y own i d, it that if he be honest m k ll with hi self and the congregation to which he spea s , he wi “ u : not ventur e to say , This is tr e there is no sort of doubt i ' al l about t ; it is what I believe , and what you are bound to ” h i m — a t believe . But let rather say least it is what I would rather say to you— m y belief is inexpressibly dear to m y own i m m e m soul : it is the one th ng which ar s against te ptation ,

ll m m m k m e . and i u ines y path , and a es life for worth living An d m m as that is y inti ate experience, is it not right and natur ally inevitable that I shoul d deeply and dearly desire it to be yours ?

Al h a bet L st o m m n W r ds p ic i f Co o o .

1 08 C or C M M N . i . ALPHABETI LIST O O WORDS The follow ng outlin es illustrate ch i eﬂy the i ndication of vowels in com m on 65 3 m 7 . words, , The sounds o itted in each word are itali

z d Th e c i e . beginner should pay special attention to the ten

m k ri k m words ar ed with an aste s because their for s , though m m m r m a easily re e bered, are ore or less arbitra y , and y other

h i m ﬁr st m m m . wise give trouble in reading , the ti e he eets the

The Alphabetic Words are not i ncluded in this list . The num bers after each word refer to the sections explai n in i ll g the po nts which it i ustrates .

’ u 6 0 a e lem a n 100 W abo t 5. 7 Z c n t g nt

M a bove 70. 73 a u F c se / 0 g1ory 86 1 00

' a 5 84 O accoi di ng 65 ch nge 6 . Z7 73

’ a 1 9_ fter 65. 8 grea t a i e ch ad ag n 65. 70 b

com bi ne 65 62> ha lf aga i nst

! P h i s 48 . 55 om am ong 70. 87 c e h i gb ! could

m oun 65' 87 a t A however 1 02

W di d 48 . 73 5 0 W indeed 6 . 7 does 48 . 73

1 70. 89 4 3 done 8 . 7 9 r bec a use 65 ’ ? r i nk d 70. 89

74 > enough 9

e 70° 1 00 A b h n 5 ev ry v e i d 65. 7 “ e b ee 65 exc pt etw n 99 jury fi nd N b ody W

t m bu form 64.

genera l 73 l t l m n 10 A ph a be ic i st of Co m o Wo r ds . 7

“ [N 73 0 st a te ﬂ /7 nothing ” sti ll / " other 73 o such 73

N j t a 73 79 people \f h n ’ V § perfect 54

rm pur po se

Ions 73. a pleasure 73

them selves 48 m a i nta i n

e 65. 83 c) quite th se m a n 73, i 3 83 th s 7 . rath er m a n ner 73. 88

thi ng 73. 89 m 4 3 a ny 8 . 7 4 thought 8 . 65

m i nd

55. 73

4 3 ’ wa s m onth 9 . 7 7 sha n t

0 ‘ m oreover 1 00 . she whence m ove q; short

" wh ether 56 84 u 55. 73 m uch 73. Sho ld

A whosoever na m e sa m e 4 86 ,6 Wilt 8 ° na tive som ewhat 73

” 5 84 Without na ture 6 . som etimes 1 00 " u 6 wo ld 5 . neither som ething 87

young 57 . never 73 Spi rit

88 57 , none 73. sta ge your 108 P o r e si itin E r g s ve Wr g x er ci ses.

P ROGRE SSIVE WRITING EXERCISE S . Th e Outlines of words printed i n italics a r e to be found i n th e e u e Th e umbe e e th e e . pr vio s pag s . n rs r f r to s ctions A PH B C A P see I. L A ETI WORDS IN L HABETIC ORDER ( A a n a nd ar e a s a t A be r um s n e ﬁr st , air , , , , , , y, , ci c ta c , do , , m ve n h a s ve h im h i s h ow I i n for , fro , gi , had , ha d , , hath, ha , , , , , , i n i s ke 100 m e no of one or owe ea se se ves to , , j oy , y , , , , , , , , p , lf, l , su th e em i nk ve wa we ch , , th , th , to , ry, y , , Which, Who , Will ,

e . With , y ar, you

0m L NG V W L S C N II . J m ) CHARACTERS ; O O E AND ONSONA TS — i r k si r u e u e S r A e J eo s s . oo ha p ng l oinings , , , p r , arch , rg , e b e e m e s e k a m a r b a r por , or , lor , or , or , por . AO, ark , arch , p , , ,

k . ow out 81 use . AW oa k own w n low lark , Sar , , (h)o , , , o i g , , so s k m ow. e e k a e t . o bo n n . , oa , y, ach ( ) , g , ai ch y, y, loi , poi t — A e sh a ened : ow b u sow m outh . AW o de ng l s m , o gh , , , oath, ,

Po be u. e a e a ce da 54 sa 00 e e n oat , , a y , p , , y , y . , cor , gor , cor ,

un se cou se . A0 ar un . See e se g a t , gor , r , car , g , a t ( also Ex rci

VIII . ) — A e s urr e : ao e n e 81 e n s . 00 e 54 ngl s l d , l ar , arth , ar , tir , ord r , 1 owl wn u w 8 toe 54 u 8 ow no 8 . AW o g ht . AO , art . , , do , lo d , , ,

u o 88 . e m 88 m a m i n . o . do gh , kn w y , y , ail , lay , ray, y , a y , oil C u u J — e0 our 54 e 0 0 n 97 . o tin o s oinings , , g irl , arl , all , w 4 wn w w co 5 r o . nor 88 e . . o , tor , door , roar AO , tar , , go ,

A W 54 o . e a ba e 54 , coat , g , old, goal y , p y, y, ig ht , aid , paid ,

b e ke a a te o . ad , y, g y , g . y , toy — C e J ao fur . 00 e 54 ur a w . ircl oinings , , for , fo , j AO , far ,

ow un u vow. AW foe Jo u . e jar . , fo d , tho , , , , tho gh y , fay , e 54 jay, th y .

H H W Y B F L ONG 5 III . INITIAL , S , , , E ORE VOWELS 5

ao u e e se s k s e w w k , h rt, h ard , h r lf ; hirt , Shir , h rd ; ord , or ,

e e n . worst ; y ar , y ar oo ll n h se e s w , hoar , ha , hor , or ; shor , ha l, shorn ; walk, w l w n w . a l , or ; yawn , ya l

e r a n . AO , hark , h a t , hard ; sh rk ; yard , yar ow hou 8 s , nd 9 ; hout . AW h oe ne s wn woe k ke . , , ho , host ; show , ho , shoal ; , wo e ; yo

e h a h ste a s e sh e w e w s e . y , y, halo , a sh y , hak , ap ; ak , a t

L O NG IV . VOWELS HAVIN G ALTERNATIV E CHARACTERS 60 ’ a s h e 55 e 5 e e la ir 60 a e 72 be , s ar , yar 7, n r, p air , , st r , ar , e e e 54 t e e 54 e ate. t ar, dar , car , h ir , th r , chair , r

P r e sive W itin Ex i 1 10 ogr s r g erc ses.

— D E- TICK z a b ut b e 108 e un OWNWARD o , a ov , abod , acco t , a ﬁa i r e a o e 69 n ve se v w v , afor , g , app ar , appoi t , a r , a o , a oid , ally , ke n ve ebb e e e e ell 69 e ali , alo g , alloy, a r ; , cho , dg , gg , , tch , Ez r a 6 k 96 e e e e e 55 69 9 ; bac , hallow , hatch , h dg , h if r , h ll f ; i ’ s w e 55 s web we e e 56 z Wi Ck hallo , sh ll , hip ; , dg , w ll , Whip, Whi , , Wi g , Witch .

F W L S VI. INAL SHORT VO E

— f ER - m z u e 69 n e s u e m e e w e w e tt r , u d r , h tt r , tr , at r , ait r, v e e e eoto ur u a se w s e ot r , th atr (xy ), odo , Sparta , parlo r, p r r, hi p r , b u m c t 48 e 72 we ve eve s v u la o r , ica , on ra , wish r , a r, r, author , a o r , s m e su e Ru 84 ofa, a r , ssia .

P Y - 69 E e u k e bu i c 0 U WARD happy , ﬁ , d c i , ggy , y 7 , racy , u nc 83 m e s u ss m e em 88 bbe j icy, fa y , rcy, a cy , hu y ; ar y , n y ; a y , h s abb h ea.v i v s k ke u ke e w . y , y, y ; ha y, hoc y , t r y ; all y , holy , oolly D N Y z— or t 70 c t 71 e u OW WARD f y , i y , pity , h ady, go ty , s e s w w we e ha ty , h arty, party , hady, itty, oody , ighty, r ady , e n em 87 s u 0 w s m s ddy , (ha) dy , pty ; a hy , to chy 7 , a hy , ar hy , ﬁsh w e e e y ; orthy , arthy , cl rgy , orgi .

II M A V . EDI L ACCENTED SHORT VOWELS

O A U z— od bud u b 82 u 70 e , , pot , p , , p g , ook , b ggy , butch r, e e 82 u t ss us ton tun ue 89 budg ; tott r , took , to ch , o , t h , , , tong , u k do e u dun n cut cud co k d c , g , dutch , dodg , d ll , , do g ; , , g , coc , us 82 u 86 ut us u l 86 un ss u e c p , c ll , g , g h , g l , g ; fu , foot , f dg , fun u u 3 89 u u sot 2 , f ll ; th s 7 , thong , thoro gh, Th g ; j ust 7 , sud su h 82 su sun su 89 u 82 lu ss e , c , lly, , ng ; lot , l ck , g , lo , lodg , lu 89 r u k rut ru us r un un 89 m u e m e ng ; c , , g, r t , , r g ; tt r , oth r, m m u k m u m us m u l a m o 69 kn kn k n othy, c , g , t , l , ng ; ot , oc , otch, kn l nun s u un ol , ; t ck , st g .

UP E z— A e b a 80 bab a 5 ev WARD ft r p , , y ; p p , , y p 7, b y , et bet 73 bed e be e t ll be e 5 p , , , p ck , g , p g , pi hy, pitchy , pi , ll , y ll 7,

e e w en ben b 89 es bes ben ben . p rry , b rry , yarro , p , , ang , p t , t , t, d B e e t d s n eb e e kiss 82 for , , x , q , , ; d t , d ad , d ath, cat , cad , , i s ken 84 et 70 a n a s s 2 fed en k t , , cash , g , giddy , g , g , ga h, fat 7 , , f 83 ves ven l et led ess en r ed es en net 3 , ta , t , , , l , l d, rat , , r t , r t , 7 ,

Ned nes set s s s s en e Ben . , t , , aid , aith , ay , c tr , d

O h e e fa e e v ﬁsh e n t r cas s ; fact, g , f tch , f ll , illa, , f rry, fa g k la s n 82 se se si n 8 lac , g, latch , lily, la h , li g ; sack , dgy, ll, g 9 ; r ac k 81 r a e s n 89 kn na n e , g , ridg , rally , ra h , ri g ; ack, g, ich , n sh knell , g zi .

D N E z— B e e b f v ta 80 bb e ca OW WARD for p , , , ; p , ta y , d af, p 80 a ﬁb bbe sa 3 s eve s la Ta , cabby, g p , , chap, ja r, p 7 , i , hip , p , p , ma 80 na p , p . — na n P Z . m o ts, 1 1 1

O e e 73 ke 73 l k th r cas s ; kick , g , kill , gil , carry , catch ; tic , ta e 73 e di 73 k st g , t ll , d ll , ditch , g , attack , Dic , tarry , itch , s k ex 1 73 k e k tic , t t 7 ; thick , thatch , thill , Jac , Jill , ch c , chill e s ch rry , attach , attack, tick .

CONSONANTS . ’ H bx B F B F v — . o P ho d ve VIII E ORE , , , p , o r 80, O e e 73 b u s s s r e u n o p n d , ar o r , harpy, harpi t , harp, ha p r ; po , fi , o ence e 69 d e 70 be b n b use 6ffice tu fi , ov n , j r , o y , o tai , o t , , opp or ni t 78 o é se O r é ss bb h o s e 80 tub cu y , pp , pp , ho y, p , hop , shov ; , p

' 80 cuﬁ u to fo r ub ve ve uf e u , , p p , p , p , chop , , do , co r, d f r , ro gh , ” kn b su m u e 80 suf e sub m o m ob u f lob lo o ; p , j , lov , f r , , p, , l f , , p .

SP — l-i s t sw ci on 80 83 cus 82 a s w s s p , pf , wisp , p , p, a p , ha p , s s e k s e s en s k s i s e s e e s ke pat , p c , p ll , p d, par , p rt , p ar, ph r , po .

IX CH C FOB T D H . SECOND ARA TER , , , a

C M P UN D S P T K r z— a t e fifth e O O , p , oft , d pth , , aft r , optic , ’ ’ ’ h o d ve r a ck d a tta ck d p , adapt , adopt ; act , fact , acti , , doctor , , ’ loc k d s e e s e n . , a p ct ; l ft, af ty , aphtha — ’ AF AY AO e e w e I d e e 61 k e TER , ith r, hit , , h ight , hid , it , h t m s u e bi e u de v e e n fig , ig hty, ig ht , q it , t , g i , p ro id , ti d , ig ht , e d e ed e e 81 86 w e s e e lig ht , p rid , fi , n ith r , slight , rit r , pid r , d cide , v e e e w n e b e di id , Wid , tight , chid , riti g , titl , tidy , Fido , a id , tithe ,

writhe . ’ d 61 t e car ed 1a i rd s e s e e air , da d , , , har d , par d, far d . — e a e e 81 e 8 TERMINATIONS writ th, ct d , invit d , s ing th 9, c u ne d 85 81 es s s e a tio d , occasione , hardihood , pri thood , i t rhood , w wa d 8 1 m ew t d Wido hood ; for rd , waywar , ho ard , owar s 75.

X SR EX K ON 8 2 z— sk sk n us sk , , ) it , i , h ky , Whi ey ; sce tl c s ll s ske Esk es e sk s u s e p , ki , kip , tch ; , cap , y, co t , cop , ’ skew es ue s S : a sk a skt sk m sk m a sk d , r c , cholar , cot , , ca , a , , es usk us us usk m s ue es ew s u w k s e . d k , d , h k , t k , m , o q , ch , q a , i d x e ex a n ex en ex e e 82 ex em ex e 85 E p ct, t t, t t , rcis , ption , rtion , e e e e ess ex se e use e e e en e e xcit , xalt , xc , ci , xc , x rt , xp d , xp rt, ex u e 84 e ess n e ens n wa x a x e ess e t pos r , xpr io , xt io ; , , acc , acc p , en b 83 sks m a s s ne ﬁx t s ve e m acc t , ooks , tu , k , xt , , ixth , x d , ixed .

C ns a n ncu nd n e on e e 82 o t t , co r, co itio , consid r, c f r , conn ct , n ussi n o ision 85 n e 48 i o s ta t 89 co c o , c nc , co tra , cons ist nt , nc n n , ec n e n e n nve se cons lr e contm ue n r o cil , co c r , co r , p , , co vey . — I . D C B 3 z 83 se z e s X ISTIN TION ETWEEN AND ) al, al ; thi , e e e u e u e 83 u 73 e 1 08 i ce e e 61 th s pr cio s , pr ss r s ; th s , oth rs ; , y s ; m m z l e z e e es e e v us v s. pric , pri ; dic , di ; ac , a ; illo , i la

W z s nz s e z 83 uz z n z z e uz z e z i ard , ta a . fr n y , b , o l , p l , ha ard,

h z m z z z e. C . s bus s n s a y , a y , Li i p Ea y , y , dai y, oi y . 1 2 P es i i i i 1 rogr s ve Wr t ng Ex erc ses.

' INFL ECTIOs — Hoox es s s 83 s n s i ts ; ap , add , act , wings , i g , , n s bs s es s s s s s es es f s s b s thi g , or , id , ight , load , aid , had , hop , gi t , o ,

s un s s n s ee n s e s s. adopt , l g , o g , m ti g , W ight , fact

ves e a es ns u es um e CIRCLE ; li , ash s , g , actio , h rri , circ stanc s , em e e nks 83 u se ves u se ves n th s lv s , thi , thanks , o r l , yo r l , Sphi x, n s ns statl ons s es es n u es ly x , occa io , , Wi h , rich , i j ri .

b ks s s e s a n s e a ss z es s em s CHARACTER ; oo , li t , gg , h d , lls , i , t , wis s 83 u n s fn ends k s m s s u s s e s we l s p , p t , , loo , i t , b g , dog , t ll , l , s z es ex er cmes n z es en s m es s s m em e . i , , p , d , co , li t ,

C P U D NS NZ ens en e en e a c unn a n OM O N S , ; f , f c , f c d, f n y, f y, f es nc e nesse e e 83 finé ssed finest ewn ess ci , fa i d , fi , happin ss s , , , f , n fineness fim s fines un enn un n n e ess e s. fat , , , , fa a , f y , f y , f c

Z D su se z e 83 e se use s z e z e . ; ppo d, analy d , pl a d , d , i d , da d

XII. c J 6 s s e s e , CHARACTE R ca h , ca h r , ca hi r, s b k s ee e s f e ga h , oo i h , sh r, N i h , ich .

d en w s u e e eﬁne 90 Je CHARACTER (Fr ch ord ) ro g , j oi , j , , ’ ’ J a.i J . b u , irai , ijo .

K - Ash s s w s e ﬁsh er ma s e BAC CIRCLE . , ha h, Wi h , i h r , , h r , s e essu e es e s u s s ee s ﬁsh a s h ra h r , p r r , fr h r , p i h, ppi h, h pi h, y, l ,

e s s b s m l . r li h, api h , a a h , i itia P e u 83 v us e n us m b us e s s e e r cio s , icio , p r icio , a itio ; l a h , p ci ,

s e es s ecm us su ci ent 85 efﬁc i ent s n . p ci , p , ﬁ , , phy icia

s we s u us se us n m m e D i h, tti h , j dicio , ditio , politicia , co rcial , P e 85 e n us us s ac ous us us cr e rsian , t rtia , l cio , p i , gracio , capacio , taceous n e n A s m u e 76 a s e , Croatia , oc a ; ia , in tia , Scotia , h r h r ,

u us m s u offi ci al s e n s u um . ca tio , artial, ocial , j dicial , , p cial , a t rti us 56 w s b us us us Russ us e H h , wash , a hy , l h , b hy , p h, ia , h r , w s e a h r. W sh e n e fini sh ed v n s e e s e s e i d , asto ish d , , ar i h d , r li h d , di h d ; We na nci a l essen en sen en us en en a lsh ; fi , tial , pot tial , t tio , p it ti ry ; e 84 en u e 54 anci nt , c s r . S k w s e s e ws i s s s ip , or hip , h ir hip , f llo h p , cholar hip , lady hip ,

k ns s ns m em be s ne s . i hip , o hip, r hip , part r hip

n . n un un nc un un w en tc I ch , h ch , ha ch , p i h, p ch , l ch , r ch,

uen en b n bun ben h e ven u e en u . q ch , t ch , ra ch , chy , c r , t r , c t ry in n en n n . n e n e un e s n s e aj Hi g d , a g l, lo g , po gy, t gy , di gy , g i , un e n ven e n e n e e 69 s an e e d g o , a g r , ora g , arra g , rang , tr g r , dang r

89 e 84 n u e . , chang s , i j r A z u m e su e e su e e su e e su e em b sur e ej o. re, a r , l i r , pl a r , tr a r , ra

- m i n e v ves su a s a z e b a z e si e se z u e (y ode d ri ati , ch g l i r , r i r , ho r , i r , ex pos ure

P ssi e itin Ex e ises 1 1 4 rogre v Wr g rc .

— - - K LY : e . n ve CROSS TIC idly, pr ttily, o ly, rily, u e k l 9 1 l n l 89 b e be tt rly, ing y , o ging y , happily, itt rly, ggarly, ee m e e su e w ess e 75 fairly , fairily , fr ly , r ly , r ly , la l ly , pit ously , ne 81 l e i n e 108 atly outwardly , odd y, d adly, k dly , lat ly ,

u s e ﬁrstl l l m e . g aily , d ly , ol ly , y , cool y , Whol y , for rly H F Z L e se e e old m k s e m 86 AL SI E ; w alth , lf, h lp , p lt , , il , ilt , r al , h e lth sh elf bu1b fe1t h e1d k e1m i]1u1ne a a y , , , , , told , sil , , , s iled,

f u1t sa1t e b . a , , l ow

M N 11 — me 48 m a XV. , 87, CHARACTER , y , m 61 m ke m ew 88 m e 1 08 m e e 88 m u m u m e 60 y , a , , or , r , r r, ar , m e 61 m ke a ul : m e 87 m 2 P s m me m e i l , o , m s ok , s all 7 , al , ti , ca , e m 8 ome seem ssume 64 m m e m 77 g r 7, h , , a , to b, doo , r a

r e m m m s m . d a , foa , pal , calm , tor

AF V ’ GU H BY TER SHORT OWELS DISTIN IS ED MODE , sw m swa m swum s a m S em H a m 77 h em m n m um i , , , h , h , , , hy , m e Ta m P m 87 Pa m h um um b e h em er m e ry, , y , , , h l , p , ha p r, um b um b th , n

c . com er 1a m b m . 111 em um m e m ( p ) , , da , ja , g , g , crumb cra , cr a s m im r am r im r um 1u1 n li 1 11 loom bom b la , sl , , , , g , g , g ,

A Em z— a m mon 69 m 87 m m use CH RACTER , a g , a id , a iss , a ,

m m 75 mou 108 m en m e 91 3. 111bl e a onia , a nt , a d , a pl , , em er em e e em e em nen em 85 em 87 bitiou ; y , rg , tic , i t, otion , pty , em b e em em em e r or em be1 em h 80 rac , body , ploy, p ; , p atic ,

i m m m e se m m t m m u e m bue im en d i 1 n a. agine , i r , i or al , i r , i , p , p ent im lant i m 01 ta nt 80 m 1 m n m m ti , p , p , i p y , i print , y ph , ly ph . P em I a m suum m eum 4 eum m e m e o , , , 6 , d , Hya , g o tric , dia d tri um h a m i em m us um eh em en m on e v t. , _ p , Si , d , ,

’ M em s m e 87 - m a m ca m d 80 m m e ory , o , gra , c p , p , drach , co 8 m b m m ee m m n m 7, co at , co itt , co pact , co pou d , no in al .

P MT mn z— em 87 e em em w m COM OUNDS , p ty , x pt , t pt , ar th, ’ ’ ’ ’ m e s m e mes 1 08 seem d di mm d 87 li m b d dee m d so thing , o ti ; , , , , ’ ssum e im e form d . a d , t d , 77 S e me m m en us m emen s um en ve nti nt , o to , i p l t , arg tati , p arlia m en m u em e 87 e em en a ﬁ m ent e e m en l tary, a s nt , l tary, g , xp ri ta , I r um al . n w s su h a s u men men emen inst ent ity ( ord , c a g t , la t, c t ,

111 W h i h th e m - mé nt en e l be c ter ination is acc t d, it shou d written in full

— - M N m a n 87 o . m en m a nner m n 1 08 um n ( ) ( p ) , ( ) , (a) y , h a , w m n w men Ge m 87 se m n S k m e m n o a , o , r an , r o , y an y o a , m n m n m dm n se n m m n o m m en foot a , chair a , a a , ama , co o , c t , 1m n m n lem on sa o de o erm 1 ne . , , ,

m en 88 m m n b s m e 88 m na si u1 11 o nisci t , o nivorous , o i u , chi n y , gy , um n m i m n s m cal y , inde n ty , a e ty , conde nation . onsona nt 111 C s N . , , , Q 1 15

TEB M INATIONS NY NEE — ne a ttorne con n n , jour y, y, y , po y , ti y, n wn un s n s n a n 0 e1111 en hor y, do y , p y, to y , hi y ; y 7 , p y, f ny , nn ne u 83 ne e n m n n Whi y ; ho y, f nny , mo y ; G rma y , har o y, colo y, in a gony ; gu ea . M n i n h o our 88 nn i er 88 d1nner s nner i or , Ch a, n , do a , nn , , i , Ha nn en m i l . ah , L a , a na Th e m Awn / m w be i co binations 4 , l , must dist n ui sh ed th e e s em n es e i ve . Th g from charact r I , y , r p ct ly e

' angle 111 th e com bination m w m a be s ene f , y traight d out i m r a cti ce us ; th , , 111 th e s kn w, kn ws, known p V word o o , kn w n n b e n e n e etc o i g , o l , ot , otic , .

— XVI. I CH T A s w n s n NG ARAC ER f Q o i g , ayi g , d n s wi n n n w n w n w n ee 62 yi g , a g , goi g , k o i g , dra i g , pa i g , s ing , s i n ma i igh g , y ng ;

on ue sun bwn un r un h n m n n n t g , g , g , l g , g , t o g , a o g, go g , do g , s n n - K n n ﬂ un tu g , Ho g o g , clu g , g .

CH A A z— s n ba n n n a m wi n n AR CTER J Q a g , g , ra g , gi gh , g , th(i) g , i n k n n t i 11 ﬂ in n s n n e m e d( ) g , i g , fa g , ( ) g, g , cli g , ti g , hara gu , r i n ue s z n s n s n s n un n su n wa t h g ; i i g , lo i g , par i g , hilli g , h ti g , pp i g , c i n w s n v n e i n n t n ee n g , a hi g , li i g , dg g , halti g , wai ing ; hopi g , k pi g , sobbi n lov111 ofﬁn n vow n su n ew n g , g , g , holdi g , pushing i g , i g , h i g , t i u n 91 i n m n m n see n oy ng co p li g , ail g , darling ; ai i g , co i g , mi g , m foa ing (or cross stroke after m if clearer) .

' 1 : — end 1 n h u n h e i n es n s n e CHARACTER Q g , rti g , rr g, r ti g , i g i n o n 8 th k 1 08 1 ea d1n s n m ee n a g , h opi g 9, an ing , g , itti g , ti g , st( )nd i n 000 ﬁsh i n w sh i n n n u s n g , stooping , ping ; g , i g , cha gi g ; c r i g, nur si n n l or s e e 8 if e e . g , raci g , oosing ( cross trok aft r cl ar r)

° ST O K — be1 n n s th i nla n h a v n v n en CROSS R E g , doi g , g , i g, g i i g , n nn n s n n u r n n l l n joyi g, i i g , ha di g h r yi g , p ityi g , onging y , ridi g , w n u s n b ess n us n en n m n n riti g , c r i g , l i g , i g, op i g , ai i g , carryi g , n n n i nvi ti n i ten n n m Whi yi g , g , l gh i g , adapting . acti g , entioning O su er i n i r n e n s n u n we n r n ﬁ g , a i g , h ari g, oari g , d ri g , ari g , da i g , n m ea suri w n e n ne b u n u er n r n glari g , h g , o d ri g , igh o ri g, tt i g , hi i g , s we n n n en n . ho ri g , scouring ; fa cyi g, f ci g C M G T D 1I CHARACTER mo P U S Q K Q , Q , Q , Q 7 ; O O ND , sh ri nk wi 11k s n z n i nke n b n e n er , , i k , i c , r , a chor , a k r , co qu , n a n la n u e n u s n uen a n r n o n e E g l d , g ag , a g i h, u g t, g y, hu g ry, l g r , ‘ i n ot wr 1 nkle nk e un e n n nk e n e n l e g , , a l , cl , i kli g , ti l , a gl , da g d ; ’ i nk d 108 i s n , d ti ct , ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ m a r ank d n e wron d wi n d lon d len h 108 tha k , ; ba g d , g , g , g , g t , n n str e gthe . 1 1 6 P r o r essi ve Wr i ti n Ex erc i ses g g .

UNACCENI’ ‘ ED H V S I C BUT nor XVII . S ORT OWEL NDI ATED ,

Sh é rtened 71 6 e 3 fé rtune 84 o 84 fa llé ci ous , p ned 7 , , spaci us , , lfisci ous Pé r si a n 85 As n é r eous c . h fim a n , , ia , g g ( p gorges 8 i m a e d m é r ch a nt é ar nest d fir ent 7 , cl t , ar ent , , , circuit , a dit, g , cé r ta i n é rfect ca fiti ous c fir ch a se , p , ( ), p .

D a 54 defé r 70 r elé te r em bte r etfirfi devé te eb te , , , dictate , , , , eli ex é rt ex té nt 82 ex é se ex é rt ex c é t 1 08 ex é nd b ef; , , p , p , ( )p , p , cx h é r t vi o d d i m in e r evé r se , di de, p lite, elight , deci e , den ed , ar , , ' r eh l m e 86 r ené W sa lfite surr é und ca r é er besté w devé ur , , , , , , , m i n n . é s fite c . m u e a declare, upply, ( p i t ), p p , d r e dr t a r r é a r ofin d o é se i i ndfice regar , p ; y, , pp , ent ce , .

’

A é 3 3 éd é t c a dé t sé na te c . 73 7 7 . ttic , tiquette , abbot , p ( p p ) , ( p sen sé bba th W é m en wi m 87 i l i 89 a e br a n e t) , , ( ) sh l ng , ch ll nge , g 5 rr a nd 8 r é nti oe 8 fist- h stess d 8 1 9 , é , hatchet 7 , p 7 , j ice , b , rigi 7 , ’ lé cket c . lock d ( wen 69 é llet 86 cé m et c . i ( p ) , , p , ( p comm t) , ' ’ m é rz t mé i c i 54 c . ti d r é i d c . , g , gr(a)ph c , tippet ( p pp ) , p ( p wrapt) , r é bbi t d é fii ce é a li m i k cfir r ent dé a fen , rabi , , pr f ce , t, thic et, , , W n é apo , happen .

D e é nd 3 defé nd fi né sse 3 Th i bé t 3 b ecé m e p 7 , , detach , 7 , 7 , , é l c m l s f e ca n . cf ne e a c . r é li cs r e ué t de é ct b gin , ( p ) , r l x ( p ) , q , , corr ﬁ t i nté nd i ntrﬁst c n e es i ndé nt su é st p , entrap , j , ( p. i t r t) , , gg .

é m 71 ani m a l 88 h é nest é a th t é eti te D( )ci al , , y , p y , atti ude, pp , é i cé r ti f é x cellent m n cé m a n cé m ba ta nt ff d fy , y , , ilita t , p y, , a able , ‘ ’ m bvea ble n ove vé eta ble t r i ca l lé i ca l m é tr i h g , j p , article , g , is a i a m é tr o é li ta n é netr a bi li t s b cal, stat tic l, polit c l , p , p y, ta ility, d a cc m m da te 5 a 5 8 ﬁl ti m soli ity , b o 6 , agit te 6 , intim ate 7, a te , cé n u a te r é la ti ve d v é r um é nta ti ve 8 orth b r a h j g , , a jecti e , g 7 , g p y, stené r a h er cti stom a r m i 1 g p , patrimony, y , litary , history 7 , m é m or 87 é, s i r a te 86 na u s a tor - l - st i a a y , p , t rali t (n ) , gnorant , gu r n té e é th i ca l ac bé nefi t fé ath er é x edi ti ou-s. , capital , , accur y, , y , p

Yé ster da 73 ﬁnder sta nd v i 73 é x er ci se 82 y , , ad ertise , perm t , ,

‘ i d é er tai n r é er t 3 r é ver t sh é h er dess nter ict, pp , p p y 7 , libe ty, p y, p , Sé tur da m é dern é a stern r bvern é ﬁor t 73 c 6m y, , , patte n , g ; , f for é t 104 forbé r e a i 78 6 or ort (come g , forbid , , p rt cular , pp ' ' tﬁni t 78 r efor m é ti on xu or t r é ver b r a r . y , , p p , p , su prise , nigg d

U T F XVIII . NACCENTED SHORT VOWELS INSERTED O ACILI TATE Jom m a s — B F AND F THE S - K z sse s sses 72 n i es E ORE A TE R TIC acid , a t , a , fa c 83 83 i 72 é sen 77 d 83 , happinesses , Al ce , person , pr t subsi y , s 1 t u s 08 ossé ss a z é t e . con equent, p (ur)pose , p , beside , g , p r uit

AF ERY ND J z— en ne eo i n u m a TER , gi , dung n , j ry ; he orrh ge ,

1 1 8 P essi i in E i rogr ve Wr t g x erc ses.

' i n ss a b es en en e : a s i n e e 78 v i te di yll l Wh acc t d , app r ciat , it a , ne e ss a e m e in ese w s narr é t g ociat , a oci t (o it y aft r c th ord ), e,

- di a e o t te. ct t , co P é

I r m e 3 i n th e XX . SHORT VOWELS a e o itt d 7 ) following d th u l nes ill be f d on 10 10 th e W . 6 e common wor s ; o t i oun pp , 7 ; words i n bracket s a re di stinguished by th e inser ti on of their we s vo l . Ab ve n e but bet om e cam e om e o , a oth r , body, ( ) , c ( ) , b c , did e es ne dun en u e e c e ne un (d ad) , do , do ( ) , o gh , xc pt ac pt , go (g ) , u e us n n m a n m en m nne j dg , j t , la d (li g) , ( ) , a r m nn n M nn e m n n ne nun not net ( a a) , ma y ( i i ) , o th , o ( ) , ( ) , n n e ut o t s s e s u s s m e othi g , oth r , p (p ) , hall ( h ll) , ho ld ( hod) , o

8a m s e un un en en un . ( ) , till , till t ll , til , yo g , Wh (p p )

D MO E OF HIATUS .

B F XXII . E ORE A VOWEL M 1 W 58 5 ua uee e ua wh e e wh e 58 ODE ( ) , 7 ) q , q r, q l , r , y , u e 81 ui n ua n ula r 89 u e e u n e u u k q it , q q g , q ot , q atio , q ip , q ic , u u t s e s v n u s e n u s s n s q ality , q ar , quar , quirt , a q i h , r li q i h , di ti gui h , n u s a n ua e 89 n uen wen Gua da fui u n a g i h , l g g , u g t ; G , , g a o, u em al Pueb uen s b v u u es e 58 e u em G at a , la , B o , i o ac ; acq i c , r q i , ue us bse u us wi w s w n wai n w e we aq o , o q io ; t rl , t i t , t i , t , t ic , d ll , w r w swee 6 sw l w sw swe sw e swun d a f, th ack ; t 7 , al o , ay , ar , or , g , sw n e su e w w e w bew i bew e n w a , p r ad ; a ay, a ar , a ait , a l , ar , o ay, n w e e n w se m w w a w 108 C 6 o h r , o i , id ay , high ay , h lf ay , onway 7 , len w s 1 08 w s er w se 1 08 w w d 81 g th ay , al ay , oth i , ay ard , forwar , w s 75 nw u w r w n u w h e ew 81 to ard , i ard , o t a d ; Dar i , Sp r ay, r ith .

Te m na ns - ua l etc U una c en e h c e J om r i tio , . ( c t d , c ara t r it ted — usua n nu n v uum v ua b e 5 M n ) l , co ti atio , ac , al l 7 , a tua , M n u n nnu m nu v u u e u J a nua r a t a , a al , a al , irt al , act at , act ary, ( ) y , ’ un u us v u us ns u us s u s i nﬂuence val ct o , irt o , co pic o , pirit ou , , ua

n s u n es um m ens uum . tio , it atio , r idu , tr M F H m 76 es be n 5 ODE BE ORE ; ishap , pri thood, hi d 7 , e e se h e e 58 h d 71 lo h a d 89 wi 81 r h ar , ad r , short an , ng n , thhold , mii dch en 0 n e n ea . 9 , i hal , u h lthy

’ M Y se e e due i e dut 1ssue ODE ; abu , acut , argu , , ad u , y , , v ue 84 m nu e 76 : e n 75 a n m e n irt , i tia cr atio , foli tio , diatio , e m e n n li n e e sh ee s e 84 p r atio , co ci atio , appr ciat r , ca hi r , s n e e 76 e e e Jeh u M ew A em b m e i c r , id a , coh r , , ayh ; ppii , ryo, Ro o , ’ An n n na n 76 em Me u s u to io , Sig or , poig t , Na a , rc tio , folio , t dio , n n e w a o eonow . u cio , ratio , m o , pi n (py )

e m na ns u u e 84 e a e ve e s e T r i tio f t r , d p rtur , o rtur , tatur , u n u e em e u e 84 r e s e e e i e f r it r , t p rat r , cultu , po tur , t xtur , m xtur , M ( y ode g m . 1 1 9

es u e ctu e 84 e t r e s u e ce u e s e g t r , pi r , l c u , tr ctur , pro d r , ho i r , ex su e 5 m ni e n po r 7 , a a, h r ia , s v u w e s e 00 e nn e v s e us a io r , arrior , a i r, pi r, pa i r ; ob iou , pit o , ' ' ' us i i u um 75 em um O i um ch r 1 st1 a n odio , mp o s ; sodi , pr i , idiom, p ; 9 1 en en m m e e u e i nea i p . , l i t ; idiot , i diat , J li t ; l l , cord al , n e m nse e l e e e s es e s spa i l , e a , carri r , col i r , happi st , a i t , ath i t , m v o n us edie al , p lya th .

II . H Two 7 1 XX I IATUS BETWEEN CONSONANTS , 7 ( ) MODE (1) i s used for term inations a nd abbreviat ed words Q IM D M D A OF VowEL s Ez 69 s e 1 s O E BSENCE ; ra , El i 7 , tip y , e s w s s s em s mes 83 sn e 1 sn e 1 B t y , i p , t , co ; ar 7 , or , small 7 , sm ke 8 7 1'ea lm 86 i a 1 a x u 84 n us nu ti a i o , , d sm l 7 ; n io s , oxio , p ns 84 n e 83 ne us e n z e 91 m factio , a xi ty , ig o , r cog i , dog atic, Mm 4 pe m m

C P U ﬁt ful 7l e - 1 sa d- ness ki - OM O ND WORDS ; , ight ess, , ng dom

89 Wi s- 83 h n - m 71 s n 71 10 n n 89 , dom ; a d aid , hort ha d , g ha d ,

ﬁr st 1 u - s 84 off- s 84 e k 71 out 71 class 7 p hot , hoot , t xt boo , do ,

i son 89 111 h t- s r nk - u a b - s ss di s- n en s ng g , g hi t, ba r pt ; ci a , co t t , i h - s e 83 111 - 89 i h - e se 89 un - k 89 sub - s t ad , constant , cr a , ind , idy

- - - - 83 W ednes da 83 a b sen vi ee ﬁne ness. , y , t , roy ,

M D U w u e s e u e O E UNACCENTED (y ) ; pop lat 77, p c lat , um u e u e v ue u u n u acc lat , calc lat , ri l t , pop lar , partic lar , a g lar , e m u us m u e 7 77 se u e v ub e 77 u lo , a p tat 7, occupy , xt pl , ol l , lux ry 91 u u enu um en 8 e u n n se u ve edu , a g ry , p ry, arg t 7, d catio , co c ti , e ta b111a te a ccur a te su e su e e su e 111 cat , , , ppurat , pr m , p rior , so ble , u es ue su u e u m u en s u e i i nu ve pict r q , u ry, b r a , i p d t , tat t , d m ti , m nufa c r é lum u a tu v e e. y, f ror

I VowEL s F O L NG OWET 3 XX V . SHORT OLL WING O V , 77

— - M0D E s on s en e UNACCENTED SHORT VOWELS Q ; ci , ci c , i on n a u e u e ﬁr ed e us nee , iro , cq ir d , q i t , , riot , propri tor , pio , pio r , d v e i en n i n enew l iary ; iolat , viol n , viol t , hyaline , de ial , pl a t, r a , b ewe e e e u a w n w s r ry , th ory, a rat , dial , d al , roy l , co ard , o aday ,

ew s Joa ch i m 1130 11 ze an ur e n Z . L i , , , p , E op a , ion

Y - M s e e n e v r e e e ODE ; oci ty , pi ty, a xi ty , a i ty , propri tor , gai ty ; e ve e ve em ent c e i s e e ne es d ity , hicl , h ; o x t , h roic, h roi , po y , e a nnfii t conti nfii t ra tfii tous sue v we po try ; y , y , g , t , o l , we ue ewe Jewess v e e ne z wen s s to l , f l , j l , , oyag , d ify , o oic , O , oloi t ,

e s hi es n i s kn we e sa eth . th i t , gh t , ih li t , o th , do th , y FI z— Y s w s w NAL SHORT VOWELS DOWNWARD ho y , hado y , w e b ew b s w s sh ew s e w doughy , bo i , oughy , d y , oyi h , co i h , r i h , y llo

i sh .

UP Y e e i s sk s Jewi sh w s . WARD ; clay y , Wh y h, yi h , , ra i h se 1 20 P r ogressive Wr i ting Ex erci s.

( 2 sewe boa we w e s e e i r e ﬁr e r, , lo r , Io a ; gay r , ay r , lay r ; , , e1 1 e Messm h l e es ui e s1 de re , qu re , Shir , , iar, lyr , q r , Is ah , Noah ;

a we sewe a w e s w e w e . dr r , r ; l y r , a y r , bo y r

’ ’ ' ’ A Vows L s : — A edli c e z o om b1 o CCENTED SHORT , a rial, o t y , logy , ‘ a s e u t n uenn a n l m nue enni ch o , po tic , t i io , d a , di go a , i t , tri al,

ri é r i t th eé doli te de - é x i di z e ﬁ sco neé r a h p y, , , a , g p y.

F o N. B . s e HIATUS A TER 0 V wELs IMP LYING R . ( Strictly p ak i n in a ll ese ses th e e er h ul be w en g, th ca , charact r 0 y s o d ritt because th e r i s pronoun ced : i ts omi ssion m ust be regarded

m e e a s a. nven en bb ev n but i s a l a be r ly co i t a r iatio , , w ys to ' recom m en ded in th e case of derivative words When the r i s not n e i n th e m e sou d d pri itiv . )

M b u e ne e u e e 91 ODE TERMINATIONS ; la o r r , ar r, tt r r , b e e e s e e s e m u e e A bb ev ar r , Shar r, cor r, poor r , or r , rd r r . ( lso a r i

- i n ter m ma ti on nc e see e w . at o for , b lo ) M 2 l n en 1 e en u en ODE ( ) (imp yi g t o) ; p ar t 9 , coh r t , occ rr t , diﬁer ent e e u or a l r u e oo ; l ctoral , script ral , ﬂ , cho al , E rop (y ) ; e s i ne n e us 89 m u e us ni e us (charact r I s di jo d) da g ro , rd ro , co f ro , ne us us ven u us u us us o us o ro , odoro , t ro , rapt ro , chor , p ro , sono

us se us e ne serum e um r um ro , ro ; (charact r I joi d) , S r , fo , u um e um u e n e 91 full m f e en e n e q or , d cor ; tt ra c ( for ) , di f r c , i t r e en e e en e en u a n e u en e bb ev i n f r c , coh r c , d r c , occ rr c (a r iat o for

ter m n - nce e I 8 m e see n . , charact r , od ho orary , ’ w ns e b e suﬂ er a ble n s e b e nswe b e ho ry co id ra l , , tra f ra l , a ra l , u e o n u b e 1 00 m e su e a b e u b e th e colo rabl , h o ra l , a rabl , ador l , c ra l (

ter m n - b e i s ene e b a. Sim i a l i n . a l g rally add d y dot ; l r y

e v ves en d n i n - 1Zr e su a s es us es b e d ri ati of words i g , ch d iro , d ira l , es e es r n th e o i s e ne th e r s u not be d ir th , d i i g , if r tai d ho ld

written .

M 3 r se es e ess eer ess u ess ODE ( ) ( implying y) ; ri , h ir , p , t tor , m u e ess ne es e es uee es ﬂ or i st u s u es rd r ; ar t , f ar t , q r t , , p ri t , p r t s u e e e e u m ur se u t aori t ; po r th , car th, h ar th ; p rity , at ity , c ri y , e e s s u s m i s eve i s (charact r 6 ) b ari h , boori h , c rri h , oor h , f r h , i be s g b ri h .

C P U e e n e e n e e s e e s e e OM O NDS h r i , th r o , Wh r a , th r about , th r at , ’ e e v w e eu n w e e n W e e e . th r of ( ) , h r po , h r u to , h r r — B F A Y- M us l u E ORE VOWEL , ODE z laborio , g orio s , gloria , u us u e e s n su e n e e te se us c rio , La r at , hi toria ; p rior, i f rior , x rior , rio , e e e en e e n m e al m e v us p riod, xp ri c , crit rio , i p ri , at rial ; ario ,

v e n e A n um se n en u n . ariabl , agraria , ar a , rya , bari ; ig orial , c t rio

X Hm m' s Two C XV . BETWEEN CONSONANTS IN ASES WHERE A 1 s Y P 7 1 VOWEL NECESSARIL IM LIED , 7 ( )

122 rf essi ve Wr i tin Eccem n g i ses.

m u s i e th e XXVII . I Wr t out alphabet of initi a ls im es i ui h i seve l U . nd Z . a G. a nd . ral t , d sting s ng particu arly , Q ,

M . and N .

A B A . M A . D . D A . R . . . , , F . R .A . S H H . . . M C. J P . P , Q , . , . . , C G . V A K . . R , , . . ,

. P . E S N . W . . S . , ,

E. C. , W . C. ,

H . A . 15 F . . B G V s 1 . . R . D A H . A , . , , . . . ,

T G . R . T J P S . . H J . J P . P H . , . , . E H L . . . A G . OH . G J . N W . W c J . , . . , . , . . , W .

I E A . F M . . . K J . M . T J . J . , . , , . , s . J . ,

P . A . D L L D F . c . J A . N H . 0 . . , . . s , . , . , W . . H T

BREVIATI ONS bb ev e th e ll XX III . . A r iat fo owin g words h li a s indicated by t e ita cs .

Abb ev e s u e n w e e n s a dm i ni s r iat , ab ol t , ack o l dg , admi i trator , tr a tr i x va n e v n e ve semen e e a nt o , ad tag , ad a c , ad rti t , altog th r , ag ni sti c e sc e nk u b sm ben , archi pi op al, approp riat , Ba r p tcy , apti , ig n n enev en ben e en bene n a t , b ol t , fic t , ficial , Captai , catholic , cha r a cter s n ns er a n n s u n Chri tia ity , co id tio , co tit tio , con s u n es ond en e n unse e en e di cult tr ctio , corr p c , cou cil , co l, Dif r c , ﬁ y , e en a n e en e es u n es u n ui sh d f d t , d f c , d tit tio , d tr ctio , disting , dis e n m es s en m us e s n es u e charg , dy a o , Eccl ia tical , or o , pi cop alia , q ir , ’ es s ev ence e m n n e e u ex ecutm x e ens ve tabli h, id , xa i atio , x c tor , , xp i , e na e v n e i n u s m em n ne xtraordi ry , xtra aga t , xt g i h, Fa iliar , f i i ,

ebru financi a l ene - i z a ti on ene n ve nm en F ary , , G ral ) , g ratio , go r t , n n e m m e e m e tu b b e m b e i e Ig ora c , i diat , i p r r a l , i practica l , mpr g ' na b e i nco ni to i ndefa t1 a ble ndi na n i i dua l i neffi ci ent l , g , g , i g t , ind v , , i n uence i n uenti al n m a i n ns u n ns u t n i n fl , fl , i for t o , i tit tio , i tr c io , telli i ble u s r u ence K n w e e n ua e e ne M g , J ri p d , o l dg , La g g , l ar d, a a z i ne n en e m nu u e m em m s e g , mag ific c , a fact r , ath atical , icro cop , m em be m e u tc n w s nd n b e ob e r , ortgag , Nat ral ( ) , ot ith ta i g , O j ct , j c n b se v n bs u n i on o un i na l tio , o r atio , o tr ctio , opin , opp rt ity , orig , P a m en u a e u e s e end ula arli tary , partic l r , p c liar , p rhap , p rp ic r , ” n ne en en r la i nti s ve phila throp ic, pho tic , pl ipot tia y , p fi , po iti

oz ss b e os ese v n - le (p ) , po i l (p ) , practical , pr r atio , principal ) , b e ub a n ues n ec n z e e n el n u s proba l , p lic tio , Q tio , R og i , r ligio , r i q i h , es na n e esen es e ve es ons b s a r ig tio , r pr t , r p cti , r p i ility, Sati f ctory , se ev en s ve s n si m ca nce s e k s ee s lf id t , e ral , ig ify , g ﬁ , p a , p ch, trength , sub e s e n sub na e su s u n subs tu e j ct , ubj ctio , ordi t , b tit tio , truc r , s s e ns r e Yes e a u p ct , Tra c ib , t rd y.

m s m 1? L . O s n 0 FI AL ONSONANTS AFTER ONG VOWELS , XXIX N C see 65 — l a a l w l oi l ( , fai , v i , rail ay , royal, loyal, soi , ,

sm a t- a ll m s w s s a n e ih se s all , , al o t, al ay , al o, d rli g , d al ( phra ) , Abbrevi a tions. 1 23

ee l u e sm e e u e uven e v e e e ue f l , foo , r l , il , b g il , j il , olatil , f rtil , p rile, e m e n e m I ener i n e m i n n m e fragil , rca til (o it g ally t r atio ti ,

me m e m es er ms P s m m e a t- h me no s u ca , fa , Ja , t , al , ho , o rth , o th, w u e e e b h e v o forth, orth, both, f rth r , fath r , rath r , rot r ; ary , gl ry 107 s e e i e el e e eve e e e eve e e ve ; cop , lif , ch f, b i f, b li , r li f, r li , d c i , e e s ve n ve e ve ve e ve bse ve ese ve d c it , tri , co tri , d ri , arri , d pri , o r , pr r , ese ve ese ve ve m s s e s e se esus m e r r , d r , ga ; o t , po t , l a t ; pl a , J , an, eed su ee e e e e e e ee AW n e e e ee d , cc d, r c d , pr c d , proc d ( ), co c d , xc d ;

a e u e n n . l rg , ch rch ; guard, r gard ; poi t , appoi t

XXX; F L A F U . a 1 m a be m e TERMINATIONS , BLE in l y o itt d i n t ese e m i n ns a s i n ab e en b e un b e s b e b e h t r atio ; , l , a l , a l , di a l , ta l , s b e n b e a fiable a b e n e v b e u b e e ta l , o l ; , c pa l , co c i a l , corr pti l , forcibl , m ve b e ea e b e ss e e b b e s b e o a l , p c a l , po ibl , practicabl , pro a l , ylla l , e b e v i ble e u ul ee u u m e u u tol ra l , is B a tif , gl f l , joyf l , rcif l , sinf l . n ess th e e b f ea il a nd e th e U l charact r or joins s y cl arly , dot s u be se es e th e m e i us l b t e ho ld u d , p cially if od of h at wou d e i e in a n se a s i n n ble n b e m ble qu r d y ca ; , accou ta , actio a l , ad ira , eea b e ensu b e b e m bus b e m b e agr l , c ra l , claima l , co ti l , co forta l , a b le n u b e u a b e e ble m em b e m se b e habit , ho o ra l , la d l , l gi , ora l , i ra l , m odi fia ble bse v b e b n b e b e b e r ofita ble , o r a l , o tai a l , paya l , pitia l , p , un s b e ues n b e s b e m e b e e b e 1m p i ha l , q tio a l , ocia l , ta a l , t acha l , s e ka b e a a ble m e v u b e m e w u n e p a l , v ri od al a l ( od a f l, cha g ul el u h a n ul e u i n u e e u we u f , d ightf l, f , hop f l , m df l, p ac f l , po rf l , s e u su ess u t n u u u s u . pit f l, cc f l, ha kf l, tho ghtf l , tru tf l M IV I h i s XXXI . S ALL CIRCLE , SUBSTANT AL TERM NATIONS . T s be es e m un e i n i ns en n i n m ess hould r trict d to co po d t rm at o di g , a re m m n i n n l s su a s v a b eness Which co o Old E g i h ; ch , ari l , m e e s n b eness n nswe b eness n b en ess ve ( od r a o a l , u a ra l , o l , forgi ness e ess veness nk u ness s ulness W u ness a ei , xpr i , tha f l , kilf , ilf l , f n ulm ss b s u ness e u ness si n u ness e u ness u f , a hf l , hop f l , f l , fr tf l , artf l 11ess u ness u u ness n u ness e u ness r i h te , joyf l , tho ghtf l , ma f l , car f l , g owm ess n s usness b n e usness usness vi u co cio , ou t o rioto , rt ’ ousm ss s ness b i s ness s ness. fooli h , oy h , boori h In abbreviating substan tives ending i n - ty such a s peculi

- a ri t b b e b th e t i s w en ve . y , p ro a ility, l gi ility , y ritt o r Th e com pound U at m a y be used i n writing th e unaccente d ' er n t n ~ s1 t a s i n ve s u t mi a io y ; , ad r ity , atrocity , a dacity , capacity ,

si e e m nst s ne ess ve . curio ty , l ctricity , o ro ity , c ity , locity

- NCE XXXII . TERMINATION i er ence v n e ven e n e a ﬂi a nce ea n e e D ﬁ , ad a c , g a c , , cl ra c , app ar n e u e n e e seve n e en n e e en e e a n e a c , tt ra c , p r ra c , dura c , d f c , acc pt c , c n nce n v n e bse v n e w n e i en e a quai ta , co tri a c , o r a c , allo a c , l c c ,

s en e ns en e ev en e n unce e ense . S il a l ci c , co ci c , id c , pro o , xp im r y , di er ent t ev en n en sufﬁci ent v n e st ac ua i n ﬁ ( ) , id t , a ci t , , ad a c d ( ) , q

n es ses n nc s sufﬁci enc n decem ﬂ uenc . ta c ( ) , i fa y ( y) , y, buoya cy , y, y Ph l 24 ra ses .

h e . Th and XXXIII . A AND T PHRAS ES e articles a the s u ener a l be ne e e s ns n un ns a nd ho ld g l y joi d aft r pr po itio , co j ctio a ux ili a ri es ;

The ne s n u a a fter z— b ve a c is joi d a a pw rd tick a o , ross , all m n a nd a r e a s be b een be e b e ween b ca n , a o g , , , , , , for , t , y, , ’ does du1'i n even h a s ve i f i n s ou o er co , g , , for, , ha , , , is ( y) , , ( y) , s l s n e n l u u n was a s w en w t i n . hal , i c , tha , ti l , p , po , ( y) , h , i h

Th e ne a s a wnw k e th e — b u is joi d do ard tic aft r words a o t , a e a n s a t be i n b ene t e n but l e l ft r , ag i t , , h d , a h , b yo d , , cal d , cou d , e e m h ad h ow i n not o f out un xc pt , fro , , hath , , to , , , (oi), ro d , sh ul so i nk u u t u r u u o d , , that , th , tho gh , tho ght , hro gh , th o gho t , w un e un i u to , to ard , d r , to , What , With , W tho t , would. ’ A m a be n e er a n th e b ve e e o er y joi d aft y of a o words, xc pt ,

e un e end i n o. aft r , d r , Which

T XXXIV AUXILIARY PHRASES . h e words ha ve a nd be s u be ne te ca n uld m a m mus u - ho ld Joi d af r , co , y, ig ht , t , o ght to , s a l s ou d w1 ll would . Th e h a d been and be me h (l ) , h l , , words , co ,

s u be ne e h a s a ve . Th e a n d ho ld joi d aft r , h , hath, had words do

- think should be joined after to .

In all ca se s words involvi ng si mila r Join ings m ay bea tta ch ed i n ses s k n us be eve be me be b e to phra of thi i d th , li , co , a l , m i a k nk a nd do present th e sa e join ng as be ; t e joins lik e thi . Th e following words join well after be — thi s (that u ne d e se se b b e e e e tho ght , do , prou , pl a d , propo d , pro a l , f lt , f ar d , for eseen fou11 d a a v i n l e ns e e e i n , , fr id , a , cal d , co id r d ; words b g n n b t 17 a i n we e a ve i g With p , , or , lso jo ll aft r h .

V P . Th e no t m a be n e XXXV. NEGATI E HRASES word y joi d

te be ca n do a ve m a s u s wi ll. Th e ses af r , , , h , ( y) , ho ld , hall, phra , es not h a s n m a s no t wa s no t a r e w ten on th e a al do , ot , (t) , , rit n ogy

Th e ne ve m a be e esse b a ss- s ke of it 18 not. gati y xpr d y cro tro

e wi ll s h a d sh u d w uld ould m u . aft r , hall , , o l , o , c , ight , o ght to

e e be been a ve do me n sa nk INTERSECTION . B for , , h , , a , y , thi , and i i la th e ne ve i s ene e esse b n e s m r words , gati g rally xpr d y i t r se n es e e th e a ux a e ca n u d ma m ctio , p cially aft r ili ri s , , co l , y, ig ht , w w uld s a s ou d u m us h a d a ve do . In ses ill, o , h ll, h l , o ght , t , , h , phra , su a s s ou not be u not to be e e n te se n i s ch h ld , o ght , Wh r i r ctio wkw th e se n d w en se e w th e ﬁr st th e a ard, co d wor is ritt clo b lo ; e ve se s u be wr en i f n gati it lf ho ld itt great precision is requi red .

B E BY . : P C J. C M . A. SO NS AT THE V Y P CAM RIDGE RINT D LAY, . UNI ERSIT RESS .