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Ignatius, Prayer and the Spiritual Exercises 47–58 Harvey D THE WAY a review of Christian spirituality published by the British Jesuits April 2021 Volume 60, Number 2 IGNATIUS AND THE FIRST COMPANIONS THE WAY April 2021 Foreword 5–6 Ignatius and the Stars 8–17 Tim McEvoy Ignatius of Loyola has a reputation as a hard-headed administrator, guiding and steering his nascent religious order from the heart of the Church in Rome. His personal writings, however, reveal other sides to his character. Here Tim McEvoy considers his predilection for gazing contemplatively at the stars, and asks what it can tell us about him in the light of the cosmology of his time. Ignatian Discernment and Thomistic Prudence: Opposition or 18–36 Harmony? Timothy M. Gallagher and David M. Gallagher Although Ignatius has become well known as a teacher of discernment, his methods have also attracted criticism at times. It has been suggested, for instance, that Ignatius’ thought lacks the precision to be found in the writings of Thomas Aquinas.Timothy and David Gallagher discuss how the Thomistic virtue of prudence might relate to, and supplement, Ignatian discernment. Core Ingredients in Ignatius' Recipe 37–45 Gail Paxman The well-known spiritual writer Anthony de Mello likened the text of the Spiritual Exercises to a cookery book. Here Gail Paxman develops that simile, exploring six of the ‘key ingredients’ in the Ignatian system, and looking at how they work together to produce the kind of conversion that is the goal of the Exercises themselves. Ignatius, Prayer and the Spiritual Exercises 47–58 Harvey D. Egan What is Ignatian prayer? His Spiritual Diary suggests that Ignatius himself spent long hours in mystical contemplation, yet he forbade his earliest followers to do the same. Some see a complex programme of imaginative contemplation as central to the Spiritual Exercises, yet they also suggest using ‘whatever works’. Harvey Egan sorts through these contrasting examples and practices. The Mendoza Case in the Life of Ignatius Loyola 59–66 Joseph A. Munitiz In preparing the case of the canonization of Ignatius, the four hundredth anniversary of which will be celebrated in 2022, a great number of witnesses were interviewed, and many incidents in his life subjected to careful scrutiny. Here Joseph Munitiz presents one such incident, concerning a young man who mocked Ignatius and afterwards met his death in unexpected circumstances. THE WAY April 2021 Ignatius of Loyola, the First Retreatant: Psychological Traits of 67–85 His Personality Carlos Domínguez Carlos Domínguez is a professor of the psychology of religion and a practising psychotherapist. Here he draws on both specialisms to analyse the mystical experience of St Ignatius, which lies at the root of the spirituality that bears his name and which, Domínguez believes, decisively marked his personality. The Universal Apostolic Preferences of the Society of Jesus: 87–92 A Brief Explanation John Zupez In 2019 the Society of Jesus adopted four Universal Apostolic Preferences to guide its planning and work over the next decade. These offer a contemporary expression of what it means to choose a pattern of life shaped by the experience of Ignatian spirituality in the Spiritual Exercises. John Zupez gives a brief introduction to the preferences and what follows from their adoption. Frontiers of the Spirit: The Mission of Spirituality Today 93–108 James Hanvey Human beings typically come to understand themselves and their place in the world by constructing large-scale explanatory narratives. Scientific progress and economic determinism are two such secular ‘grand narratives’. Religious faiths offer their own narratives to compete with these, and James Hanvey finds in the Jesuits’ Universal Apostolic Preferences’ elements that can bridge the divide between two. Pierre Favre through His Letters 109–126 Mark Rotsaert Pierre Favre shared rooms with Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier when they studied together at the University of Paris. He went on to become the first ordained Jesuit, and the one who, according to Ignatius, best understood the Spiritual Exercises. Here Mark Rotsaert uses Favre’s extensive surviving correspondence to complement the picture given in the Memoriale, his record of his spiritual life. The Vocation of Jerónimo Nadal 127–133 Joseph A. Munitiz When Ignatius wanted someone to promulgate and explain the new Jesuit Constitutions across Europe, he turned to Jerónimo Nadal, who then came to have a key role in the early Society of Jesus. A decade before his death in 1580, Nadal composed an account of his own vocation, a document known as the Chronicon. Joseph Munitiz asks what this can tell us about vocational discernment today. THE WAY April 2021 The First Brothers of the Society of Jesus 134–144 Hedwig Lewis As well as priests, there have always been non-ordained brothers in the Jesuit order. Recent research in Spain has given a detailed picture of the first four of these men. Hedwig Lewis draws on this research to present brief portraits of each of them—a Spaniard, an Italian, and two from Portugal—four ‘enthusiastic and committed laymen’. FOR AUTHORS The Way warmly invites readers to submit articles with a view to publication. They should normally be about 4,000 words long, and be in keeping with the journal’s aims. The Editor is always ready to discuss possible ideas. A Special Issue is planned on conversion in 2022, so articles in this area will be particularly welcome. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cover design by Peter Brook SJ; cover image, St Ignatius and his companions, early seventeenth-century Spanish polychromatic sculpture, Campion Hall, Oxford. We are grateful for permission to translate ‘Ignacio de Loyola: el primer ejercitante: Rasgos antropológicos y psicológicos de su personalidad’, by Carlos Domínguez Morano SJ, from El sujeto: Reflexiones para una antropología ignaciana, edited by Fr Rufino Meana Peón SJ (Colección Manresa 71), pages 153–174. © Ediciones Mensajero—Editorial Sal Terrae—Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Bilbao—Santander—Madrid 2019. Thanks to Jason Dy SJ for the illustration on p.8, and to Erica Tighe Campbell, and the Jesuit Conference of Canada and the United States, for that on p.91. The scripture quotations herein are generally from the New Revised Standard Version Bible © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA, and are used by permission. All rights reserved. ABBREVIATIONS Autobiography ‘Reminiscences (Autobiography)’, in Ignatius of Loyola: Personal Writings, translated by Philip Endean and Joseph A. Munitiz (London: Penguin, 1996) Constitutions in The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus and Their Complementary Norms (St Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996) Diary ‘The Spiritual Diary’, in Ignatius of Loyola: Personal Writings, translated by Philip Endean and Joseph A. Munitiz (London: Penguin, 1996) Dir On Giving the Spiritual Exercises: The Early Manuscript Directories and the Official Directory of 1599, translated and edited by Martin E. Palmer (St Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996) Exx The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius, translated by George E. Ganss (St Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992) GC General Congregation, in Jesuit Life and Mission Today: The Decrees and Accompanying Documents of the 31st– 35th General Congregations of the Society of Jesus (St Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2009) and Jesuit Life and Mission Today: The Decrees and Accompanying Documents of the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus (Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2017) MHSJ Monumenta Historica Societatis Jesu, 157 volumes (Madrid and Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1898– ) Papal documents may be found at www.vatican.va FOREWORD N 20 MAY 2021 it will be five hundred years since Ignatius of Loyola O was wounded at Pamplona, triggering his conversion from dreams of military glory to the service of a greater Lord. Next year marks the four hundredth anniversary of the canonization of Ignatius and another of the first Jesuits, Francis Xavier. Spanning these events, the current Jesuit General, Arturo Sosa, has called for the celebration of an ‘Ignatian Year’, offering an opportunity to reflect upon the origins of this particular pathway to God. This Special Issue of The Way, focusing on the person of St Ignatius and his First Companions, is one contribution to that celebration. It is divided into three parts. The first series of articles considers Ignatius himself and the nature of the spirituality that bears his name. Gail Paxman draws on an image from the writings of a well-known spiritual writer, Anthony de Mello, to outline how the central elements of Ignatian spirituality work together to produce a conversion which in some ways echoes his own. Carlos Domínguez brings a background in psychology to his understanding of the mystical prayer that had a central role is shaping Ignatius’s personality, while Harvey Egan looks more broadly at the relationship between Ignatius’ own prayer and the kinds of devotion that he offered others in composing his Spiritual Exercises. Tim McEvoy considers what a habit of Ignatius—stargazing, attested both in the saint’s own Autobiography and by those who knew him— reveals about the man. In the first of two contributions to this issue, Joseph Munitiz takes up some of the evidence produced during the canonization process on a curious prophetic episode in Ignatius’ life. Two brothers, Timothy and David Gallagher, respond to the suggestion that Ignatian discernment lacks the rigour of the kind of analysis promoted by Thomas Aquinas. The anniversary year is more than an opportunity for historical research, and in the second section of this issue ways in which the spirituality of Loyola is being lived out today are considered. The lens chosen for this is that of the ‘Universal Apostolic Preferences’, a set of guidelines chosen to channel the work of the Society of Jesus in this third decade of the twenty-first century.
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