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Examining the Sociocultural Experiences of Cherokee Nation Citizens in Athletic Competition and Sport Michael Dewayne Merrie University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Examining the Sociocultural Experiences of Cherokee Nation Citizens in Athletic Competition and Sport Michael Dewayne Merrie University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2016 Examining the Sociocultural Experiences of Cherokee Nation Citizens in Athletic Competition and Sport Michael Dewayne Merrie University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Merrie, Michael Dewayne, "Examining the Sociocultural Experiences of Cherokee Nation Citizens in Athletic Competition and Sport" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1786. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1786 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Examining the Sociocultural Experiences of Cherokee Nation Citizens in Athletic Competition and Sport A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Kinesiology by Michael DeWayne Merrie Northeastern State University Bachelor of Science in Education, 2001 University of Central Oklahoma Master of Science in Education, 2002 December 2016 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ___________________________________ Dr. Cathy Lirgg Dissertation Director ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dr. Dean Gorman Dr. Mary Ramey Committee Member Committee Member ___________________________________ Dr. Paul Calleja Committee Member ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the sociocultural experiences of Cherokee adults in athletic competition and sport. Specifically, following a qualitative design, fifteen participants were interviewed about their personal experiences in athletic competition and sport while growing up in rural Oklahoma. Interviews were open-ended and followed a semi- structured script of questions with additional probes. Once completed, the recorded interviews were transcribed and data were analyzed. The data revealed six axial codes and three selective codes. Cherokee culture, psychosocial identity, and athletic competition were the three major selective codes discovered in this study. Qualitative analyses revealed that participants have lived in an environment that is conducive for athletic growth, cultural awareness, and social exploration. The family, schools, and communities offer simple, yet stable surroundings. Athletic and social identities are formed at early ages and are fostered by the close knit Cherokee culture. ©2016 by Michael D. Merrie All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the numerous individuals who have guided and helped me throughout my academic pursuits. This dissertation would not have happened if it weren’t for these wonderful people. Dr. Cathy Lirgg served as my advisor, committee member, dissertation chair, lead faculty researcher, counselor, chief editor, and mentor. I appreciate your honesty, intelligence, and no- nonsense approach to teaching and research. I am forever grateful for your leadership and support throughout my time at the University of Arkansas. To Dr. Dean Gorman. I have gained invaluable experience under your presence. Thank you for giving me a chance. Thank you to Dr. Paul Calleja. You have taught me so much. I have learned how to be a professional educator and a wonderful person. I truly thank you for all that you’ve done for me. Dr. Mary Ramey, your friendship has been the most important factor since meeting you three years ago. Not only are you a great friend you were my qualitative guru and the leadership you provided throughout my dissertation was amazing. Thank you cannot be said enough. You are an amazing person. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Amanda Sullivan, Dr. Jack Kern, and Dr. Justin Nolan at the University of Arkansas. Thank you all for making my time at Arkansas a truly meaningful experience. To all my fellow doctoral students and graduate assistants, thank you for the many laughs in the 219. I have gained numerous friends from this experience, thank you: David, John, Page, Bo, Kelly, Mary, Matt, Sasha, Nick, Win, and Amanda. I would also like to thank Dr. Cole Shewmake. You got me through the first two years of our program. You pushed me beyond my limits and provided a support system for me. I am proud to call you my colleague and friend. I would like to thank my family as well, specifically my beautiful, intelligent, and talented wife, Bobbi. Your love and support has been the best. I love you, Camden, and our little guy that is still growing. DEDICATION To Bobbi, Camden, and our future baby boy. Without you this would not have happened. I love you more than anything. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................................. 1 Organization of Chapter One .................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 4 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................................ 6 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................... 6 Research Question ................................................................................................................... 7 Theoretical Sensitivity ............................................................................................................ 7 Professional Experience. ..................................................................................................... 7 Personal Experience. ........................................................................................................... 8 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................. 8 Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 9 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 10 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 12 Organization of the Chapter .................................................................................................. 12 Historical Perspective: The Cherokees ................................................................................. 13 Native American Athletic Competition and Sport ................................................................ 14 Development of Athletic Competition and Sport in the United States ................................. 17 Parental Influence ............................................................................................................. 18 Coaches ............................................................................................................................. 19 Community and Peers ....................................................................................................... 20 Physical Education and Sport: Elementary Focus ................................................................ 22 Academics..............................................................................................................................24 Qualitative Research in Physical Education and Sport..........................................................25 Summary................................................................................................................................26 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 29 Organization of the Chapter .................................................................................................. 29 Site and Sample Selection ..................................................................................................... 29 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 30 Conceptual Design ................................................................................................................ 31 Research Design and Timeline ............................................................................................. 32 Depth and Breadth ................................................................................................................ 33 Trustworthiness ..................................................................................................................... 33 Prolonged Engagement......................................................................................................34 Persistent Engagement.......................................................................................................34
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