E2711 V1 rev
WORLD BANK PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR
URUMQI DISTRICT HEATING PROJECT SHUIMOGOU DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK COMPONENT Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Xinjiang Environmental Technology Consulting Center 2011.1 Public Disclosure Authorized Project Name: Urumqi District Heating Project
Project Leader: Xu Yan (Certificated EIA Engineer: A40040130600
EIA Team:: Xinjiang Environmental Technology Consulting Center Legal Representative: Zhou Wei
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CONTENTS
PREFACE...... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 2
1.1 Background
1.2 EIA Overview
1.3 Assessment Scope, Protection Objectives, Period and Key Issues
1.4 Relevant Laws, Regulations, Technical Guidelines and Standards
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 8
2.1 Project Overview
2.2 Main Construction Contents
2.3 Associated Facilities
3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL BASELINE...... 15
3.1 Natural Environment and Environmental Quality
3.2 Societal and Economic Status
3.3 Current Air Pollution Control and Management
3.4 Respiratory Disease Status
3.5 Key Environmentally Sensitive and Social Protection Areas
3.5.1 Current Status of Cultural Heritages
3.5.2 Ecologically Sensitive Areas
3.5.3 Noise Sensitive Points
3.5.4 Water Environmentally Sensitive Points
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 35
4.1 Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase
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4.2 Impact Assessment during the Operation Phase
4.3 Cumulative impacts of the two components
4.4 INDUCED IMPACTS...... 46
5. INFORMATION DISLOSURE AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 48
5.1 Objectives, Scope and Approaches
5.2 Process of Announcement and Consultation
5.3 Results and Feedbacks
5.3.1 Feedbacks on Information disclosures
5.3.2 Feedbacks to Interviews
5.3.3 Feedbacks from Meetings
5.4 Conclusions of Public Consultation
6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 57
6.1 Alternatives of “With” and “Without” Project
6.2 Alternatives of Project Locations
6.3 Alternatives of Technology and Techniques
6.4 Alternatives of Heating Fuels
7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 62
7.1 Institutional arrangement and supervision mechanism
7.2 Mitigation Measures
7.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan and Budget
7.4 Environmental Training Program
7.5 Reporting Mechanisms
7.7 MANAGEMENT PLANS TO ADDRESS SOCIAL IMPACTS...... 78
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8. DUE DILIGENCE REVIEW OF ASSOCIATED FACILITIES AND PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN 2010...... 80
8.1 Heat Sources
8.1.1 Current Status of Heat Sources
8.2 Project activity undertaken in 2010
9. CONCLUSIONS...... 84
References [1] “Circular of Forwarding the “Opinions on Promoting CHP to Fundamentally Resolve Air Pollution in Urumqi” ”, WuZhengBan [2006] No. 91,
the Urumqi Government, Dec. 2006 [2] “Notice about Air Pollution Control of Corporations including Xinjiang Xinlian Thermal Co. Ltd. within a Time Limit”, Wuzhengtong [2010] No.29, the
Urumqi Government, Mar. 2010 [3] “Prevention Program for Air Pollution in Winter of Urumqi (2010-
2015)”, UMEPB, Sep. 2009 [4] “Approval Comments on the “Environmental Impact Form for CHP Project of Urumqi Thermal Power Plant”, XinHuanPingShenHan [2010] No. 14,
XDEP, Jan. 2010 [5] “Circular about Approving and Forwarding the “Implementation Plan for Urumqi CHP Network Integration” ” (Wuzhengban [2010] No.127), the
Urumqi Government, 2010 [6] “Letter about Proper Disposal of Wastes Generated from Dismantlement of Small Boilers”, Headquarter Office for Coordination of Air Pollution Control
of Urumqi, Sep. 2010 [7] “Urban Heating Plan of Urumqi (2006-2020)”, the Urumqi Government,
2006 [8] “The Research of Causes of Air Pollution and Prevention and Control
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Strategy in Urumqi”, UMEPB, Dec. 2008
ANNEX ...... 86
Annex 1
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT...... 86
1 PLAN FOR RELEVANT PREPARATION BEFORE CONSTRUCTION ... 86
1.1 WORKING IDEAS THAT PERSON IN CHARGE SHOULD HAVE BEFORE CONSTRUCTION...... 86
1.2 PREPARATION FOR APPROVAL BEFORE CONSTRUCTION...... 86
1.3 SITE VISIT ...... 87
1.4 DISCLOSURE OF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN...... 87
1.5 PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT TRAVEL PLANS FOR DIFFERENT SITUATION...... 88
1.6 SAFETY TRAINING BEFORE CONSTRUCTION...... 88
1.7 ESTABLISHMENT OF CONSTRUCTION FILES...... 88
1.8 DAILY TRAFFIC SAFETY GUARANTEE ORGANIZATION SYSTEM .. 88
CONSTRUCTION DUTY...... 89
2.2 SPECIAL CONDITIONS FOR SENSITIVE AREAS...... 89
2.3 IMPLEMENTATION RULES DURING CONSTRUCTION...... 90
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PREFACE
The concentration of sulfur dioxide and dust significantly exceeds the standards during the heating season in Urumqi, which indicates the coal-smoke pollution. According to the “Urban Heating Plan of Urumqi (2006-2020)”, the Urumqi government proposed a centralized space heating system supplied by Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP) plants. The government has initiated Urumqi District Heating Project (UDHP) and applied for the World Bank loan. The CHP includes two components: Component 1: Shayibake District Heating Network Component (SHN) Component 2: Urumqi CHP Shuimogou District Heating Network (UHN) The two components, which are municipal infrastructure projects, are relatively simple and not related to major physical works. The environmental impacts of such project are limited. According to relevant requirements of domestic environmental impact assessment (EIA), Environmental Impact Forms were prepared for the two components. The two forms were reviewed and approved in 2008 and 2010 respectively (see Table 0.1-1). Table 0.1-1 The Approvals of Domestic EIAs Project Type of EIA EIA Approval Approval time No. Approval document name document Agency Xinjing Department January, 2010 Environmental XinHuanPingHanSh 1 UHN of Environmental Impact Form en No. {2010}14 Protection Former Autonomous December, 2008 Environmental Regional XinHuanJianJianHa 2 SHN Impact Form Environmental n No. {2008}168 Protection Bureau
In December 2009, The Xinjiang Environmental Technology Consulting Center (XETCC) was commissioned by the Project Office of Urumqi Heat Reform and Building Energy Efficiency (HRBEE) International Technological Cooperation (POUITC) to prepare two EIA Reports for the components to submit to the World Bank in light of domestic Technical Guidelines of EIA and requirements on EIA in the World Bank safeguard policies. Being commissioned, The XETCC collected relevant information and investigated the proposed sites and the circumstances of the two components. The XETCC composed the “EIA Report for Shayibake District Heating Network” and the “EIA Report for Urumqi CHP Shuimogou District Heating Network”. In addition, an Executive Summary was prepared. This document is the “EIA Report for Urumqi CHP Shuimogou District Heating Network”. The EIA team would like all those agencies for their support and help, including the Xinjiang Department of Environmental Protection (XDEP), the Urumqi Municipal Construction Commission, the Urumqi Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau (UMEPB), the POUITC, the Urumqi Management Office of Heating Industry, the Urumqi District Heating Company (UDHC), EIA teams of the two component, feasibility study teams of the two components and the World Bank China office.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As Urumqi has been experiencing urban expansion, rapid population growth and economic growth in the past decade, industrialization and urbanization have been promoted. In this context, energy consumption would increase significantly. The energy constrains on economic development and energy related environmental issues would become more evident. The concentration of sulfur dioxide and dust significantly exceeds the standards during the heating season in Urumqi, which indicates a typical coal-smoke pollution. The air pollution directly affects human health, traffic safety and sustainable economic development in Urumqi. According to the “11th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of China”, the “Medium and Long Term Special Plan of Energy Conservation of China”, the “Urban Heating Plan of Urumqi (2006-2020)”, the Urumqi government took the resource advantages and environmental features of the city into account and proposed a centralized space heating system supplied by Cogeneration of Heat and Power (CHP) plants. The government has initiated. Then, the government decided to initiate the Urumqi District Heating Project (UDHP) and applied for the World Bank loan. When the centralized heating and CHP are implemented as proposed in this project, the energy efficiency would be enhanced and air pollutant emissions would decreases, so that the ambient air quality could be improved, which would help to reach the goal of moderately prosperous society.
1.2 EIA Overview
1.2.1 Objectives of EIA In accordance with the “Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment”, the “Ordinance on Administration for Environmental Protection of Construction Projects”, “Circular about Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction Projects Funded by the International Financial Organizations” and the World Bank Safeguard Policies as well as the procedures of domestic EIA and the World Bank’s EIA, the EIA team of this project assessed and concluded the positive effects of this project, identified, screened, predicted and analyzed the negative impacts, and proposed practical and effective mitigation measures for those inevitable impacts and environmental management plan. This EIA will be submitted to the World Bank and become one of the bases of their independent evaluation of this project. Meanwhile, this EIA will also be the basis of decision-making and integrated management of the government and the environmental management agency. 1.2.2 EIA Category In light of the “Circular about Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Construction Projects Funded by the International Financial
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Organizations” (HuanJian[1993]No. 324) and requirements on EIA in OP4.01 of the World Bank Safeguard Policies, assessment factors were identified and screened in this EIA. The Shuimogou District Urumqi CHP Power Plant Heating Network (herein after “UHN”) pertains to centralized heating energy efficiency retrofitting project, which refers only to renovation, maintenance and updating. Generally speaking, the period of such project is short. Mature and reliable techniques are often applied to such project. The pollutant emissions are easy to control and the affected area is limited. Therefore, domestic EA category for this project assigned by Urumqi Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) was EA form, which is simpler than EA report. However, according to updated World Bank requirements, a Category A of EIA is required for this project. 1.2.3 Preparation of the EIA Report Being commissioned, the Xinjiang Environmental Technology Consulting Center (XETCC) collected relevant information and investigated the proposed sites and the circumstances of the UHN. The XETCC analyzed the project features, construction specifications, scales, technologies, main pollution factors and potential environmental impacts, and composed the Terms of References (ToR) for the EIA of this project that had been submitted to the World Bank. Then, the “EIA Report for Component 2 of Urumqi District Heating Project: Urumqi CHP Shuimogou District Heating Network” was prepared based on the ToR.
1.3 Assessment Scope, Protection Objectives, Period and Key Issues
1.3.1 Assessment Scope and Protection Objectives The assessment scope of this project is: (1) In light of the Technical Guidelines of EIA, the basic assessment scope is identified on the basis of the proposed assessment class. (2) The environmental protection objectives and the concerned objects in the safeguard policies shall be included in the assessment scope if they are close to the basic assessment scope. (3) The areas that may be affected by the projects and activities related to the UHN shall be integrated into the assessment scope. The assessment scope and environmental protection objectives are shown in Table 1.3-1. Table 1.3-1 The Assessment Scope No Environmenta Assessment Scope Environmental Protection Objectives . l Factor The surrounding regions The residential, study and working areas of people of heating pipeline sensitive to air pollution, e.g., government network, pressure-isolated 1 Ambient air agencies, research and education areas, enterprises heat exchange stations and and institutes, schools, hospitals, sanitarium, substations with a radius resorts and office buildings, etc. of 200m The 100m upstream and Surface water 500m downstream of the 2 Surface water system and artificial canals. environment node where the heating pipeline runs across rivers 3 Acoustic The 200m regions away The residential, study and working areas of people
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environment from the heating pipelines sensitive to noise, e.g., government agencies, and the surrounding research and education areas, enterprises and regions of pressure- institutes, schools, hospitals, sanitarium, resorts isolated heat exchange and office buildings, etc. stations and substations with a radius of 100m Ecological The 200m regions away Natural and artificial greens, parks, attractions, 4 environment from the heating pipelines orchards and cultural heritages. The 100m regions away from the heating pipelines Social and economic actors in affected areas, e.g. and the surrounding Societal institutes, enterprises, residential areas, cultural 5 regions of pressure- issues and education areas, hospitals and commercial isolated heat exchange areas. stations and substations with a radius of 100m 1.3.2 Assessment Period This EIA analyzes issues in two phases, viz. the construction phase and the operation phase of this project. 1.3.3 Key Issues of the EIA Table 1.3-2 presents the key issues assessed in domestic EIA. Table 1.3-2 Key Issues of the EIA
Project name Contents of the EIA Key issues Format
(1) Collect data of regional environmental quality, conduct monitoring and assess the (1) Impacts of heat environmental baseline. exchange stations and Enviro (2) Analyze the impacts of heat exchange pipelines on the public. nmenta Component stations and pipelines on surface water, (2) Impacts of noise of l 2 UHN ambient air, ecological environment and heat exchange stations Impact acoustic environment during the on nearby residential Form construction phase and the operation phase. areas. (3) Conduct Environmental supervision during the construction phase.
According to the World Bank’s policies, the key issues of this EIA include information disclosure, public consultation and environmental management plan.
1.4 Relevant Laws, Regulations, Technical Guidelines and Standards
The basis of this EIA includes relevant plans of Urumqi, domestic laws, regulations and standards and the World Bank’s safeguard policies. 1.4.1 Domestic Laws and Regulations The laws and regulations that are based for this EIA are shown in Table 1.4-1. Table 1.4-1 List of Laws and Regulations No. Title Document No. Time Environmental Protection law of the People’s No. 22 Presidential 1 1989.12.26 Republic of China Decree The Law of the People's Republic of China on 30th Meeting of 9th 2 2003.9.1 Environmental Impact Assessment NPC 3 The Law of the People's Republic of China on 15th Meeting of 9th 2000.9.1
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No. Title Document No. Time the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric NPC Pollution The Law of the People’s Republic of China on 32nd Meeting of 4 2008.6.1(Amended) Prevention and Control of Water Pollution 10th NPC The Law of the People’s Republic of China on 22nd Meeting of 8th 5 Prevention and Control of Pollution From 1997.3.1 NPC Environmental Noise The Law of the People’s Republic of China on 13th Meeting of 6 Prevention of Environmental Pollution Caused 2005.4.1(Amended) 10th NPC by Solid Waste No. 74 Presidential 7 Water Law of the Peoples Republic of China 2002.10.1(Amended) Decree The Law of the People’s Republic of China on 20th Meeting of 7th 8 1991.6.29 Water and Soil Conservation NPC Cleaner Production Promotion Law of the No. 72 Presidential 9 2003.1.1 People’s Republic of China Decree Energy Conservation Law of the People’s No. 90 Presidential 10 2008.4.1 Republic of China Decree The Law of Land Administration of the No. 8 Presidential 11 2004.8.28 People’s Republic of China Decree City Planning Law of the People’s Republic of 11th Meeting of 7th 12 1989 China NPC Ordinance on Administration for No. 253 Decree of 13 Environmental Protection of Construction 1998.11.29 the State Council Projects Classified Management Lists for No.2 Decree of the Environmental Protection of Construction Ministry of 16 Projects (Promulgated by the Ministry of 2008.10.1 Environmental Environmental Protection of the People’s Protection Republic of China Interim Procedure on the Public Participation HuanFa[2006]No. 17 2006.2.14 In Environmental Impact Assessment 28 Circular about Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for HuanJian[1993]No 18 1993.6.21 Construction Projects Funded by the .324 International Financial Organizations Regulations on Development of Thermal- JiJiChu[2000]No. 19 2000.8.25 power Cogeneration 268 The State Council’s Decision About GuoFa[2006]No. 20 2006.8 Strengthening Energy Conservation 28 Several Opinions of State Council to Further GuoFa[2007]No.3 21 Promote Economic and Social Development in 2007.3 2 Xinjiang Guidance on the Pilots of Urban Heat System JianCheng[2003]N 22 2003.7.21 Reform o. 148 Environmental Protection Regulations of 2005.05.27(Amended 23 Xinjiang ) Xinjiang Government’snotice of Key 24 Prevention Zones, Monitoring Zones and 2000.10.31 Remediation Zones of Soil Erosion 25 Ecological Zoning of Xinjiang 2003.9 Water Environmental Function Zoning of XinZhengHan[200 26 2003.10 Xinjiang 2]No. 194 Regulations of Urumqi on the Prevention and 14th Meeting of 27 2005.3.1 Control of Atmospheric Pollution 10th People’s
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No. Title Document No. Time Council of Xinjiang Administration Measures of Urmqi on 28 Prevention and Control of Atmospheric 2008.12.30 Pollution Supervision and Administration Measures of No. 84 Decree of 29 Urumqi on Pollutant Emissions from Xinjiang 2007.3.1 Automobile Government Circular of Forwarding the “Opinions on Promoting CHP to Fundamentally Resolve Air WuZhengBan[200 30 2006.12 Pollution in Urumqi” (Document promulgated 6]No. 91 by the Urumqi Government) No. 48 Decree of Administration Measures of Urumqi on Urban 31 People’s 2002.12.5 Construction Waste Government Circular about Establishing the Leading WuZhengBan[200 32 Committee of Urumqi Centralized Heating 2009.12.17 9]No. 312 Energy Efficiency Retrofitting Project Notice about Air Pollution Control of Wuzhengtong 33 Corporations including Xinjiang Xinlian 2010.3.19 [2010]No.29 Thermal Co. Ltd. within a Time Limit
1.4.2 Technical Guidelines and Standards (1) Technical Guidelines Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment-General principles (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93) Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment- Atmospheric environment (HJ 2.2-2008) Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment- Surfacewater environment (HJ/T 2.3-93) Technical guidelines for noise impact assessment (HJ 2.4-2009) Technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment- Ecological environment (HJ/T19-1997) Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment on Projects (HJ/T169-2004) Technical Code on Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion (GB/T16453.1-6- 96) Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion (SL190-2007) Technical Code on Soil and Water conservation of Construction Projects (GB50433-2008) (2) Standards Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-1996) and its revised lists Environmental quality standards for noise (GB3096-2008) Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) Standards for Classification and Gradation of Soil Erosion (SL190-2007) Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996) Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Coal-fired Boiler (DB65/ 2154-2010) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) Noise Limits for Construction Site (GB12523-90)
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Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348- 2008) Standard for Pollution Control on the Security Landfill Site for Hazardous Wastes (GB18598-2001) Standard for Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage (GB18597-2001) Standard for Pollution Control on the Storage and Disposal Site for General Industrial Solid Waste (GB18599—2001) Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site of Municipal Solid Waste (GB16889-2008) 1.4.3 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank (1) OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; (2) BP17.50 Information Disclosure 1.4.4 Project Documents (1) Outline of Urban Master Plan of Urumqi (2009-2020) (2) Urban Heating Plan of Urumqi (2006-2020) (3) Adjustment and Implementation Plan of Energy Structure for Heating of Urumqi (2010-2015), 2010.1 (4) Energy Development and Conservation Plan of Urumqi (2008-2015), 2009.5.8 (5) Thermal- Power Cogeneration Plan of Urumqi (2008-2020) (6) The Prevention and Control Plan for Air Pollution of Urumqi (2008-2020), 2008.8 (7) Prevention and Control Strategy for Air Pollution of Urumqi, Tsinghua University, Peking University, etc. 2008.12 (8) Prevention Program for Air Pollution in Winter of Urumqi (2010-2015), UMEPB, 2009.9 (9) Proposal of Shuimogou District Urumqi CHP Power Plant Heating Network, Beijing Gas and Heating Engineering Design Institute, 2009.12 (10) Feasibility Study of Shuimogou District Urumqi CHP Power Plant Heating Network, Beijing Gas and Heating Engineering Design Institute, 2010.11 (11) Environmental Impact Form of Thermal- Power Cogeneration Heating Network Project of Urumqi Power Plant, The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, 2010.1 (11) Approval Comments on the “Environmental Impact Form of Thermal- Power Cogeneration Heating Network Project of Urumqi Power Plant”, XinHuanPingShenHan[2010]No.14, XDEP, 2010.1 (12) Noise Zoning of Urumqi On the Basis of “Standard of Environmental Noise of Urban Area”, UMEPB, 2003.6
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Overview
2.1.1 Project Name, Type and Location Project name: Shuimogou District Urumqi CHP Power Plant Heating Network (herein after “UHN”) The owner: The Project Office of Urumqi HRBEE International Technological Cooperation (POUITC) Project type: Newly building Location: concentrated in Shuimogou District of Urumqi. The project location is shown in Figure 2.1-1. 2.1.2 Project Specification The project contents are specified in Table 2.1-1.
Table 2.1-1 Project Specification of Component of UHN Construction Sub-project Notes Contents L1: heating parameter 120/70 L1, L2(Primary and Maximal diameter: DN1200 secondary) pipeline 54.108km Pipeline network L2: heating parameter 90/65 network Maximal diameter: DN1000
Pressure- isolated heat New pressure-isolated 1 Absolutely new construction. exchange heat exchange station station Monitoring and Dispatching, monitoring Absolutely new construction, built controlling and controlling center of 1 in the pressure-isolated heach center the UDHC exchange station
Heat metering heat metering station at 1 station the CHP plant
46 new stations; 45 existing boilers New and renovated 91 and old heat supply stations will be substations rebuilt as substations. Substation
2.1.3 Staffing To facilitate the management of the heating network, a Shuimogou District Branch Heating Company will be incorporated right after the project is completed. The branch is affiliated to the UDHC. Staffing of the company consists of operation personnel, control center personnel, technical management personnel and
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2.2 Main Construction Contents
The main content of UHN is the thermal- power cogeneration network project of 2×330MW heating units of the Urumqi Thermal Power Plant (UTPP). The heating area goes northward to East Extension of Kashi Road connected with Dongshan District Industrial Park, westward to Hetan Road, eastward to Xuelianshan, and southward to Minzhu Road. The heating area covers about 14,730,000 m2. The heat load is 951MW. The heating area is shown in Figure 2.2-1. The heating pipeline network will be laid along the civil roads. No land acquisition is needed. The new pressure-isolated heat exchange station will be located at the south of the East Extension of Suzhou Road, 2km west of Qidaowan Road. Area of required land acquisition will be 3500 m2. 2.2.1 Heating Pipeline Network The heating pipeline network consists of two parts, viz. L1 heating network (thermal power plant- pressure-isolated heat exchange station) and L2 heating network (pressure-isolated heat exchange station- users’ substations). L1 heating network is the transmission network from the UTPP to the pressure-isolated heat exchange station. The users at the north to Suzhou Road can directly be accessed to the L1 network. L2 heating network is the distribution network from the pressure- isolated heat exchange station to the users’ substations. The pressure-isolated heat exchange station is located at the south of Suzhou East Road and the west of the proposed Xinjiang International Exhibition and Convention Center South Road. It is about 2km from Qidaowan Road in the east and about 12km from the UTPP.
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(1) L1 pipeline network (thermal power plant- pressure-isolated heat exchange station) Trunk line: the UTPP- going southward along truck road- No. 4 road of the industrial park- East Extension of Henan Road- pressure-isolated heat exchange station Branch line: Henan East Road- Exhibition and Convention Center- North Extension of Nanhu Road (2) L2 pipeline network (pressure-isolated heat exchange station- users’ substations) The L2 heating network of this project includes east trunk line, west trunk line, Wenquan East Road branch line and Karamay East Road connection line. The west trunk line: pressure-isolated heat exchange station- Suzhou Road- Nanhubei Road- Nanhuzhong Road- Nanhunan Road- Karamay East Road- Existing pipeline network of Hualing Boiler The east trunk line: pressure-isolated heat exchange station- Liudaowan Road- Karamay East Road- Weihuliang Thermal Power Plant trunk line Wenquan East Road branch line: planned Outer Ring Road- Qidaowan Road- Wenquan East Road to Vist Boiler Karamay East Connection line: west truck line- East Karamay Road- east trunk line. Figure 2.2-1 The heating pipeline network of the UHN 2.2.2 Pressure-isolated heat exchange station One new pressure-isolated heat exchange station will be built in the UHN, which will be located at 12km southwest of the UTPP, the south of the East Extension of Suzhou Road and 2km west of Qidaowan Road. The pressure-isolated heat exchange station will cover an area of about 3.5hm2. Its designed pressure is 2.5MPa. The main equipment of the pressure-isolated heat exchange station include pressure-isolated heat exchanger, L2 network circulating water pumps, L2 network makeup pumps, variable speed hydraulic coupling, water softener equipment, deaerators, pumps and other auxiliary equipment. Figure 2.2-2 presents the layout diagram of the pressure-isolated heat exchange station. 2.2.3 Substations There will be 160 substations to build in the UHN, including 46 new stations and 45 renovated ones. 69 existing substations will be taken use of. According to the results of hydraulic calculation, the L1 network is connected to all substations; the design pressure level is 2.5MPa of L1 thermal network from the pressure-isolated heat exchange station to the substation of East Karamay Road; and the designed pressure level is 1.6MPa of the rest substations. A plate exchanger, which is economical and occupies less space, should be installed in the substation. Equipment, like shutdown and control valves, controller, circular pumps, variable stabilization makeup pump and flowmeter, etc. should also be set. The 69 existing substations are listed in Table 2.2-1. 91 new and renovated substations are listed in Table 2.2-2 and Table 2.2-3. The locations of the stations are shown in Figure 2.2-3.
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Table 2.2-1 List of Existing Substations No of NO. Former owner Construction contents substations Hualing Peak balancing Coal- Install automatic control devices on 44 heat 1 44 fired Boiler Room exchange stations and heat meters in the boilers Wuhui Coal-fired Boiler Install automatic control devices on 12 heat 2 12 Room exchange stations and heat meters in the boilers Jinfang Large Coal-fired Install automatic control devices on 12 heat 3 12 Boiler Room exchange stations and heat meters in the boilers Vist Large Coal-fired Boiler Install automatic control device on 1 heat 4 1 Room exchange station and heat meter in the boiler Total 69
Table 2.2-2 The Scale and Quantity of Renovated Substations No. Name Type No. Construction contents Coal-fired Boiler Renovate the 6 heat exchange stations with 1 Room of Friendship Renovated 6 primary-side technology on and Install heat Garden meters in the boilers Large thermal Coal- Renovated Renovate the 12 heat exchange stations with 2 fired Boiler Room of 12 primary-side technology on and Install heat Bus Company meters in the boilers Large Coal-fired Renovated Renovate the 7 heat exchange stations with 3 Boiler Room of 7 primary-side technology on and Install heat Xinkuang Group meters in the boilers Large Coal-fired Renovated Renovate 4 air-water heat exchange stations Boiler Room of and Install heat meters in the boilers 4 4 Changqing Industry and Trade Liudaowan Village Renovated Renovate the 11 heat exchange stations with 5 Coal-fired Boiler 11 primary-side technology on and Install heat Room meters in the boilers Jikun Hospital Boiler Renovated Primary water pipeline, civil works ofand 6 1 Room equipment in the heat exchange station Hot Spring Sanitarium Renovated Primary water pipeline, civil works ofand 7 1 Boiler room equipment in the heat exchange station Xinjiang Exploration Renovated Primary water pipeline, civil works ofand 8 1 Machinery Centre equipment in the heat exchange station Second Affiliated Renovated Primary water pipeline and equipment in the 9 Hospital of Medical 1 heat exchange station University Xinhua Printing Renovated Primary water pipeline and equipment in the 10 1 Factory heat exchange station Total 45
Table 2.2-3 The Scale and Quantity of New Substations Numbe No. Name Type Construction contents r Primary water pipeline and 1 Convention Center (Level-1 Network) New 1 equipment in the heat exchange station 2 Lvchengbeihe Phase I (Level-1 New 1 Primary water pipeline and
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Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New Primary water pipeline and Phase I of Corps Comminity (Level-2 3 1 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New Primary water pipeline and 4 Mine Shantytown (Level-2 Network) 1 equipment in the heat exchange station New Primary water pipeline and Inclined Shaft Shantytown (Level-2 5 1 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New Primary water pipeline and Civil Servant of Kangzhuang Road 6 1 equipment in the heat (Level-2 Network) exchange station New Primary water pipeline and 7 Mine Shantytown (Level-2 Network) 1 equipment in the heat exchange station New Primary water pipeline and Liudaowan Coal Mine School for 8 1 equipment in the heat Children of Workers exchange station New Primary water pipeline and Economic Housing Area (Level-1 9 1 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station Lvchengbeihe Phase II (Level-1 New 1 Primary water pipeline and 10 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Civil Servant Community(Level-1 11 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 12 Lvcheng Staff(Level-1 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 13 Shantytown (Level-2 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Phase of CorpsComminity (Level-2 14 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Wenlong Real Estate (Level-2 15 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Dongwan Shantytwon(Level-2 16 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Dongwan Shantytwon(Level-2 17 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Hengshenghengchan 18 equipment in the heat Community(Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Xinjiang Coking Coal Group 19 equipment in the heat Financing House (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Water District Public Security Bureau 20 equipment in the heat / Entai Printing Factory exchange station
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New 1 Primary water pipeline and Second Affiliated Hospital Financing 21 equipment in the heat Housing exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Second Affiliated Hospital Financing 22 equipment in the heat Housing exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 23 Urumqi Evening News equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 24 Badaowan Intensive Housing equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Henan East 25 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Henan East 26 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Henan East 27 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Planned Outer 28 equipment in the heat Ring (Level-2 Network) exchange station West Area of Planned Outer New 1 Primary water pipeline and 29 Ring(Xinkuang Shantytown equipment in the heat Reconstruction) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Broadcasting Building (Level-1 30 equipment in the heat Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 31 News Publishing (Level-1 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and 32 Lijing Street Area (Level-2 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Nanhu Road 33 equipment in the heat (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both Sides of Nanhu Road 34 equipment in the heat (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Communication and Production Base 35 equipment in the heat of Henan Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Audi 4S Shop / Surrounding Areas 36 equipment in the heat (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Areas on Both sides of Henan East 37 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning Area of Hot Spring East 38 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station Planning Area of Hot Spring East New 1 Primary water pipeline and 39 Road (Level-1 Network) equipment in the heat
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exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning Area of Hot Spring East 40 equipment in the heat Road (Level-1 Network) exchange station Wenquan East Road and Weilianghu New 1 Primary water pipeline and 41 Plant Area (Level-2 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning in the Weilianghu Heating 42 equipment in the heat Area (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning in the Weilianghu Heating 43 equipment in the heat Area (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning in the Weilianghu Heating 44 equipment in the heat Area (Level-2 Network) exchange station New 1 Primary water pipeline and Planning in the Weilianghu Heating 45 equipment in the heat Area (Level-2 Network) exchange station Wenquan East Road and Weilianghu New 1 Primary water pipeline and 46 Plant Area (Level-2 Network) equipment in the heat exchange station Total 46
2.2.4 Metering room of the power plant In order to ensure the main heat sources of this project can measure the heat with the heating network management company, a metering room needs to be built in the heating network of the thermal power plant with a building area of 40m2.
2.3 Associated Facilities
One CHP plant and peak load balancing boilers are heat sources of this project. See the details about these associated facilities in Chapter 8.
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3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL BASELINE
3.1 Natural Environment and Environmental Quality
3.1.1 Overview of Natural Environment 3.1.1.1 Geographical Location Both of the two components of the UDHP are located in Urumqi city. Urumqi is the capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the center of Eurasia It lies at E 86°37 33 to E88°58 24 and N42°45 32 to 44°08 00 , at the north foot of the midway Tianshan Mountain and the southern edge of Junggar Basin. The city goes in a line covering 14,206km2 with 302.8km2 built up area. In total, seven districts and one county (Tianshan District, Saybagh District, Xinshi District, Toutunhe District, Shuimogou District, Dabacheng District, Midong District and Urumqi County) are governed under Urumqi. The Shuimogou District is related to component 2: the UHN. The Shuimogou District lies in the northeast of Urumqi with the area of 121.7km2. It goes from Hongshan Road and is bordered by Tianshan District in the south and by Midong New District in the northeast, by Xinshi District in the east over Hetan Road. In recent year, Urumqi city has been expanded northward where the infrastructure is being improved. The planned heating area goes northward to East Extension of Kashi Road connected with Dongshan District Industrial Park, westward to Hetan Road, eastward to Xuelianshan, and southward to Minzhu Road. 3.1.1.2 Topographical Features Urumqi City is surrounded by mountains. Most regions are located in mountain- plains with an open alluvial plain in the north. The terrain is higher in the southeast than in the northwest. The height of Urumqi is 680-920m with a mean altitude of 800m. The component 2: the UHN mainly relates to Shuimogou District. Shuimogou District is located at loesses hilly zone in the northwestern piedmont of east Tianshan Mountains Bogda Peak with undulating terrain. The eastern region is higher than the west. The average elevation is around 750m. The eastern area is undulating valley- hill-tableland region. The elevation difference along the UHN is obviously high. The main heat sources lie lower than the users. The surface elevation of heat sources is 710m. The surface elevation of the farthest user is 863m. The elevation difference between the low and high points is 153m. 3.1.1.3 Water Systems Five water systems lie in Urumqi. They are Urumqi River water system, Toutun River water system, Ziwopu water system, Dabacheng water system and Dongshan water system. The UHN goes across the Shuimo River. The Shuimo River starts from the Di Hill at the west to Dong Hill and flows through the Shuimogou District from the south to the east. It passes Qidaowan, enters in the Midong District and finally runs into Taqiaowan Reservoir. The length of Shuimo River is about 60km. Its annual runoff is 46 million m3 with catchment area of 66km2.
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3.1.1.4 Climate and Weather Urumqi lies in the center of Eurasia and far from the sea. It falls within the mid- temperate zone arid continental climate zone. The climate features include: hot summer and cold winter with evident weather changes and large temperature difference between the daytime and nighttime. The precipitation is low in Urumqi and shows a vertical increment while the height increases with high evaporation. There are big differences of precipitation among seasons. Inversion layer can be detected in winter. The prevailing wind direction is northwest, which is significantly affected by Tianshan Mountain. Mountain and valley wind is obvious. Days with calm wind is prevailing in winter. When it is sunny, the wind direction is south in the night, which is mountain wind while north wind blows in the day, which is valley wind. Heavy wind blows when season changes to spring or autumn. The annual frequency of temperature inversion is high in Urumqi due to the terrain. Particularly in heating season, the temperature inversion lasts long and features strong and thick with low mixed layer. In short, the atmospheric diffusion condition is extremely bad combined with dry air, low precipitation and less precipitation days. The air purification ability of Urumqi is weak. Thus, the weather conditions make air pollution serious, particularly during the long weather. The climate features of Urumqi are listed in Table 3.1-1.
Table 3.1-1 Main Meteorological Parameters of the Urumqi City Item Data Item Data Proportion of Annual average 6.1 precipitation in 40% temperature spring in one year Extreme maximum Annual mean 40.5 277.6mm temperature precipitation Extreme minimum Daily maximum -41.5 57.7mm temperature precipitation Monthly average Hourly maximum 23.0 13.4mm temperature in summer precipitation Annual prevailing wind Annual mean Northwest 2266.0mm direction evaporation Annual maximum wind Maximum frozen soil 30m/s 1.33m speed depth Maximum snowcover Annual mean wind speed 2.3m/s 39cm thickness
3.1.1.5 Soil and Vegetation The original soil type of Urumqi is grey desert soil, which pertains to alluvial soil plain by the Urumqi River. The soil layer is thick with light salinization. The surface of most areas in the built up region is hardened road and artificial green belt. The soil type of suburban areas is grey desert soil. The vegetation mainly includes low and sparse drought-tolerant plants. The main plants are seriphidium borotalense and nanophyton erinaceum. Salsola, ceratocarpus and other ephemeral plants can also be found. The vegetation cover is about 10%.
The heating pipeline network of the UHN will be laid along the existing civil roads, so no new land acquisition will happen. The pressure-isolated heat exchange
à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à station will take unused land according to the urban planning, where the soil type is grey desert soil with few plants. 3.1.1.6 Animals Most of the works of the UHN will be carried out in the built up area of the city. Minority parts will be constructed in suburban areas. Types of animals in these areas are simple, with few wild animals. Main animals in these areas are companied by human beings. Most of them are resident birds and breeding birds. The dominant species of birds in suburban areas are sparrows, horned larks and larks. Mammals are rare in this region. Only rodents like house mouse (mus musculus) are often seen. There is no rare or endangered species. 3.1.2 Surface Water Quality The pipeline of the UHN is proposed to pass across the Shuimo River. In the investigation of water quality, data and information were collected to evaluate the surface water quality baseline of the Shuimo River. The regular monitoring results of the Enamel Factory Spring section and the Qifang Bridge section provided by the Central Environmental Monitoring Station of Urumqi in August 2009 were cited in this report. Figure 3.1-1 shows the monitoring points.
(1) Monitoring items In light of the environmental situations where the project is located, 22 items for water quality monitoring were selected, including pH, DO, permanganate value, CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N, volatile phenol, oil pollutant, Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cr(+6), cyanide, fluoride, sulfide, TP, TN, Zn, Se, Anionic surfactant and fecal coliform. (2) Assessment standards Category V in the “Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water” (GB3838-2002) is based for surface water of the Shuimo River according to its function (agricultural irrigation). The standards are listed in Table 3.1-2.
Table 3.1-2 Standards for Water Quality Assessment Unit mg/L excep unit of pH No. Item Category No. Item Category V V 1 pH 6~9 12 Cd 0.01 2 DO 2 13 Cr(+6) 0.1 3 Permanganate value 15 14 Cyanide 0.2 4 CODcr 40 15 Fluoride 1.5 5 BOD5 10 16 Sulfide 1.0 6 NH3-N 2.0 17 TP 0.4 7 Volatile phenol 0.1 18 TN 2.0 8 Oil pollutant 1.0 19 Zn 2.0 9 Hg 0.001 20 Se 0.02 10 Pb 0.1 21 Anionic surfactant 0.3 11 As 0.1 22 Fecal coliform 40000
(3) Assessment results The monitoring and assessment results of the two sections of the Shuimo River in August 2009 are presented in Table 3.1-3. Ã Ã (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
Table 3.1-3 Monitoring and Assessment Results of Two Sections of the Shuimo River Unit mg/L (except the unit of pH) No. Item Enamel Factory Spring Qifang Bridge Monitoring Monitoring Si,j Si,j result result 1 pH 7.42 0.21 7.71 0.36 2 DO 4.6 0.28 5.1 0.44 3 Permanganate value 0.8 0.05 18.7 1.25 4 CODcr 17 0.42 155 3.88 5 BOD5 0.6 0.06 5.3 0.53 6 NH3-N 0.022 0.01 20.49 10.25 7 Volatile phenol 0.001 0.01 0.004 0.04 8 Oil pollutant 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 9 Hg 0.00002 0.02 0.00002 0.02 10 Pb 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.01 11 As 0.001 0.01 0.001 0.01 12 Cd 0.0002 0.02 0.0001 0.01 13 Cr(+6) 0.001 0.01 0.042 0.42 14 Cyanide 0.001 0.005 0.012 0.06 15 Fluoride 0.23 0.15 0.55 0.37 16 Sulfide 0.002 0.002 0.082 0.08 17 TP 0.01 0.025 0.105 0.26 18 TN 1.48 0.74 25 12.5 19 Zn 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.005 20 Se 0.0001 0.005 0.0001 0.005 21 Anionic surfactant 0.04 0.13 0.35 1.17 22 Fecal coliform 3 0.000075 50000 1.25
pH − 7 . 0 S = j pH > 7 . 0 pH , j pH − 7 . 0 j Note: su
The monitoring results show that the water quality at the Enamel Factory Spring is good which is the source of the Shuimo River. At the Qifang Bridge section of the
Shuimo River, the COD, permanganate value, NH 3-N, TN and fecal coliform are all beyond the Category V standards in the “Environmental Quality Standard for Surface
Water” (GB3838-2002). The COD, NH3-N and TN are several times higher than the standards. That is, the pollution at downstream is serious. This is caused by municipal and agricultural pollution sources along the river. 3.1.3 Ambient Air Quality 3.1.3.1 Current Status of Ambient Air Quality in 2009 Figure 3.1-1 presents how the number of days when the ambient air quality meets the standard changes from 2001 to 2009.
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Figure 3.1-1 Number of Days When the Ambient Air Quality Meets the Standard (2001- 2009) It can be seen in Figure 3.1-1 that the number of days when the ambient air quality meets the standard significantly increased from 2001 to 2003 since scattered small boilers were replaced by large-scale heating in Urumqi. The number did not change much from 2003 to 2009, which indicates that the effect of centralized heating on improving the ambient air quality of Urumqi become weak. It is necessary to replace existing centralized heating with CHP in order to further improve the ambient air quality. 3.1.3.2 Current Status of Ambient Air Quality in 2009 (1) General situation The general situation of ambient air quality of Urumqi in 2009 is shown in Table 3.1-4. The comparison between air pollutant concentrations during the heating season and non-heating season is presented in Table 3.1-5.
Table 3.1-4 The General Situation of Ambient Air Quality of Urumqi in 2009 Grade Number of days Proportion ( ) Excellent & good grade 262 71.8 Light pollution (Grade III) 79 21.7 Medium pollution (Grade IV) 14 3.8 Heavy pollution (Grade V) 10 2.7
Table 3.1-5 The Comparison of Pollutant Concentrations during the Heating Season and Non-heating Season Times Times Times SO mg/m PM mg/m NO mg/m3 2 beyond the 10 beyond the X beyond the 3 3 standard standard standard Grade II in national 0.06 - 0.1 - 0.08 - environmental quality standard à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
Grade III in environmental 0.10 - 0.15 - 0.08 - quality standard Year: 2009 0.093 0.55 0.140 0.4 0.068 0 Non-heating 0.026 0 0.079 0 0.052 0 season of 2009 Heating season of 0.159 1.65 0.202 1.02 0.085 0.06 2009
3 In 2009, the annual average concentration of SO2 is 0.093 mg/m which is 0.55 times higher than Grade II in national air quality standard. The annual average 3 concentration of PM10 is 0.14 mg/m which is 0.4 times higher than Grade II standard. 3 The annual average concentration of NO2 is 0.0685 mg/m which is close to Grade II standard. The coal-fired sources contribute more than 90% of SO2 and 60% of PM10 in Urumqi. It shows a typical coal-smoke pollution.
In the heating season in winter, the emission inventory of SO2 accounts for more than 2/3 of annual total. Given the frequency of calm wind and temperature inversion is higher than 90%, the air pollution shows seasonal changes. The pollution appears light in spring and summer and goes serious in autumn and winter. Extreme pollution sometimes happens in winter. In the heating season in 2009, the concentration of SO2 was as high as 0.180 mg/m3, which is two times higher than Grade II in national air quality standard. The monthly concentration of PM10 was 0.199 mg/m3, which is 0.99 times higher than Grade II in national air quality standard. The heaviest pollution happened in January.
(2) Monitoring results of regular monitoring points in 2009 Only the counterpart works like pipeline network and heat exchange stations will be constructed in the UHN, but not the heat source plants and boilers. Thus, there will be no issues of pollutant emission in this project. In this context, data and information were collected in this EIA to analyze the ambient air quality. Regular monitoring data by the Central Environmental Monitoring Station of Urumqi was cited as the information of current status in the project region. This report cites ambient air quality monitoring data of regular monitoring points, including Urumqi Railway Bureau, Monitoring Station and Toll Station from March 21st to 27th, 2009, provided by Urumqi Environmental Monitoring Station, and the monitoring data of six monitoring points, including Government of Shuimogou District, Jianfang Group, Hongqiao Peak balancing Boiler Room, Xuefeng Civil Exploder Company, Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Training Center for Civil Servants from December 18th to 24th, 2009, provided by the
Central Monitoring Station of Urumqi. The monitoring items are PM10, SO2 and NO2. Single pollution index is applied to assess the air quality. It was calculated as: Pi = Ci/C0 Where Pi represents single pollution index; Ci represents the monitored concentration of pollutant (mg/m3); and C0 represents the value of assessment standard (GB3095-96).
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Grade II in the “Ambient Air Quality Standard” (GB3095-96) and in its amended lists promulgated by former State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) are based for ambient air quality assessment. The assessment standards are shown in Table 3.1-6. Table 3.1-6 Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-96) (Cited) Unit: mg/m3 Concentration limit (GB3095-96) Pollutant Sampling time Grade I Grade II Grade III Annual average 0.02 0.06 0.10 SO2 Daily average 0.05 0.15 0.25 Hourly average 0.15 0.50 0.70 Annual average 0.04 0.10 0.15 PM 10 Daily average 0.05 0.15 0.25 Annual average 0.04 0.08 0.08 N02 Daily average 0.08 0.12 0.12 Hourly average 0.12 0.24 0.24
The statistic results of three regular monitoring points and the ones of six monitoring points, viz. Government of Shuimogou District, Jianfang Group, Hongqiao Peak balancing Boiler Room, Xuefeng Civil Exploder Company, Xinjiang CDC and Training Center for Civil Servants are listed in Table 3.1-7.
Table 3.1-7 Monitoring and Assessment results of Air Quality Sampling point and item Sampling Daily Number Proportion Highest days Concentration Standard of points of days times over range mg/m3 mg/m3 beyond beyond the the standard standard standard PM 7 0.007 0.117 0.15 0 Monitoring 10 1# SO2 7 0.088 0.221 0.15 4 57% 1.47 station NO2 7 0.074 0.016 0.12 0
PM10 7 0.066 0.206 0.15 3 42.8% 1.37 2# Toll Station SO2 7 0.027 0.105 0.15 0 NO2 7 0.077 0.093 0.12 0 PM 7 0.067 0.207 0.15 2 28.6% 1.38 Railway 10 3# SO2 7 0.065 0.128 0.15 0 Bureau NO2 7 0.058 0.088 0.12 0
Governmen PM10 7 0.130 0.490 0.15 6 85.7 2.27 t of 4# SO2 7 0.098 0.125 0.15 0 Shuimogou NO2 7 0.088 0.108 0.12 0 District PM 7 0.151 1.153 0.15 7 100 6.69 Jinfang 10 5# SO2 7 0.099 0.145 0.15 0 Group NO2 7 0.071 0.108 0.12 0 Hongqiao PM10 7 0.178 0.648 0.15 7 100 3.32 6# Boiler SO2 7 0.113 0.174 0.15 2 29.6 0.16 Room NO2 7 0.071 0.112 0.12 0
7# Xuefeng PM10 7 0.116 0.779 0.15 6 85.7 4.19 Civil SO2 7 0.105 0.151 0.15 1 14.2 0.01 Exploder à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
Exploder NO2 7 0.071 0.100 0.12 0 Company PM 7 0.366 0.765 0.15 7 100 4.1 Xinjiang 10 8# SO2 7 0.117 0.146 0.15 0 CDC NO2 7 0.067 0.073 0.12 0
Training PM10 7 0.202 0.887 0.15 7 100 4.91 Center for 9# SO2 7 0.129 0.175 0.15 6 85.7 0.17 Civil NO2 7 0.070 0.095 0.12 Servants 0
The assessment results in Table 3.1-7 show that the concentrations at nine monitoring points all exceeded the standards. Among others, the concentration of
PM10 exceeded the most at every point. The proportion of days when the monitored concentrations was beyond the standard ranges from 28.6% to 100%. The highest concentration of PM10 was 6.69 times higher than the standard. SO2 was the second. The proportion of days when the monitored concentrations was beyond the standard ranges from 14.2% to 85.7%. The highest concentration of SO2 was 0.17 times higher than the standard. The concentrations of NO2 were not beyond the standard. The ambient air quality in the assessment area could not meet the Grade II in the “Ambient
Air Quality Standard” during the monitoring period. The primary pollutant is PM10 and the secondary one is SO2, which indicates a typical coal-smoke pollution. The main reason of the excess is the pollutant emissions from coal in winter. In addition, the topographical and meteorological conditions also cause the bad air quality in the heating season.
3.1.3.3 Conclusions As discussed above, the coal-smoke pollution happens in winter in Urumqi. The monitoring results in the whole city provided by the Central Monitoring Station of Urumqi indicate obvious regional differences of air pollution among areas. The monitored concentrations of pollutants are much higher at downtown (south region, south of Hong Hill) that in the north region of Hong Hill. In terms of period distribution, big differences between the heating season and non-heating season can be detected, particularly for SO2 and PM10. The concentrations of the two items can meet the Grade II standard in non-heating season while they are much higher than the standards in heating season. 3.1.4 Acoustic Environmental Quality Several measures were implemented in Urumqi in 2009 to supervise traffic noise, noise of city life, construction noise and industrial noise. Industrial noise was required controlled before deadline. Sound barriers were set along key road sections so that the disturbance of traffic noise on residents has been relieved. The control and management of noise from restaurants and noise during the university entrance examination were improved. In 2009, the average equivalent sound level of traffic noise was 70.1 dB(A) that is 1.1 dB(A) lower than the last year. The regional average equivalent sound level was 54.9 dB(A) that pertains to “Less Good” Grade.
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The main noise sources in the region that the UHN relates to are traffic noise. In order to assess the acoustic environmental baseline in the project region, the Xinjiang Monitoring Station was commissioned in March 2010 to carry out noise monitoring at the boiler rooms related to the UHN, proposed pressure-isolated heat exchange stations and residential areas along the pipeline network. According to the “Noise Zoning of Urumqi On the Basis of ‘Standard of Environmental Noise of Urban Area’” promulgated by the UMEPB, Category 4a in the “Environmental quality standards for noise” (GB3096-2008) is based for sensitive points like residential areas, schools and hospitals along trunk roads. Most of the heating pipeline network of the UHN will be laid along trunk roads, so Category 4a in the “Environmental quality standards for noise” (GB3096-2008) is based for these areas. Category 2 standards are based for rural areas where the pipelines pass. The monitoring methods were applied as required in the “Environmental quality standards for noise” (GB3096-2008). The monitoring instrument was noise analyzer AWA6218A-1 and calibration instrument was sound level calibrator ND-9. (1) Current status of acoustic environmental quality In light of the project features and potential impacts of the UHN, three monitoring pointes were selected, including the proposed pressure-isolated heat exchange station, Weihuliang Community and No. 53 Middle School. The monitoring results are shown in Table 3.1-8 and Table 3.1-9.
Table 3.1-8 Monitoring Results of Acoustic Environmental Quality of the UHN (1) Unit: dB (A) Standard March 11th March 12th (Leq) Over the Monitoring point Direction Note Dayti Nigh Dayti Nigh Dayti Nigh standard me ttime me ttime me ttime East 38.8 35.9 39.1 34.5 - Pressure-isolated South 35.5 33.5 35.1 32.9 - heat exchange West 60 50 38.7 33 37.3 33.4 - station (new) By North 42.3 39.1 42.5 35.8 - road
Table 3.1-9 Monitoring Results of Acoustic Environmental Quality of the UHN (2) Unit: dB (A) Distance Standard March 11th March 12th to the (Leq) Monitoring Over the No. Direction road point standard redline Dayt Nigh Dayt Nigh Dayt Nigh (m) ime ttime ime ttime ime ttime Weihuliang 1 North 15 70 55 60.1 51.5 62.5 52.1 - Community No. 53 2 Middle West 20 60.7 54.1 63.4 53.6 - School
As it is shown in Table 3.1-8 and Table 3.1-9, the current sound levels at the proposed pressure-isolated heat exchange station and the sensitive points along the à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à pipeline network met the “Environmental quality standards for noise” (GB3096- 2008). The main noise sources along the pipelines are traffic noise.
3.2 Societal and Economic Status
Urumqi is the capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the center of the region’s politics, economy and culture, as well as an important international transport hub in western China and portal of opening. There are seven districts and one county (Tianshan District, Saybagh District, Xinshi District, Toutunhe District, Shuimogou District, Nanshan Mining District, Midong District and Urumqi County) governed under Urumqi, including 21 countries and towns as well as 48 sub-district offices. The total area of built up region is 166.8 km2. 49 brother ethnic groups like Uygur, Han, Hui, Kazak and Mongolian live together in the city. The total population is 2.082 million (data of the fifth national census), 24.6% of which are ethnic minorities. About 83.5% of people live in urban areas. 3.2.1 Regional Economy 3.2.1.1 Urumqi As the capital and central city of the autonomous region, Urumqi leads the economic development in the autonomous region with large total economic value and strong development momentum. The economic indicators, such as GDP, industrial added value, retail sales and revenue all comes the first among other cities in Xinjiang. The Urumqi’s economic development becomes more prominent in the autonomous region. The GDP of Urumqi was 109.5 billion in 2009, which accounts for more than 25% of the total amount of Xinjiang. Calculated as constant price, the increase rate of GDP reached 15% in 2009. The GDP in 2009 was 9.5% more than GDP of the last year. The industrial structure has been optimized. The proportions of the three industries were 1.5:41.3:57.2. The Urumqi’s economic contributions to the economy of Xinjiang are shown in Table 3.2-1. Main economic indicators of Urumqi are listed in Table 3.2-2.
Table 3.2-1 Contribution of Urumqi’s Economy to the Economy of Xinjiang in 2009 Annual GDP Industrial added Retail sales Land area Population Indicator (RMB billion value (RMB (RMB billion (km2) (person) Yuan) billion Yuan) Yuan) Xinjiang 1,660,400 21,586,300 427.357 157.988 117.753 Urumqi 14,200 2,411,900 109.5 38.6 47.3 Proportion 0.86% 11.17% 25.62% 24.43% 40.17%
Table 3.2-2 Economic Indicators of Urumqi Proportion Proportion of Proportion GDP per GDP of Primary Secondary of Tertiary capita Population Year (RMB billion industry in industry in industry in RMB person Yuan) GDP GDP GDP Yuan/person (%) (%) (%) 2000 1,643,800 28.985 2.4 35.9 61.7 14622 2001 1,690,300 32.794 2.3 35.5 62.3 15732 2002 1,757,200 36.706 2.4 33.3 64.3 16990 2003 1,815,300 42.6 2.4 34.8 62.8 19085 2004 1,859,600 50.661 2.4 38.1 59.6 21990 2005 1,941,500 59.354 2.1 37.9 59.9 24771 2006 2,018,400 69.243 2.1 38.5 59.5 27707 Ã Ã (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
2007 2,313,000 82.028 2.0 38.6 59.4 31140 2008 2,360,500 101.461 1.5 41.6 56.9 37133 2009 2,411,900 108.775 1.5 42.9 55.5 45099.3 r I a n t c ( e 2001-2005 3.4% 11.7% 10.2% 10.7% 12.6% 7.5% r %
e a ) 2006-2009 6.7% 14.3% 8.2% 14.2% 14.1% 14.1% s
e
2001-2009 5.4% 14.5% 10.7% 14.1% 15.5% 11.7%
3.2.1.2 Shuimogou District Shuimogou District is located at the northeast of Urumqi. The Urumqi County lies to the east. Shuimogou District is bordered by Hetan East Road with Saybagh District and Xinshi District in the west. It is connected with Tianshan District by Xiaohong Bridge and extends to Jiangou and Kaziwan in the north. Shuimogou District lies in the east of the Urumqi River where the topographic feature pertains to hilly region. The south area is higher than the north. The area of this district is 121.7 km2. In total, eight sub-district offices, 64 communities and six villages are governed under Shuimogou District. The population reached 0.244 million at the end of 2008, including ethnic groups of Han, Uygur, Hui, Kazak and Xibe, etc. In 2009, the GDP of Shuimogou District was RMB 8.43 billion Yuan. The add values of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries were RMB 0.03, 2 and 6.4 billion Yuan respectively. The gross industrial output value was RMB 1 billion Yuan in this district. This district enjoys abundant tourism resources, e.g. Hongshan Park and Shuimogou Scenic Spot that are national Grade AAAA tourist spots. The tourists that visited the Shuimogou District were 1 million persons in 2009. The tourism revenue exceeded 100 million. The number of employees was more than 9000. The tourism industry has played an important role in this district.
3.2.2 Energy Structure Coal is the main energy source in Urumqi, accounting for about 90% of total energy use. The consumption of coal in the heating season is more than 4 million ton, accounting for more than 44% of total energy use in winter. The coal consumption per capita is about 3.96 ton, which is ranked first around the cities in China and is 4 times of the national average level. The percentage of coal to final energy consumption decreased 10%, from 55.5% in 1998 to 10.1% in 2004, while the percentage of natural gas increased from 6.6% in 1998 to 10.1% in 2004. Although the proportion of coal went down, the total amount of coal use has risen with GDP year by year. The energy consumption and energy mix of Urumqi are presented in Table 3.2-3. Table 3.2-3 Energy Consumption and Energy Structure of Urumqi Indicator Unit Consumption Proportion (%) Coal consumption Million ton 14.72 73.2 Oil consumption Million ton 2.25 22.4 Natural gas consumption Billion m3 0.396 3.7 Ton standard Renewable energy consumption 96,200 0.7 coal
The proportion of natural gas in primary energy of Urumqi use was only 3.7% in 2009. According to the “12th Fiver-year Plan for Energy Consumption Structure of
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Urumqi” and “Urban Heating Structure Adjustment Plan”, the natural gas heating will account for 33.33% of total heating.
3.3 Current Air Pollution Control and Management
3.3.1 Air Pollution and Its Causes in Urumqi In Urumqi, the area of thermal- power cogeneration and clean energy heating currently accounts only for 20% of the total area. The rest are supplied through centralized heating or scattered coal-fired heating. Table 3.3-1 shows the current status of heating in urban areas of Urumqi.
Table 3.3-1 Current Status of Heating in Urban Areas of Urumqi in 2008 (million m2) Centralized Scattered coal- Small civil CHP coal-fired Clean energy Total fired boiler coal stove heating 13. 55.94 8.46 13.83 6.50 97.73
As statistics shows, there are 178 coal-fired boilers in 52 centralized heating boiler rooms, 790 coal-fired boilers in 369 scattered heating boiler rooms and 9297 scattered small civil coal stoves. There are only 23% of centralized coal-fired boiler rooms, from which the dust emission can meet the air pollutant emission standard. The proportion for SO2 emission is 12%. No desulfurization and dust removal facilities are installed on scattered small boilers. The low efficiency, high energy consumption of boilers and low efficiency of desulfurization facilities causes that the days when air quality can meet the standard accounts for less than 50%. Accordingly, annual average air quality can not meet the standard. Thus, the vital tasks in Urumqi are to manage scattered coal-fired boilers and adjust energy structure. In this context, it becomes an emergent task to develop centralized heating through CHP, so that the efficiency of energy use could be improved; energy saving and pollutant emission reducing could be promoted; and the environmental quality could be improved. In light of current situations of energy supply and heating in Urumqi, the government proposes to improve centralized heating through CHP, to develop clean energy heating like gas heating and to promote energy saving strategy of heating. The proportion of CHP and clean energy use is proposed to reach 90% until 2015. The main reasons of heavy air pollution in Urumqi except the natural geographic conditions are discussed as below.
(1) The primary man-made causes of air pollution in Urumqi are improper energy structure and high energy consumption The primary causes of air pollution in winter in Urumqi are the coal-based energy structure and low energy efficiency and waste. Currently, coal accounts for more than 70% of total primary energy consumption in Urumqi. The coal consumption per capita is ranked first among cities in China and is 4 times of national average level. In 2008, total coal consumption was 14.72 million ton, 2/3 of which was used in winter. The energy sources of main pollution sources including power industry, construction materials industry, metallurgical industry and heating industry are coal-based. The high pollutant emissions are due to high energy consumption. The pollutant emission inventory is over the environmental capacity. The coal
à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à consumption by sector is listed in Table 3.3-2. The air pollutant emissions are shown by sector in Table 3.3-3.
Table 3.3-2 Coal Consumption by Sector in Urumqi (2007) Average daily coal Proportion consumption in Energy Unit Consumption Note (%) heating season (ton/day) Coal used in Calculated as ton/year 5,793,700 39 15,870 power industry 365 days construction ton/year Calculated as material, chemical 5,502,800 38 16,680 330 days and metallurgical Coal used for ton/year Calculated as 2,795,200 19 16,940 heating 165 days ton/year Calculated as Civil coal use 151,800 1 420 365 days Coal used in other ton/year Calculated as 476,500 3 1,440 sectors 330 days
Table 3.3-3 Air Pollutant Emissions by Sector in Urumqi (2007) SO SO NO NO Dust Dust No. Category 2 2 x x (ton) (%) (ton) (%) (ton) (%) 1 Power sector 42,000 28.55 6,000 7.03 66,000 (15,000 ton 2 Industrial sources generated in 44.87 77,500 54.65 26,000 30.48 producing process) Centralized 3 16,000 10.88 13,000 15.24 heating sector 4 Life source 11,000 7.48 17,000 19.93 5 Automobile 27,300 19.25 Total 135,000 91.8 104,800 73.9 62,000 72.6
Table 3.2-2 and Table 3.2-3 explain the improper energy structure of Urumqi. The natural gas and renewable energy account for less than 5% of total primary energy consumption. The big users of coal are power sector, construction material industry, chmical industry, metallurgical industry and heating sector. The coal consumption in these sectors accounts for 96% of the total use in the city. The pollution emissions from these sectors also accounts for most of the emission
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inventory of the city. SO2 emission was 1.35 million ton, account for 91.8% of the inventory of Urumqi. NOx emission was account for 73.9% and dust emission accounts for 72.6%. SO2 emission from life sources accounts for 8.1% and dust from life sources accounts for 27.4%.
(2) The air pollution is exacerbated due to the dominant coal-fired heating There are 178 large coal-fired boilers in 47 boiler rooms distributed in the center of Urumqi city. There is one centralized heat supply station in per area of 2.7 km2 in average. In addition, thousands of civil coal-fired boilers or stoves exist in peri-urban areas. The scattered distribution and fragmented heating mode make the air pollution in heating season in Urumqi is exacerbated. According to statistics, unadvanced desulfurization facilities are used in most centralized heating boilers. Even no desulfurization facility has been installed in some boilers. Thus, the pollutant emissions can not meet the standards. The concentration of dust emission of only 23% of the boilers can meet the local standard (100mg/m3 for Period I) in the “Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Coal-fired Boiler”
(DB65/2154-2010). The concentration of SO2 emission of only 12% of the boilers can meet the local standard (500mg/m3 for Period I). Since the thermal efficiency and chimney of scattered boilers are low without desulfurization facilities, it is more obvious that the dust and SO2 emissions are beyond the standards. All of these aggravate the air pollution in winter in Urumqi. At present, the area of CHP accounts for 13.68% of total heating area in Urumqi. The area of clean energy heating like natural gas heating accounts for 6.83%. The area of centralized heating accounts for 72%. The rest are scattered heating with small boilers. The heating structure is improper, because on the one hand, the CHP has developed slowly and can not satisfy the rapid increase of new heating areas, which have to depend on expansion of centralized heating stations and scattered boilers. On the other hand, it is because that part of CHP and scattered boilers within the centralized heating area have not been integrated in the centralized heating network for some reasons. The Southern District Heating Network Project and Weihuliang Power Plant CHP Project were carried out in 2007. About 150 scattered boilers and 2200 small coal-fired boilers have been replaced by CHP. The annual coal consumption has been reduced 90,000 ton. The annual reductions of SO2, dust and cinder are 1420 ton, 4080 ton and 18,000 ton respectively. (3) Low direct emission from non-point life sources like scattered boilers and small coal-fired boilers cause severe pollution. Because there are not proper environmental protection devices in scattered boilers and small coal-fired boilers, the desulfurization efficiency is low and emissions are much over the standards. Their impacts on air pollution in winter in Urumqi are significant and should not be ignored. The results of “The Research of Causes of Air Pollution in Urumqi” conducted by Tsinghua University indicates that in terms of contribution to pollutant concentrations, the non-point life sources and heating boilers less than 20 ton have major effects on concentrations of main
à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à pollutants. Low direct emissions from non-point life sources like scattered boilers and small coal-fired boilers contribute about 40% of the concentrations of SO2, PM10 and NOx in heating season. Thus, it is crucial to manage the low non-point sources. In the coming period, an important task of air quality improvement in Urumqi is to integrate scattered small coal-fired boilers into centralized heating network or transform them to gas boilers. (4) Industrial production lies in low level of the industrial chain. The economic growth is extensive. The situation that air pollutant emissions from industrial sources are beyond the standards is still serious. Emission inventory caused by coal firing is significantly high. In 2008, the emission inventories of SO2 and dust were 140,000 ton and 63,000 ton respectively. The emissions from industrial sources dominated the inventory, which accounts for 91.9% of SO2 emission and 71% of dust emission. The emission by sector focused on power and thermal production and supply sector, petroleum processing and coking industry and ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry. The accumulated equivalent emission load of these sectors reached 85% in 2008. The key pollution sources in Urumqi contribute much to air pollution. The air pollutant emissions in Urumqi concentrate on nine factories, the equivalent emission load of which accounts for 80-90% of the total equivalent emission load of all key industrial pollution sources. 40% of SO2 emission inventory comes from the power sector. The industries that promote rapid economic growth in Urumqi are featured as high resource input and consumption and high pollutant emission, including petrochemical, steel, power, coal and building materials industries, etc. Currently, unadvanced technologies are applied in the production of these industries. The production lies in low level of the industrial chain with low added-value. That is why the resource consumption and pollutant emissions per production are much higher than international and domestic advanced levels. In 2007, the energy consumption per GDP was 2.54 ton standard coal per 10,000 Yuan RMB in Urumqi, which is 2.2 times of the national average level. The SO2 and dust emission inventories per industrial added-value were 0.054 ton per 10,000 Yuan RMB and 0.025 ton per 10,000 Yuan RMB respectively, which are 2 times of the national average level. High energy consumption leads to high emission. High emission leads to serious pollution. According to the general survey of pollution sources, more than 80% of dust and SO2 emissions come from industrial factories, which focus on power production plant, large-scale industrial factories and centralized heating factories. SO2 emissions from the top 20 factories (see Table 3.3-3) accounts for 74% of the total emission inventory. Among others, SO2 emissions from Huandian Xinjiang Hongyanchi Power Corporation, Guodian Xinjiang Hongyanchi Power Corporation, Huadian Xinjiang Weihuliang Power Corporation account for 40%. To date, only Huadian Xinjiang Weihuliang Power Corporation and Hongyanchi Power Corporation have installed desulfurization facilities. Guodian Honyanchi Power Co. Ltd. initiated large power generators and reduced small generators. However, there are still 4 small generators running. SO2 emissions from China National Petroleum Corporation Urumqi Branch, Baosteel Group Bayi Iron & Steel Corporation, Shenhua
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Coal Gangue Power Plant, Tianshan Cement Corporation and XinJiang XinHua Chemical Fertilizers Ltd. accounts for 23%. The contribution of dust emissions from these factories is also high. The pollution prevention and control of many centralized heating corporations like Guanghui Thermal Corporation is weak. 40% of emissions from these factories exceed the standards. SO2 emissions accounts for about 20% of total emission inventory in Urumqi. (5) The contribution of vehicle emissions to air pollution increases year by year. Given the rapid urban development and increase of vehicle population, pollutant like NOx emissions keep increasing. The pollution condition for “photochemical smog” exists in some places. The coal-smoke pollution has not yet been managed. If it is added with vehicle emissions, compound pollution may happen. This would have major impacts on ambient air quality in Urumqi. To date, the vehicle population in Urumqi is 280,000 vehicles, which refers to registered ones. About 850,000 vehicles increased in three years from 2006 to 2008, while 70,000 new vehicles were registered in 2009. There are currently more than 100 vehicles registered every day. The annual increase rate of vehicle population is higher than 15%. Table 3.3-4 shows the changes of vehicles in Urumqi from 1997 to 2009.
Table 3.3-4 Changes of Vehicles from 1997 2009 Year Vehicle population (vehicle) Annual increase rate (%) 1997 43865 2000 66588 51.80 2004 126145 89.44 2005 138488 9.78 2006 152411 10.05 2007 177148 16.23 2008 210000 18.54 2009 280000 33.33
The vehicle emissions in built up areas contribute about 40.1% of NOx and 94.1% of CO in total air pollutants. In recent years, the concentration of NO2 in ambient air keeps rising and exceeds the standard in heating seasons. The annual average concentration of NO2 is close to national standard, which should be paid attention to. 3.3.2 Current Air Pollution Control and Management According to the First General National Survey of Pollution Sources, the emission inventories of SO2 and dust (including industrial dust) were 140,000 ton and 63,000 ton respectively in 2008. As calculated, the environmental capacity of SO2 and dust of Urumqi is about 67,400 ton per year and 63,000 ton per year respectively. The emission inventories are far over the environmental capacity and have aggravated the air pollution in Urumqi. In order to control air pollution in winter, a “Leading Committee of Urumqi for Air Pollution Control in Winter” was established. The “Leading Committee” is responsible for annual examination of air pollution prevention and control and task
à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à decomposition at each period. They are also responsible for supervising and examining if the air pollution control objectives are reached in each period. In order to control air pollution caused by coal firing in winter, the implementation of the “Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Coal-fired Boiler” (DB65/2154-2010) has started since 2010. The emission concentrations of dust and
SO2 required in this standard is lower than the requirements in the “Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Boilers” (GB13271-2001). Since the “Blue Sky Project” was initiated in 1998, the air quality of Urumqi has significantly improved from traditional heating through scattered coal-fired boilers to centralized heating through large coal-fired boilers, and then to current heating through CHP. There were 262 days when the air quality meets Grade II standard and better than Grade II in 2009, while there were only 149 days in 1998. However, the air pollution in winter is still affected by the energy structure and topographic features. The days when the air quality can meet the standards account for less than 50% in heating seasons in winter. This has become an obstacle to socio-economic development of Urumqi. The energy consumption structure and mode have changed a lot through a series of key projects and environmental management measures. The use of clean energy needs to be further promoted in the future. The scattered coal-fired boilers in urban areas shall be integrated into the centralized heating network. Large-scale CHP shall be implemented. Air pollution control of key pollution sources shall be strengthened to improve the environmental achievements. Furthermore, industrial distribution and structure needs to be further optimized to control air pollutant emissions inventory. It is proposed to control SO2 emission inventory less than 67,000 ton per year and dust emission inventory less than 40,000 ton per year, in order to achieve air quality objectives.
3.4 Respiratory Disease Status
As reported by the World Health Organization in 1998, Urumqi was ranked the fourth in Global Top 10 polluted cities. In 2004, Urumqi was the fourth city with most serious air pollution among 47 key cities in China. There were 25 days when Grade V air pollution happened in Urumqi in the winter of 2006. It was 10 days in 2009. Seasonal air pollution is obvious in Urumqi, which focuses on heating season in winter. The severe air pollution has affected residents’ health and living level. Air pollution does much harm to human health. The common harm is respiratory diseases and physiological dysfunction. In addition, people often get sick because mucosal tissues like eyes and noses are irritated. The harm of air pollution to human health is listed in Table 3.4-1.
Table 3.4-1 Harm of Air pollution to Human Health Pollutant Harm to human health Causing respiratory diseases, exacerbating cardiovascular disease, and SO 2 reducing lung resistance Reducing lung function and causing airway inflammation, chest O 3 tightness, cough and nausea NOX Irritating the lung and reducing its resistance to infection à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
Affecting breathing and causing lung tissue damage, cancer, and Particles premature CO Weakening the ability of blood to carry oxygen
According to epidemiological research, air pollution closely relates to the number of outpatients of respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease as well as the lung cancer mortality. The research indicates the direct relation among the incidence of respiratory disease, air pollution and meteorological conditions. The incidence of respiratory disease increases when serious air pollution happens. Referencing the research conducted by Wang Yan etc. (The Effect of Air Pollution in Urumqi on the Respiratory System Diseases, Journal Of Shenyang Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition), 2007-10, 9(5), 783-785), the respiratory outpatients of some hospital in Urumqi in years are cited in Table 3.4-2.
Table 3.4-2 Respiratory Outpatients of Some Hospital in Urumqi (2002-2005) Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 2002 1538 932 899 1272 1219 1290 1442 1571 1747 1494 1535 1809 16748 2003 2289 1446 1957 2533 1691 1357 1353 1379 1531 1577 2553 2111 21777 2004 2056 1265 1751 1709 1638 1620 1500 1861 1571 1694 2255 2370 21290 2005 2434 1860 1587 2191 2257 1912 1730 2299 2184 1911 2537 2426 25328 Monthly 2079 1476 1549 1926 1701 1545 1506 1778 1758 1669 2220 2179 mean As analyzed in the above table, the number of respiratory outpatients shows the following characteristics: (1) Respiratory disease happens every month but varies significantly among seasons. The number of respiratory outpatients reached the peak in November, December and January. Except for factors like weather change, pressure increase and sudden drop of temperature, air pollution in heating season in winter is the main cause of the increased incidences of respiratory disease in Urumqi. (2) Due to urban expansion and increase of urban population, the energy consumption is more intense. Consequently, the intensity of air pollution emission increases, which leads to the significant increase of respiratory patients. (3) Respiratory outpatients decrease in spring and summer with good air quality.
3.5 Key Environmentally Sensitive and Social Protection Areas
3.5.1 Current Status of Cultural Heritages In the field investigation, the EIA team identified one mosque in the project area, which is Qidaowan Mosque. It lies in the south of Henan Road. This mosque is located near the crossing of Qidaowan Road and Henan East Road, which is in the L1 pipeline network of the UHN. This mosque is general religious site but not cultural heritage. There are usually 160-180 visitors, 20-30 worshipers, and more than 100 Friday Prayers. When celebrating Eid al-Fitr and Id al-Adha, more than 300 people visit the mosque. Local custom needs to be respected when the construction is carried out in this section. The workers need to understand ethnic customs and taboos in order to avoid disturbances on ethnic minorities’ life and culture.
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3.5.2 Ecologically Sensitive Areas The ecologically sensitive areas identified in the UHN include the green belts along both sides of Qidaowan Road, Suzhou Road, Nanhu Road and Liudaowan Road. The width of green belt is 2-3 m. The pipeline trench is 5-10 m away from the green belt. 3.5.3 Noise Sensitive Points Eight noise sensitive points along the UHN were identified after the field investigation, including seven residential areas and one hospital. The sensitive points are listed in Table 3.5-1.
Table 3.5-1 Noise sensitive Points Distance to Road the No. Name Situation Type section pipeline (m)
Wenquan Xuelianshan Vist 50m in the About 2000 1 East Residential area Community north households Road
No.7 Textile Mill Wenquan 20m in the About 300 Residential area 2 Community Road south households
Tianninghuayuan Liudaowa 30m in the About 1000 Residential area 3 Community n Road east households
Nanhu 40m in the 4 Wujing Hospotal Hospital Road west
Wangjialiang Nanhu 30m in the About 500 Residential area 5 Community Road west households
Nanhu 30m in the About 650 Residential area 6 Xianghe Community Road west households
Hongyiyuan Nanhu 30m in the About 1000 Residential area 7 Community Road west households
Nanhu 35m in the About 1000 Residential area 8 Friendship Garden Road west households
3.5.4 Water Environmentally Sensitive Points The water body that the UHN relates to is Shuimo River. The water environmentally sensitive points are listed in Table 3.5-2.
Table 3.5-2 Water Environmentally Sensitive Points Water Times of Construction Note body passing Excavation and laying Shuimo Trunk pipeline of L1 network of the 1 of DN1200 River UHN UHN Excavation and laying Shuimo No. 12 branch pipeline of L2 network of 1 of DN300 River the UHN
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4. Environmental Impact Assessment
4.1 Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase
4.1.1 Ecological Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase (1) Impact of new land acquisition on ecological environment The pipeline of the UHN will be laid along existing civil roads, so it will not lead to new land acquisition. Area of required land acquisition will be 3500 m2, which is unused land in light of urban plan. Temporary land acquisition is needed for pipeline laying. The width of the works will be about 10m. Temporary land acquisition of construction is about 4238 m2. The impacts on vegetation induced by the temporary land acquisition happen in the year of construction. The vegetation can be recovered after the construction. (2) Impacts on vegetation and woodland The works of the UHN pertains to linear construction. Its impacts on vegetation are mainly due to pipeline works. The main impacts include tree transplanting and lawn removal. The natural vegetation is sparse in the project region. Artificial vegetation lies in green belts at both sides of roads and woodland affiliated to organizations along the project. Common trees include white ash tree, ulmaceae, ulmus densa, cloves, torch tree and c.ovata, etc. Some of the trees along the project will be transplanted. During the process, the vegetation cover ratio will decrease in a period. However, the green belt will be recovered after the construction is completed. Construction dust will affect the plant growth, but the works is limited in this project. Thus, the impact of dust on vegetation during the earthwork excavation is minor and will become weak after the construction is completed. Watering during the construction phase can minimize the impacts of dust in order to protect the plants. In addition, solid waste like residual soil from trench excavation and domestic waste will also have impact on the plants. At the construction sites, the residual soil will inevitably fall on the plants and impede respiration and photosynthesis in leaves. Additional impacts on the vegetation include damages to the root and skin of remained trees due to incautious human or machinery working. However, such impacts can be controlled. (3) Impacts on wildlife Among original animals in the project region, the density of rodents is relatively high. Small rodents are common, e.g. house mouse (mus musculus) and cricetulus. Main birds include sparrows, barn swallows and larks. The construction may destroy their habitats and affect some individuals. However, the impacts on their communities are not major because of the large population and strong ability to adapt to changes of these two kinds of animals. 4.1.2 Acoustic Environment Assessment During the Construction Phase (1) Noise sources The main noise sources of the UHN during the construction include construction machinery and transport vehicles. Different machinery will be applied in different à à (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1à stages. In the UHN, excavator will be used for trench excavation; vehicles will transport pipelines during the pipeline laying; welding machines and generators will be used for pipeline welding; crane will be utilized for pipeline laying and bulldozer will be used for backfill. All of these works will be carried out in daytime. The machines will be alternately applied and their positions will change as the construction goes on. In this EIA, references about equipment selected in similar constructions were analyzed. In light of the analogical analysis and field investigation, machines as noise sources that cause noise higher than 85 dB(A) were identified, including excavator, crane, welding machine, bulldozer, concrete mixer, cutting machine and transport vehicles. They are listed in Table 4.2-1.
Table 4.1-1 Noise Intensity of main construction machines Unit: dB A No. Noise source Noise intensity No. Noise source Noise intensity 1 Excavator 92 5 Concrete mixer 95 Concrete dump 2 Crane 88 6 90 truck 3 Welding machine 85 7 Cutting machine 95 4 Bulldozer 90
(2) Noise prediction model When the sound source is much smaller than the prediction distance, the sound source can be seen as point source. The noise of the sound source attenuates as the distance increases. It is calculated as the following formula: r L L 20lg 2 2 1 r 1 Where r1 and r2 are distances to the sound source (m); L1 and L2 represent the noise levels at the points, the distances of which to the sound source are r1 and r2. (3) Results of noise prediction There are usually several different machines working at the same time in the sites. Their sound levels will be added. The added-value depends on the type, quantity and distribution of noise sources. Table 4.2-2 shows how the construction noise attenuates as the distance increases. Table 4.1-2 The Attenuation of Construction Noise Unit: dB A Distance (m) 10 20 40 80 100 200 400 800 1000 Excavator 80 74 68 62 60 54 48 42 40 Crane 76 70 64 58 56 50 44 38 36 Welding machine 73 67 61 55 53 47 41 35 33 Bulldozer 78 72 66 60 58 52 46 40 38 Concrete mixer 83 77 71 65 63 57 51 45 43 Concrete dump truck 78 72 66 60 58 52 46 40 38 Cutting machine 83 77 71 65 63 57 51 45 43
(4) Noise impacts during the construction phase The excavator will be used for a long period during the pipeline construction of the UHN. The noise intensity of such works is high and lasts long. Other machines, like concrete vibrating rod, concrete mixer, concrete dump truck, cutting machine and bulldozer can be operated intermittently, the noise of which lasts short. Thus, noise of excavators reflects the noise impacts of pipeline works. Ã Ã (QYLURQPHQWDOÃ,PSDFWÃ$VVHVVPHQWÃ5HSRUWÃIRUÃ&RPSRQHQWÃÃRIÃ8'+3Ã8+1Ã
This EIA considers the excavators as representative noise sources during the Construction phase. As calculated, the noise level of excavators along the pipeline attenuates as the distance from both sides of the pipeline increases. The noise level ls lower than 54dB (A) at the point 200m away from the sound source. According to the field investigation, many residential communities are located less than 200m away from the pipeline of the UHN. The noise sensitive points are listed in Table 3.5-1. The nearest community is about 10m away. It is confirmed that the acoustic environment of these points will be affected by the construction noise. The increases of noise level will be different at different points. It will be over the standard at the residential areas that are close to the pipelines. However, the construction noise is temporary and the noise sources are scattered. In addition, the construction is usually carried out in daytime. Acoustic environment will not be influenced at nights. Therefore, the impacts of construction noise on surrounding residents are not major. 4.1.3 Air Pollution Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase The air pollution sources of the UHN include construction dust and construction machinery exhaust. The impacts of construction dust are relatively significant.
4.1.3.1 Dust impacts during the construction phase The construction dust mainly comes from earthwork excavation, stacking, backfill and transportation. The dust generation and its impacts depend on the season, construction management and meteorological factors like wind force, etc. The dust impacts get severe if it is dry and windy. As analogized, under normal meteorological conditions with while mean wind speed of 2.6m/s, the features of construction dust on site are: the TSP concentration at the construction site is 1.5-2.3 times of that at the control point upwind. The TSP concentration at the point 150m downwind from the dust point in the construction site can reach about 0.49 mg/m3, which is 1.6 times of the air quality standard. Excavators and transport vehicles are most used during the pipeline construction. The dust due to earthwork excavation and the secondary dust due to transportation along the line will influence the air quality. The dust caused by backfill could also have impacts at the site and increase the TSP concentration. Table 4.1-3 presents the impacts and scope of influence of dust of pipeline construction while the wind speed is equal to or higher than 3.5m/s and the relative humidity is equal to or lower than 60%. Table 4.1-3 Dust Impact and its Scope of Pipeline Construction Distance to m 5 20 30 50 100-150 the sites Dust mg/m3 10.14 2.89 1.15 0.86 0.61 concentration
According to relevant research, dust generated by vehicles accounts for 60% total dust, the dust inventory and the pollution are closely related to mode of transport, road conditions and meteorological conditions, etc. The areas 150-300m away may be affected, in different situations. If watering the road 4-5 times per day during the construction phase, 70% of the dust can be reduced. The radius of area affected by TSP pollution can be reduced to 20-50m. The most used vehicles in this project will be heavy ones transporting pipelines, excavators and cranes, so construction site management should be implemented well to avoid dust pollution. Watering at sites shall be considered. The watering frequency and volume could be determined
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4.1.3.2 Impacts of vehicle exhaust emissions Construction machinery exhaust emissions refer to exhaust from fuel machinery and transport vehicles. Main pollutants include CO, NOx and hydrocarbons (CnHm), etc. The exhaust emissions are temporally and spatially focused. The concentration is high in a local area. Construction machinery like excavators and heavy trucks, etc. would enter in the construction site. As the Ministry of Transport measured and calculated, the CO concentration of heavy truck is 37.23 g/km· vehicle; the NOx concentration is g/km· vehicle; and the CnHm concentration is 16.83 g/km· vehicle. The machinery exhaust is unorganized non-point source, which would have negative impacts on the ambient air in the project area. However, such impacts that last not long will disappear while the construction is completed. 4.1.4 Water Environment Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase (1) Impacts of Pipeline passing the water body Jacked and overhead pipeline of the UHN will be used when it goes through the Heping Channel. The construction will not have impacts on the water environment of Heping Channel. (2) Domestic wastewater Most of the works of this project will be carried out in urban areas. No temporary living facilities will be set. Local houses would be rented. The domestic wastewater is discharged into the municipal drainage. (3) Construction and pressure test wastewater During the construction, construction wastewater includes muddy water at the construction site, water at site, possible leak at nodes where new pipeline connects with old ones and wastewater generated from pressure test. The wastewater mainly contains suspended solid and slurries. The physical and chemical properties of the wastewater are similar with original water. It pertains to clean wastewater and is not harmful to soil environment. There will be about 10000 m3 wastewater generated from pressure test every day, which can be used for greening. The volume of rest wastewater is low as long as existing heating pipeline would not be damaged and water would not leak. The impact of wastewater will have minor impacts on the environment as it naturally evaporates and infiltrates. No vehicle wash place will be set in the UHN. Construction machinery including vehicles will be cleaned in local car wash. 4.1.5 Assessment of Solid Waste during the Construction Phase Solid wastes generated during the construction phase of the UHN include residual soil, construction waste and domestic waste. The residual soil is generated from trench excavation and site leveling of pressure-isolated heat exchange station and substations, etc. The residual soil is non- toxic solid waste. The leakage of soil during the transportation and disposal would have impacts on the environment. It would affect city’s visual appearance if the soil storage is not orderly due to vague disposal location.
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The construction wastes mainly include heat insulation materials and packaging materials of equipment and disable gray sand, concrete, broken bricks and rubble, building materials and processing waste at pressure-isolated heat exchange station and substations. If the waste could not be disposed in time, it would not only have visual influence, but also generate dust in windy and dry days. Domestic waste comes from staff living within the construction site. Un-orderly disposal of domestic waste would lead to breeding of mosquitoes and flies, which may make surrounding residents affected by mosquitoes, flies, odor and diseases. According to the feasibility study of this project, earthwork balance would be implemented well during the construction. The disposal of excavated earthwork will be: being backfilled for heating pipeline and site leveling; being transported to landfills nearby; being used in greening. The construction waste shall be piled at designated sites in light of the requirements of “Administration Measures of Urumqi on Urban Construction Waste” and transported to the operating Urumqi Construction Waste Landfill. The domestic waste shall be piled at designated sites and transported to the Urumqi Landfill every day. Therefore, the solid waste during the construction phase will not have impact on the environment.
4.1.6 Social Impact Assessment during the Construction Phase
According to the field investigation, the UHN does not relate to resettlement issues. The project region is ethnic minority region. A special team has been commissioned to prepare the ethnic minority program. Thus, major social impacts during the construction phase refer to negative ones on people’s travel and traffic during the pipeline construction. 4.1.6.1 Impacts on Residents’ Travel Less residential and business areas are located in the area 100m away from both sides of the pipeline of the UHN than that of the Saybagh District Urumqi CHP Heating Network Component (herein after “SHN”). There are seven residential areas, one hospital, one mosque and other government agencies and trading markets. According to questionnaire investigation, the most common way for the residents to travel is taking bus. The less common ways include walking, driving, taking taxi and taking corporations’/institutions’ bus. As the pipeline of this project will be laid along the roads, the impacts on residents’ travel is comprehensive. The key impacts are on the travels to working. Other travels, like shopping, children going to school and going to the hospital will also be affected. People that often go to the mosque are mainly old men. The affected population is relatively small, but impacts on individuals are significant. However, such inevitable impacts on residents’ life will last short and will stop as the construction is completed. 4.1.6.2 Impacts on Traffic The pipeline network will pass the west of the crossing of Qidaowan Village, where shops, residential buildings, markets and mosque are located together. However, the impacts on the traffic at this section during the construction phase are minor because the distance between the pipeline and the intersection is large. In addition, the residents walk mostly and driving is less in this area.
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4.1.6.3 Impacts on Public Transport One of the impacts of pipeline construction on the public transport is the loss of passengers. The distance between stops increases, so the income of the Bus Company would decrease. Consequently, staff’s income would be influenced. The other impact is that the passengers would spend more time on the way to bus stops. It is also inconvenient for passengers if the bus stops and routes are changed. 4.1.6.4 Impacts on Ethical Culture and Cultural Heritages According to the field investigation, one mosque lies near the crossing of Qidaowan Road and Henan East Road. This mosque is a general religious site but not cultural heritage. Local culture should be respected during the construction. No cultural heritage was found along the project. However, the project goes through the old Urumqi, it is probable to find underground culture heritage. Thus, the construction should be stopped once culture relics is detected and this should be reported to environmental protection staff at the site. The environmental protection staff is responsible for protecting the site and informing the cultural heritage agencies that will cope with the issue.
4.2 Impact Assessment during the Operation Phase
4.2.1 Acoustic Environment Assessment during the Operation Phase Noise sources during the operation phase of the UHN include the pressure- isolated heat exchange station and substations. The pipeline would not cause noise impact. The acoustic wave would attenuate when it goes through the buildings in which the pressure-isolated heat exchange station, substations and peak balancing boilers are set. The acoustic wave would reach the prediction point after noise attenuation by distance, sound barriers and air absorption. The attenuation factors also include rain, snow, fog and temperature gradient, etc. Thus, the real noise attenuation in sound transmission process is higher than the predicted attenuation. That is, the predicted noise level is higher than real value at each prediction point. The acoustic impact is predicted as the following formula: A) Outdoor sound source Calculate the octave-band sound pressure level of the sound source at the prediction point = − r ∆− Loct (r) Loct (r0 ) 20lg Loct r 0 Where, Loct(r) represents the octave-band sound pressure level of the prediction point; Loct(r0) represents the octave-band sound pressure level of the reference point at r0; r represents the distance between the sound source and the prediction point, m; r0 represents the distance between the sound source and the reference point, m; and Loct represents the attenuation by various factors (including sound barriers, blocks, air absorption and ground effect, etc.) If the octave-band sound pressure level of the sound source Lw oct is already known and it can be seen as above ground, then L (r ) = L − 20lg r − 8 oct 0 w oct 0 Calculate the sound level LA produced by the sound source by combining the sound pressure level at each octave band
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B) Indoor sound source Calculate the octave-band sound pressure level of some sound source at an indoor point that is close to space enclosing structure as shown in the following figure = + Q + 4 Loct,1 Lw oct 10lg 4πr 2 R 1 Where, Loct,1 represents the octave-band sound pressure level of some sound source at an indoor point that is close to space enclosing structure; Lw oct represents the octave-band sound power level of the sound level; r1 represents the distance between the sound source and the point that is close to space enclosing structure; R is room constant; and Q is direction factor.
Window
Sound source L1 L2
Indoor Outdoor