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Expansion of the Reformation in Europe and the Rise of Pietism
Expansion of the Reformation in Europe and the rise of Pietism •Luther's teachings became the dominant form of Protestant Christianity in Northern Europe, not only in Germany, but throughout Scandinavia. •In the later Middle Ages, the cultural ties between these two regions, which were linked by trade and similarities in language, had been strong. •Scandinavia was sparsely populated, and had only a few universities. •Many Scandinavian scholars regularly enrolled in German universities and thus became familiar with the Reformation teachings in the early sixteenth century.2 •When they returned to their homelands, they brought with them knowledge of Luther's ideas, and encouraged the monarchs of Sweden and Denmark to adopt evangelical reforms. •In 1527, the Swedish Parliament voted to break its ties with Rome, and a council held two years later prepared the way for a reform of Sweden's church. •In Denmark the pattern was similar, although the adoption of Lutheranism occurred slightly later. •At first, a national parliament meeting at Odense granted recognition to Lutherans, while protecting the rights of Catholics. 3 •Denmark's monarch, though, favored Lutheranism, as did the nobility, who stood to benefit from the crown's abolition of Catholic monasteries and the sale of their lands. •After a brief civil war, Protestantism triumphed in Denmark in 1536. •The king called one of Luther's close associates, Johann Bugenhagen, to Denmark to advise him on how to institute Lutheran reforms. •These new Evangelical Lutheran churches adopted essentially conservative reforms. 4 •By 1539 the Danish church became a national church with the king as the head and the clergy as leaders in matters of faith, much like the Church of England. -
The Two Folk Churches in Finland
The Two Folk Churches in Finland The 12th Finnish Lutheran-Orthodox Theological Discussions 2014 Publications of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 29 The Church and Action The Two Folk Churches in Finland The 12th Finnish Lutheran-Orthodox Theological Discussions 2014 Publications of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 29 The Church and Action National Church Council Department for International Relations Helsinki 2015 The Two Folk Churches in Finland The 12th Finnish Lutheran-Orthodox Theological Discussions 2014 © National Church Council Department for International Relations Publications of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 29 The Church and Action Documents exchanged between the churches (consultations and reports) Tasknumber: 2015-00362 Editor: Tomi Karttunen Translator: Rupert Moreton Book design: Unigrafia/ Hanna Sario Layout: Emma Martikainen Photos: Kirkon kuvapankki/Arto Takala, Heikki Jääskeläinen, Emma Martikainen ISBN 978-951-789-506-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-789-507-1 (PDF) ISSN 2341-9393 (Print) ISSN 2341-9407 (Online) Unigrafia Helsinki 2015 CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................... 5 THE TWELFTH THEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS BETWEEN THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF FINLAND AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCH OF FINLAND, 2014 Communiqué. ............................................................................................. 9 A Theological and Practical Overview of the Folk Church, opening speech Bishop Arseni ............................................................................................ -
UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Uncovering Performance in Medieval Scandinavia: A Survey and Analysis of Medieval Performance in Scandinavia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01w4r01g Author La Palm, Kimberly Jo Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Uncovering Performance in Medieval Scandinavia: A Survey and Analysis of Medieval Performance in Scandinavia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Germanic Languages by Kimberly Jo La Palm 2016 © Copyright by Kimberly Jo La Palm 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Uncovering Performance in Medieval Scandinavia: A Survey and Analysis of Medieval Performance in Scandinavia by Kimberly Jo La Palm Doctor of Philosophy in Germanic Languages University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Timothy R. Tangherlini, Chair The academic study of Scandinavian culture and Scandinavian literature has long ignored the engagement of the Nordic nations in the tradition of drama and performance in medieval Europe. Early drama history scholars like Sophus Birket Smith and G.E. Klemming made claims about a perceived lack of practice based on limited sources and most of the scholars who followed them have accepted those claims as valid. Unfortunately, Birket Smith and Klemming were working with an incomplete corpus and nineteenth-century ideas about what constituted “drama”. Later scholars such as Frederick and Lise-Lone Marker and Terry Gunnell have made great headway in expanding the concept of drama and performance within the field of Scandinavian studies while also clarifying what texts we do, in fact, still have. -
Roots of Protestantism Selected Reformation and Post-Reformation Core Events
Roots of Protestantism Selected Reformation and Post-Reformation core events 6.7.1415 The Czech reformer Jan Hus executed, burned at the stake, as a heretic in Constance, due to his criticism of the church. In response, several "Hussite" religious reform movements grew in Bohemia, some of them still in existence today. 31.10.1517 The Augustinian monk Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenberg. This local protest against abuses in the church at that time is the starting point of the Lutheran Reformation. 1520 Luther draws up his major Reformation writings. The focus lies on the one hand on evangelical freedom, on the other hand on the necessary restructuring of the religious and social life. 1521/22 After his excommunication by the pope, Luther translates the New Testament during his stay on the Wartburg. His fundamental conviction is that every Christian should be able to read the Scriptures independently and thereby form their own judgment in matters of faith. 9.3.1522 In the workshop of the book printer Christoph Froschauer in Zurich citizens meet for a meal of sausage. In his sermons, Huldrych Zwingli defends this breaking of the fast as an expression of evangelical freedom. The Zurich Reformation gets underway. 1527 Gustav I. Vasa introduces the Reformation in the Kingdom of Sweden. The most important reformers are Olaus Petri (Sweden) and Michael Agricola (Finland). 1529 At the diet of Speyer the Evangelical princes and the free cities of the Holy Roman Empire submit a „protest“ against the Imperial religion policy. Then, the adherents of the Reformation are for the first time called "Protestants". -
Wittenberg Influences on the Reformation in Scandinavia by Simo Heininen, Otfried Czaika
Wittenberg Influences on the Reformation in Scandinavia by Simo Heininen, Otfried Czaika Wittenberg was the most important source of inspiration for the Reformation in both of the Scandinavian kingdoms, the Danish kingdom and the Swedish kingdom. In both kingdoms, the authorities played a defining role in the Reformation, though it proceeded very differently in these two Early Modern states. The Reformation became securely established most quickly – both politically and in terms of church law – in the Danish core territory. Sweden, on the other hand, was de facto already a Lutheran country before 1550, though it did not become Lutheran de jure also until the last decade of the 16th century. Particularly in the peripheral parts of Scandinavia (especially Norway and Iceland), the Reformation went hand in hand with closer political integration in Scandinavia and it was therefore adopted rather reluctantly by the population. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Political Background 2. Denmark 3. Norway and Iceland 4. Sweden 5. Finland 6. Conclusion 7. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Indices Citation Political Background From 1397, the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden were united in a personal union (the so-called Kalmar Union) under Danish control (ᇄ Media Link #ab). In the early-16th century, the union was approaching its end. There were increasing tensions between Denmark and Sweden, the latter being governed by regents from the House of Sture. In November 1520, Christian II of Denmark (1481–1559) (ᇄ Media Link #ac), the last union king, was crowned for a second time in Stockholm. After the coronation festivities had been concluded, a heresy trial was staged with the help of the Archbishop of Uppsala and the accused were the supporters of the Sture party. -
Apostolic Succession in the Porvoo Common Statement Unity Through a Deeper Sense of Apostolicity
Apostolic Succession in the Porvoo Common Statement Unity through a deeper sense of apostolicity Erik Eckerdal Uppsala University Thesis 2017-08-01 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Ihre-salen, Engelska parken, Uppsala, Friday, 22 September 2017 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Faculty of Theology). The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Susan K Wood (Marquette University). Abstract Eckerdal, E. 2017. Apostolic Succession in the Porvoo Common Statement. Unity through a deeper sense of apostolicity. 512 pp. Uppsala: Department of Theology, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2829-6. A number of ecumenical dialogues have identified apostolic succession as one of the most crucial issues on which the churches need to find a joint understanding in order to achieve the unity of the Church. When the Porvoo Common Statement (PCS) was published in 1993, it was regarded by some as an ecumenical breakthrough, because it claimed to have established visible and corporate unity between the Lutheran and Anglican churches of the Nordic-Baltic-British-Irish region through a joint understanding of ecclesiology and apostolic succession. The consensus has been achieved, according to the PCS, through a ‘deeper understanding’ that embraces the churches’ earlier diverse interpretations. In the international debate about the PCS, the claim of a ‘deeper understanding’ as a solution to earlier contradictory interpretations has been both praised and criticised, and has been seen as both possible and impossible. This thesis investigates how and why the PCS has been interpreted differently in various contexts, and discerns the arguments used for or against the ecclesiology presented in the PCS. -
Liturgical Singing in the Lutheran Mass in Early Modern Sweden and Its Implications for Clerical Ritual Performance and Lay Literacy Mattias O
Yale Journal of Music & Religion Volume 3 | Number 1 Article 4 2017 Liturgical Singing in the Lutheran Mass in Early Modern Sweden and its Implications for Clerical Ritual Performance and Lay Literacy Mattias O. Lundberg Uppsala Universitet Follow this and additional works at: http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yjmr Part of the Liturgy and Worship Commons, and the Musicology Commons Recommended Citation Lundberg, Mattias O. (2017) "Liturgical Singing in the Lutheran Mass in Early Modern Sweden and its Implications for Clerical Ritual Performance and Lay Literacy," Yale Journal of Music & Religion: Vol. 3: No. 1, Article 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17132/2377-231X.1066 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale Journal of Music & Religion by an authorized editor of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 61 Liturgical Singing in the Lutheran Mass in Early Modern Sweden and Its Implications for Clerical Ritual Performance and Lay Literacy Mattias Lundberg If ever there was a category of music in Swedish history that perfectly illustrated the relevance of the scholarly dictum “normaliter non in actis”—that whatever is normal and expected in a given context is naturally absent from its written documents—it is that of liturgical chant in the early modern Lutheran Church of Sweden. In fact, the spirit of the opposing sentence from Roman law, “quod non est in actis, non est in mundo” (whatever is absent from the documents is also absent from the world), may in itself account for the slanted historiographical view of liturgical music in Sweden that the discipline of musicology has often presented. -
The Oxford Movement and the Early High Church Spirituality in Sweden
International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church ISSN: 1474-225X (Print) 1747-0234 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsc20 The Oxford Movement and the early High Church spirituality in Sweden Oloph Bexell To cite this article: Oloph Bexell (2018) The Oxford Movement and the early High Church spirituality in Sweden, International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church, 18:2-3, 277-292, DOI: 10.1080/1474225X.2018.1547538 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1474225X.2018.1547538 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 22 Jan 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 61 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjsc20 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 2018, VOL. 18, NOS. 2–3, 277–292 https://doi.org/10.1080/1474225X.2018.1547538 The Oxford Movement and the early High Church spirituality in Sweden Oloph Bexell Church History, University of Uppsala, Sweden ABSTRACT KEYWORDS In the early twentieth century, Swedish priests went to England The Oxford Movement; for pastoral studies. There they met the influential leaders of the Swedish High Church; Oxford Movement and were inspired by them. They discovered a Catholicity; Charles Gore; Catholic, but not Roman Catholic, worship and High Church E.B. Pusey; John Henry Newman; John Keble; spirituality. They read Charles Gore, E.B. Pusey and others. Their German Neo-Lutheranism; great discovery was the eucharistic worship and its sacramentally Scottish Free Churches; orientated liturgy and the world-wide Catholic Church, a catho- Gunnar Rosendal; licity they recognised in the Church of Sweden. -
How the Church Built the Swedish Model
The Preferability of Consensus: How the Church Built the Swedish Model A European Case Study ANDERS BROGREN From heathendom to Christianity “A.D. 793. This year came dreadful fore-warnings over the of land the Northumbrians, terrifying the people most woefully: these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air, and whirlwinds, and fiery dragons flying across the firmament. These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine: and not long after, on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year, the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy-island, by rapine and slaughter.” This entry from A.D. 793 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes one of the first encounters between the Christian church and the Nordic peoples. It was not a happy one. The Vikings came as invaders from the sea. They were robbers on plundering expeditions. Soon they took power over England and Ireland. They extended their ravaging expeditions to France and even to the Mediterranean. However, the gospel was preached in the domain that was later named the Kingdom of Sweden by Ansgar (who was eventually made archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen). He was sent to Scandinavia by the emperor Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, around 830, and a second time around 850. Ansgar celebrated the mass amidst foreigners living in the small town of Birka, not far from today’s Stockholm. He preached the gospel and founded a small congregation. Sadly, it faded away after a few decades. Of far greater importance for the process of christianisation was the Viking emigration to the British Isles. -
“Our Swedish Moses and Saviour”: the Use of Biblical Leaders As Power Legitimization in Reformation Sweden
Martin Berntson Chapter 8 “Our Swedish Moses and Saviour”: The Use of Biblical Leaders as Power Legitimization in Reformation Sweden The Vasa-regime that seized royal power in the kingdom of Sweden during the early sixteenth century was in urgent need of a power legitimization that could both corre- spond to well-known traditional symbols and narratives but also at the same time le- gitimize the new regime and its adherence to the Lutheran Reformation. The use of Old Testament kings and leaders such as David, Jehoshaphat, Joseph, and Moses could thereby function as typologies relating to the Jerusalem Code. However, through relating these Old Testament kings with their responsibility for the peoples’ spiritual needs and with their distinctive biblical foundation, the Jerusalem Code was trans- formed and adjusted to early modern Lutheran political culture, emphasizing the king’s responsibility for the Church and for the people’s spiritual well-being and the lack of biblical foundation for the Catholic sacramental culture (for example, mass in Latin, pilgrimage, and the use of sacramentals). It could also be argued that the fre- quent use of figures such as Moses and Joseph was a significant part of the Jerusalem Code in Sweden, signifying both the importance of humility and God’s providence in the secular government. Introduction In the kingdom of Sweden the introduction of the Reformation coincided with a na- tional political revolution. The process towards establishing a national Protestant church was to a large extent governed by the political and economic needs of King Gustav Vasa (r. 1523–60) whose regime marked Sweden’s leave-taking from the Note: This article has been presented as a paper at the Sixteenth Century Society Conference in Bruges in August 2016 and it has also been discussed at a workshop at the Norwegian School of Theology in Oslo in September 2017. -
The End of the Medieval Diocese
Chapter 8 The End of the Medieval Diocese In May 1554, King Gustav Vasa met with the four remaining members of the Diocese of Turku’s Cathedral Chapter: Deacon Petrus Ragvaldi, Canon Canutus Johannis, Canon and Acting Bishop Mikael Agricola, as well as rector of the Cathedral School in Turku, Paulus Juusten. Paulus Juusten described the meeting as follows: “After all other matters were discussed, His Majesty invited them [the members of the chapter] to a yard outside of Gripsholm Castle. He said that the prelates of Sweden’s cathedrals no longer needed to go to Rome to receive an episcopal appointment, because this right was held by His Majesty at home in Sweden.”1 The king’s statement of what had been his policy for some thirty years likely did not surprise his guests. They might have wondered why the king was devoting such ceremony to the proclamation of a well-established procedure. Then he made an announcement that did earn a special stage. According to Juusten’s chronicle, “the renowned lord king saw it good to divide Finland into two dioceses, namely Turku and Vyborg.”2 Gustav Vasa named Mikael Agricola the bishop, or to use the king’s title, ordinary, of the new rump Diocese of Turku. The king appointed Paulus Juusten leader of the new Diocese of Vyborg. The partition of the diocese was yet another attempt by the king to weaken the episcopacy. Moreover, the partition initiated and facilitated an intense period of royal reform of the church in a part of the kingdom that had pre- viously avoided many aspects of it. -
The Lutheran Herald the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America (Eldona)
The Lutheran Herald The Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of North America (ELDoNA) March 2008 Issue—Feast of the Resurrection Lutheran [email protected] The Feast of the Resurrection by Rt. Rev. James D. Heiser Bishop, The ELDoNA Pastor, Salem Lutheran Church (Malone, TX) e confess in the words of the Nicene teaches that it is for the creation and preservation of Creed: “And the third day He rose faith that the Gospel has been written: “...these are W again according to the Scriptures...” written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, What joy this precious news of the Resurrection the Son of God, and that believing you may have gives to all Christians! We know that it is so, for life in His name.” ( John 20:31) That which we need God’s Holy Word, given by inspiration of the Holy for faith, the Lord has given to us. Spirit through the prophets and apostles, proclaims It should not surprise us that those who it. We believe in Jesus’ resurrection from the dead ‘waffle’ on Christ being the only Way of salvation “according to the Scriptures.” The Christ appeared will begin to ‘waffle’ on the inspiration of Holy Scrip- to His disciples, showed them His hands, His feet, ture, and those who vacillate on the inerrancy of His side, ate in their presence, and He taught them, Holy Scripture, will begin to carve away at the doc- and bestowed His Holy Spirit upon them, sending trine taught in God’s Word. As men have less and them to be His apostles.