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Urban Governance Around the World

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URBAN GOVERNANCE AROUND THE WORLD Edited by Blair A. Ruble Richard E. Stren Joseph S. Tulchin with Diana H. Varat Comparative Urban Studies Project URBAN GOVERNANCE AROUND THE WORLD Koffi Attahi Michael A. Cohen María Elena Ducci Steven Friedman Aprodicio A. Laquian Evelyn Levy Serhiy Maksymenko K.C. Sivaramakrishnan Richard E. Stren Ronald K. Vogel Edited by Blair A. Ruble Richard E. Stren Joseph S. Tulchin with Diana H. Varat WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS LEE H. HAMILTON, DIRECTOR BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Chair; Steven Alan Bennett, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress; John W. Carlin, Archivist of the United States; William R. Ferris, Chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Roderick R. Paige, Secretary, U.S. Department of Education; Colin L. Powell, Secretary, U.S. Department of State; Lawrence M. Small, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution; Tommy G. Thompson, Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Private Citizen Members: Carol Cartwright, John H. Foster, Jean L. Hennessey, Daniel L. Lamaute, Doris O. Matsui, Thomas R. Reedy, Nancy M. Zirkin. WILSON COUNCIL Charles S. Ackerman, B.B. Andersen, Cyrus A. Ansary, Charles F. Barber, Lawrence E. Bathgate II, Joseph C. Bell, Richard E. Berkowitz, A. Oakley Brooks, Thomas J. Buckholtz, Conrad Cafritz, Nicola L. Caiola, Raoul L. Carroll, Scott Carter, Albert V. Casey, Peter B. Clark, William T. Coleman, Jr., Michael D. DiGiacomo, Donald G. Drapkin, F. Samuel Eberts III, J. David Eller, Sim Farar, Susan Farber, Barbara Hackman Franklin, Morton Funger, Chris G. Gardiner, Eric Garfinkel, Bruce S. Gelb, Steven J. Gilbert, Alma Gildenhorn, Joseph B. Gildenhorn, David F. Girard-diCarlo, Michael B. Goldberg, William E. Grayson, Raymond A. Guenter, Verna R. Harrah, Carla A. Hills, Eric Hotung, Frances Humphrey Howard, John L. Howard, Darrell E. Issa, Jerry Jasinowski, Brenda LaGrange Johnson, Dennis D. Jorgensen, Shelly Kamins, Anastasia D. Kelly, Christopher J. Kennan, Michael V. Kostiw, Steven Kotler, William H. Kremer, Dennis LeVett, Harold O. Levy, David Link, David S. Mandel, John P. Manning, Edwin S. Marks, Jay Mazur, Robert McCarthy, Stephen G. McConahey, J. Kenneth Menges, Jr., Philip Merrill, Jeremiah L. Murphy, Martha T. Muse, Della Newman, Paul Hae Park, Gerald L. Parsky, Michael J. Polenske, Donald Robert Quartel, Jr., J. Steven Rhodes, John L. Richardson, Margaret Milner Richardson, Larry D. Richman, Edwin Robbins, Robert G. Rogers, Otto Ruesch, B. Francis Saul, III, Timothy R. Scully, J. Michael Shepherd, George P. Shultz, Raja W. Sidawi, Debbie Siebert, Thomas L. Siebert, Kenneth Siegel, Ron Silver, William A. Slaughter, Wilmer Thomas, Norma Kline Tiefel, Mark C. Treanor, Christine M. Warnke, Pete Wilson, Deborah Wince- Smith, Herbert S. Winokur, Jr., Paul Martin Wolff, Joseph Zappala, Richard S. Ziman ABOUT THE CENTER The Center is the living memorial of the United States of America to the nation’s twenty-eighth president, Woodrow Wilson. Congress established the Woodrow Wilson Center in 1968 as an international institute for advanced study, “symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relation- ship between the world of learning and the world of public affairs.” The Center opened in 1970 under its own board of trustees. In all its activities the Woodrow Wilson Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization, sup- ported financially by annual appropriations from Congress, and by the contributions of founda- tions, corporations, and individuals. Conclusions or opinions expressed in Center publications and programs are those of the authors and speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Center staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or organizations that pro- vide financial support to the Center. | iv | TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface vii Blair A. Ruble and Joseph S.Tulchin Introduction 1 Richard Stren PART I. URBAN GOVERNANCE: SNAPSHOTS FROM AROUND THE GLOBE Chapter 1 13 Confronting Urban Issues with a Metropolitan View in Mumbai, India K.C. Sivaramakrishnan Chapter 2 18 Health and Urban Governance in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire Koffi Attahi Chapter 3 22 Decentralization and Governance in São Paulo, Brazil Evelyn Levy Chapter 4 26 NGOs, Civil Society, and Governance in Kyiv, Ukraine Serhiy Maksymenko PART II. CHALLENGES FOR URBAN GOVERNANCE IN THE THIRD MILLENIUM Chapter 5 31 A Quest for Control: High Modernism and Its Discontents in Johannesburg, South Africa Steven Friedman | v | Poor Cities in a Global Economy: Playing by Whose Rules? 69 Richard Stren Chapter 6 74 Metro Manila: People’s Participation and Social Inclusion in a City of Villages Aprodicio A. Laquian The Importance of Participatory Planning 111 María Elena Ducci Chapter 7 114 Decentralization and Urban Governance: Reforming Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ronald K.Vogel Don Quixote and the Well-Managed City 149 Michael A. Cohen Chapter 8 153 The Principal Urban Struggles of the Third Millenium María Elena Ducci Rethinking Urban Service Delivery 187 Steven Friedman Appendix A 190 Agenda Appendix B 192 List of Participants Appendix C 193 Rapporteur’s Report Cover photograph © Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis | vi | PREFACE BLAIR A. RUBLE AND JOSEPH S. TULCHIN s Richard Stren notes in his introduction, large metropolitan areas are now buffeted by countless forces such as globalization, growing Adiversity, international migration, increasingly antiquated and inadequate systems of governance and public finance; all while continuing to add tens-and-hundreds of thousands of new residents to their popula- tions, and hundreds of square miles and kilometers to their built environ- ment. The end result more often than not has been the emergence of urban mega-regions that remain far too complex to be penetrated by aca- demic and policy analyses predicated on assumptions from past eras. Under what conditions can cities achieve sustainability, which Stren and his Canadian colleague Mairo Polese define elsewhere as “policies and institutions that have the overall effect of integrating diverse groups and cultural practices in a just and equitable fashion.”1 The central problem confronting cities on every continent is that of governance. The workshop summarized in this report represented an attempt to initiate an international conversation about those issues which lie at the heart of the urban governance conundrum. Participants embraced a vari- ety of perspectives from North and South, East and West;from the devel- oped, underdeveloped, and misdeveloped worlds; as well as from a variety of academic disciplines and practical experiences. Their collective assess- ment was that the challenges confronting the world’s cities are staggering. Any initial reading of the pages to follow can only move one to despair. Racially-divided Johannesburg, desperately poor and crowded Bombay, recession-ridden Tokyo, chaotic Manila, and meglomaniacal Moscow hardly seem to point the way toward the urban sustainability favored by editor Stren. A second, perhaps closer reading of the reports compiled from virtual- ly every global region, reveals an inventiveness and energy that can only provide grounds for hope. Experiments—many successful, though some not—with mechanisms which incorporate residents into decision-making over their own fates are changing the urban environment in a myriad of | vii | Preface positive ways. A new grassroots attitude evident at the micro-level has begun to change neighborhood life—and the life of neighbors with it— for the better. Understanding the “problem” of urban governance at the current moment demands a deep commitment to norms and values which accent the ability of the individual human being to affect change in his or her immediate community. Like proverbial grains of sand being transformed into a scenic beach, no single initiative appears significantly to ameliorate a growing mega-urban environment that often stretches for hundreds of miles bringing rich and poor, kinsman and enemy, men and women into immediate and often jarring proximity.Together, as one can immediately discern from the pages to follow,they point instead toward a sensibility rather than a cookbook of best practices, a sensibility that may be as effective in small and medium-sized cities as in huge metropolises. Each of the articles to follow views cities as being rooted in a com- plexity that is, itself, the product of thousands of human relationships. Custodians of urban communities—whether modest in size or mega- regions—must accept complexity and remain humble in ambition, as suc- cess is transitory and financial resources finite. Alliances among the dis- parate groups who inhabit a city are among the few building blocks at the disposal of urban managers over the medium-to-long-term. Urban gover- nors in all their variety must adopt pragmatic, process-oriented approach- es to managing their communities rather than rely on a simplistic applica- tion of recipes gleaned from a “how to” manual. The achievements of cities and the success of community participatory governance described in the pages to follow transcend time and place. They perhaps have never been more suited to the task of leading cities to brighter futures than in the vast and complex urban mega-regions of today. NOTES 1. Richard Stren and Mario Polese, “Understanding the New Sociocultural Dynamics of Cities: Comparative Urban Policy in a Global Context,” in The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change, Richard Stren and Mario Polese, eds.
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