Promoting Cooperation for Sustainable Urban Development

PROMOTING COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

TADASHI MATSUMOTO, PhD OECD

High-level Dialogue on Sustainable Cities and Transport June 20, 2013, Berlin

Outline

Key message: Integrated, metropolitan-wide policy approach for urban sustainability

1. Experience in OECD cities: compact city policies 2. Urban green growth in dynamic Asia 3. OECD work on metropolitan indicators

COMPACT CITY POLICIES

OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264167865-en

Also visit our website: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/compact-city.htm

The concept of compact City

Dense and proximate Urban areas linked by Accessibility to local development patterns public transport systems services and jobs •Urban land is intensively •Effective use of urban land •Land use is mixed utilised •Public transport systems •Most residents have •Urban agglomerations are facilitate mobility in urban access to local services contiguous or close areas either on foot or using together public transport •Distinct border between urban and rural land use •Public spaces are secured

… not at a city scale (in an administrative term), but at the metropolitan scale. … not only for small- and medium-sized cities, but it is relevant to cities of all sizes, even to mega-cities! Compact city policies’ contribution to urban sustainability

Compact city policies can generate synergistic impacts:

Compact city Environmental Economic Social benefits characteristics benefits benefits Less – Fewer CO2 – Lower transport costs – Development of automobile emissions – Higher mobility for people green jobs/ dependency – Less pollution without access to a car technologies from automobiles – Improved human health due to more cycling and walking Shorter intra- – Fewer CO2 Higher mobility of low-income Higher productivity urban emissions households, due to lower travel due to shorter travel distances – Less pollution costs time for workers from automobiles More efficient - Public service level for social Lower infrastructure public service welfare maintained by improved investments and delivery efficiency cost of maintenance

Source: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment Policy complementarity: Identified policy strategies

1. Set explicit compact city goals 2. Encourage dense and contiguous development at urban fringes 3. Retrofit existing built-up areas 4. Enhance diversity and quality of life in urban centres 5. Minimise adverse negative effects Policy complementarity: Densification + affordability (Vancouver) Policy complementarity: Storm water + heat island + perceived density (Portland) OECD GREEN CITIES PROGRAMME:

URBAN GREEN GROWTH IN DYNAMIC ASIA OECD’s Green Cities Programme (2010 – )

• Conceptual framework (2011) • Case studies (2011-12) City-level National-level Paris (2011) Korea (2011) Chicago (2011-12) China (2012) Kitakyushu (2012) Stockholm (2012) • Synthesis report: Green Growth in Cities (2013) • Next step: extending the scope to cities in developing countries Economic growth, consumer behaviour and greening of cities

• Income growth raises demand for: – personal living space – personal mobility – energy consuming appliances (air conditioning, etc.) • How to de-couple income growth and GHG emissions? • How to accelerate necessary actions at an earlier stage of income growth and minimize the environmental consequences? Dynamic growth in Asia: Urbanising fast, but still a long way to go ... Level of Urbanization by Region (%) 100

Level of Urbanization (%) Urbanization of Level 30

0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Source: ADB (2012), Key indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, 3rd Edition. Global and local environmental risks: Vulnerability to climate change

Source: Firman, T., et al. (2011) Global and local environmental risks: Human health threatened by poor air quality

400 Cities with PM10 above 100 ug/m3 (2008-2009) 350

300 Asia and the Pacific (34/57) Non-Asia and the Pacific 250

200

150

Level (micrograms/cubic meter) (micrograms/cubic Level 100 10

PM 50 EU standard

Van

Kars

Ilam

Agra

Arak

Qom

Xi'an

Jinan

Delhi

Hefei

Patna

Al AinAl

Jaipur

Konya

Xining

Yasouj

Indore

Ahwaz

Denizli

Harbin

Tianjin

Beijing

Qazvin

Medan

Wuhan

Kanpur

Meerut

Urumqi

Kolkata

Taiyuan Nanjing

Kerman

Esfahan

Bushehr

Lanzhou Mexicali

Mumbai

Jabalpur

Varanasi

Sarajevo

Chengdu

Lucknow

Dhanbad

Ludhiana

Sanandaj

Hamedan

Shenyang

Uromiyeh

Faridabad

Allahabad

AbuDhabi

Chongqing

Ulaanbaatar

Kermanshah

Shijiazhuang

Khoramabad GreaterCairo

Source: ADB Cities under current investigation

Hai Phong

Danang Manila Bangkok Phnom Penh Kuala Lumpur Johor Bahru

Jakarta Surabaya KEY INDICATORS TO MONITOR POLICY PERFORMANCE Shifting towards Functional regions

Urban areas vs. administrative cities Population density on urban land

Density in 28 metropolitan areas in Europe

Density in urban land based on LandScan (pop/ km²) Density in total land based on LandScan (pop/ km²) Athens Naples Barcelona Madrid Turin Paris Rome Milan London Lisbon Birmingham Manchester Stuttgart Berlin Amsterdam Warsaw Cologne Katowice Munich Frankfurt Marseilles Hamburg Lyon Prague Vienna Copenhagen Stockholm Brussels 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 Median commute distance

for selected metropolitan areas in Canada, 1996-2006

Toronto CMA 8 Calgary CMA Montreal CMA 7 Edmonton CMA Vancouver CMA 6 Victoria CMA

Canada Mediancommute(km)distance 5

4 1996 2006 Accessibility to public transport

• Methodology – Distance (5 or 10 minute walk from stations) based on road network – Average frequency (>=5 or < 5 times per hour) is combined with distance • Result – 51% of city’s population are living in the area accessible by public transport (3 % of very high, 7% high, 34% medium, 6% low accessibility)

Very high Medium High Low Null

Note: This analysis is based on administrative border of Daejeon, Daejeon is chosen considering data availabiity and relevance to the on- going project: Compact City Study; Korea Source: OECD’s elaboration based on Korea Transport Database(2011)

OECD Metropolitan Database: a tool for policy-making Interactive maps and data on metro areas http://measuringurban.oecd.org/