The Promise, Perils and Politics of Protecting Place-Based Products

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Promise, Perils and Politics of Protecting Place-Based Products 11 Geographical Indications: The Promise, Perils and Politics of Protecting Place-Based Products Rosemary J. Coombe, Sarah Ives and Daniel Huizenga INTRODUCTION GIs may serve such laudable objectives, positive social outcomes are not guaranteed, Geographical indications (GIs) are increas- nor are benefits from their use necessarily ingly promoted as a means to protect the distributed equally. Historically, they have livelihoods of rural farmers and serve local figured in a politics of privileging elites, rei- and indigenous development needs. States, fying cultural traditions and legitimating international institutions, NGOs and devel- particular power relations. Focusing on opment agencies advocate the use of GI numerous examples, we explore the promise protections to promote a form of develop- and the perils of using GIs to achieve devel- ment that will ensure community security opment objectives and urge consideration of and environmental sustainability while safe- a wider range of social objectives when guarding intangible cultural heritage. We designing the means of their implementation. situate the development of GIs historically Let us start with a simple example: and explore the political and economic con- ditions in which a renewed interest in the use The Karoo region presents images of wholesome- of GIs for rural development and indigenous ness, windmills, sheep farms, endless vistas, hospi- tality and wholesome food … The region is famous community aspirations has recently emerged. for its sheep meat with its distinct taste and tex- GIs are promoted through use of a rhetoric ture. Karoo sheep meat’s distinctive character is that represents a holistic ‘community’ having derived from grazing on indigenous Karoo veldt a singular tradition, deriving from a singular vegetation. The name ‘Karoo’ has been abused culture, rooted in a singular place, with its and misappropriated by many businesses not own naturally distinctive ecosystem which it based in the Karoo. The economic benefits have been taken from the people of the Karoo. Now for stewards as resources for the future. We call the first time a certification mark will guarantee this the ‘social imaginary’ of GI protections that you are buying true Karoo meat. (Karoo Meat and caution against its literalization. While of Origin 2012–2013) BK-SAGE-DAVID_HALBERT-140357-Chp11.indd 207 8/12/2014 9:06:36 PM 208 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY This is the text that opens the homepage of identity. These rhetorical forms are neither the Certified Karoo Meat of Origin website true, nor necessarily false, we suggest, but written by a Foundation which acts as the the deployment of such strategies may bring ‘custodian of the intellectual property rights benefits in some regions while undermining that vest in the name “Karoo”’. Established sustainable development objectives in others. in 2009, the Foundation aims to ‘trace, We show how such marketing strategies may record, preserve and commemorate the rich have unintended social consequences and heritage which evolved in the Karoo region’, could give rise to unexpected social disputes, while promoting its economic development as well as contests over the proper scale for by investing in the reputational assets of this marking the provenance of goods described arid and economically marginal area of South in cultural terms. While holding social appeal Africa. To this end, the Foundation has for framing development aspirations in some developed a certification scheme in which all regions, this social imaginary obscures those who produce or trade in ‘authentic’ important social complexities in contexts Karoo sheep meat can use the new mark. where tradition and indigeneity are contested Proponents of the mark extoll a regional cul- terms through which different social groups ture based upon the tranquility and honesty attempt to maintain or to assert gains in sta- of the Karoo way of life, such that the ‘Karoo tus, income and opportunity, as the following concept’ has become synonymous with qual- chapter, focused on South African rooibos, ity, tradition and wholesomeness (Kirsten will attest. 2006). The Foundation declares that the ini- tiative will create new opportunities for local people to take a more active interest in their natural and cultural heritage, as well as spur THE MANY MEANINGS OF development initiatives sensitive to ecologi- GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS cal concerns on behalf of ‘the beneficiary community in the Karoo’. This example Few forms of intellectual property (IP) are as condenses many emergent hopes and expec- confusing as geographical indications (GIs). tations for the benefits to be derived from the use of a particular kind of intellectual prop- Partly this is because as a form of legal pro- erty known as a geographical indication (GI). tection, GIs are so recent; only with the pas- We begin by explaining what a geographi- sage of the Trade-Related Aspects of cal indication (GI) is, by situating the term Intellectual Property Agreement (TRIPS historically and explaining the way it dif- Agreement) in 1994 did they become known fers in important ways from other forms of as a distinctive category of intellectual prop- intellectual property (IP). We then discuss erty. Multiple jurisdictions with different the political and economic conditions under legal traditions use a variety of discrete legal which GIs have attracted new interest from vehicles, including indications of source, a diverse group of international actors. We appellations of origin, denominations of suggest that a certain ‘social imaginary’ origin and collective trademarks and certifi- (Castoriadis 1987, 1997; Gaonkar 2002; cation marks, which we will refer to collec- Maza 2005; Taylor 2004; Touraine 1981; tively as marks indicating conditions of Wagner 2012; Zavela 1992) of a harmonious origin (MICOs). MICOs continue to be the community with a naturalized relationship preferred legal means of protecting names to a territory and its resources is fostered by and symbols that mark a specific good as the use of GIs. Those who are encouraged having a quality, reputation or characteristic to develop GIs come to understand this as that is attributable to its geographical origin. a strategy of legitimation, both for claiming The TRIPs Agreement definition adds economic revenues and for asserting cultural that the reputation or characteristic be BK-SAGE-DAVID_HALBERT-140357-Chp11.indd 208 8/12/2014 9:06:36 PM GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 209 ‘essentially’ attributable to geographic origin. the use of a GI-protected mark in commerce. While this qualification has no clear meaning The broad international obligations set by in the Agreement, the language is significant the TRIPS Agreement do not require that in that it signals a demand for clear evidence countries commit any particular resources of an essentialized natural or cultural linkage to enforcement. Given the lack of common between a product and its place of origin. international commercial law, marks need to In some common law jurisdictions, a be applied for in all relevant countries. Not MICO may be recognized even when it is surprisingly, many countries in the Global not registered if it has come to serve as an South would prefer to see a common inter- indication of source for consumers. Although national registration system established for lack of registration makes it more difficult to all GI-protected goods, not just wines and prevent others from utilizing a mark, because spirits, which are currently given higher it requires that evidence of use and reputation protection. be established in a court of law, it also eases Clearly a large, diverse and unwieldy group costs of entry into markets for producers and of legal protections already come under the collective associations seeking to establish umbrella term ‘GI’. Nonetheless, to make the a reputation for an indication prior to incur- field more confusing, many countries that ring the costs of registration. Unfortunately, did not historically protect such indications marks do need to be registered in their coun- have used the TRIPs term ‘geographical indi- try of origin to receive international protec- cation’ as a generic name for the new forms tion under the TRIPS Agreement (Article of protection they have legislatively cre- 24.9), making this less expensive and infor- ated to comply with their new international mal option suboptimal for countries in the trade obligations. This is particularly true of Global South. countries in the Global South, which have Having a recognized GI enables the holder only recently developed such protections. of the protection (who may be a certifying However, because the TRIPS Agreement authority) to prevent the use of the same mark does not specify what form such protection by others outside of the protected area and should take, and only requires that unspeci- by those within it that do not follow the pre- fied ‘basic provisions’ be put into place for scribed conditions for producing the goods protection (Article 22.1), countries may call that bear it. This does not prohibit producers their protections ‘GIs’, but actually employ from using the same techniques to make the governance frameworks historically used product as long as they do not use the protected for denominations of origin or for collective name to market it. It simply sets standards for trademarks. Alternatively, they may combine producers within a geographical region who elements from different legal forms of pro- want to identify their
Recommended publications
  • California's Political Geography 2020
    February 2020 California’s Political Geography 2020 Eric McGhee Research support from Jennifer Paluch Summary With the 2020 presidential election fast approaching, attention turns to how public views may shape the outcome. California is often considered quite liberal, with strong support for the Democratic Party—but the state encompasses many people with differing political views. In this report, we examine California’s political geography to inform discussion for this election season and beyond. Our findings suggest the state continues to lean Democratic and Donald Trump is unpopular virtually everywhere. As California leans more Democratic in general, conservative Democrats are becoming rarer even in the places where they used to be common; meanwhile, independents, also known as No Party Preference voters, are leaning slightly more Republican in many parts of the state. However, many issues have their own geographic patterns: Most Californians from coast to interior feel their taxes are too high, and Californians almost everywhere believe immigrants are a benefit to the state. Concern about the cost of housing shows sharp divides between the coast and the interior, though Californians are concerned in most parts of the state. Support for the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) is lukewarm in most places. Even as support for the Democratic Party has strengthened in general, and opinions on some policy issues have grown more polarized in parts of the state, a closer look indicates that registering all eligible residents to vote might actually moderate the more strongly partisan places. Broad Geographic Patterns Today, California is widely understood to be a solidly Democratic state. All statewide elected officials are Democrats, including both United States senators and the governor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Political Geography
    1 The Politics of Political Geography Guntram H. Herb INTRODUCTION case of political geography, the usual story is of a heyday characterized by racism, imperialism, and ‘La Géographie, de nouveau un savoir politique’ war in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, (Geography: once again a political knowledge). followed by a period of stagnation and decline in the 1950s, and finally a Phoenix-like revival (Lacoste, 1984) that started in the late 1960s and now seems to be coming to a lackluster end with the cooptation This statement by the chief editor of Hérodote, of key issues of ‘politics’ and ‘power’ by other intended to celebrate the politicization of French sub-disciplines of geography. However, as David geography through the journal in the 1970s and Livingstone has pointed out so aptly, the history of 1980s, also, and paradoxically, captures a profound geography, and by extension, political geography, dilemma of contemporary political geography. If, cannot be reduced to a single story (Livingstone, as a recent academic forum showed, the political 1995). There are many stories and these stories is alive and well in all of geography, does this not are marked by discontinuities and contestations, in question the continued relevance and validity of other words, ‘messy contingencies’, which compli- having a separate sub-field of political geography cate things (Livingstone, 1993: 28). (Cox and Low, 2003)? The most fruitful response A further problem is what one should include to such existential questions about academic sub- under the rubric ‘political geography’: publica- disciplines is delving into the past and tracing the tions of scholars, the work of professional academic genesis of the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Track in Human Geography) Detailed Description of the Track
    Political Geography ( track in Human Geography) detailed description of the track Political Geography at the UvA means: - geopolitics, globalisation and governance (G3) - a comparative perspective on places in the global North & South - small-scale education - great diversity of students Geopolitics, globalisation and governance The Master programme Political Geography focusses on three core notions, Geopolitics, Globalization, and Governance, to explore the political geographies of our globalizing world. These pertain to the dynamics of the spatialities of politics, both domestic politics, international relations and transnational politics, as they can be understood through key geographical concepts such as territory, place, scale and network. Key political geographical themes include territorial conflicts, war and peace, polarizing mobilizations such as nationalism and religious fundamentalism, and pacification arrangements such as federalism, consocionalism and supranational integration, identities and languages, natural resources and population, finance and media. Drawing on case studies from Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia, students will develop a nuanced and critical understanding of the literature on these political geographical themes. The programme will assess theories and methods in these dynamic fields of scholarship and students will be familiarized with the state-of-the-art of political geography and geopolitics before they start working on their thesis project in the field. Geopolitics The programme will examine the
    [Show full text]
  • GEO--Geography
    College of Arts and Sciences GEO Geography GEO 109 DIGITAL MAPPING. (3) This course introduces the concepts, techniques, and histories behind mapping as a creative and artist practice. It covers the centrality of the map in everyday life and the changing role of maps as society becomes increasingly saturated by digital information technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS). The course introduces principles in cartographic design and geovisualization culminating in a series of maps created by each student. GEO 130 EARTH’S PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. (3) A course exploring the fundamental characteristics of earth’s physical environment. Emphasis is placed on identifying interrelationships between atmospheric processes involving energy, pressure, and moisture, weather and climate, and terrestrial processes of vegetative biomes, soils, and landscape formation and change. Fulfills General Education requirements for Inquiry in Natural Sciences, and elementary certification requirements in education. #GEO 133 SCIENCE AND POLICY OF NATURAL HAZARDS. (3) This course examines the science of natural hazards such as hurricanes, earthquakes, landslides and floods, and the causes and effects of the natural hazards. It explores the relationships between the science of, and policy toward, such hazards, discusses their predictability, and examines how scientific knowledge influences policy-making. GEO 135 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE. (3) This course provides a broad overview of the processes that have shaped the climate in which we live, and of consequences of changes to this climate. The principle functions of climate in relation to the hydrosphere and biosphere are introduced, and climate change over geological time is described. The basic data used by climate science to identify and explain historical climate change, paleoclimate change, and more recent climate trends are examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of States Activity
    Types of States Activity Unit 5 - Political Geography / AP Human Geography ​ Craig Gaslow - Westlake High School, Austin TX *Applicable to any AP Human Geography class Objective Students will learn about: 1. the dynamics of the Ukraine/Russia conflict 2. the size, shape, and population distributions of current states previously under Soviet rule 3. ethnic, religious, and linguistic distributions of former Soviet states 4. different types of states in the former Soviet Union - from multi-state nations to nation-states, from stateless nations to multi-ethnic states 5. the historical background of central Asian states Introduction Russia & Ukraine video ○ Show the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJAKCV8bw9E ​ ○ Have students Think/Pair/Share the following questions ​ ​ ■ What does the video say about the relationship between Ukraine and Russia? ■ How does the situation in Ukraine relate to concepts we’ve discussed in the AP Human Geography political unit like the Russian near abroad, MacKinder’s Heartland Theory, autonomous states, multi-state nations, multinational states, etc.? True Size Mapping Activity 1. In groups of 2-4, have students visit: https://thetruesize.com ​ 2. Have students choose 3 of the following states, type them into the top left search bar, and drag these countries over the United States: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 3. Have students research the population size and population distributions of their 3 chosen countries (states), and compare these to the United States. 4. Share out these results as a class, and discuss any notable shapes (morphology): compact, large, elongated, perforated, fragmented, prorupted, microstate, exclave, enclave, landlocked.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Philosophy and Geography
    JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY HISTORY OF IDEAS 2017 Volume 6 Issue 12 Item 2 – Section 2: Articles – Introduction: Philosophy and Geography by Ernesto C. Sferrazza Papa c b a JIHI 2017 Volume 6 Issue 12 Section 1: Editorials 1. Homage to Donald Winch. Philosophy and Geography (M. Albertone, E. Pasini) Section 2: Articles. Special Issue: Philosophy and Geography 2. Introduction: Philosophy and Geography (E.C. Sfer- razza Papa) 3. Incongruent Counterparts. Four Possible Ways of Interac- tion between Geography and Philosophy (M. Tanca) 4. One Sea, One Humanity. Modeling the Man-Sea Rela- tionship in Friedrich Ratzel’s Anthropogeographical Project (C. Santini) 5. L’idée de paysage entre esthétique et géographie (M. Marano) Section 3: Notes 6. Intellectual History and the History of Economic Thought: A Personal Account (D. Winch, with an Introduction by R. Whatmore) Section 4: Reviews 7. Comme des bêtes. Essay Review (C.-O. Doron) 8. Book Reviews (D. Ragnolini, R. Soliani) . Introduction: Philosophy and Geography Ernesto C. Sferrazza Papa * This number of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas hosts a special and thematic issue focused on the relation between philosophy and geography. It is the result of a call for papers that was launched in 2016 with the aim of answer- ing at least some of the relevant questions concerning the historical connections between philosophy and geography, while also exploring the possible theoretical intersections between them to which this history points. This Introduction intends to provide readers a general overview on the topic. This number of the Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas hosts a special and thematic issue focused on the relation between philosophy and geography.
    [Show full text]
  • Concept Teaching; *Geograph
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 405 192 SE 059 749 AUTHOR Bryan, M. Leonard TITLE Introducing the Measurement of Shape in Freshman Human Geography. PUB DATE Feb 97 NOTE 24p. PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS College Freshmen; Concept Teaching; *Geographic Concepts; Geometry; Government Role; Higher Education; *Human Geography; Map Skills; *Measurement; Nonmajors; *Physical Geography; Social Sciences; Teaching Methods; Visual Perception IDENTIFIERS *Shapes ABSTRACT The concept of shape often enters introductory cultural geography textbooks through the subject of political geography. This paper focuses on a quantitative way to introduce the concept of shape to students of cultural geography. The measure used in this approach was to compare the perimeter of the sovereign state with the perimeter of a circle having the same area as the state. Students, on noting both the quantitative shape index and the qualitative descriptions of outline and the shape traced from conformal maps, learn that shape is subject to the perceptions and interpretation of the individual geographer. They also learn that the importance of shape and compactness to national security and communications is dependent on available technology with the developmental stage of the country being considered. Following a short discussion of shape and its use in the theoretical political geography context, a review of shape measurement as used in the physical and social sciences is provided. The method for calculating an index of shape, with data and examples using sovereign states, is then provided. The paper closes with an example of an exercise that has been used successfully by students in introductory cultural geography classes designed for nonmajors.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Geography - Vladimir Kolossov
    GEOGRAPHY – Vol. II - Political Geography - Vladimir Kolossov POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Vladimir Kolossov Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Keywords: Political geography, geopolitics, history, situation at present Contents 1. Introduction 2. First and Second Stages of Development 3. Third Stage 4. Fourth Stage 5. The World Systems Theory 6. Concepts of the State in Political Geography 7. Postmodernism and the Construction of Space 8. Territoriality, Ethnic, and Political Identity 9. The Problem of Scale, the Concept of Place, and the Contextual Approach Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Political geography is an academic discipline studying the interaction between political activity of people and integral geographical space, which includes physical, economic, social, cultural, and political spaces. Their superposition differentiates integral geographical space and creates socioeconomic and natural conditions for all forms of human activity, and geographical places with their unique history, structure of economy and settlements, composition of population, its identity, culture, way of life, etc. In other words, political geography deals with the relationship between political activity and geographical conditions under which it develops. The contemporaryUNESCO set of subjects of political-g – EOLSSeographical studies is being shaped as a result of (1) an analysis of “traditional” problems of human geography from a political perspective (forSAMPLE instance, the restructuring of CHAPTERSurban space or the localization of nuclear power stations, protection of the environment, or the spatial distribution of ethnic minorities) and (2) a study of properly political problems by geographical methods (the role of the state, conflict resolution, or electoral systems). Definitions, the object, and the structure of political geography are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh, Editor
    Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa Samuel Aryeetey-Attoh, Editor University of Toledo Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 CONTENTS PREFACE XVH Chapter 1: The Physical Environment WILLIAM YAW OSEI AND SAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOH Introduction 1 Physical Landscapes 2 The Plateau Continent 3 The Rift Valley System 4 Coastlines 7 Continental Shelf 8 Rivers 9 Drainage Basins 9 Climate 10 Pressure Systems and Wind Movement 10 Latitudinal Effect 14 Maritime Effect versus Continentality 15 Ocean Currents 15 Altitude 16 VII viii Contents Lake Effect 17 Climatic Classifications 17 Vegetation 21 Vegetation Types 22 Rain Forest 22 Woodlands 24 Savanna Grassland 25 Sahel Shrubland 27 Desert and Semidesert 27 Mediterranean (Cape and Karoo and Shrubland) 27 Afro-Montane Vegetation 28 Soils 28 Soil Distribution 29 Conclusion 32 Key Terms 33 Discussion Questions 33 References 33 Chapter 2: Human-Environmental Impacts: Forest Degradation and Desertification 35 WILLIAM YAW OSEI Introduction 35 Deforestation in Sub-Saharan Africa 36 Definitions 36 Deforestation Trends 37 Causes of Deforestation 40 Agriculture 40 Logging 42 Fuel-Wood Consumption 43 Effects of Forest Degradation 45 Response Strategies to Deforestation 46 Desertification in Sub-Saharan Africa 50 Definition of Desertification 51 Spatial Coverage of Dry Lands in Sub-Saharan Africa 51 Causes of Desertification 52 Strategies to Combat Desertification 54 Conclusion 56 Key Terms 57 Discussion Questions 57 References 58 Contents ix Chapter 3: Historical Background of Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Political Science and the Other Social Sciences
    Chapter 3 Political Science and the Other Social Sciences Mattei Dogan The discipline of political science is “ill-defined, amorphous and heterogeneous.” With this diagnosis, editors Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby open their preface to the first Handbook of Political Science (1975: 1). Twenty years later, the main features of political sciences are: specialization, fragmentation and hybridization. Its frontiers are open and moving and need not be defined. The process of specialization has generated an increasing fragmentation in subfields, which are not “amorphous” but rather well-organized and creative. The “heterogeneity” has been greatly nourished by exchanges with neighbouring disciplines through the building of bridges between specialized fields of the various social sciences. This process of cross-fertilization is achieved by hybridization. The relations between political science and the other social sciences are in reality relations between sectors of different disciplines, not between whole disciplines. It is not an “interdisciplinary” endeavor. Since there is no progress without specialization, the creative interchanges occur between specialized subfields, most of the time at the margins of the formal disciplines. The current advancement of the social sciences can be explained in large part by the hybridization of segments of sciences. It would be impossible to conceive of a history of political science and of its current trends without reference to the other social sciences. 98 POLITICAL SCIENCE I Specialization, Fragmentation, Hybridization A distinction has to be drawn between specialization within a formal discipline and specialization at the intersection of monodisciplinary subfields. The latter, hybridization, can occur only after the former has become fully developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Issues in Geography—An Introduction
    Philosophical Issues in Geography—An Introduction Achille C. Varzi Department of Philosophy, Columbia University New York, USA (Published in Topoi 20:2 (2001), 119– 130.) Abstract. Geography presents interesting and intricate trade-offs between empirical data and demands, on the one hand, and deep philosophical issues (from ontology to political philoso- phy), on the other. What is a geographic entity? What is the relationship between a geographic entity and a physical territory? Can a geographic entity survive without a territory or without definite borders? Can it survive radical changes in its territory? Are there clear-cut identity criteria for geographic categories? This paper serves as an introduction to a special issue of Topoi whose aim is to go a first step towards a better understanding of these questions and of their implications for the theory of the geographic world. The world of geography is extraordinarily varied. It includes mountains and rivers but also states and cities and voting precincts. It includes concrete par- cels of land and water bodies as well as abstract fields of land-use and rain-fall. It includes natural topographic features such as bays, valleys, isthmuses, and promontories along with human-made artifacts such as dams, bridges, roads, railways, mountain passes. It includes naturally demarcated regions such as Australia or the island of Malta, as well as regions whose boundaries lie skew to any physical discontinuities, such as Utah and Saskatchewan; sharply de- marcated territories such as the states of the Union, as well as vaguely defined territories such as deserts and plateaus. The world of geography includes uni- tary, connected entities as well as scattered ones, such as Polynesia or the USA; it includes material entities as well as immaterial ones, like tunnels and canyons; extended objects as well as unextended ones, such as the Poles or the Equator.
    [Show full text]
  • Ap Human Geography Political Geography 1
    AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. Political Geography The study of human political organization of the earth. Study political organization at three scales Supranational National (country) Subnational (local) 2. Territoriality Creating ownership over a defined space Can be your backyard or an entire country NOT A STATE 3. State A political unit with a permanent population, territorial boundaries that are recognized by other states an effective government, a working economy and sovereignty. State = Country state = sub-state 4. Sovereignty A recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily Under international law states are sovereign Qualifications for Statehood •Has space or territory with recognized boundaries •Has a permanent population •Has economic activity and an organized economy – regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money •Has the power of social engineering, such as education •Has a transportation system •Has a government which provides public services and police power •Has sovereignty. No other state exercises control over the territory •Has external recognition by other states 5. Microstate • A very small State, such as Singapore. Is Sealand a State? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_LnPYRSLIc History of Sealand Established by Britain during WWII Purpose to guard the Thames estuary Well-equipped Military installation 200 men After the war it was abandoned 1966 - British family took possession and restored the platform 1967 declared itself a nation Has become recognized internationally European states have given it de facto recognition Prince Roy and Princess Joan of Sealand. Stamps and Coins MORE MICRONATIONS 25 Micros: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL8R199K66s The Republic of Molossia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01RI75llvtU 6.
    [Show full text]