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368 — DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Fall 2009

Time: W 9:00-11:50 Room: Libby Lounge: G 104 Instructor: Deb Martin, [email protected] Office: 205B JAC; tel. 7104

Office Hours: My formal office hours are M noon -12:30, and W 12:30 to 1:30. However, my door is open to graduate students any time I am in my room, although I can’t promise I can stop what I am doing, but if I can’t, we can arrange a time that I can. I am usually at Clark four or five days of the work week, from late morning until 4:30 or so (I leave earlier on Fridays). You are welcome to email me with questions as well, or with a request for a formal meeting appointment.

INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE This course was designed and taught by Billie Lee Turner, II. I have opted to teach the course as he taught it, following his syllabus and readings. His is not the geography that I learned in undergraduate or graduate school, and the contradictions and counter-stories of the Minnesota (versus Clark GSG) traditions will likely loom large in my own interpretations and assessments of the course material. We will be learning and debating together; my version of a development of geography course would be quite different, but it would not be the traditional GSG version. Hence, I start with this syllabus.

PURPOSE & THEMES Geography 368 examines the history of the identity, subject matter, and perspectives pervasive in the discipline beginning with its modern development in 19th century to its 21st century expressions in the United States. The overarching theme concerns the search of a “synthesis” and “bridging” discipline for an identity consistent with rules of the partitioning of knowledge and the intellectual and programmatic impacts of this search. The major sub-themes follow. [1] Geography is not an “exceptional” discipline because of its synthesis character but is so because, from its modern founding, it has struggled to find an identity consistent with the logic of the structure of the academy. Geography’s spatial-chorological and -society visions have never been adequately combined in an identity accepted beyond the bounds of the discipline. [2] Geography’s bridge between the science and humanities creates numerous, even unique, problems in regard to the structure of the discipline and its place within the division of knowledge, and historically fostered tensions in the practice of geography. [3] The inability to resolve these issues adequately has special meaning in the current restructuring of the academy. The course also briefly examines the underpinnings and logic of thought that guided physical and geography in the first three quarters of the past century. It thus seeks to provide a historical grounding for the second "first-year” seminar Geography 318: Explanation in Geography. Inasmuch as that course focuses on "post-positivist hegemony”, Geography 368 delves into per se only in the examination of positivism or more correctly logical positivism.

EXPECTATIONS AND OBLIGATIONS Geography 368 assumes that the participants are serious scholars and expects that they take strong initiative in seeking the readings in the Goddard, JK Wright, and Marsh libraries, and digest and prepare the materials in a manner conducive to public presentation and discussion in the

Geography 368-Fall 09 1 seminar. The seminar is divided into "research groups” with "lead” assignments for specific topics. An assigned group/team is responsible for a detailed response to, and expansion of the readings and instructor presentation. This response should be developed from the readings and from the team’s discussions-preparations of them. While the assigned team is responsible for “first response”, all participants are expected to participate. Remember: a central lesson of graduate education is respectful criticism. Readings are assigned in the Schedule below. Additional readings will be added as needed. The class is responsible for finding all readings assigned and making them available to one another. (There is a master file in the Mezzanine that previous years’ of graduate students have assembled.) Papers are assigned word limits that are strictly enforced. Word limits to not apply to citations and bibliography which should demonstrate depth of literature consulted. Use Annals AAG format for citations and bibliography.

COURSE SCHEDULE & READINGS [Bracketed readings are not required but highly recommended.]

September 2 Review of Course, Assignments, and Teams & History of GSG. Discuss faculty interview assignment

IN SEARCH OF IDENTITY: GEOGRAPHY & THE RESTRUCTURING OF ACADEMY, 19TH CENTURY 9 European Antecedents [Team 1] Readings: Capel 1981; Dickinson 1969: C 1-6 & 9; Freeman 1961: C 4; Hartshorne 1939: C 2; Leighly 1928; Livingstone 1992: C 3-4; Mackinder 1887; Stoddart 1982; Taylor 1951: C2-4, 25; Turner 2002 [Darby 1953; Hanson 1997, Preface + C1; May 1970: C 3-4; Tatham 1951a; Unwin 1992: C4]

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY 16 to : Harvard and Environmental Determinism [Team 2] Readings: Bassin 1992; Campbell & Livingstone 1983; Davis 1894; Frenkel 1994; Huntington 1915 Intro Judson 1960; Koelsch 1980; Peet 1985; Semple 1901: C1-2; Stoddart 1966; Taylor 1921 [Davis 1906 {also in Johnson 1954}; CPS 1991:1-8; ; Herbst 1961; Tatham 1951b; Taylor 1951: C6, 9, 19]

23 TBA: possible time for interview assignment

Paper #1: In Defense of Environmental Determinism. Word Limit 250. Due: Sept. 30

30 Ag. Schools and Land Surveys: Midwest Chorology to Place [Team 3] Readings: Fenneman 1919; Hartshorne 1939: C3, 9, 11; 1955; James & Jones 1954: C2; Livingstone 1992: C 6; Penck 1927; Platt 1957; Schaeffer 1953; Smith 1987; Thornthwaite 1948; Ullman 1953; Whittlesey 1954 [Dickinson 1976; Gilbert 1960; ; Herbertson 1905;

Geography 368-Fall 09 2 Parkins 1934; Taylor 1951: C 15-16; Unwin 1992:C1]

Paper #2: Chorology as a “Systematic” Science. Word Limit 250. Due Oct. 14

October 7 Faculty interview report by teams

14 The Naturalists to Humanists: Historical Landscape to Cultural [Team 4] Readings: Butzer 1992; Cosgrove 1985; Duncan 1980; Entrikin 1984; Jackson 1984; Rowntree 1996; Sauer 1925; 1941; Stoddart 1987; Tuan 1976; Turner 1989; Williams 1983. [Hills 1969; Leighly 1987 [+rejoinders]; Porter 1978; Spate 1957; Stoddart 1965; Tuan 1974]

21 The "Useful” Social Science: , Hazards, Resources, and Application [Team 1] Readings: Barrows 1923; Cutter 1996; Emel & Peet 1989; Jackson 1967; Kates 1987; Mitchell 1992; Ratick and White 1988; Thornthwaite 1961; Watts 1983; Wescoat 1987; White 1972 [Brookfield 1964; Burton, Kates and White 1983; Kasperson 1983; Stoddart 1965; Torry 1979]

Paper #3: A Non-Unified Human-Environment Tradition: Why? Word Limit 250. Due: Oct. 28

28 Positivism and Post-Positivism [Team 2] Golledge and Amadeo 1968; Guba 1990: C1-5; Hay 1979; Hemple 1966; Kuhn 1970; Suppe 1977: 6-119; Unwin 1992: C2

SELECTIVE ECLECTICISM OR ANARCHISM November 4 The Spatial Theory Template: Dominance of Positivism [Team 3] Readings: Ackerman 1963; Barry 1979; Berry and Garrison 1958; Bird 1989: C 1 + 6; Couclesis and Golledge 1983; Cox 1976Gould 1979; Hudson 1969; Sack 1972; Taaffe 1974; Willmott 1981 [Berry 1973; Curry 1967; Hagerstrand 1968; King 1969; Sack 1974; Szymanski and Agnew 1981; Schaefer 1953]

11 The Radical and Alternative Templates: Marx to Mind [Team 4] Readings: CPS 1991: C2; Berry 1972; Blaut 1979; Duncan & Ley 1982; Harvey 1970; 1982 [intro.]; Jackson 1981; Peet 1975; Relph 1977; Roberts & Emel 1992; Smith 1979; [Bird 1989: C4-5; Gregory 1978; Hewitt 1983; ; Johnston 1981; Smith & O’Keefe 1980; Tuan 1972]

Paper #4: Positivist and Marxist: Their Shared Positions. Word Limit 250. Due: Nov. 18

18 The "New” Human-Environment : the & Human of GEC [Team 1] Readings: Agnew & Spencer 1999; Braun 1997; Clifford 2001; Cutter, Mitchell & Scott 2000; Demeritt 2001; Grebmeier et al. 2006; Kasperson & Kasperson 1993; Kulakowski 2007;

Geography 368-Fall 09 3 Peet & Watts 1996; Polsky 2004; Turner et al. 2003; Turner & Robbins 2008; Zimmer 2007 [Black 1990; Blaikie & Brookfield 1987: C1; Bryant & Bailey 1997; Cronon 1994; Hall et al. 1995; Demeritt 1996; Graff 1984; Liverman, Yarnell & Turner 2003; Sayer 1979; Turner 1997b; Rocheleau et al. 1996; Yarnell et al. 1989; Zimmerer 1994]

25 No class –Thanksgiving

December 2 The "New” Geographies: New Cultural & Urban and [Team 2] Readings: Aoyama 2007; Barns 2001; Berry 2000; Economist 1999; Gauthier and Taaffe 2002; Gregory 1989; Hanson 2005; Harley 1992; Harvey & Scott 1989; Massey 1999; Martin 2003; Murphy 2006; Sheppard 1995; Storper 2001 [CPS 1991: C5-6; Dear 1988; Guba 1990: C18; Hanson 1992; Meinig 1983; Price and Lewis 1993a; 1993b [+commentary]; Rock and Angel nd; Robbins 2003; Sayer 1993]

9 GEOGRAPHY REVEALED: Does the King/Queen have clothes? [Team 3 and Team 4] Readings: Berry 2000; Bierly and Gatrell 2004; Brookfield 2004; Cutter, Golledge and Graf 2002; Clifford 2002; FOCUS 2004; Forum 2004; Hanson 1999; Harman 2003; Levia and Underwood 2004; Massey 1999; NRC 1997b; Symanski and Pickard 1996; Thrift 2002; [responses by Clifford, Johnston, Turner] Turner 1997a; Walford & Haggett 1995 [AAG 1999; Abler 1987; 1993; Bauer, Veblen, and Winkler 1999; Golledge 2002; Harvey & Holley 1981; ; Lukerman 1964; Peet 1998: C 1; Sack 1997; Unwin 1992:C8; Walford and Haggett 1995]

Paper #5: Defining the "Geographic” that has currency in the and Humanities. Word Limit 1000. Due: Dec. 16

Geography 368-Fall 09 4 READINGS Additional readings will be provided in class as needed.

AAG. 1997. GIS. Tool or science. Annals AAG 87(2): 346-373.

AAG. 1999. Forum. Annals AAG 89: 144-159.

Abler, R. F. 1987. What shall we say? To whom shall we speak? Annals AAG 77: 511-524.

Abler, R. F. 1993. Desiderata for geography: an institutional view from the United States. In The Challenge for Geography: A Changing World, A Changing Discipline, R. J. Johnston, ed. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell)

Abler, R. F., M. G. Marcus, and J. M. Olson. 1992. Geography’s Inner Worlds: Pervasive Themes in Contemporary American Geography. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Ackerman, E. A. 1963. Where is the research frontier. Annals, AAG. 53: 429-440.

Ad-hoc Committee. 1965. The Science of Geography. National Research Council. Washington D.C., National Academy of Science Press.

Agnew, C. T. and T. Spencer. 1999. Where have all the physical gone? Transaction of the Institute of British Geographers NS 24:5-9.

Aoyama, Y. 1997. Integrating Business and Location: An Overview of Two Theoretical Frameworks on Multinational Firms. Berkeley Planning Journal 11: 49-70.

Aoyama, Y. 2007. Oligopoly and the structural paradox of retail TNCs: An assessment of Carrefour and Wal-Mart in Japan. Journal of Economic Geography 7: 471-490.

Barns, T. J. 2001. Rethinking Economic Geography: From the Quantitative Revolution to the “”. Annals AAG 91: 546-565.

Barry, R. G. 1979. Recent advance in climate theory based on simple climate models. Progress in 3: 119-31.

Barrows, H. H. 1923. Geography as . Annals AAG 13 (1): 1-14.

Bassin, M. 1992. Geographical determinism in fin-de-siècle Marxism: Georgii Plekhanov and the environmental basis of Russian history. Annals AAG 82: 3-22.

Bauer, B., T. Veblen & Winkler 1999. Methodology in physical geography. Annals AAG 89: 677-778.

Berry, B. J. L. 1972. Revolutionary and counter-revolutionary theory in geography — a ghetto community. Antipode 4 (2): 31-33.

Berry, B. J. L. 1973. A paradigm for modern geography. In Directions in Geography, R. J. Chorley, ed. London: Methuen, pp. 3-22.

Berry, B. J. L. 2000. Creating future geographies. Annals AAG 70 (4): 449-458.

Berry, B. J. L. and W. L. Garrison. 1958. The functional basis of central place hierarchy. Economic Geography 34: 145-154.

Bierly, G. and J. D. Gatrell. 2004. Structural and compositional change in geography graduate programs in the United States: 1991-2001. Professional 56 (3): 337-344.

Bird, J. 1989. The Changing Worlds of Geography. A Critical Guide to and Methods. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Geography 368-Fall 09 5

Black, R. 1990. 'Regional ’ in theory and practice: c case study from northern Portugal. Transactions IBG 15: 35-47.

Blaikie, P. and H. C. Brookfield. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.

Blakemore, M. J. And J. B. Harley. 1980. Concepts in the history of . Cartographica, 17, 4. Monograph 26.

Blaut, J. M. 1979. The dissenting tradition. Annals AAG 69: 157-164.

Bowen, M. J. 1970. Mind and nature: the physical geography of Alexander von Humboldt. Scottish Geographical Magazine 86: 222-233.

Braun, B. (Willems-Braun). 1997. Buried : The of Nature in (Post)colonial British Columbia. Annals AAG 87: 3-31.

Brigham, A. P. 1915. Problems of geographic influence. Annals AAG 5: 3-25.

Brookfield, H. C. 1964. Questions on the human frontiers of geography. Economic Geography 40: 47-67.

Brookfield, H. C. 2004. American Geography and One Non-American Geographer. GeoJournal 59:39-41.

Bryant, R. L. and S. Bailey, eds. 1997. Political Ecology. London: Routledge.

Burton, I., R. W. Kates, and G. White. 1978. The Environment as Hazard. New York: Oxford UP.

Buttimer, A. 1983. The Practice of Geography. London: Longman.

Butzer, K. W. 1992. Cultural Ecology. In Geography in the America. G. Gaile and C. Willmott, eds. Columbus, OH.: Merrill.

Campbell, J.A. and D. N. Livingstone. 1983. Neo-Lamarkism and the Development of Geography in the United States and Great Britain. Transactions, Institute of British Geographers. N.S. 8 (3): 267-294.

Capel, H. 1981. Institutionalization of Geography and Strategies of Change. In Geography, Ideology and Social Concern. Stoddart, D. R., ed. Totowa, N. J.: Barnes and Noble.

Castree, N., A. Rogers, and D. Sherman,eds. 2005. Questioning Geography. Malden, MA: Balckwell.

Chorely, P. J. and P. Haggett, eds. 1967. Models in Geography. London: Methuen.

Claval, P. 1975. Contemporary in France. Progress in Geography 7: 255-292.

Clifford, N. J. 2001. Physical geography--the naughty world revisited. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 26: 387-389.

Clifford, N. J. 2002. The future of Geography: when the whole is less than the sum of its parts. GeoForum 33: 432-436.

Couclesis, H., and R. Golledge. 1983. Analytical Research, Positivism and . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 73: 331-339.

[CPS] Cloke, P., C. Philo, and D. Sadler, eds. 1991. Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Debates. New York: Guilford Press.

Colby, C. C. 1936. Changing Current of Geographic Thought in America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 26:1-37.

Geography 368-Fall 09 6 Cosgrove, D. 1985. Prospect, perspective, and the evolution of the landscape idea. Transactions, Institute of British Geogrpahers 10: 45-62.

Cox, K. R. 1976. American geography: social science emergent. Social Science Quarterly 57: 182-207.

Cox, K. R. and R. G. Golledge, eds. 1981. Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited. New York: Methuen.

Crone, G. R. 1964. British geography in the Twentieth century. Geographical Journal 130: 197-220.

Cronon, W. 1994. Cutting loose or running aground? Journal of 20: 38-43.

Curry, L. 1967. Quantitative geography. Canadian Geographer 11: 215-274.

Cutter, S. 1993. Living with Risk. London: Arnold.

Cutter, S. 1996. Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Progress in Human Geography. 20: 529-239.

Cutter, S., J. T. Mitchell and M. S. Scott. 2000 Revealing the vulnerability of people and places: A case study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90:713-737.

Cutter, S., R. Golledge, and W. Graf. 2002. The Big Questions in Geography. Professional Geographer 54: 305-317.

Cutter, S., J. Mitchell, and M. Scott. 2000. Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina. Annals, AAG 90: 713-737.

Davis. W. M. 1894. Physical geography as a university study. Journal of Geology 2: 66-100. [Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.]

Davis, W. M. 1899. The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal 14: 481-504. [Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.]

Davis. W. M. 1906. In inductive study of the content of geography. Bulletin American Geographical Society 38: 67-84. [Also in D. W. Johnson, ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.]

Darby, H. C. 1953: On the relations of geography and history. Transactions and Papers IBG 19: 1-11.

Dear, M. 1988. The postmodern challenge: restructuring human geography. Transactions IBG 13: 262-274.

Demeritt, D. 1994. Ecology, objectivity and critique in writings on nature and human societies. Journal of Historical Geography 20: 22-37.

Demeritt, D. 2001. The Construction of Global Warming and the Politics of Science. Annals, AAG 91: 307-337. {plus the Schneider response}

Dickinson, R. E. 1969. The Makers of Modern Geography. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.

Dickinson, R. E. 1976. Regional : The Anglo American Leaders. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Dickinson, R. E. and O. J. R. Howarth. 1933. The Makings of Geography. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.

Driver, F., and G. Rose. 1992. Nature and Science: Essays in the History of Geographical Knowledge. Historical Geography Research Series, No. 28, Historical Geography Research Group of the Institute of British Geographers, Lancaster, UK.

Dunabr, G. S., ed. 2001. Geogrpahy: Disciple, Profession and Subject since 1870. Dordrect, NL: Kluwer Academic Publ.

Duncan, J. S. 1980. The superorganic in American . Annals AAG 70: 181-198.

Geography 368-Fall 09 7

Duncan, J. and D. Ley. 1982. Structural marxism and human geography: a critical assessment. Annals AAG 72: 30-59.

Economist. 1999. Knowing your place. The Economist, March 13: 92.

Ecumene. 1998. Editorial introductions to journal. Ecumene Vol. 1 (1):

Ellen, R. 1992. Environment, Subsistence, and Systems: The Ecology of Small-Scale Social Formations. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Emel, J. and R. Krueger. 2003 Spoken but not heard: the promise of the precautionary principle for natural resource development. Local Envrionment : 9-25.

Emel, J. and R. Peet. 1989. Natural resources and hazards. In New Models in Geography. N. Thrift and R. Peet, eds. London: George Allen & Unwin, pp. 49-76.

Entrikin, J. N. 1976. Contemporary humanism in geography. Annals AAG 66: 615-632.

Entrikin, J. N. 1981. Philosophical issues in the scientific study of . In Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications. D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston, eds. London: John Wiley, pp. 1-27.

Entrikin, J. N. 1984. Carl O. Sauer: philosopher in spite of himself. Geographical Review 74: 387-408.

Fenneman, N. M. 1919. The Circumference of Geography. Annals, AAG 9: 3-11.

FitzSimmons, M. 1989. The matter of nature. Antipode 21: 106-120.

FOCUS. 2004. FOCUS: Geography's Challenges for the 21st Century (Special Section). Professtional Geographer 56(1):1-72.

FORUM. 2004. FORUM: The Geography of the United States in the Year 2000: Science, Predictability, and Public Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Professional Geographer 65(1):73-99.

Freeman, T. W. 1961. A Hundred Years of Geography. Chicago: Aldine.

Frenkel, S. 1994. Old Theories in New Places: Environmental Determinism and Bioregionalism. Professional Geographer 46(3): 290-95.

Gaile, G. L. and C. J. Willmott, eds. 1989. Geography in America. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Gauthier, H. L., and Taaffe, E. J. 2002. Three 20th Century "Revolutions" in American Geography. 23: 503-527.

Gerasimov, I. P. 1968. Fifty years of development of Soviet geographic thought. Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 9: 238-252.

Gilbert, W. W. 1960. The idea of the . Geography 45: 157-175.

Godlewska, A. M. C. 1999. Geography Unbound: French Geographic Science from Cassini to Humboldt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Golledge, R. 2002. The Nature of Geographic Knowledge. Annals AAG 92: 1-14.

Golledge, R. and D. Amadeo. 1968. On laws in geography. Annals AAG 58: 760-774.

Goodchild, M. F. 1992. Geographical Information Science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6: 31- 45.

Gould, P. R. 1963. Man against his environment: a game-theoretic framework. Annals AAG 67: 126-144.

Geography 368-Fall 09 8

Gould, P. R. 1969. Methodological developments since the fifties. Progress in Geography 1: 1-49.

Gould, P. R. 1979. Geography 1957-1977: the Augean period. Annals AAG 69: 139-151.

Graff, W. L. 1984. The geography of American field geography. Professional Geography. 36; 78-82.

Grant, R. and J. Nijam. 2002. Globalization and the corporate geography of cities in the less-developed world. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92: 320-340.

Grebmeier, J. M., J. E. Overland, S. E. Moore, E. V. Farley, E. C. Carmack, L/ W/ Cooper, K E. Frey, J. H. Helle, F. A. McLaughlin, and S. L. McNutt. 2005. A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311: 1461- 1464.

Gregory, D. 1978. The discourse of the past: phenomenology, , and historical geography. Journal of Historical Geography 4: 161-173.

Gregory, D. 1989. Areal differentiation and post-modern human geography. In D. Gregory and R. Walford, eds. Horizons in Human Geography. London: Macmillan., pp. 67-96.

Gregory, D. and R. Walford, eds. 1989. Horizons in Human Geography. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble.

Gregory, K. 2000. The Changing Nature of Physical Geography. London: Arnold.

Grossman, L. 1977. Man-environment relationships in and geography. Annals AAG 67: 126-144.

Goodchild, M. F. 1992. Geographical Information Science. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6: 31- 45.

Guba, E. G., ed. 1990. The Paradigm Dialog. Newbury Park: Sage.

Hack, J. T. 1960. Interpretation of erosional topography in humid temperate regions. American Journal of Science 258-A: 80-97.

Hagerstrand, T. 1968. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.

Hall, C., H. Tian, Y. Qi, G. Pontius, and J. Cornell. 1995. Modelling spatial and temporal patterns of tropical land use change. J. of 22: 735-757.

Hanson, S. 1992. Geography and feminism: worlds in collision? Annals AAG 82(4): 569-586.

Hanson, S. ed. 1997. Ten Geographical Ideas That Change the World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Hanson, S. 1999. Isms and schisms: Healing the rift between the nature-society and space-society traditions in human geography. Annals AAG 89: 133-143.

Hanson, S. 2005. Perspectives on the geographic stability and mobility of people in cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102: 15301-15306.

Harley, J. B. 1992. Deconstructing the map. In T. J. Barnes and J. S. Duncan, eds. Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text, and Metaphor. London, pp. 231-47.

Harley, J. B. and D. Woodward. 1989. Why cartography needs its history. American Cartographer 16: 5-15.

Geography 368-Fall 09 9 Harman, J. R. 2003. Wither Geography? Professional Geographer 55 (4): 415-421.

Hartshorne, R. 1939. The Nature of Geography. A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past. Annals AAG 29 [3-4] or Lancaster, PA: AAG.

Hartshorne, R. 1955. 'Exceptionalism in geography' re-examined. Annals AAG 45: 205-244.

Hartshorne, R. 1958. The concept of geography as a science of space from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner. Annals AAG 48: 97-108.

Harvey, D. 1970. Behavioral postulates and the construction of theory in human geography. Geographica Polonica 18: 27- 46.

Harvey, D. 1982. The Limits to Capital. Oxford: Blackwell.

Harvey, D. 1984. On the history and present conditions of geography: An historical materialist manifesto. Professional Geographer 3: 1-11.

Harvey, D. and A. Scott. 1989. The practice of human geography: theory and empirical specificity in the transition from Fordism to flexible accumulation. In Remodelling Geography, B. McMillan, ed. Oxford: Blackwell.

Harvey, M. E. and P. B. Holly. 1981. Themes in Geographic Thought. London: Croom Helm.

Hay, A. M. 1979. Positivism in human geography: response to critics. In Geography and the Urban Environment 2: 1-26.

Hemple, C. 1966. Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Herbertson, A. J. 1905. The major natural regions: An essay in systematic geography. Geography Journal 25: 300-312.

Herbst, J. 1961. and the history of American geography. Proceedings, American Philosophical Society 105: 538-544.

Herwitz, S., D. Peterson, and R. Eastman. 1990. Thematic mapper detection of changes in the leaf area of closed canopy pine plantations in central Massachusetts. and the Environment 29: 129-140.

Hewlitt, K., ed. 1983. Interpretations of Calamity. Boston: Allen and Unwin.

Hills, T. L. 1969. Savanna Landscapes of the Amazon Basin. McGill University. Savanna Research Series 14: 1-41.

Hoosen, D. 1959. Some recent developments in the content and theory of Soviet geography. Annals AAG 49: 73-82.

Hudson, J. C. 1969. A theory of location for rural settlement. Annals AAG 59: 368-381.

Huntington, E. 1915. Civilization and Climate. New Haven: Yale U. P.

Jackson, J. P. 1984. Discovering the vernacular landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press (3-8, 147-57).

Jackson, J. N. 1967. Geography and planning: Two subjects or one. Canadian Geographer 11: 357-365.

Jackson, P. 1981. Phenomenology and . Area 13: 299-305.

James, P. E. and C. F. Jones, eds. 1954. American Geography: Inventory and Prospect. Syracuse, NY: AAG & Syracuse U. Press.

Johnson, D. W., ed. 1954. Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis. New York: Dover Press.

Johnston, R. J. 1978. Paradigms and revolutions or evolution? Observations on human geography since the second world

Geography 368-Fall 09 10 war. Progress in Human Geography 2: 189-206.

Johnston, R. J. 1981. Paradigms, revolution, schools of thought and anarchy: reflections in the recent history of Anglo- American human geography. In Origins of Academic Geography in the United States, B. W. Blouet, ed. Hamden, CN.: Archon Books, pp. 303-317.

Johnston, R. J. 1983. Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Geography since 1945. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold.

Johnston, R. J. 1997. Where’s my bit gone? Reflections on Rediscovering Geography. Urban Geography 18: 353-59.

Johnston, R. 2002. Reflections on Nigel Thrift's optimism: political strategies to implement his vision. GeoForum 33: 421- 425.

Judson, S. 1960. William Morris Davis: an appraisal. Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie 4: 193-201.

Kasperson, R. E. 1983. Acceptability of human risk. Environment and Health Perspectives 52: 15-20.

Kasperson, R. E., and J. X. Kasperson. 1996. The social amplification of risk. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science 545: 95-105.

Kates, R. W. 1987. The human environment: the road not taken, the road still beckoning. Annals AAG 77: 525-534.

Kates, R. W. 1995. Labnotes from the Jeremiah experiment: hope for a sustainable transition. Annals AAG 85 (4): 623- 640.

Kellman, M. C. 1969. A Critique of Some Geographic Approaches to the Study of Vegetation. Professional Geographer 21; 11-14.

Kimble, G. H. T. 1940. Geography in the Middle Ages. London: Methuen.

King, L. 1969. The of spatial form and its relation to geographic theory. Annals AAG 59: 572-595.

Koelsch, W. A. 1969. The historical geography of Harlan H. Barrows. Annals AAG 59: 632-651.

Koelsch, W. A. 1980. Wallace Atwood’s 'great geographical experiment’. Annals AAG 70: 567-582.

Krimsky, S. and D. Golding, eds. 1992. Social Theories of Risk. Westport, CN: Praeger.

Kuhn, T. S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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