G368 Fall 1997 W.A. Koelsch DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT: DISCUSSION TOPICS

Thursday, August 28 Approaches, Methods, Questions

Part I - Emergence of National "Schools"

Tuesday, September 2 Kant, Humboldt, and Ritter Thursday, September 4 Germanic Geographies Tuesday, September 9 Russian and Soviet Geographies Thursday, September 11 Vidal de la Blache and the "French School" Tuesday, September 16 Post-Vidalian French Geography Thursday, September 18 Mackinder and the Brits Tuesday, September 23 British Geography After Mackinder Thursday, September 25 Davis and the Yanks Part II - Themes in 20th Century Geographic Thought

Tuesday, September 30 Nature/Society I: Earlier Environmental Theorists Thursday, October 2 Functionalism in American Geography Tuesday, October 7 Region and Landscape I: Earlier Formulations Thursday, October 9 Nature/Society II: Sauer and the "Berkeley School" Tuesday, October 14 The Quantitative Revolution Thursday, October 16 Spatial Tradition I: Spatial Geometers and Systems Theorists Tuesday, October 21 NO CLASS- MIDTERM BREAK Thursday, October 23 Spatial Tradition II: Spatial Behaviorists and Diffusionists Tuesday, October 28 The Cognitive Reformation and Related Post-Behavioral Approaches Thursday, October 30 "Radical" Geography: Marxism, Anarchism, Utopianism Tuesday, November 4 "Humanistic" Geography Part III - Professional and Contemporary Concerns

Thursday, November 6 Time - Geography, Structuration and Realism Tuesday, November 11 Nature/Society III: Recent Developments Thursday, November 13 Region and Landscape II: The Rehabilitated Region Tuesday, November 18 "Postmodernism" in Geography Thursday, November 20 Geography as a Profession Tuesday, November 25 "Applied" Geography Thursday, November 27 NO CLASS - THANKSGNING BREAK Tuesday, December 2 Geography and Gender Thursday, December 4 Geography in School and College

GEOG 368 F97 Geog. 368 Development of Western Geographic Thought

Some Useful Guides to Concepts

Gary S. Dunbar, ed., Modern Geography: An Encyclopedic Survey (1991). Good discussions of selected concepts (e.g.,"humanistic geography," "quantitative revolution") along with key first bibliographical references; also basic biographical data and brief accounts of geography in many countries. Copies in Goddard and Map Library.

Andrew S. Goudie et al., Encyclopedic Dictionary of Physical Geography (1985). Largely briefer definitions, though some longer essays (i.e. "Darwinism") with added references. Good illustrations (photos and Diagrams). Map Library only.

Thomas P. Huber, Robert P. Larkin, and Gary L. Peters, Dictionary of Concepts in Physical Geography (1988). Similar to Larkin and Peters, below, but with concepts such as "ground water," jet steam, "drainage basin," etc. Goddard and Map Library.

rd Ronald J. Johnston et al., Dictionary of Human Geography (1981; 2nd ed. 1986; 3 ed., 1994). Shorter entries than Larkin and Peters, below, but more of them. Each entry normally contains a few key references and suggested additional readings. 1st ed. Goddard; 2nd ed. Map Library; 3rd ed. both.

Robert P. Larkin and Gary L. Peters, Dictionary of Concepts in Human Geography (1983). Concepts such as "behavioral geography" or "Location," etc. at greater length than in Dunber, above. Entries followed by generous bibliographical references and "Sources of Additional Information." Goddard

John Small and Michael Witherick, A Modern Dictionary of Geography (1986; 2nd ed. 1989; 3rd ed. 1995). About 2000 definitions, covering both physical and human geography: everything from "distance-decay" to "Lorenz curve" to “Von Thunen model" to "wadi." Also includes 125 illustrative diagrams. 1st ed. Goddard; 2nd and 3rd eds. in Goddard and Map Library.

Some Helpful Bibliographies

Catherine L. Brown and James O. Wheeler, compilers, A Bibliography of Geographic Thought (1989). About 6000 entries arranged by field; subject and author indexes; no annotations. Goddard.

Gary S. Dunbar, compiler, The History of Modern Geography: An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works (1985). Subject author indexes; annotations. "Corrigenda and Addenda," issued by author in 1987, lacks indexes. Both in Goddard.

Longer Analyses of Philosophical Concepts in Geography

Four fairly recent books discuss (usually at chapter length) the various philosophical "schools," such as idealism, phenomenology, realism, etc., as adapted to the perceived needs of geographers over the past twenty years or so. I list them in chronological order.

Milton E. Harvey and Brian P. Holly, eds., Themes in Geographical Thought (1981), Goddard Library.

R.J. (Ronald John) Johnston, Philosophy and Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Approaches (1983; 2nd ed. 1986), Goddard Library (CENTED Library also has a copy of 1983 ed.)

James Bird, The Changing Worlds of Geography (1989; 2nd ed. 1993), Goddard Library.

Paul Cloke, Chris Philo, and David Sadler, Approaching Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Debates (1991). Goddard Reserve.

Biographical Guides

Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies (1977 + ). A continuing series sponsored by the IGU Commission on the History of Geographical Thought. World-wide in coverage, these volumes describe the life, contributions and impulses of 15-20 geographers annually, together with lists of their major publications and key writings about them. Well researched and extremely valuable set in reference section of Goddard.

Gary S. Dunbar, Comp., A Biographical Directory of American Geography in the Twentieth Century (1992; 2nd ed. 1996). Brief basic data about major and minor deceased geographers.

Robert P. Larkin and Gary L. Peters, Biographical Dictionary of Geography (1993).

A rather odd volume, with no clear rationale for the geographers selected: Many essays appear to have been "cribbed" for Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, but some are entries which will not be found in that much better publication.

Geog 368 F97 W.A.Koelsch

Histories of Geographic Thought

Robert E. Dickinson and OJ.R. Howarth, The Making of Geography (1933; reprinted 1976)

A brief survey with major emphasis (15 of the 20 chapters) on the period up to Humboldt and Ritter. Somewhat Whiggish in tone, especially in later chapters, giving one the impression that the whole geographic history of Western Europe has been leading up to the regional concept. But on the whole the book, though over sixty years old, holds up well as a broad introductory survey.

Robert E. Dickinson, The Makers of Modern Geography (1969)

Misleading title, since it is limited pretty much to the French and German schools of geography. Emphasizes the regional principle, as expressed through biographical or career patterns of individual geographers. This is, in my view, not the wisest approach to the history of geography, since it tends to underplay both institutional and general context, but is useful for tracing specific intellectual influence and in making the case for a "generational model" approach.

Eric Fischer, Robert D. Campbell, and Eldon S. Miller, A Question of Place (1967)

Primary readings by leading geographers who at various periods have attempted to define "the nature of geography." In my view, geographers' pseudo-philosophical comments and methodological declarations on the "nature" of geography are not to be taken seriously as a history of geography (though the editors do not realize that), but may be useful as primary sources for the task of constructing such a history.

T. Walter Freeman, A Hundred Years of Geography (1961)

This is another general treatment presupposing the primacy of the regional concept. Its topical rather than chronological organization (dictated by the series of which it is the disciplinary expression for geography) makes it somewhat difficult to use. On the other hand, if one wants to know specifically about developments in economic geography or political geography etc. up to about 1960, that organization may be useful for immediate reference.

Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought From Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (1967; paperback ed. 1976)

An extraordinary intellectual tour-de-force treating three major themes in Western thought: the concept of the earth as a purposefully designed creation, that of the influence of the environment on human growth and culture, and that of the role of human agency in shaping the landscape (a.k.a. "man" as a geographic agent). Since this volume is such a major contribution to intellectual history, it is to be eternally regretted that Glacken was unable to finish its sequel. Arild Holt-Jensen, Geography: History and Concepts - A Student's Guide (1980; 2nd ed. 1988)

A general survey similar in form and intent to Johnston (below); that is, basically an advanced undergraduate student guide. Unlike Johnston, Holt-Jensen allocates considerable space to developments in continental Europe. It has met with mixed reviews; see the perhaps excessively negative review by Bjorn Asheim in Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 14 no. 2 (June 1990), for a lengthy excoriation of its weaknesses .

Preston E. James, All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas (1972; 2nd. ed., with Geoffrey Martin, 1981; 3rd ed., 1993)

This is the most comprehensive of the general texts. It begins with the Greeks, and includes some material on such topics as medieval Muslim and Chinese geography and also brief mention of geography in modem China, India, and Africa, but within the framework of the spread of Western geographic thought. It is based largely on secondary and other general surveys of varying reliability and represents an expansion of James' lectures at Syracuse University in the 1950's and 1960's; the second "edition" (as with most of these histories) is not really a revision, but the bibliography is updated. The third edition is, however, a real revision, with updated bibliography.

RJ. Johnston, Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography Since 1945 (1979. reprinted with additional bibliography 1981; 3rd "edition" 1987; 4th "edition" 1991; 5th edition 1996).

A general survey of human geography in the English-speaking world designed for the advanced undergraduate (and representing Johnston's lectures at Sheffield); generally well done, and with a useful bibliography.

R.J. Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second World War: An International Survey (1984)

Although concerned only with professional geography, this volume extends the conventional coverage of general texts to include Italy, southeastern Europe, Japan, and Iberia/Latin America. Although the nominal period is 1945 onward, most essays begin at an earlier date; the various national bibliographies are also quite useful. On Goddard reserve.

George Kish, ed., A Source Book in Geography (1979)

A volume in Harvard's somewhat eccentric "Source Books in the History of the Sciences" series, this covers geography from Hesiod to von Humboldt, and includes Muslim and Chinese materials. Although I am not enamored of a "scissors-and-paste" approach to anthology-making, this one does have an unusual range of sources, some translated for the first time, reminding us that there is more to the history of geography than the writings of professional geographers.

David N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition: Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise (1993)

An excellent recent book by a geographer with expert knowledge of recent trends in the history of science. About half of it is devoted to the pre-professional period. My only reservation about using it as a text for this course is that it presupposes a fair amount of knowledge of the history of geography and related disciplines on the part of the reader. Selected chapters will be added 01'0 individual reading lists, however. On Goddard reserve. o • Tim Unwin, The Place of Geography (1992)

Also excellent, this survey from the Greeks onwards, intended for advanced British undergraduates, focuses on the theme of place, but does justice to other formulations. Representative of recent critical and theoretical reflections on past theory and practice in geography, it is more accessible to the beginner in this area than is Livingstone, above. Concentrates on the 19th and 20th centuries. On Goddard reserve.

William Wamtz and Peter Wolff, Breakthroughs in Geography (1971)

An attempt to reconceptualize geography from Ptolemy to the post-World War II period as a series of successive approximations toward realization of a theoretical-predictive mode of analysis. In my own view, the general framework is wholly unpersuasive, but there is merit in several of the individual chapters.

Geog 368 Fall 97 8/28/97

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Approaches, Methods, Questions

Henry Aay, "Textbook Chronicles: Disciplinary History and the Growth of Geographic Knowledge," in Brian W. Blouet, ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), pp. 291-301.

Clive Barnett, "Awakening the Dead: Who Needs the History of Geography?" Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 20 (1995) , pp. 417-419.

Vincent BerdQulay, "The Contextual Approach," in D.R. Stoddart, ed., Geography, Ideology, and Social Concern (1981), pp. 8-16.

Hans Bobek, "The Development of Geography: Continuity or Break?” Oesterreichischen Geographichische Gesellschaft, Wein, Mitteilungen, Band 114 (1972), pp. 3-18. (In German) (English abstract).

Brian J. L. Berry, "Geographical Theories of Social Change," in Berry, ed., The Nature of Change in Geographical Ideas (1978) pp. 18-35 (also Glick & Olsson review in Isis, Vol. 71 (1980), pp. 497- 498).

Paul Claval, "Les Enseignments a Tirer de L'histoire de la geographie,”and "Les etudes d'histoire de la geographie, divergences et signification," in Pour le Cinquanteniene de la Mort de Paul Vidal de la Blache (1968), pp. 11-33 (In French); the first is translated in Gary S. Dunbar, ed., The History of Geography (1983), pp. 22-32.

Paul Claval, “Epistemology and the History of Geographical Thought,” in either D. R. Stoddart, ed., Geography, Ideology and Social Concern (1981), pp. 227-239, or in Progress in Human Geography Vol. 7 (1980), pp. 371 – 384.

Paul Cloke, et. al ., "Introduction: Changing Approaches to Human Geography," in Approaching Human Geography, pp. 1-27.

Felix Driver, "New Perspectives on the History and Philosophy of Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 92-100.

Felix Driver, "Geography's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 10 (1992), pp. 23- 40.

Thomas F. Glick, "In Search of Geography," Isis, Vol. 74 (1983), pp. 92-97 (review article).

Olavi Grano, “External Influence and Internal Change in the Development of Geography," in D. R. Stoddart, ed., Geography, Ideology and Social Concern (1981), pp. 27-36.

David Harvey, "On the History and Present Condition of Geography: An Historical Materialist Manifesto," Professional Geographer, Vol. 36 (1984), pp. 1-11. R. J. Johnston, "The International Study of the History of Geography," in Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second world War (1984), pp. 1-14 (on reserve) .

R. J. Johnston, "On Geography and the History of Geography" History of Geography Newsletter No.3 (Dec. 1983), pp. 1-7.

Martin S. Kenzer, ed., "Focus: Geographic Thought," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 31 (1987), pp. 70-81.

William A. Koelsch, “Terrae Incognitae and Arcana Siwash: Toward a Richer History of Academic Geography," in David Lowenthal and Martin J. Bowden, eds., Geographies of the Mind (1976), pp. 63-87.

David Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (1993) Chap. 1, "Should the History of Geography be X- Rated? Telling Geography's Story" (on reserve).

David N. Livingstone, "The Spaces of Knowledge: Contributions Towards a Historical Geography of Science," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 13 (1995), pp. 5-34.

David N. Livingstone, "Some Methodological Problems in the History of Geographical Thought," Tidschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 70 (1979), pp. 226-231 (in English).

Fred Lukermann, "Geography as a Formal Intellectual Discipline and the Way in Which it Contributes to Human Knowledge," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 8 (1964), pp. 167-172.

Andrew Mair, "Thomas Kuhn and Understanding Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 10 (1986), pp. 345-369.

Joseph A. May, "On Orientations and Reorientations in the History of Western Geography," in David Wood, ed., Rethinking Geographical Inquiry (1982), pp. 31-72.

D. R. Stoddart, "Geography and its History," in Stoddart, On Geography (1986), pp. 1 – 27.

P. B. Wheeler, "Revolutions, Research Programmes, and the History of Geography,” Area, Vol. 14 (1982), pp. 1-6.

John K. Wright, "A Plea for the History of Geography," Isis, Vol. 8 (1926) pp. 477-491; reprinted in Wright, Human Nature in Geography (1966) pp. 11 – 23.

John K. Wright, "Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography," Annals, Vol. 37 (1947), pp. 1-11; reprinted in Wright, Human Nature in Geography (1966), pp. 68-88.

Geog.368 Fall 97 W.A. Koelsch

Approaches, Methods, Questions

The following general questions are directly applicable to this day's readings. But they are also questions which will be explicitly or implicitly raised throughout your reading this term. They are questions with which all of us as professional geographers need to reckon, and which we each need to answer for ourselves.

1. Is there a continuous or a discontinuous stream of geographical inquiry? (In other words, continuity or break?)

(a) If a break, when does it occur? (b) If continuity, in what respects?

2. Is geography defined by its object of study by its point of view?

(a) If the former, what is the object geographers study? (b) If the latter, what is the geographical point of view? (or should it be "points of view?")

3. Is there a unified field called geography? (Or, if not now extant, was there ever a unified field called geography?)

(a) If so, does that unity lie in (i) its object? (ii) its methods? (iii) its facts? (iv) its point of view? (v) its questions? (b) If not what is the validity of the "unity myth" concept? That is, can a discipline be constructed to embrace both physical and human phenomena?

4. Is the history of geography best understood by a framework which emphasizes

(a) the work of individual scholars calling themselves geographers? (b) shifts in balances of power between social and generational groupings? (c) the "logic" of disciplinary development (d) the place of geography in the scheme of academic disciplines? (e) a contextual approach (intellectual, ideological, or institutional), seen as determinative or facilitative? (f) a changing set of more-or-less arbitrary or more-or-less determined rhetorical "discourses"?

Geog 368 Fall 1997 September 2, 1997

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

READING LIST: Kant, Humboldt and Ritter

Erwin H. Ackerknecht, "George Forster, Alexander Von Humboldt, and Ethnology," Isis, Vol. 46, (1955), pp. 83-95.

Margarita J. Bowen, "Geography Revived: The Age of Humboldt," in her Empiricism and Geographical Thought (1981), pp. 210-259.

Margaretta J. Bowen, "Mind and Nature: The Physical Geography of Alexander Von Humboldt," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 86 (1970), pp. 222-233.

Janet Browne, The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography (1983), Chap. 2, "The Nations of Plants."

Edmunds V. Bunkse, "Humboldt and an Aesthetic Tradition in Geography," Geog. Review, Vol. 71 (1981), pp. 127-146.

Manfred Buttner and Karl Hoheisel, "Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804,” in Geographers: Bibliographical Studies, Vol. 4 (1980), pp. 55-67 (Ref. area)

Susan Faye Cannon, Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (1978), Chap. 3, "Humboldtian Science."

Clarence Glacken, "Count Buffon on Cultural Changes of the Physical Environment," Annals, Vol. 50 (1960), pp. 1-21.

Arnold Guyot, The Earth and Man, (1849) Lecture I.

Richard Hartshorne, The Nature of Geography, (1939), pp. 35-84.

Richard Hartshorne, "The Concept of Geography as a Science of Space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner," Annals, Vol. 48, (1958), pp. 97 -108.

Richard Hartshorne and Klaus D. Gurgel, "Zu Carl Ritter's Einfluss Aur Die Entwicklung Der Geographie in Den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika" in Manfred Buttner, ed., Carl Ritter, (1980), pp. 201-209 (in German) (English summary) .

Alexander Von Humboldt, "Physiognomy of Plants," in his Aspects of Nature, pp. 227-246.

Alexander Von Humboldt, Cosmos, Vol. I, pp. 56-78; Vol. II, pp.19-21, 106-118.

Immanuel Kant, “Introductory Lecture on Geography," in J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography (1970), pp. 255-264.

George Kish, A Source Book in Geography, (1978), pp. 397-430. John Leighle, “On the Personal Background of Carl Ritter’s Geographic Theory,” History of Geography Journal, No. 6 (1988), pp. 5-15.

Max Linke, "Carl Ritter, 1779-1859,” Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies , Vol. 5 (1981), pp. 99-118 (Ref.area) .

David Livingstone and R. T. Harrison, "Immanuel Kant Subjectivism, and Human Geography: A Preliminary Investigation,” Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, New Series, Vol. 6 (1981), pp. 359-374.

David Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (1993), Chap. 4, "Naturalists and Navigators: Geography in the Enlightment."(on reserve) .

Loren McIntyre, “Humboldt’s Way," National Geographic, Vol. 168 (1985), pp. 318-351 (popular, illustrated account.)

J. A. May, Kant’s Concept of Geography (1970), pp. 51-106.

Malcom Nicolson, "Alexander von Humboldt and The Geography of Vegetation," in Romanticism and the Sciences, ed. by Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (1990), pp. 169-185.

Paul Richards, “Kant’s Geography and Mental Maps, " Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 61 (1974) , pp. 1-16.

Carl Ritter, Comparative Geography, (1874), “Introduction” (translated by W. L. Gage), pp. IX-XXX.

Arthur H. Robinson and Helen M. Wallis, "Humboldt's Map of Isothermal Lines: A Milestone in Thematic Cartography,” Cartographic Journal, Vol. 4 (1967), pp. 119-123.

D. R. Stoddart, “Geography: A European Science,” Geography, Vol. 67 (1982), pp. 289-296; found also in Stoddart, On Geography (1986) pp. 28-40.

Peter J. Taylor and D. N. Parkes, “A Kantian View of the City: A Factorial Ecology Experiment in Space and Time,” Environment and Planning A, Vol. 7 (1975), pp. 671-688.

Note: Anne M. MacPherson, The Human Geography of Alexander von Humboldt (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California l Berkeley) is available on microfilm in Goddard Library.

Geog 368 Fall 1997 September 4, 1997

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Germanic Geographies

Part A -- Imperial and Weimar Germany

Mark Bassin, “Imperialism and the Nation-State in Frederick Ratzel's Political Geography,”Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 11 (1986), pp. 473-495.

Mark Bassin, “Frederick Ratzel, 1844-1904,” in T.W. Freeman, ed., Geographers: Bibliographical Studies, Vol. 11 (1987), pp. 123-132 (Ref. area)

Mark Bassin, “Nature, Geopolitics and Marxism: Ecological Contestations in Weimar Germany,” Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 21 (1996), pp. 315-341.

Robert P. Beckinsale, “Penck, Albert,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 10 (1974), pp. 1-6.

T.H. Elkins, “Human and Regional Geography in the German Speaking Lands in the First Forty Years of the Twentieth Century,” in J. Nicholas Entrekin and Stanley D. Brunn, eds., Reflections on Richard Harthshorne's The Nature of Geography (1989), pp. 17-34.

Alfred Hettner, “Contemporary Geography (1927),” in Gary S. Dunbar, ed., The History of Geography (1983), pp.60-72.

James M. Hunter, Perspective on Ratzel's Political Geography (1983), Introduction and Chapter 1.

David T. Murphy, “Space, Race and Geopolitical Necessity: Geopolitical Rhetoric in German ColonialRevanchism, 1919-1933,” in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp.173-187 (on reserve).

Albrecht Penck, “Geography Among the Earth Sciences,” Proc. American Philosophical Society, Vol. 66 (1927), pp. 621-644.

Albrecht Penck, “The Relations of Physiography to the Other Sciences,” in International Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, 1904, [Proceedings] Vol. 4 Inorganic Sciences (1906), pp. 607- 625.

F.Ratzel, “Man as a Life Phenomenon on the Earth,” in H. F. Helmolt, ed., The World's History: A Survey of Man's Record, Vol. 1 (1901), pp. 61-106.

Ferdinand von Richtoven, “The Impetus and Direction of Geography in the Nineteenth Century,” Geog. Journal, Vol. 23 (1904), pp. 229-234.

Gerhard Sandner and Mechtild Rossner, “Geography and Empire in Germany, 1871-1945,” in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 115-127 (on reserve).

Samuel Van Valkenburg, “ The German School of Geography,” in Griffith Taylor, ed., Geography in the Twentieth Century, (1951), pp. 91-116.

D. Smith Wood, “The Social and Political Origins of German Diffusionist Ethnology,” Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 14 (1978), pp. 103-112.

(Note: Robert C. West, trans. & ed., Pioneers of Modern Geography (1990) - (“Geoscience and Man,” Vol. 28) is a set of translations of six late 19th and early 20th century German geographers.)

Part B -- Nazi Germany

Mark Bassin, “Race Contra Space: The Conflict Between German Geopolitics and National Socialism,” Political Geography Quarterly, Vol 6, (1987), pp. 115-134.

G. Henrik Herb, “Persuasive Cartography in Geopolitik and National Socialism,” Political Geography Quarterly,. Vol. 8 (1989), pp. 289-303.

Henning Heske, "German Geographical Research is the Nazi Period: A Content Analysis of the Major Geography Journals, 1925-1945," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol 5 (1986), pp. 135-144.

Henning Heske, "Karl Haushofer: His Role in German Geopolitics and in Nazi Politics," Political Geog.Quarterly, Vol 6 (1987), pp. 135-144.

Karlheinz Hottes, et. al., "Walter Christaller, 1893-1969," in Geographers:Biobibliographical Studies, Vol. 7 (1983), pp. 11-16 (Reference).

Geoffrey Parker, Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century (1985), Chap. 5, "German Geopolitik and its Antecedents."

J.H. Paterson, "German Geopolitics Reassessed," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1987), pp. 107-114.

M. Rossler, "Applied Geography and Area Research in Nazi Society: Central Place Theory and Planning, 1933 to 1945," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 7 (1989), pp. 419-43l.

Part C -- Postwar Germany

Eckart Ehlers, "German Geography, 1945-1992: Organizational and Institutional Aspects," in Ehlers, ed.; 40 Years After: German Geography (1992), pp. 11-32 (other useful substantive essays in volume).

T. H. Elkins, "German Social Geography with Particular Reference to the Munich School," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 10 (1986), pp. 313-344. Robert Geipel, "The Landscape Indicators School in German Geography," in David Ley and Marwyn Samuels, eds., Humanistic Geography (1978), pp.155-172.

E. Giese, "The Development and Present Stage of Research into 'Quantitative Geography' in the German-speaking countries," in R. J. Bennett, ed., European Progress in Spatial Analysis (1981), pp. 91-111.

Joseph B. Hajdu, "Toward a Definition of Post War German Social Geography," Annals, Vol. 58 (1968), pp. 397-410, and Dietrich Bartels and.Thomas Pencker, "German Social Geography Again," Annals, Vol. 59 (1969), pp. 596-598, with Hadju's "Reply," pp. 598-599.

Elizabeth Lichtenberger, "The German-Speaking Countries," in R. J. Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second World War: An International Survey (1984), pp. 156-184 (on reserve).

See also "Special Issue: Historical Studies of German Political Geography," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 8 No.4 (October 1989) for a selection of recent research on all periods.

NOTE: Woodruff D. Smith, The Ideological Origin of Nazi Imperialism (1986) sets Ratzel and Lebensraum, as well as Haushofer and geopolitics, in broader context.

Geog 368 Fall 1997 September 9, 1997 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Russian Geographies

Olga Alexandrovskaya, "Pyotr Alexeivich Kropotkin, 1842-1921," Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Vol. 7 (1983), pp. 57-62, and S. R. Potter, "Peter Alexeivich Kropotkin, 1842-1921,"ibid., pp. 63-69 (Reference Area).

Mark Bassin, "Russia Between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space," Slavic Review, Vol. 50 (1991), pp. 1-17.

Mark Bassin, "The Russian Geographical Society, the 'Amor Epoch', and the Great Siberian Expedition, 1855-1863," Annals, Vol. 73 (1983), pp. 240-256.

Mark Bassin, "Geographical Determinism in Fin de Siecle Marxism: Georgii Plekhanov and the Environmental Basis of Russian History," Annals, Vol. 82 (1992), pp. 3-22.

Mark Bassim, "Russian Geographers and the 'National Mission' in the Far East," in David Hooson, (ed.), Geography and National Identity (1994), pp. 112-133 (on reserve).

Myrna Brietbart, "Peter Kropotkin: The Anarchist Geographer," in D. R.Stoddart, ed., Geography, Ideology and Social Concern (1981), pp.134-153.

V.A. Esakov, "Anuchin, D.A.," Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol 1 (1970), pp.173-175.

B. Galois, "Ideology and the Idea of Nature: The Case of Peter Kropotkin," Antipode, Vol. 8, No.3 (1976), pp. 1-16.

David Hooson, "The Development of Geography in Pre-Soviet Russia," Annals,Vol. 58 (1968), pp. 250-272.

Peter Kropotkin, "On the Teaching of Physiography," Geog. Journal, Vol. 2 (1883), pp. 350-359.

Peter Kropotkin, "What Geography Ought to Be," (1885) in Antipode, Vol. 10/3-11/1 (1979), pp. 6-15, (reprinted from Nineteenth Century (Dec, 1885), pp. 940-956).

Denis J.B. Shaw, "Geographical Practice and its Significance in Peter the Great's Russia," Journal of Historical Geography Vol. 22 (1996), pp. 160-176.

Note: There are biographical sketches of a number of Russian geographers in the Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies series (Reference Area).

Reading List: Soviet Geographies

N. T. Agafonov, V. A Anuchin, and S. B. Lavrov, "The Present Tasks of Soviet Geography" Soviet Geography: Review and Translation,Vol. 24 (1983), pp. 411-422.

V. V. Annenkov and George J. Demko, The Art and Science of Geography: U.S. and Soviet Perspectives (1992) (a series of conversations).

V. A Anuchin, "Mathematization and Geographic Method," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 11 (1970), pp. 71-8l.

V. A Anuchin, "The Problem of Synthesis in Geographic Science," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 5 No 4 (April, 1964), pp. 34-46.

V. A Anuchin, "The Methodological Essence of the Unity of Geography," Chap. 6 of his Theoretical Problems of Geography (1960; 1977), pp. 198-241.

V. A Anuchin, "Theory of Geography" in Richard J. Chorley, ed., Directions in Geography (1973), pp. 43-63.

N.N. Bariansky, "Natural Environment in Economic Geography" (1956), Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol 28 (1987), pp. 684-694.

Roland J. Fuchs, "Soviet Urban Geography: An Appraisal of Postwar Research," Annals, Vol. 54 (1964), pp. 276-289.

I. P. Gerasimov, "Problems of Natural Environment Transformation in Soviet Constructive Geography," Progress in Geography, Vol. 9 (1976), pp. 73-99.

David Hooson, "Continuity and Change in Soviet Geographical Thought," in George J. Demko and Roland Fuchs, eds., Geographical Studies on the Soviet Union (1984). Pp. 11-27

David Hooson, "Methodological Clashes in Moscow," Annals, Vol. 52 (1962) pp. 469-475 (on the Anuchin controversy).

David Hooson, "Soviet Union" in R. J. Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second World War: An International Survey (1984) pp. 79-106 (on reserve).

Richard G. Jensen and Gerald J. Karaska, "The Mathematical Thrust in Soviet Economic Geography: Its Nature and Significance," Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 9 (1969), pp. 141-152.

AG. Isachenko, "Integration and Differentiation in Modern Geography" Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol 27 (1986), pp. 607-620.

AG. Isachenko, "The Search for a Methodological Basis of the Unity of Geography," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol 28 (1987), pp. 158-170

S.V Kalesnik, "On the Significance of Lenin's Ideas for Geography," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol 12 (1971), pp. 196-204.

VA Kolosov, "Political Geography in the USSR," and Ya. G. Mashbits, "The Nature of Politic a Geography and Ways of Increasing its Geographical Content," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 30 (1989), pp. 635-656.

S.B. Laurov, "Geography: Old Concepts and New Content," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 26 (1985), pp. 526-534.

Ian M. Matley, "The Marxist Approach to the Geographic Environment, "Annals, Vol. 56 (1966), pp.97-111 .

Ian M. Matley, "Nature and Society: The Continuing Soviet Debate;" Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 6(1982), pp. 367-396.

Ludwig Mazurkiewicz, Human Geography in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (1992).

V. V Pokshishevsky, "On the Soviet Concept of Economic Regionalization," Progress in Geography, Vol. 7 (975), pp. 1-52.

Julian Saushkin, "Economic Geography in the U.S.S.R.," Economic Geography, Vol. 38 (1962), pp.27-37.

Yu G. Saushkin, "The Geographical Environment of Human Society," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 4, No. 10 (Dec., 1963), pp. 3-20.

Douglas R. Weiner, "Community Ecology in Stalin's Russia: 'Socialist' and 'Bourgeois' Science," Isis, Vol. 75 (1984), pp. 694-696 (not geography, but good analysis of allied environmental concerns and political pressures on science.)

Yu K. Yefremov, "The Natural-Societal Character of the Principal Objects in Geography as the Basis for the Unity of the Discipline," Soviet Geography: Review and Translation, Vol. 23 (1982), pp. 763-769.

NOTE: I.P. Gerasimov, A Short History of Geographical Science in the Soviet Union, (1976) is a compact survey of both Russian and Soviet geography.

NOTE: Effective with Volume 33 no. 1 (January, 1992), Soviet Geography: Review and Translation became Post-Soviet Geography. The journal has a number of historical and theoretical studies not listed here.

Geography 368 Fall 1997 September 11, 1997

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Vidal de la Blache and the "French School"

Howard F. Andrews, "The Durkheimians and Human Geography: Some Contextual Problems in the Sociology of Knowledge," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 9 (1984), pp. 315-316.

Howard F. Andrews, "The Early Life of Paul Vidal de la Blache and the Makings of Modern Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S., Vol. 11 (1986), pp. 174-182.

Kevin Archer, "Regions as Social Organisms: The Lamarckian Characteristics of Vidal de la Blache's Regional Geography," Annals, Vol. 83 (1993) pp. 498-514.

S.J.K Baker, "Paul Vidal de la Blache, 1945-1917" Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Vol. 12 91988), pp. 189-201.

Vincent Berdoulay, "The Vidal-Durkheim Debate," in David Ley and Marwin S. Samuels, eds., Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems (1978), pp. 77-90.

Numa Broc, "L'establissment de la Geographie en France; Diflilsion, Instituts, Projects, 1870- 1890," Annales de Geographie, Vol. 83 (1974), pp. 545568 (in French).

Numa Brac, "La Geographie Francaise face it la Science Allemands, 1870-1914," Annales de Geographie, Vol. 86 (1977), pp. 71-94 (in French).

Jean Brunhes, Human Geographv, (1920), Chapters 1, "What is Human Geography?" and 10, "The Geographic Spirit."

Anne Buttimer, Society and Milieu in the French Geographic Tradition, (1971) Parts 2 & 3.

Paul Claval, "The Historical Dimension of French Geography," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 10 (1984), pp. 229-245.

Xavier de Planhol, "Historical Geography in France," in Alan R.H. Baker, ed., Progress in Historical Geography, (1972) pp. 29-44.

Gary S. Dunbar, "'The Compass Follows the Flag''': The French Scientific Mission to Mexico, 1864-1867," Annals, Vol. 78 (1988), pp. 229-240.

Gary S. Dunbar, "Elisee Reclus: An Anarchist in Geography," in D.R. Stoddard, ed., Geography, Ideology, and Social Concern (1981), pp. 154-164. Marie Fleming, The Anarchist Way to Socialism: Elisee Reclus and Nineteenth-Century European Anarchism (1979), Chap. 7, “Anarchism, Geography and Science.”

T.W. Freeman, "Vidal de la Blache: A Regional and Human Geographer," in Freeman, The Geographer's Craft, (1967), pp. 47-7l.

Anne Godlewska, "Napoleon's Geographers (1797-1815): Imperialists and Soldiers of Modernity," in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 31-54 (on reserve).

Anne Godlewska, "Traditions, Crisis, and New Paradigms in the Rise of the Modern French Discipline of Geography," Annals Vol. 79 (1989), 192-213.

Michael J. Heffernan, "The Science of Empire: The French Geographical Movement and the Forms of French Imperialism," in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 92-114 (on reserve).

Michael J. Heffernan, "A State Scholarship: The Political Geography of French International Science During the Nineteenth Century." Institute & British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 19 (1994) pp. 21-45.

Josef W. Konvitz, Cartography in France 1600-1848: Science, Engineering and Statecraft (1987), Chapter 6, "Thematic Cartography, circa 1790-1850."

Fred Lukerman, "The ‘Calcul des Probabilites' and the Ecole Francais de Geographie, Canadian Geographer, Vol. 9 (1965), pp. 128-137.

William H. Schneider, "Geographical Reform and Municipal Imperialism in France, 1870-80," in John M. Mackenzie, ed., Imperialism and the Natural World (1990), pp. 90-117.

Olivier Soubeyran, "Imperialism and Colonialism versus Disciplinarity in French Geography," in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 244-264 (on reserve).

Paul Vidal de la Blache, "Meaning and Aim of Human Geography," in Vidal, Principles of Human Geography (1926), pp. 3-26 (translated by Millicent Todd Bingham).

NOTE: For a general treatment (in French), see Andre Meynier, Histoire de la Pensee Geographique en France, 1872-1969 (1969).

Geography 368 Fall 1997 September 16, 1997 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Post-Vidalian French Geography

Alan R. H. Baker, "Reflections on the Relations of Historical Geography and the Annales School of History" in Baker and Derek Gregory, eds., Explorations in Historical Geography (1984), pp. 1-27.

Claude Bataillon et al, "French Geography in the 1940's," in Anne Buttimer, (ed), The Practice of Geography (1983), pp. 119-149.

Jacqueline Beaujeu-Garnier, "French Geography Since 1950," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 106 (1990), pp. 130-134.

Vincent Berdoulay, "Place, Meaning and Discourse in French Language Geography," in John A. Agnew and James S. Duncan, (eds.) The Power of Place (1989), pp. 124-139.

Fernand Braudel, "Is There a Geography of Biological Man?" (Review of Sorre's book), in Braudel, On History (1980), pp.105-119.

Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, Vol. III, The Perspective of the World (1979), Chap. 1, "Divisions of Space and Time in Europe."

Fernand Braudel, "La Geographic Face aux Sciences Humaines," Annales: ESG, Vol. (1950, pp. 484-492).

Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (1966), Chapter 4, "The Mediterranean as a Physical Unit: Climate and History."

Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France: Space and History, Vol. I, ( 1988), pp. 15-57, 373-375.

Pascal Buleon, "The State of Political Geography in France in the 1970's and 1980's," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 16 (1992), pp. 24-40.

Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989 (1990) (short book!)

Anne Buttimer, Society and Milieu in the French Geographic Tradition, (1971), Parts 4 & 5 (3 copies in stacks; one in Archives).

Paul Claval, "Contemporary Human Geography in France," in Christopher Board, ed., Progress in Geography, Vol. 7 (1976), pp. 235-292.

Paul Claval, "France" in R. J. Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second World War: An International Survey, (1984), pp. 15-41 (on reserve) .

H. D. Clout, "The Practice of Historical Geography in France," Clout, ed., Themes in the Historical Geography of France, (1977), pp. 1-19.

Jean Gottman, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (1961), "Introduction," Chapter I, "Prometheus Unbound;" and "Conclusion" (and maps made by students in Graduate School of Geography field camps, pp. 233, 235, 238, 240, 686, 745).

Pierre Gourou, The Tropical World (1953; 1966), Chapter 11, "Problems Due to European Intervention in the Tropical World."

J. L. M. Gulley, "The Practice of Historical Geography: A Study of the Writings of Professor Roger Dion," Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geographie, Vol. 52, (1961), pp. 169- 183.

R.J. Harrison Church, "The French School of Geography," in Griffith Taylor, ed., Geography in the Twentieth Century (1951; 1957), pp. 70-90.

J.H. Hexter, "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellian ... ," Journal of Modern History, Vol. 44 (1972), pp. 480-539;reprinted in Hexter, On Historians (1979), pp. 61-145.

Samuel Kinser, "Annaliste Paradigm? The Geohistorical Structure of Fernand Braudel," American Historical Review, Vol. 86 (1981), pp. 63-105.

Andrew M. Kirby, "Le Monde Braudelian, " Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 4 (1986), pp. 211-219 (in English!) .

Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, "History and Climate," in Peter Burke, ed., Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe (1972), pp. 134-169.

Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, The Territory of the Historian (1979), Part 4, "History Without a People: The Climate as a New Province of Research."

Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie, Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000 (1971), Chaps. 1, 3, 7.

Geoffrey Martin, "The Region in French Geographic Thought, 1900- 1930," Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Art and Letters, Vol. 49 (1964), pp. 325-332 (1963 meeting).

James R. McDonald, "Publication Trends in a Major French Geographical Journal," Annals, Vol. 55 (1965), pp. 125-139.

Geoffrey Parker, "French Geopolitical Thought in the Interwar Years and the Emergence of the European Idea," Political Geog. Quarterly, Vol. 6 (1987), pp. 145-150.

Xavier de Planhol, "Historical Geography in France," in Alan R.H. Baker, ed., Progress in Historical Geography (1972), pp. 29-44.

Max Sorre, "The Concept of the Genre de Vie," in Philip L. Wagner and Marvin W. Mikesell, eds., Readings in Cultural Geography (1962), pp. 399-415. Geog 368 F97 September 18, 1997 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Mackinder and the Brits

Patrick Armstrong, "Charles Darwin and the Development of Geography in the Nineteenth Century," History of Geography Newsletter, No.4 (1984), pp. 1-10.

Brian W. Blouet, Halford Mackinder: A Biography (1987), Chap 7, 10, 11.

R.C. Bridges, "Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration," Geographical Journal, Vol. 139 (1973), pp. 220-232.

Robin Butlin, "George Adam Smith and the Historical Geography of the Holy Land: Contents, Contexts, and Connections," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 14 (1988), pp. 381-404.

J. A. Campbell and D. N. Livingstone, "Neo-Lamarckism and the Development of Geography in the United States and Great Britain," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S.Vol. 8 (1983), pp. 267-294.

Klaus-Jolm Dodds, "Eugenics, Fantasies of Empire and Inverted Whiggism: An Essay on the Political Geography of Vaughn Cornish," Political Geography, Vol. 13 (1994), pp. 85-99.

Mona Domosh, "Toward a Feminist Historiography of Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.J., Vol. 16 (1991), pp. 95-104, see also comments and reply, pp. 484-490.

Felix Driver, "Geography's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge," Environment and Planning: D Society and Space, Vol. 10 (1992), pp. 23-40.

Felix Driver, "Henry Morton Stanley and his Critics: Geography Exploration and Empire," Past and Present, No. 133 (1991), pp. 134-166.

F.V. Emery, "Geography and Imperialism: The Role of Sir Bartle Frere (1815-1884)," Geographical Journal, Vol. 150 (1989), pp. 342-350.

T.W. Freeman, "Francis Galton: A Victorian Geographer," in Freeman, The Geographer's Craft 1967), pp.22-43.

T.W. Freeman, The Royal Geographical Society and the Development of Geography," in E.H. Brown, ed., Geography Yesterday and Tomorrow (1980), pp. 1-99.

Andrew Goudie, "Vaughn Cornish, Geographer," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 55 (1972), pp. 1-16.

Michael Heffernan, "Geography, Cartography and Military Intelligence: The Royal Geographical Society and the First World War," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 51 (1996), pp. 504-533.

Brian Hudson, "The New Geography and the New Imperialism, 1870-1918," Antipode, Vol. 9, No.2 (Sept., 1977), pp. 12-19.

Gerry Keams, "Closed Space and Political Practice: Frederic Jackson Turner and Halford Mackinder" Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol 2 (1984), pp. 23-34.

Gerry Keams, "Halford John Mackinder, 1861-1947," Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Vol. 9 (1985), pp. 71-86.

David Livingstone, "Evolution, Science, and Society: Historical Reflections on the Geographical Experiment," Geoforum, Vol. 16 (1985), pp. 119-130.

John M. MacKenzie, "Geography and Imperialism: British Provincial Geographical Societies," in Felix Driver and Gillian Rose, (eds.), Nature and Science: Essays in the History of Geographical Knowledge (1992), pp. 49-62.

Sir Halford Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (1919), Chapters 1 and 2.

Sir Halford Mackinder, "The Geographical Pivot of History," Geographical Journal, Vol. 23 (1904), pp.421-437.

Sir Halford Mackinder, "On the Scope and Methods of Geography," Royal Geographical Society Proceedings, Vol. 9 (1887), pp. 141-174 (reserve).

Sir Halford Mackinder, "Modem Geography: German and British," Geographical Journal, Vol. 6 (1895), pp. 367-379.

R. P. Moss, l'Authority and Charisma: Criteria of Validity in Geographical Method," South African Geographical Journal, Vol. 52 (1970), pp. 13-37. (Mackinder and his legacy)

Gearoid OTuathail, "Putting Mackinder in His Place: Material Transformations and Myth," Political Geography, Vol. 11 (1992), pp. 100-118.

N. Proctor, "The Pioneers of Geography: A New and Currently Relevant Perspective," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 11 (1986), pp. 75-85.

Marie Sanderson, "Mary Somerville: Her Work in Physical Geography," Geographical Review, Vol. 64 (1974), pp. 410-420.

D.I. Scargill, "The Royal Geographical Society and the Foundations of Geography at Oxford," Geographical Journal, Vol. 42 (1976), pp. 438-461.

Robert Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration and Victorian Imperialism (1989), Intro. Chaps. 1 and 8.

David R. Stoddart, "That Victorian Science: Huxley's Physiography and its Impact on Geography," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, Vol. 66 (1975), pp. 17-40; reprinted inhis On Geography (1986), pp. 180-218.

David R. Stoddart, "The Royal Geographical Society and the Foundations of Geography at Cambridge," Geographical Journal, Vol. 141 (1975), pp. 216-239; reprinted in his On Geography (1986), pp.77-127.

David R. Stoddart, "The Royal Geographical Society and the 'New Geography'" Changing Aims and Changing Roles in Nineteenth-Century Science," Geographical Journal, Vol. 146 (1980), pp. 190-202; reprinted in Stoddart, On Geography and its History (1986), pp. 59-72.

Richard Symonds, Oxford and Empire (1986), Introduction and Chapter 8, "Suburbs of the Celestial City: Geopoliticians, Anthropologists, and Others."

Michael J. Wise, "The Scott Keltie Report, 1885, and the Teaching of Geography in Great Britain," Geog. Journal, Vol.l152 (1986), pp. 382.

Geog 368 F97 September 23, 1997

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: British Geography After Mackinder

E. H. Brown, "Geomorphology in the United Kingdom Since the First World War," in Brown and R. S. Waters, eds., Progress in Geomorphology, (1974), pp. 3-9.

G. R. Crone, "British Geography in the Twentieth Century," Geographical Journal, Vol. 130 (1964), pp. 197-220.

P. R. Crowe, "On Progress in Geography," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 54 (1938), pp. 1-19.

H. C. Darby, "Academic Geography in Britain, 1918-1946," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N. S. Vo1. 8 (1983), pp. 14-2 6.

H. C. Darby, "On the Relations of History and Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 19 (1954), pp. 1-11; found also in Griffith Taylor, ed., Geography in the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed. (1957) pp. 640-652.

Robert E. Dickinson, Regional Concept: The Anglo-American Leaders, (1976), Chapter 10, "Interwar Trends," and Chapter 11, "Post-War Trends."

John Eyles, "Britain," in Eyles, ed., Social Geography in International Perspective (1986), pp. 60-95.

B. H. Farmer, "British Geographers Overseas, 1933-1983," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N. S. Vol. 8 (1983), pp. 70-79.

T. W. Freeman, "Geography During the Interwar Years," Robert W. Steel, ed., British Geography, 1918-1945, (1987) pp. 9-24.

T. W. Freeman, A History of Modern British Geography, (1980), Chapters 6-8.

T. W. Freeman, "Two Modern British Geographers," The Geographer's Craft (1967), pp. 156-186 (Roxby and Ogilvie).

Edmund W. Gilbert, "Vaughn Cornish (1862-1948) and the Beauty of Scenery," British Pioneers in Geography (1972), pp. 227-256.

Brian J. Graham, "The Search for the Common Ground: Estyn Evans' Ireland," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 19 (1994), pp. 183-201.

Pyrs Gruffudd, "Back to the Land: Historiography, Rurality and the Nation in Interwar Wales," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol.19 (1994), pp. 61-77.

John W. House, "The Geographer in a Turbulent Age," (1976-inaugural lecture at Oxford) .

R. J. Johnston and S. Gregory, "The United Kingdom," in Johnston and Paul Claval, eds., Geography Since the Second World War: An International Survey, (1984), pp. 107-131 (on reserve) .

Emrys Jones, "Social Geography," in C.H. Brown, ed., Geography Yesterday and Tomorrow (1980), pp. 251-262.

Ann Marshall, "Griffith Taylor's Correlative Science," Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 18 (1980), pp. 184-193.

David Matless, "Regional Surveys and Local Knowledges: The Geographical Imagination in Britain, 1918-1939," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 1 7 (1992), pp. 464-480.

Percy M. Roxby, "The Scope and Aims of Human Geography," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 46 (1930), pp. 276-290.

O.H.K. Spate, "The Compass of Geography," in his Let Me Enjoy: Essays, Partly Geographical (1966), pp. 91-120.

L. Dudley Stamp, "The Land Utilisation Survey of Britain," Geog. Journal, Vol. 78 (1931), pp. 40-53.

Robert W. Steel, "British Geographers and the Geography of Britain," in J. Wreford Watson and J.B. Sissons, eds., The British Isles: A Systematic Geography (1964), pp. 20-39.

Robert W. Steel, The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years (1984), Part One, "The History of the IBG" (pp. 3-52).

D. R. Stoddart, "Geographers and Geomorphology in Britain Between the Wars," Robert W. Steel, ed., British Geography, 1918-1945, (1987), pp. 156-176.

T. Griffith Taylor, "The White Race in the Australian Environment,” Part III of his Environment and Race, (1929), pp. 239-295. (The argument which got him run out of Australia!)

S. W. Wooldridge, "The Role and Relations of Geomorphology," in his The Geographer as Scientist (1956), pp. 80-94.

P. Worsley, "Whither Geomorphology," Area, Vol. 11 (1979), pp. 97-101.

G368 F97 September 25, 1997

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT READING LIST: DAVIS AND THE YANKS

Victor R. Baker and Stephen Pyne, "G. K. Gilbert and Modern Geomorphology," American Journal of Science, Vol. 278 (1978), pp. 97-123.

Robert P. Beckinsale, "W. M. Davis and American Geography (1880-1934)," in Brian W. Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States, (1981), pp. 107-122.

Paul Bishop, "Popper's Principles of Falsifiability and the Irrefutability of the Davisian Cycle," Professional Geographer, Vol. 32 (1-9,80), pp. 310-315.

Robert H. Block, "Frederick -Jackson Turner and American Geography," Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 31-40.

Albert Perry Brigham, "The Organic Side of Geography: Its Nature and Limits," Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 42 (1910), pp. 442-452.

Albert Perry Brigham, "Problems of Geographic Influence," Annals, Vol. 5 (1915), pp. 3-25.

John E. Chappell, Jr., "Climatic Change Reconsidered: Another Look at 'The Pulse of Asia, '" Geographical Review, Vol. 60 (1970), pp. 34 7-3 73.

Richard J. Chorley, Anthony J. Dunn, and Robert P. Beckensale, A History of the Study of Land Forms, Vol. I, Geomorphology Before Davis, (1964) Chapter 30, "The Effect of Western Exploration on Geomorphic Thought."

Richard J. Chorley, "A Reevaluation of the Geomorphic System of W. M. Davis," in Chorley and Haggett, ed., Frontiers in Geographical Teaching (1965), pp. 21-38.

Jane Collins and Catherine Lutz, "Becoming America's Lens on the World: National Geographic in the Twentieth century," South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 91 (1992), pp. 161-191.

William Morris Davis, "An Inductive Study of the Content of Geography," Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 38 (1906), pp. 67-84; reprinted in Davis, Geographical Essays (1909;1954), pp. 3-22.

William Morris Davis, "A Scheme of Geography," Geographical Journal, Vol. 22 (1903), pp. 413-423.

Jerome D. Fellman, "Myth and Reality in the Origin of American Economic Geography," Annals, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 313-330.

Nevin M. Fenneman, "The Rise of Physiography," Geological Society of America, Bulletin, Vol. 50 (1939), pp. 349-359.

T. W. Freeman, "Ellsworth Huntington: A Student of Civilization," in The Geographer's Craft, (1967), pp. 101-123.

Preston E. James et. al., "Ellen Churchill Semple and the Development of a Research Paradigm," in Wilford A. Bladen and P.P. Karan, eds., The Evolution of Geographic Thought In America: A Kentucky Root, (1983) pp. 28-57.

Jennings, J. ". N., "Any Millenniums Today, Lady?: The Geomorphic Bandwagon Parade," Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 11 (1973), pp. 115-133. (Davis and his legacy).

W.L.G. Joerg, "The Geography of North America: A History of its Regional Exposition," Geog. Review, Vol. 16 (1936), pp. 640 663.

William A. Koelsch, "The New England Meteorological Society: A Study in Professionalization," in Brian Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), pp. 89-104.

William A. Koelsch, "'A Profound Though Special Erudition': Justin Winsor as Historian of Discovery," American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, Vol. 93 (1983), pp. 55-94.

David N. Livingstone, "Natural Theology and Neo-Lamarckism: The Changing Context of Nineteenth Century Geography in the United States and Great Britain," Annals, Vol. 74 (1984), pp. 9-28.

Geoffrey J. Martin, "Ontography and Davisian Physiography," in Brian W. Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), l.c. 279-289.

Almon E. Parkins, “The Geography of American Geographers,” Journal of Geography, Vol. 33 (1934), pp. 221-230.

Philip J. Pauly, “The World and All That Is In It: The National Geogrphic Society, 1888-1918,” American Quarterly, Vol. 31 (1979), pp. 517-53

J. Richard Peet, "The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism," Annals, Vol. 75 (1985), pp. 309-333.

G. E. Roorbach, "The Trend of Modern Geography: A Symposium," Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 46 (1914), pp. 801-818.

Tarmar Y. Rothenberg, "Voyeurs of Imperialism: The National Geographic Magazine before World War II,” in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 155-172.

Robert D. Sack, "The Trouble with Antithesis: The Case of G.K. Gilbert, Geographer and Educator," Professional Geographer, Vol. 42 (1990), pp. 228-231.

Ellen Churchill Semple, "The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains”, Geographical Journal, Vol. 17 (1901), pp. 588-623; reprinted in Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 42 (1910), pp. 561-594.

Ellen Churchill Semple, "The Operation of Geographic Factors in History," Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 41 (1909), pp. 422-439 (closed stacks).

Keith Tinkler, A Short History of Geomorphology, (1985), Chapter 9, "The Geographical Cycle and its Twentieth Century Influences."

Walter S. Tower, "Scientific Geography: The Relation of its Content to its Subdivisions," Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 42 (1910), pp. 801-825.

John K. Wright, "Miss Semple's ‘Influences of Geographic Environment,’ Notes Toward a Bibliography,” Geographical Review, Vol. 52 (1962), pp. 346-361; reprinted in Wright, Human Nature in Geography, (1966), pp. 188-204.

NOTE: A recent (1993) volume edited by H.J. Walker and W.E.Grabau, entitled The Evolution of Geomorphology: A Nation-by-Nation Summary of Development, briefly summarizes developments not only in the U.S. but in 52 other countries from the former USSR and China to Papua New Guinea and Singapore. Each overview includes a number of references, and discusses contemporary as well as past research directions. Geography 368 F97 September 30

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Nature/Society I: Earlier Environmental Theorists

Harlan H. Barrows, "Geography as Human Ecology," Annals, Vol. 13 (1923), pp. 1-14.

H.C. Darby, "The Changing English Landscape," Geog. Journal, Vol. 117 (1951), pp. 377-398.

Clarence Glacken, "Changing Ideas of the Habitable World," in William L. Thomas, ed., Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, (1956), pp. 70-92.

Clarence Glacken, "Environment and Culture," Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Vol. 2 (1973), pp. 127-134 (Ref. Area).

Clarence J. Glacken, "The Growing Second World Within the World of Nature," in F. Ray Fosberg, ed., Man's Place in the Island Ecosystem (1963), pp. 75-95.

Clarence J. Glacken, "Man Against Nature: An Outmoded Concept," in Harold W. Helfrich, Jr., ed., The Environmental Crisis (1970), pp. 127-142.

Clarence J. Glacken, "Man's Place in Nature in Recent Western Thought," in Michael Hamilton, ed., This Little Planet (1970), pp. 163 -201.

Clarence Glacken, "Reflections on the Man-Nature Theme as a Subject for Study" in F. Fraser Darling and John P. Milton, eds., Future Environments of North America (1966), pp. 355-371.

William A. Koelsch, "The Historical Geography of Harlan H. Barrows," Annals, Vol. 59 (1969), pp. 632-651.

William A. Koelsch, "Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, 1841-1906," Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, Vol. 3 (1979), pp. 133-140.

Gordon Lewthwaite, "Environmentalism and Determinism: A Search for Clarification," Annals, Vol. 56 (1966), pp. 1-23.

David N. Livingstone, “Climate’s Moral Economy: Science, Race and Place in Post-Darwinian British and American Geography,” in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 132-154.

David N. Livingstone, “Evolution, Science and Society: Reflections on the Geographical Experiment,” Geoforum, Vol. 16 (19850, pp. 119-130.

David N. Livingstone, “A Geologist by Profession, A Geographer by Inclination: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and Geography at Harvard,” in Clark A. Elliot and Margaret W. Rossiter, eds., Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992), pp. 146-166.

David N. Livingstone, Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science (1987), Chap. 6, “Environment and Inheritance: A Geographical Interpretation of History.”

David N. Livingstone, “Nature and Man in America: Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Conservation of Natural Resources,” Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, New Series, Vol. 5 (1980), pp. 369-382.

David Lowenthal, “George Perkins Marsh and the American Geographical Tradition,” Geographical Review, Vol. 43 (1953), pp. 207-213.

James C. Malin, “Ecology and History,” Scientific Monthly, (1950), pp. 295-298; reprinted in Rosenkrantz and Koelsch, American Habitat (19730 pp. 145-151, and in Malin, History and Ecology (1984), pp. 105-111.

James C. Malin, “N.S. Shaler on the Frontier Concept and the Grassland, “ in Malin, Essays on Historiography, (1946), pp. 45-92.

George Perkins Marsh, “Address to the Agricultural Society of Rutland County, Vermont,” reprinted in Barbara G. Rosenkrantz and William A. Koelsh, eds., American Habitat, (1973), pp. 304-364 ( 2 copies in stacks).

George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature or the Earth as Modified by Human Action, (1864, 1873), Chapter I.

Kenneth R. Olwig, "Historical Geography and the Society/Nature Problematic: The Perspective of J.F. Schouw, G.P. Marsh, and E. Reclus," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 6 (1980), pp. 29-45.

Robert S. Platt, "Environmentalism Versus Geography," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 53 (1948), pp. 351-358.

Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, "Earth and Man," in Shaler, Man and the Earth (1905), pp. 1-19.

Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, “The Origin and Nature of Soils," in his Aspects of the Earth (1889), pp. 300-339.

Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, "Physiography' of North America,” II: "Effects of the Physiography of North American on Men of European Origin,” in Justin Winsor, ed., Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. IV, Part I (1884), pp. x-xxx.

David R. Stoddart, "Darwin's Impact on Geography," Annals, Vol. 56, (1966) I pp. 683-698, found also in his On Geography (1986) pp. 158-179. Geog 368 F97 October 2

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Functionalism in American Geography

Edward A. Ackerman, "Geographical Training, Wartime Research, and Immediate Professional Objectives," Annals, Vol. 35 (1945), pp. 121-143.

John A. Agnew, "Sameness and Difference: Hartshorne's The Nature of Geography and Geography as Areal Variation," in J. Nicholas Entrekin and Stanley D. Brunn, (eds), Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The Nature of Geography (1988), pp. 121-140.

James R. Anderson, "Goldfish Industry of Martinsville, Indiana," Economic Geography Vol. 23 (1947), pp. 283-289 (Dick Peet's favorite economic geography article!).

Isaiah Bowman, "The Scientific Study of Settlement," Geographical Review, Vol. 16 (1926), pp. 647-653.

Jan O.M. Broek, "The Relations Between History and Geography," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 10 (1941), pp. 321-325 ("State of the art" snapshot of 1930's geography condensed for historians).

Charles C. Colby, "Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces in Urban Geography," Annals, Vol. 23 (1933), pp. 1-20.

"Conventionalizing Geographic Investigation and Presentation," Annals, Vol. 24 (1934), pp. 77-122 (a symposium of 3 articles).

J. Nicholas Entrikin, "Robert Park's Human Ecology and Human Geography," Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 43-58.

“The Environment of Graduate School" and “American Geography in the 1950's," (panel discussions) in Anne Buttimer, The Practice of Geography (1983), pp. 66-79, 196-208.

Vernor C. Finch, "Geographical Surveying" and "Montfort" in Montfort (Geog. Soc. of Chicago, Bulletin, no. 9, 1933), pp. 3-44.

Vernor C. Finch, "Geographical Science and Social Philosophy," Annals, Vol. 29 (1939), pp. 1-28.

Chauncy D. Harris, "A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States," Geographical Review, Vol. 33 (1943), pp. 8699; reprinted in Harold Mayer and Clyde Kohn, eds., Readings in Urban Geography (1959), pp. 129-138.

Chauncy D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman, "The Nature of Cities," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 242 (1945), pp. 7-17; reprinted in Dohrs et aI, Outstanding Readings in Geography (1955), pp. 659-670 and numerous urban anthologies.

Chauncy D. Harris et al, "Origins and Evolution of Urban Geography in its Formative Years in the United States" Urban Geography, Vol. 11 (1990), pp. 402-431.

Richard Hartshorne, "The Functional Approach in Political Geography," Annals, Vol. 40 (1950), pp. 95-130.

Richard Hartshorne, "Notes Toward a Bibliobiography of The Nature of Geography," Annals, Vol. 69 (1979), pp. 63-76.

G. Donald Hudson, "The Unit Area Method of Land Classification," Annals, Vol. 26 (1936), pp. 99-112.

Preston E. James, "The Blackstone Valley: A Study in Chorography in Southern New England," Annals, Vol. 19 (1929), pp. 67-109; Reprinted in his On Geography: Selected Writings of Preston James (1971), pp. 132-180.

Preston E. James and Cotton Mather, "The Role of Periodic Field Conferences in the Development of Geographical Ideas in the United States," Geographical Review, Vol. 67 (1977), pp. 446-461.

Mark Jefferson, "The Law of the Primate City," Geographical Review, Vol. 29 (1939), pp. 226-232.

Wellington D. Jones, "Ratios and Isopleth Maps in Regional Investigation of Agricultural Land Occupance," Annals, Vol. 20 (1930), pp. 177-195.

Andrew Kirby, "What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?" in Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (1994), pp. 300-315 (on reserve).

"Lessons from the War-Time Experience for Improving Graduate Training for Geographic Research," Annals, Vol. 36 (1946), pp. 195-214.

Marvin W. Mikesell, "The Rise and Decline of Sequent Occupance," in David Lowenthal and Martyn J. Bowden, eds., Geographies of the Mind (1976), pp. 149-169.

Raymond E. Murphy, "A comparative Study of Nine Central Business Districts," Economic Geography, Vol. 31 (1955), pp. 301-336.

Raymond E. Murphy and James E. Vance, Jr., "Delimiting the CBD," Economic Geography, Vol. 30 (1954), pp. 189-222; reprinted in Harold Mayer and Clyde F. Kohn, eds., Readings in Urban Geography (1959), pp. 418-446.

Robert S. Platt, "Determinism in Geography," Annals, Vol. 38 (1948), pp. 126-132.

Robert S. Platt, "Field Approach to Regions," Annals, Vol. 25 (1935), pp. 153-174.

Robert S. Platt, "The Rise of Cultural Geography in America,"Proceedings of the Seventieth International Geographical Congress, Washington, 1952, pp. 485-490; reprinted in Philip L.Wagner and Marvin W. Mikesell, eds., Readings in Cultural Geography (1962), pp. 35-43.

John K. Rose, "Corn Yields and Climate in the Corn Belt," Geography Review, Vol. 26 (1936), pp. 88-102 (an early statistical analysis).

Dean S. Rugg, "The Midwest as a Hearth Area in American Academic Geography," in Brian Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States,. (1981), pp. 175-191.

Richard J. Russell, "Geographical Geomorphology," Annals, Vol. 39 (1949), pp. 1-11.

Carl O. Sauer, "The Survey Method in Geography and its Objectives," Annals, Vol. 14 (1924), pp. 17-33.

Neil Smith, "Bowman's New World and the Council on Foreign Relations," Geographical Review, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 438-460.

Neil Smith, "Geography as Museum: Private History and Conservative Idealism in The Nature of Geography," in J. Nicholas Entrikin and Stanley Brunn, eds., Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's 'The Nature of Geography' (1989), pp. 91-120.

Neil Smith, "Political Geographers of the Past: Isaiah Bowman's Political Geography and Geopolitics," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 3 (1984), pp. 69-76.

Edward J. Taffe, "Some Thoughts on the Development of Urban Geography in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s," Urban Geography, Vol. 11 (1990), pp. 422-431.

Edward A. Ullman, Geography as Spatial Interaction," in Ullman, Geography as Spatial Interaction ed. Ronald R. Boyce (1980), pp. 13-27 (2 copies in stacks) .

Edward A. Ullman, "Human Geography and Area Research" Annals, Vol. 43 (1953), pp. 54-66.

Edward A. Ullman, "Regional Development and the Geography of Concentration," Regional Science Association; Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 4 (1958), pp. 179-198.

Edward A. Ullman, "The Role of Transportation and the Bases for Interaction," in W.L. Thomas, ed., Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (1956), pp. 862-880.

James L. Wescoat, Jr., "Common Themes in the Work of Gilbert White and John Dewey, Annals, Vol. 82 (1992), pp. 587-607.

Derwent S. Whittlesey, "Sequent Occupance," Annals, Vol. 19 (1929), pp. 162-165.

Derwent S. Whittlesey, "The Horizon of Geography," Annals, Vol. 35 (1945), pp. 1-36. Geography 368 F97 October 7

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Region and Landscape I: Earlier Formulations

"A Conference on Regions," Annals, Vol. 25 (1935), pp. 121-174.

William Bunge, "Gerrymandering, Geography, and Grouping," Geographical Review, Vol. 56 (1966), pp. 256-263.

Robert E. Dickinson, Regional Concept: The Anglo-American Leaders (1976) Chapters 5 -7.

Nevin M. Fenneman, "The Circumference of Geography," Annals, Vol. 9 (1919 pp. 3 -11 frequently reprinted, as in Fred E. Dohrs et. al., eds., Outside Readings in Geography (1955), pp. 2-10.

H. J. Fleure, "Human Regions," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 35 (1919), pp. 94 -1 0 5 .

E. W. Gilbert, "Andrew John Herbertson," Geography, Vol. 50 (1965), pp. 313-331; reprinted in Gilbert, British Pioneers in Geography (1972), pp. 180-210.

E. W. Gilbert, "The Idea of the Region," Geography, Vol. 45 (1960), pp. 157-175.

Robert B. Hall et al, "The Geographic Region: A Resume," Annals, Vol. 25 (193 5), pp. 122 -13 6.

Richard Hartshorne, The Nature of Geography (1939), Chapters 9, "The Concept of the Region as a Concrete Unit Object," and 10, "Methods of Organizing the World into Regions".

Richard Hartshorne, Perspective on the Nature of Geography (1959), Ch. 9.

Richard Hartshorne and Samuel N. Dicken, "A Classification of the Agricultural Regions of Europe and North America as a Uniform Statistical Base," Annals, Vol. 25 (1935), pp. 99-130.

A.J. Herbertson, "The Higher Units: A Geographical Essay (1913)," Geography, Vol. 50 (1965), pp. 332-342.

A. J. Herbertson, "The Major Natural Regions: An Essay in Systematic Geography," Geographical Journal, Vol. 25 (1905), pp. 300-312.

A. J. Herbertson, "Natural Regions,” The Geographical Teacher, Vol. 7 (1913 -14), pp. 158 -163.

A. J. Herbertson, "The Natural Regions of the World,” Geographical Teacher Vol. 3 (1905), pp. 104-113.

A. J. Herbertson, "Regional Environment, Heredity and Consciousness," Geographical Teacher, Vol. 8 (1915-16), pp. 147-153.

Preston E. James, "Toward A Further Understanding of the Regional Concepts,” Annals, Vol. 42 (1952), pp. 195-222. Reprinted in James, On Geography (1971), pp. 78-116.

R. J. Johnston, “The Region in Twentieth Century British Geography,” His of Geography Newsletter, No.4 (1984), pp. 100-111.

G. H. T. Kimble, “The Inadequacy of the Regional Concept," in L. D. Stamp and S. W. Wooldridge, eds., London Essays in Geography, (1951), pp. 151-174 (written 1946).

David N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (1992), Chap. 8, "The Regionalizing Ritual: Geography, Place, and Particularity,” (on reserve).

Gerald M. Macdonald and John T. O'Hara, "Samuel Van Valkenburg: Politics and Regional Geography," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 7 (1988) pp. 283-290.

Gottfried Pfeifer, "Regional Geography in the United States Since the War: A Review of Trends in Theory and Method,” (1938) (mimeo publ.)

G. W. S. Robinson, “The Geographical Region: Form and Function," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 69 (1953), pp. 49-58.

Percy M. Roxby, "The Theory of Natural Regions," Geographical Teacher, Vol. 13 (1925-1926), pp. 376 -382.

Carl O. Sauer, "The Personality of Mexico," Geographical Review, Vol. 31 (1941), pp. 353-364; reprinted in Sauer, Land and Life (1965), pp. 104-117.

L. Dudley Stamp, "Major Natural Regions: Herbertson After Fifty Years," Geography, Vol. 42 (1957), pp. 201-216.

A. Stevens, "The Natural Geographical Region," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 55 (1939), pp. 305-317.

Edward L. Ullman, "Human Geography and Area Research," Annals, Vol. 43 (1953), pp. 54-66.

J. F. Unstead, "A System of Regional Geography," Geography, Vol. 18 (19 pp. 175-187.

J.F. Unstead et al, "Classifications of Regions of the World," Geography Vol. 22 (1937), pp. 253-282.

Derwent S. Whittlesey, "The Major Agricultural Regions of the Earth" Annals, Vol. 26 (1936), pp. 199-240 and map; reprinted in Philip L Wagner and Marvin W. Mikesell, Readings in Cultural Geography (1962),pp. 416-444.

Derwent S. Whittlesey, "The Regional Concept and Regional Method," in Preston James and Clarence Jones, eds., American Geography: Inventory and Prospect (1954), pp. 19-68.

Derwent S. Whittlesey, "Southern Rhodesia: An African Compage," Annals, Vol. 46 (1956), pp. 1-97 (skim: the "exemplar" of the holistic region). Geog 368

The following questions may be of help as you read the literature on regions and landscapes as organizing principles for geographical study.

1. What is a region?

(a) Is it definable? (b) Is it verifiable? (c) Does it exist in nature? (d) Does its study proceed by scientific method? (e) Is its study fundamentally a humanistic art? (J.F. Hart)

2. Can a region be mapped?

(a) If so, what kinds of regions can be mapped? (b) If the core rather than the boundaries matter, how can that be expressed cartographically?

3. If a region does not exist in the real world, is the concept still useful in cognitive terms?

(a) If regions cannot be defined with fewer criteria than the number of geographers defining them, is even the concept valid? (b) Is a region a region "because a quorum of geographers have voted it to be so"? (G.H.T. Kimble) (c) Is it possible to synthesize physical and human geography under the regional concept? If so, how? (d) Is the human community an organism which organizes the "natural region"?

4. Where are the regional studies?

(a) Did anyone but the French ever succeed in doing them? (b) Is the concept a social construct of pre-industrial revolution times and thus intellectually obsolete? (c) Do regional geographers spend their time putting "boundaries that do not exist around areas that do not matter"? (Kimble)? If not, in what ways do "regions matter"? (D. Massey)

5. Is "landscape" the same as "region," or, if not, how do the two concepts differ? Does "landscape" get us out of any of the difficulties posed by "region"?

6. Is the recent emphasis on the concept of "place" simply a new way of saying "region"?

7. If the public expectation of geographers is that they should know about places/regions, what does this imply for teaching and graduate education? Can a discipline survive if there is such a gap between popular demand and the kinds of geography professional geographers have been doing for the last 35 years? (In D.R. Stoddart's terms "with space rather than place, with what they call human agency rather than people, with abstract categories and numerical symbols rather than with specific situations and what is often harsh reality"?) Geography 368 F97 October 9

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Nature/Society II -Sauer and the "Berkeley School"

Andrew H. Clark, "Historical Geography," in Preston E. James and Clarence F. Jones, eds., American Geography: Inventory and Prospect (1954), pp. 70-105.

Andrew H. Clark, "The Impact of Exotic Invasion on the Remaining Mid latitude Grasslands," in William L. Thomas, ed., Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (1956), pp. ·~37-762.

J. S. Duncan, "The Superorganic in American Cultural Geography," Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 181-198.

Nicholas Entrekin, "Carl O. Sauer: Philosopher' Spite of Himself," Geog. Review, Vol. 74 (1984), pp. 3 7-408.

Daniel W. Gade, "L'Optique Culturelle dans la geographie American," Annales de Geographie, Vol. 85 (1976), pp. 672-693 (in French; English abstract; useful short bibliography of major Berkeley School publications) .

Peter Haggett, "Sauer's Origins and Dispersals': Its Implications for the Geography of Disease," Institute of British Geographers: Transaction and Papers, NS. Vol. 17 (1992), pp. 387-398.

David J.M. Hooson, "Carl O. Sauer," in Brian W. Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), pp. 165-174.

Martin S. Kenzer, ed., Carl O. Sauer: A Tribute (1987), Part II or Part III.

Martin S. Kenzer, “Milieu and the ‘Intellectual Landscape:’ Carl Sauer’s Undergraduate Heritage,” Annals 75 (1985), pp. 258-270.

Earl W. Kersten, Jr. "Sauer and 'Geographic Influences, '" Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Yearbook, Vol. 44 (1982), pp. 47-73.

John Leighly, "Carl Ortwin Sauer, 1889-1975," Annals, Vol. 66 (1975), pp. 337-348.

John Leighly, "Ecology as Metaphor: Carl Sauer and Human Ecology," Professional Geographer, Vol. 39 (1987), pp. 405412, and Commentaries, pp. 412-416 and in ibid, vol. 40 (1988), pp. 333 -339.

John Leighly, "Some Comments on Contemporary Geographic Method," Annals, Vol. 27 (1937), pp. 125-141.

John Leighly, "What Has Happened to Physical Geography?" Annals, Vol. 45 (1955), pp. 309-318.

Jame O. Sauer, "The Agency of Man on the Earth,” in W. L. Thomas, ed., Man's Role in Chan in the Face of the Earth (1956) , pp. 49-69; reprinted in Philip Wagner and Marvin W. Mikesell, eds., Readings in Cultural Geography, (1962), pp. 539-577.

Carl O. Sauer, Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952).

Carl O. Sauer, "The Education of a Geographer," Annals, Vol. 46 (1956), pp. 287-299, reprinted in his Land and Life (1965), pp. 3 8 9 -404.

Carl O. Sauer, "Environment and Culture During the Last Deglaciation," American Philosophical Society, Proceedings Vol. 92 (1948), pp. 65-77.

Michael Solot, "Carl Sauer and Cultural Evolution,” Annals, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 508-520 (see also commentaries, Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 469 -478).

Joseph E. Spencer, "What's in a Name? The Berkeley School,” Historical Geography, Vol. 6 No.1 (1976), pp. 7-11.

William W. Speth, "Berkeley Geography, 1923-33," in Brian W. Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), pp. 221-244.

William W. Speth, "Carl Sauer's Uses of Geography's Past," Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers, Vol. 55 (1993), pp. 37-65.

Dan Stanislawski, “The Origin and Spread of the Grid-Pattern Town," Geog. Review, Vol. 36 (1946), pp. 105-120; reprinted in Philip L. Wagner Marvin Mikesell, eds./ Readings in Cultural Geography (1962) / pp. 328-329.

Robert C. West, “A Berkeley Perspective on the Study of Latin American Geography in the United States and Canada,” in David J. Robinson, ed., Studying Latin America: Essays in Honor of Preston E. James (1980), pp. 135-175 (contains useful comparative tables) .

Carl O. Sauer, "Foreword to Historical Geography," Annals, Vol. 31 (1941) pp. 1-24; reprinted in his Land and Life, (1963), pp. 351-379.

Carl O. Sauer, Man in Nature: America Before the Days of the White Man (1939) -elementary text; skim for point of view.

Carl O. Sauer, “Middle America as a Culture-Historical Location,” in Philip L. Wagner and Marvin W. Mikesell, eds., Readings in Cultural Geography (1962), pp. 195-201.

Carl O. Sauer, "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography,” in E.C. Hayes, ed., Recent Developments in the Social Sciences (1927), pp. 154 -212 .

Carl O. Sauer, “The Morphology of Landscape,” University of California Publications in Geography, Vol. II No.2 (1925), pp. 19-54; reprinted in his Land and Life (1965), pp. 315-350.

Michael Williams, “The Apple of My Eye: Carl Sauer and Historical Geography,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 9 (1983), pp. 1-28.

Michael Williams, “Sauer and ‘Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth,’” Geog. Review, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 218-231.

NOTE: There is an interesting short book by Robert C. West, Carl Sauer’s Fieldwork in Latin America (1979), which incorporates the reminiscences of several graduate students. Martin S. Kenzer, ed. Carl O. Sauer: A Tribute (1987) contains several essays, of uneven quality. James J. Parsons, ed., 60 Years of Berkeley Geography, 1923-1983 (1983) is a bibliography (with brief bibliographical material0 of the 159 Berkeley geography Ph.D’s to that date, and also contains a full bibliography of Carl O. Sauer’s Publications (appendix 1)

G368 Fall 1997 October 14

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: The “Quantitative Revolution”

R.J. Bennett, "Quantification and Relevance," in R.J. Johnston, Ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 211-224 (on reserve).

Ian Burton, "The Quantitative Revolution and Theoretical Geography," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 7 (1963), pp. 151-162 (important manifesto); reprinted in W.K. Davies, (ed.) The Conceptual Revolution in Geography (1970), pp. 140-156.

Richard J. Chorley, "Geography and Analogue Theory," Annals, Vol. 54 (1964), pp. 127-137.

Martin Clarke and Alan Wilson, "Mathematical Models in Human Geography: Twenty Years On," in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography (1989) pp. 30-40 of either volume.

A. D. Cliff and J. K. Ord, "Model Building and the Analysis of Spatial Pattern in Human Geography." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, Vol. 37 (1975), pp. 297-328.

J. P. Cole, "Mathematics and Geography," Geographv, Vol. 54 (1969), pp. 152-163.

Leslie Curry, "Quantitative Geography," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 11 (1967), pp. 215-274.

Peter R. Gould, "Mathematics in Geography: Conceptual Revolution or New Tool?" Int. Soc. Sci. Journal, Vol. 27 (1975), pp. 303-327 (useful bibliography of earlier work).

Peter R. Gould, "Methodological Developments Since the Fifties," Progress in Geography, Vol. 1 (1969), pp. 1-49.

Peter R. Gould, "Statistics and Human Geography: Historical, Philosophical and Algebraic Reflections," in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Wilmutt (eds.), Spatial Statistics and Models (1984), pp. 17-32.

Leonard Guelke, "Geography and Logical Positivism," in Geography and the Urban Environment, Vol. I (1978), pp. 35-61.

Leonard Guelke, "The Role of Laws in Human Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 1 (1977), pp. 376-386.

Peter Haggett and R. J. Chorley, "Models, Paradigms and the New Geography," in Chorley and Haggett, Models in Geography (1967), pp. 19-41.

Alan Hay, "Scientific Method in Geography" in R.J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 129-142 (on reserve).

Placidio LaValle et al, "Certain Aspects of the Expansion of Quantitative Methodology in American Geography," Annals, Vol. 57 (1967), pp. 423~ 436.

David N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (1992), Chap. 9, “Statistics Don't Bleed: Quantification and its Detractors,” (on reserve).

B. Marchand, “Quantitative Geography: Revolution or Counter-Revolution?” Geoforum, Vol. 17 (1974), pp. 15-23.

Richard L. Morrill, Recollections of the Quantitative Revolution's Early Years: The University of Washington, 1955-1965,” in Mark Billinge, et al, eds., Recollections of a Revolution: Geography as Spatial Science (1984), pp. 57-72.

Richard L. Morrill, “A Theoretical Imperative,” Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 535-541.

Martyn L. Senior, “From Gravity Modelling to Entropy Maximizing: A Pedagogic Guide,” Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 3 (1979), pp. 179-210.

Terry A. Slocum, “The Use of Quantitative Methods in Major Geography Journals, 1956-1986,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 42 (1990), pp. 84-94.

D. R. Stoddart, “Organism and Ecosystem as Geographical Models” in Chorley and Haggett, Models in Geography (1967), pp. 511-548; also in his On Geography (1986), pp. 230-270.

Peter J. Taylor, “An Interpretation of the Quantitative Debate in British Geography, Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 1 (1976), pp. 129-142 (somewhat tongue-in-cheek)

Roger F. Tomlinson, “Presidential Address: Geographic Information Systems and Geographers in the 1990's," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 33 (1989), pp. 290

Tim Unwin, The Place of Geography (1992), Chap. 5, "From Region to Process: The Emergence of Geography as an Empirical Analytic Science," (on reserve)

Alan Wilson, “Theoretical Geography: Some Speculations," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, Vol. 57 (1972), pp. 31-44.

J.W.R. Whitehand, "Innovation Diffusion in an Academic Discipline: The Case of the 'New' Geography," Area Vol. 2 No.3 (1970), pp. 19-30 and "In-Words Outwards: The Diffusion of the New Geography, 1968- 70, Area Vol. 3 No.3 (1971), pp. 158-163.

NOTE: For participants' 1993 look at the Quantitative/Spatial/ Behaviorist, “revolution” retrospective and prospective, see Urban Geographv, 14 (1993), pp. 421-56 and 516-556.

NOTE: Bill MacMillan, (ed.), Remodelling Geographv (1989) is a fairly recent and worthwhile collection of essays by modellers (and some of their critics); you may wish to look at this for essays of interest in place of items on this list. G368 Fall 1997 October 16

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: The Spatial Tradition I: Spatial Geometers and Systems Theorists

Henry Aay, "A Reexamination: Geography, the Science of Space," The Monadnock, Vol. 46 (1972), pp. 20-31.

Brian J. L. Berry and William L. Garrison, "The Functional Bases of the Central Place Hierarchy," Economic Geography, Vol. 34 (1958), pp. 127-144.

James M. Blaut, "Space' and Process," Professional Geographer, Vol. 13, No. 4 (July 1961), pp. 1-7.

William Bunge, “Fred K. Schaefer and the Science of Geography,” Annals, 69 (1979), pp. 128-132.

William Bunge, Theoretical Geography (1962), Chapter 1.

Michael Chisholm, "General Systems Theory and Geography,” Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 42 (1967), pp. 45-52.

Nicholas R. Chrisman, et. al., “Geographic Information Systems,” in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 776-796 (on reserve) (useful bibliography) .

William J. Coffey, “The Origins of Systems Thinking in Geography,” in W.J. Coffey, ed., Geographical Systems and Systems of Geography: Essays in Honor of William Warntz (1988), pp. 9-26.

Helen Couclelis and Nathan Gale, “Space and Spaces,” Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Vol. 68B (1986), pp. 1-12.

Anthony C. Gatrell, “Any Space For Spatial Analysis?” in R. J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 190-208 (on reserve).

Reginald Golledge and Douglas Amadeo, "On Laws in Geography, Annals, Vol. 58 (1968), pp. 760-774.

Derek Gregory, “The Ideology of Control: Systems Theory and Geography,” Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geographie, Vol. 71 (1980), pp. 3 2 7 -342.

Derek Gregory, "Solid Geometry: Notes on Recovery of Spatial Structure," in Peter Gould and Gunnar Olson, eds., A Search for Common Ground (1982), pp. 187-209.

Peter Haggett, "The Spatial Economy," American Behavioural Scientist, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 151-167.

Martin J. Haigh, "Geography and General System Theory: Philosophical Homologies and Current Practice," Geoforum, Vol. 16 (1985), pp. 191-203.

Leslie King, "The Analysis of Spatial Form and its Relation to Geographic Theory," Annals, Vol. 59 (1969), pp. 572-595.

Jerry Kostrowicki, "A Key Concept: Spatial Organization," Int. Soc. Sci. Journal, Vol. 27 (1975), pp. 328-345.

Barry Lentnek et. al "A Contextual Theory of Demand: Beyond Spatial Analysis in Economic Geography," Economic Geography, Vol. 63 (1987), pp. 334-348.

Richard L. Morrill, "On the Spatial Organization of the Landscape," Lund Studies in Geography, Ser. B., No. 46 (1979).

John D. Nystuen, "Identification of Some Fundamental Spatial Concepts," Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 48 (1963) (1962 meeting), pp. 373-384.

S. Openshaw, "A View on the GIS Crisis in Geography: or, Using GIS to Put Humpty-Dumpty Back Together Again," Environment and Planning A, Vol. 23 (1991), pp. 621-628 and Peter J. Taylor and M. Overton, "Further Thoughts on Geography and GIS," ibid, pp. 1087-1090.

John B. Parr and Kenneth G. Denike, "Theoretical Problems in Central Place Analysis," Economic Geography, Vol. 46 (1970), pp. 568-586.

Robert D. Sack, "Conceptions of Geographic Space," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 4 (1980), pp. 313-345.

Robert D. Sack, "Geography, Geometry, and Explanation," Annals, Vol. 62 (1972), pp. 61-71.

Robert D. Sack, "The Spatial Separatist Theme in Geography," Econ. Geog. 50 (1974), pp. 1 -19.

Andrew Sayer, "Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction Versus Generalization," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 6 (1983), pp. 68-88.

Fred K. Schaffer, “Exceptionalism in Geography," Annals, Vol. 43, (1953), pp. 226-249; See also Richard Hartshorne, "Exceptionalism in Geography Re-examined," Annals, Vol. 45 (1955), pp. 205-244 (the debate that energized the “space cadets”)

James E. Storbeck, "The Spatial Structuring of Central Places," Geographical Analysis, Vol. 20 (1988), pp. 93-110.

Edward J. Taafe, "The Spatial View in Context," Annals, Vol. 64 (1974), pp. 1-16 .

Roger F. Tomlinson, "Geographic Information Systems and Geographers in the 1990's Canadian Geographer, Vol.

33 (1989), pp. 290-298.

Michael J. Woldenberg and Brian J. L. Berry, “Rivers and Central Places: Analogous Systems?" Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 7 (1967), pp. 129-139.

NOTE: See James O. Wheeler, ed. "Geography and Spatial Analysis: Evolution and Outlook" Urban Geography; Vol. 14 (1993), pp. 421-456, 516-556, for 8 papers written by participant/observers (including Susan Hanson). G368 Fall 1997 October 23

DEVELOPEMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading list: The Spatial Tradition 11Spatial Behaviorists and Diffusionists

A -Spatial Diffusion

Piers Blaikie, “The Theory of the Spatial Diffusion of Innovation: A Spacious Cul-de-Sac,” Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 2 (1978), pp. 268-295.

James M. Blaut, “Diffusionism: A Uniformitarian Critique,” Annals, Vol. 77 (198 7), pp. 3 0 -47.

L. A. Brown and E. G. Moore, “Diffusion Research in Geography: A Perspective," Progress in Geography, Vol. 1 (1969), pp. 119-157.

John Browett, "Development, the Diffusionist Paradigm, and Geography, " Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 4 (1980), pp. 56-79.

J. Nicholas Entrekin, “Diffusion Research in the Context of the Naturalism Debate in Twentieth Century Geographic Thought," in Peter J. Hugill and D. Bruce Dickson, eds., The Transfer and Transformation of Ideas and Material Culture (1988), pp. 165-178.

Derek Gregory, “Suspended Animation: The Stasis of Diffusion Theory," in Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds., Social Relations and Spatial Structures (1984), pp. 296-336.

Torsten Hagerstrand, "Aspects of Spatial Structure of Social Communication and the Diffusion of Information,” Regional Science Association, Papers, Vol. 16 (1966), pp. 27-42.

Torsten Hagerstrand, Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process (1967), “Postscript” (by Alan Pred), pp. 299-324.

Torsten Hagerstrand, “Migration and Area,” in Migration in Sweden: A Symposium (Lund Studies in Geography, Series B, no. 13, 1957), pp. 159-169.

Torsten Hagerstrand, “The Propagation of Innovation Waves," Land Studies in Geography, Series B, no. 4 (1952); reprinted in Philip L. Wagner and Marvin w. Mikesell, eds., Readings in cultural Geography (1962), pp. 355-368.

Avinoam Meir, "Spatial-Humanistic Perspective of Innovation Diffusion Processes," Geoforum 13 (1982), pp. 57-68.

Richard L. Morrill, "The Shape of Diffusion in Space and Time," Economic Geography, Vol. 46 (1970), pp. 259-268.

Richard K. Ormrod, "Local Context and Innovation Diffusion in a Well-Connected World," Economic Geography, Vol. 66 (1990), pp. 109-122.

B -Spatial Behaviorism

Trudy E. Bunting and Leonard Guelke, "Behavioral and Perceptual Geography: A Critical Appraisal," Annals, Vol. 69 (1979), pp. 448-474 including commentories by others).

Pat Burnett, "Behavioral Geography and the Philosophy of Mind," in Reginald Golledge and Gerard Ruspton, eds., Spatial Choice and Spatial Behavior (1976), pp. 23 -48.

Martyn Carr, "A Contribution to the Reviews and Critique of Behavioral Industrial Location Theory," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 7 (1983), pp. 368-401.

Helen Couclelis and Reginald Golledge, "Analytic Research, Positivism, and Behavioral Geography," Annals, Vol. 73 (1983), pp. 331-339.

Helen Couclelis, "A Theoretical Framework for Alternative Models of Spatial Decision and Behavior," Annals, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 95-113.

I.G. Cullen, "Human Geography, Regional Science and the Study of Individual Behavior," Environment and Planning A, Vol. 8 (1976), pp. 397-410, plus S. Duncan and A. Sayer, "The 'New Behaviorial Geography: A Reply to Cullen" ibid., Vol. 9 (1977), pp. 230-232 and Cullen's rejoinder, pp. 233 -234 .

Jacqueline Desbarats, "Spatial Choice and Constraints on Behavior," Annals, V0 I. 73 (1983), pp. 340-357.

R.G. Golledge, "Misconceptions, Misinterpretations, and Misrepresentations of Behavioral Approaches in Geography," Environment and Planning, Vol. 13 (1981), pp. 1325-1344.

R.G. Golledge, "A Review of Analytic Behavioral Research in Geography," in Geography and the Urban Environment, Vol. 6 (1984), pp. 1-43.

B. Goodey and J.R. Gold, "Behavioral and Perceptual Geography: From Retrospect to Prospect," Problems in Human Geography, Vol. 9 (1985) pp. 585-595.

Leslie King, “Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography,” Annals, Vol. 66 (1976), pp. 293-308.

David Ley, "Behavioral Geography and the Philosophies of Meaning," in Kevin Cox and R.G. Golledge, eds., Behavioral Problems In Geography Revisited (1981), pp. 209-230.

Julian Wolpert, “Behavioral Aspects of the Decision to Migrate,” Regional Science Association, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 15 (1965), pp. 159-169.

Julian Wolpert, “The Decision Process in Spatial Context," Annals, Vol. 54 (1964), pp. 537-558.

G368 Fall 1997 October 28

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: The Cognitive Reformation and Related Post-Behavioral Approaches

A-Environmental Perception/Cognition

Stuart C. Aitken, et al, "Environmental Perception and Behavioral Geography," in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 218-238 (on reserve).

H.C. Brookfield, "The Behavioral Environment: How, What For, and Whose?" in Frederick W. Boal and David N. Livingstone, (ed.), The Behavioral Environment: Essays in Reflection, Application, and Re-Evaluation (1989), pp. 311-328.

H.C. Brookfield, "On the Environment as Perceived," Progress in Geography Vol. 1 (1969), pp. 51-80.

Ian Burton and R. W. Kates, "The Perception of Natural Hazards in Resource Management," Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 3 (1964), pp. 412-441.

R. W. Chambers, "Images, Acts, and Consequences: A Critical Review of Historical Geosophy," in A. R. Baker and Mark Billinge, eds., Period and Place (1982), pp. 197-204.

"Special Clark University Issue," Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 7 (1987), pp. 281-441 (skim & dip; esp. introductory essay (pp. 281-288) and essays of Anderson, Blaut. Hart, Kates, McCleary, Wood).

Roger M. Downs. "Cognitive Mapping: A Thematic Analysis," in Kevin P. Cox and Reginald Golledge, eds., Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited, (1982), pp. 95-122.

Roger M. Downs and James T. Meyer, "Geography and the Mind," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 59-77 (a valuable summary article; useful bibliography of major work as of the late 1970's.)

John R. Gold, "Image and Environment: The Decline of Cognitive Behavioralism in Human Geography and Grounds for Regeneration," Geoforum, Vol. 23 (1992). pp. 239-247.

Robert W. Kates, "Human Perception of the Environment." International Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 22 (1970), pp. 648-659.

William Kirk. "Historical Geography and the Concept of the Behavioral Environment." India Geographical Journal. Silver Jubilee Volume (1952). pp. 152-160 (not Clark); reprinted in Frederick W. Boal and David N. Livingston. (eds.). The Behavioral Environment (1989). pp. 18-30.

William Kirk. "Problems of Geography." Geography. Vol. 48 (1963). pp. 357-371.

William Kirk. "The Road From Mandalay: Toward a Geographical Philosophy." Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers. N.S. Vol. 3 (1978). PP. 381-394.

Robert Lloyd. "Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information." Annals. Vol. 79 (1989). pp. 101-124.

Raymond W. Kulhavy and William A. Stock. "How Cognitive Maps are Learned and Remembered." Annals. Vol. 86 (1996). pp. 123-145.

David Lowenthal. "Geography, Experience, and Imagination: Toward a Geographic Epistemology." Annals. Vol. 51 (1961). pp. 241-260.

Christopher Spencer and Mark Blades. "Pattern and Process: A Review Essay on the Relationship Between Behavioral Geography and Environmental Psychology." Progress in Human Geography. Vol. 10 (1986). pp. 230-248 (good bibliography of recent work).

John K. Wright. "Terrae Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in Geography." Annals. Vol. 37 (1947). pp. 1-15; reprinted in Wright. Human Nature in Geography. (1966). pp. 68-88.

B -Existentialism, Idealism, and Phenomenology

Mark Billinge. "In Search of Negativism: Phenomenology and Historical Geography." Journal of Historical Geography. Vol. 3 (1977). pp. 55-68.

Anne Buttimer. "Grasping the Dynamism of Life-World." Annals. Vol. 66. (1976). pp. 277. 292.

"Special Clark University Issue." Journal of Environmental Psychology. Vol. 7 (1987). essays of Buttimer, Rowles, and Seamon.

Michael Curry. "The Idealist Dispute in Anglo-American Geography." (with comments by L. Guelke and Curry's reply). Canadian Geographer, Vol. 26 (1982). pp. 37-59.

L. Guelke, "An Idealist Alternative in Human Geography. Annals. Vol. 64 (1974), pp. 193- 202; see also S.J. Watts and S.J. Watts, Professional Geographer. Vol. 30 (1978). pp. 123-127 and R.T. Harrison and David N. Livingstone "There and Back Again: Towards a Critique of Idealist Human Geography," Area, Vol. II (1979), pp. 75-78.

Peter Jackson. "Phenomenology and Social Geography," Area. Vol. 13 (1981), pp. 299-305.

L. Johnson. "Bracketing Lifeworlds: Husserlian Phenomenology as Geographical Method." Australian Geographical Studies. Vol. 21 (1983). pp. 102-108.

John Pickles. "From Fact-World to Life-World: The Phenomenological Method and Social Science." in John Eyles and David M. Smith. Eds,. Qualitative Methods in Human Geography (1988). pp. 233-254.

John Pickles. Phenomenology, Science and Geography (1985). Chapts. 3, "The Interpretation of Phenomenology in Geography" and 9, "Towards an Understanding of Human Spatiality."

Edward C. Relph. "Geographical Experiences and Being-in-the-World: The Phenomenological Origins of Geography." in David Seamon and Robert Mugeraurer. eds,. Dwelling, Place and Environment (1985). pp. 15-31.

Edward C. Relph. "Phenomenology," in Milton Harvey and Brian P. Holly. eds., Themes in Geographic Thought (1981). pp. 99-114.

Marwyn S. Samuels. "Existentialism and Human Geography." in David Ley and Samuels. eds., Humanistic Geography (1978). pp. 22-40.

David Seamon. "Phenomenology and Environment -Behavior Research." in Gary T. Moore and Erwin Zube. eds., Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design Vol. I (1987). pp. 3-27.

Yi-Fu Tuan. "Geography. Phenomenology and the Study of Human Nature." Canadian Geographer. Vol. 15 (1971). pp. 181-192.

Yi-Fu Tuan. "Place: An Experiential Perspective." Geog. Review. Vol. 65 (1975). pp.151-165.

Tim Unwin. The Pl ace of Geography (1992). Chapter 6. "Geography and Historical-Humanistic Science."

D.J. Walmsley. "Positivism and Phenomenology in Human Geography." Canadian Geographer. Vol. 18 (1974). pp. 95-107.

NOTE: James Bird. The Changing Worlds of Geography (1989). Chaps. 3 &4. provides a recent overview of the non-Marxist alternatives to positivism.

NOTE: Frederick Boal and David N. Livingstone. (eds) The Behavioral Environment: Essays on Reflection, Application, and Re-evaluation (1989) is both a tribute to William Kirk as a pioneer of cognitive human geography and also an opportunity (by a number of geographers of different viewpoints) to make a long-term assessment of his seminal 1952 essay and its possibilities for today. Geography 368 Fall 1997 October 30

DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: "Radical" Geography: Marxism, Anarchism, Utopianism

ALL READ: Cloke et al. Approaching Human Geography. Chap. 2. as background.

James Anderson, "Toward a Materialistic Conception of Geography." Geoforum. Vol. 11 (1980). PP. 171-178.

Thomas L. Bell. "Political Economy's Responses to Positivism." Geog. Review Vol. 80 (1990). pp. 308-315 (review of Peet and Thrift. eds,. New Models in Geography (1989).

Myrna Breitbart. "The Integration of Community and Environment: Anarchist Decentralism in Rural Spain. 1936-1939." in Anne Buttimer and David Seamon. eds.. The Human Experience of Space and Place (1980). pp. 86-119.

H.C. Brookfield. "On One Geography and a Third World." Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers. Vol. 58 (1973). pp. 1-20.

William Bunge. "The Geography of Human Survival." Annals. Vol. 63 (1973). pp. 275-295.

William Bunge. "Perspective on Theoretical Geography." Annals. Vol. 69 (1979). pp. 169-174.

Noel Castree. "Birds, Mice and Geography: Marxism and Dialectics." Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers. N.S. Vol. 21 (1996). pp. 342-362.

Kevin R. Cox. "Bourgeois Thought and the Behavioral Geography Debate." in Kevin R. Cox and Reginald G. Golledge. eds,. Behavioral Problems in Geography Revisited (1981). pp. 256-279.

"The Development of Radical Geography." (US. GB. France. Scandinavia). Antipode. Vol. 17. nos. 2 & 3 (1985). pp. 1-18.

James Duncan and David Ley, "Structural Marxism and Human Geography : A Critical Assessment." Annals. Vol. 72 (1982). pp. 30-59.

Michael Dunford and Diane Perrons. The Arena of Capital (1983). Introduction and Chapter 2. "The Question of Method."

Michael E. Eliot-Hurst. "Geography, Social Science and Society: Towards a De-Definition." Australian Geographical Studies. Vol. 18 (1980). pp. 3-21.

J. Eyles, "Why Geography Cannot Be Marxist: Toward an Understanding of Lived Experience," Environment and Behavior A, Vol. 13 (1981), pp. 1371-1388.

Folke, Steen, "The Development of Radical Geography in Scandinavia," Antipode, Vol. 17, Nos. 2-3 (1985), pp. 13-18.

Michel Foucault, "Questions on Geography," (interview), reprinted in Foucault, Power/Knowledge (1980), pp. 63-77.

Derek Gregory, "Contours of Crisis: Sketches for a Geography of Class Struggle in the Early Industrial Revolution in England," in Alan R.H. Baker and Derek Gregory, eds., Explorations in Historical Geography (1984), pp. 68-117.

David Harvey, "The Geography of Capitalist Accumulation: A Reconstruction of the Marxian Theory," Antipode, Vol. 7, No.2 (1975), pp. 9-21: reprinted in J.R. Peet, ed., Radical Geography (1978), pp. 263-292.

David Harvey, "Marxist Geography" in R.J. Johnston, ed., Dictionary of Human Geography (1981), pp. 209-212.

David Harvey, "Revolutionary and Counter-Revolutionary Theory and the Problem of Ghetto Formation," Antipode, Vol. 4, No.2 (1972), pp. 1-12; commentary by B.J.L. Berry, pp. 31-33, and Harvey's reply, pp. 36-41, also other commentaries, pp. 19-31; 33-35.

Jim Maclaughlin, "State-Centered Social Science and the Anarchist Critique: Ideology in Political Geography," Antipode Vol. 18 (1986), pp. 11-38.

David Mercer, "Unmasking Technocratic Geography," in Mark Billinge et. eds., Recollections of a Revolution: Geography as Spatial Science (1984), pp. 153-199.

Richard Muir, "Radical Geography or a New Orthodoxy'" Area, Vol. 10 (1978), pp. 322 -327.

J. Richard Peet, "The Development of Radical Geography in the U.S.", Progress in Human Geography, Vol. I (1977), pp. 240-263; reprinted in Peet, ed., Radical Geography, (1977), pp. 6-30.

J. Richard Peet, "The Destruction of Regional Cultures," in R.J. Johnston and Peter J. Taylor, (eds), A World in Crisis? Geographical Perspectives (1984), pp. 150-172.

J. Richard Peet, "The Geography of Human liberation," Antipode, Vol. 10, No.3; 11 No.1 (1979), pp. 119-134.

J. Richard Peet, "An Introduction to Marxist Geography." Journal of Geography, Vol. 84 (1985), pp. 5-10, (for teachers).

J. Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, "Political Economy and Human Geography," in Peet and Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography (1989), pp. 3-29 of either volume.

Massimo Quaini, Geographv and Marxism (1982), Chap. 2. "Philosophy in Geography," and Chap. 6. "Towards a Marxist Geography".

Andrew Sayer, "Radical Geography and Marxist Political Economy: Towards a Re-evaluation," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 16 (1992), pp. 343-360.

Neil Smith and Phil O'Keefe, "Geography, Marx, and the Concept of Nature," Antipode, Vol. 12 No.2 (1980), pp. 30-39.

Neil Smith, "Geography, Science and Post-Positivist Modes of Explanation," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 3 (1979), pp. 356-383.

Edward Soja and C. Hadji-Michalis, "Between Geographical Materialism and Spatial Fetishism: Some Observations on the Development of Marxist Spatial Analysis," Antipode, Vol. 15 (1979), pp. 32-12.

Edward Soja, "The Socio-Spatial Dialectic," Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 207-225.

Peter J. Taylor, "A Materialist Framework for Political Geography," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, New Series, Vol. 7 (1982) pp. 15-34.

Tim Unwin, The Place of Geography (1992), Chap. 7, "Critical Science and Society: The Geographer's Interest".

Dick Walker, "What's Left to Do, or, Theses on a Flier Back," Antipode, Vol. 21 (1989) pp. 133-165.

Richard Walker, "Geography From the Left," in Gary L. Gale-and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 619-650 (on reserve).

Barney Warf, "Ideology, Everyday Life and Emancipatory Phenomenology," Antipode, Vol. 18 (1986), pp. 268-283.

Stephen Wyn Williams, "Realism, Marxism, and Human Geography," Antipode, Vol. 13 , No.2 (1981), pp. 33-38.

NOTE: James Bird, The Changing Worlds of Geography (1989), Chap. 5, discusses Marxist and anarchist alternatives to positivism. See also J.L. Paterson, David Harvey's Geography (1984).

368 Fall 1997 November 4 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: "Humanistic" Geography

ALL READ: Cloke, et al, Approaching Human Geography, Chapter 3, as background.

Mark Billinge, "The Mandarin Dialect: An Essay on Style in Contemporary Geographical Writing," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 8 (1983), pp. 400-420 (A "must" read!; critique of Buttimer, below).

Marc Brousseau, "Geography's Literature," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 333- 353.

Edmunds V. Bunkse, "Common Attitudes Toward Landscape and Nature," Annals, Vol. 68 (1978) pp. 551-566.

Edmunds V. Bunkse, "Saint-Euxpery's Geography Lesson: Art and Science in the Creation and Cultivation of Landscape Values," Annals, Vol. 80(1990), pp. 96-108.

Anne Buttimer, "Geography, Humanism, and Global Concern," Annals, Vol. 80 (1990) ,pp. 1-33.

Anne Buttimer, Geography and the Human Spirit (1993), Chap. 2, "The Drama of Western Humanism."

Anne Buttimer, "Reflections on Lundagard," in Allan Pred, ed., Space and Time in Geography (1981), pp. 3-14 (Lund Studies in Geography, Series B., No. 48) (critiqued in Billinge, above!)

K. Christenssen, "Geography as a Human Science: A Philosophic Critique of the Positivist-Humanist Split," in Peter Gould and Gunner Olsson, eds., A Search for Common Ground (1982), pp. 37-57.

Denis Cosgrove, "Historical Considerations on Humanism, Historical Materialism, and Geography," in Audrey Kobayashi and Suzanne Mackenzie, (eds), Remaking Human Geography (1989), pp. 189-226.

Denis Cosgrove, "The Myth and the Stones of Venice: An Historical Geography of a Symbolic Landscape," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 8 (1982), pp. 145 - 16 9.

Denis Cosgrove, "Prospect) Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea," Institute of British deographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 10 (1985), pp. 45-62.

Denis Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (1983), Introduction and Chapter 1, "The Idea of Landscape," and Chapter 2, "Landscape and Social Formation: Theoretical Considerations."

Stephen Daniels, "Arguments for a Humanistic Geography," in R.J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 143-158 (on reserve).

James S. Duncan, Jr., "Landscape Tastes as a Symbol of Group Identity," Geog. Review, Vol. 63 (1973), pp. 334-355.

J. Nicholas Entrekin, "Contemporary Humanism in Geography," Annals, Vol. 66 (1976), pp. 615 - 632.

John Eyles, Senses of Place (1985), Chaps. 3, "Methods: Phenomenology,Science and Interpretation," and 6, "Interpretive Analysis: Sense of) Place."

Robin Hall, "Teaching Humanistic Geography," Australian Geographer, Vol. 14 (1978-80), pp. 7-14.

J. B. Jackson, "To Pity the Plumage and Forget the Dying Bird," Landscape, Vol. 17, No.1 (1967), pp. 1-4; reprinted in his Landscapes: Selected Writings of J. B. Jackson (1970), pp. 132-145.

John A. Jakle, The Visual Elements of Landscape (1987), Chaps. 2, "Visualizing Landscape," and 6, “Landscape Visualization and Cognitive Mapping.”

R. J. Johnston, Philosophy and Human Geography (1983), Chapter 3, "Humanistic Approaches".

David Ley, "Rediscovering Man's Place," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 7 (1982), pp. 248-253, and commentary by Derek Gregory,pp. 254-256.

David Ley and Marwyn Samuels, "Introduction: Contexts of Modern Humanism, in Geography," in Ley and Samuels, eds., Humanistic Geography: Prospects and Problems (1978), pp. 1-17.

David Lowenthal and Hugh Prince, "English Landscape Tastes," Geog. Review, Vol. 55 (1965), pp. 186-222.

Donald W. Meinig, "Geography as an Art," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 8 (1983), pp. 314-328.

Avinoam Meir, "Adoption Environment and Environmental Diffusion Processes: Merging Positivistic and Humanistic Perspectives," in Peter J. Hugill and D. Bruce Dickson, eds., The Transfer and Transformation of Ideas and Material Culture (1988), pp. 233-247.

Peter H. Nash, "The Making of a Humanist Geographer: A Circuitous Journey," in Leonard Guelke, ed., Geography and Humanistic Knowledge (1986), pp. 1-22; reprinted in Guelke and Richard Preston, eds., Abstract Thoughts: Concrete Solutions: Essays in Honor of Peter Nash (1987), pp. 273-300.

John Pickles, Geography and Humanism (1986) ("Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography," #44) (J .K. Wright only).

Steve Pile, "Echo, Desire, and the Grounds of Knowledge: A Myth-Poetic Assessment of Buttimer's Geography and the Human Spirit," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 12 (1994), pp. 495-507.

John V. Punter, "Landscape Aesthetics: A Synthesis and Critique," in John R. Gold and Jacqueline Burgess, eds., Valued Environments (1982), pp. 100-123.

Edward Relph, "Responsive Methods, Geographical Imagination, and the Study of Landscapes," in Audrey Kobayashi and Suzanne Mackenzie, (eds.), Remaking Human Geography (1989), pp. 149-163.

Susan J. Smith, "Practicing Humanistic Geography," Annals, Vol. 74 (1984), pp. 353-374.

Yi-Fu Tuan, "Literature and Geography: Implications for Geographical Research, " in David Ley and Marwyn Samuels, eds., Humanistic Geography (1970), pp. 194-206.

Yi-Fu Tuan, "Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective," in Progress in Geography, Vol. 6 (1974), pp. 211-252.

Yi-Fu Tuan, "Surface Phenomena and Aesthetic Experience," Annals, Vol. 79 (1989), pp. 233-241.

Lambert Van Der Laan and Andries Piersma, "The Image of Man: Paradigmatic Cornerstone in Human Geography," Annals, Vol. 72 (1982), pp. 411-426.

Alexander Von Humboldt, "Landscape Painting in its Influence on the Study of Nature," in his Cosmos, Vol. II, pp. 82-98.

Geog 368 Fa111997 November 6 Development of Western Geographic Thought Reading List: Time-Geography, Structuration and Realism

ALL READ: Cloke, et. al., Approaching Human Geography, Chapters 4 and 5, as background reading.

Bjorn T. Asheim, "A Critical Evaluation of Postwar Developments in Human Geography in Scandinavia," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 11 (1987), pp. 333-353.

Tommy Carlstein, "The Sociology of Structuration in Time and Space: A Time-Geographic Assessment of Giddens' Theory," Svensk Geografisk Arsbok, Vol. 57 (1981), pp. 41-57.

Dennis Cosgrove, "Place, Landscape, and the Dialectics of Cultural Geography," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 66-72.

Michael J. Dear and Adam I. Moos, "Structuration Theory in Urban Analysis," in David Wilson and James O. Huff (eds.), Marginalized Places and Populations (1994), pp. 3-25.

Anthony Giddens, "Agency, Institutions and Time-Space Analysis," in K. Knorr-Centina and A.V. Cicourel, eds., Advances in Social Theory and Methodology (1981), pp.161-174.

Anthony Giddens, "Time, Space and Regionalization," in Derek Gregory and John Urry, (eds.), Social Relations and Spatial Structures (1985), pp. 265-295.

Anthony Giddens, "The Time-Space Constitution of Social Systems," in his A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism,Vol. I (1981), pp. 26-48.

Derek Gregory, "The Discourse of the Past: Phenomenology, Structuralism and Historical Geography," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 4 (1978), pp. 161-173.

Derek Gregory, "Human Agency and Human Geography," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 6, (1981), pp. 1-18; and comments by David Ley and Gregory in idem., Vol. (1982), pp. 248-256.

Derek Gregory, "People, Places and Practices: The Future of Human Geography," in R.J. Johnson, ed., The Future of Geography, (1985), pp. 56-76 (on reserve).

Derek Gregory, "Presences and Absences: Time-Space Relations and Structuration Theory," in David Held and John B. Thompson, ed., Social Theory of Modem Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics (1989), pp. 185-214.

Derek Gregory, Space and Time in Social Life (1985) (Atwood Lecture Series).

Derek Gregory, "Towards a Human Geography," in Rex Walford, ed., Signposts for Geography Teaching (1981), pp. 133-147.

Nicky Gregson, "On Duality and Dualism: The Case of Structuration and Time Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 10 (1986), pp. 184-205

Nicky Gregson, "Structuration Theory: Some Thoughts on the Possibilities for Empirical Research," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 5 (1987), pp. 73-91.

Torsten Hagerstrand, "Diorama, Path and Project," Tidschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 73 (1982), pp. 323-339.

Torsten Hagerstrand, "Geography and the Study of Interaction Between Nature and Society," Geoforum, Vol. 7 (1976), pp. 329-334.

Torsten Hagerstrand, "Survival and Arena: On the Life-History of Individuals in Relation to Their Environment," The Monadnock, Vol. 49 (1975), pp. 9-29 (Atwood Lecture). (Second copy in Archives). Reprinted in Tommy Carlstein, et al, eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time, Vol. 2 (1978), pp. 122-146.

Torsten Hagerstrand, "Time-Geography: Focus on the Corporeality of Man, Society and Environment," in United Nations University. The Science and Praxis of Complexity (1985), pp. 193-216.

R.T. Hanison and David N. Livingstone, "Understanding in Geography: Structuring the Subjective," in Geography and the Urban Environment, Vol. 5 (1982), pp. 1-29.

Aharon Kellerman, "Structuration Theory and Attempts at Integration in Human Geography," Professional Geographer, Vol. 39 (1987), pp. 267-274 (and comments, Vol. 40 (1988), pp. 219-222).

Victoria A. Lawson and Lynn A. Staeheli, "Realism and the Practice of Geography," Professional Geographer, Vol. 42 (1990), pp. 13-20.

J. Lovering, "Militarism, Capitalism, and the Native State: Toward a Realist Synthesis," Enviromnent and Planning D: Societv and Space, Vol. 5 (1987), pp. 283-302.

Don Parkes and Nigel Thrift, "Putting Time in its Place," in Carlstein et al, eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time, Vol. I (1978), pp. 119-129.

Andy C. Pratt, "Putting Critical Realism to Work: The Practical Implications for Geographical Research," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 19 (1995), pp. 61-74.

Allen Pred, "The Choreography of Existence: Comments on Hagerstrand's Time-Geography and its Usefulness," Economic Geography, Vol. 53 (1977), pp. 207-221, (Second Set of E.G. in Archives).

Allan Pred, "Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-Geography of Becoming Places," Annals, Vol. 74 (1984), pp. 279-297.

Allen Pred, "Production, Family and Free-Time Projects: A Time-Geographic Perspective on the Individual and Societal Change in Nineteenth-Century U.S. Cities," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 7 (1981), pp. 3-36.

Allen Pred, "Social Reproduction and the Time-Geography of Everyday Life," Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Vol. 63 (1981), pp. 5-22; also in Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson, eds. A Search for Common Ground (1982), pp. 157-186.

Allan Pred, "Structuration and Place: On the Becoming of Sense of Place and Structure of Feeling," Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Vol. 63 (1981), pp. 5-22.

Gillian Rose, Feminism in Geography (1993), Chap. 2, "Women and Everyday Spaces."

Andrew Sayer, "The Difference that Space Makes," in Derek Gregory and John Urry, (eds.), Social Relations and Spatial Structures (1985), pp. 49-66.

Andrew Sayer, "Explanation in Economic Geography: Abstraction versus Generalization," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 6 (1982), pp. 68-88.

Andrew Sayer, "Realism and Geography" in R.J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 159-173 (on reserve).

M. Storper, "The Spatial and Temporal Constitution of Social Action: A Critical Reading of Giddens," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 3 (1985), pp. 407-424.

Nigel Thrift, "On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 23-57.

C. Van Paassen, "The Philosophy of Geography: From Vidal to Hagerstrand," in Allen Pred, ed., Space and Time in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hagerstrand, Lund Studies in Geography, Series B, Vol. 48 (1981), pp. 17-29.

Henry Wai-chang Yelmg, "Critical Realism and Realist Research in Human Geography: A Method or a Philosophy in Search of a Method?" Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 21 (1997), pp. 51-74.

NOTE: David Wilson and James O. Huff, (eds). Marginalized Places and Populations: A Structuration Agenda (1994) has a good introduction, three theoretical pieces (including Dear and Moos, above) and a number of essays which attempt to apply structurationist methods to geographical problems.

Geography 368 Fall 1997 November 11 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT

Reading List: Nature/Society III: Recent Developments

Jay Appleton, The Experience of Landscape (1975), Preface, Chapters 1 & 10.

J. L. Bintliff, "New Approaches to Human Geography: Prehistoric Greece: A Case Study" in Francis W. Carter, ed., An Historical Geography of the Balkans (1977), pp. 59-114.

Margaretta Bowen, "The Ecology of Knowledge: Linking the Natural and Social Sciences," Geoforum, Vol. i6(1985), pp. 213-225.

H. C. Brookfield, "Questions on the Human Frontiers of Geography," Economic Geography, Vol. 40 (1964), pp. 282-302.

Rod Burgess, "The Concept of Nature in Geography and Marxism," Antipode, vol. 10 (1978), pp. 1- 10.

Farl W. Butzer, "Cultural Ecology," in Gary Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 192-208 (on reserve).

James D. Clarkson, "Ecology and Spatial Analysis," Annals, Vol. 60 (1970) pp. 700-716.

Ronald U. Cooke, "Common Ground, Shared Inheritance: Research Imperatives for Environmental Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. 17 (1992), pp. 131-151.

Dennis Cosgrove, "Prospect, Perspective and the Evolution of the Landscape Idea," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions, N. S. Vol. 10 (1985), pp. 45-62.

David Demeritt, “Ecology, Objectivity and Critique in Writings on Nature and Human Societies,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 20 (1994) pp. 22-37, and "Comment" by William Cronon, ibid, 38-43.

David Demeritt, "The Nature of Metaphors in Cultural Geography and Environmental History," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 163-185.

Robin W. Doughty, "Environmental Theology: Trends and Prospects in Christian Thought," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 5 (1981), pp. 234-248.

G.H. Dury, "Geography and Geomorphology: The Last Fifty Years," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, n.s. Vol. 8 (1983), pp. 90-99.

Roy Ellen, "Persistence and Change in the Relationship Between Anthropology and Human Society," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 12 (1988), pp. 229-262.

Jody Emel and Richard Peet, "Resource Management and Natural Hazards," in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography, Vol. I ( 19 8 9), pp. 49-76.

"Forum: The Earth as Transformed By Human Action," Annals, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 710-731.

Larry Grossman, "Man-Environment Relationships in Anthropology and Geography," Annals, Vol. 67 (1977), pp.126-144.

F. Kenneth Hare, "Future Environments: Can They Be Predicted?" Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N. S. Vol. 10 (1985), PP. 131-137.

Robert W. Kates, "The Human-Environment: The Road Not Taken, The Road Still Beckoning," Annals Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 525-534.

Robert W. Kates, "Labnotes From the Jeremiah Experiment: Hope for a Sustainable Transition," Annals, Vol. 85 (1995), pp. 623-640.

Robert W. Kates, "Part and Apart: Issues in Humankind's Relationship to the Natural World," in F. Kenneth Hare, ed., The Experiment of Life: Science and Religion (1983), pp. 151-180.

V. M. Kollyakov, “Global Change: Geographical Approaches,” National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, Vol. 85 (1988), pp. 5986-5991 (Science Library).

D.T. Kuzmiak, "A History of the American Environmental Movement," Geographical Journal, Vol. 157 (1991), pp. 265-278.

Sally M. Macgill, "Environmental Questions and Human Geography," Int. Soc. Science Journal, Vol. 38 (1986), pp. 357-375.

J.K. Mitchell, "Hazard Research," in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 410-424 (on reserve).

Robert Mugeraur, "Language and the Emergence of the Environment," in David Seamon and Robert Mugeraur, eds., Dwelling, Place and Environment (1984), pp. 51-70.

Malcolm Newson, "Twenty years of Systematic Physical Geography: Issues for a ‘New Environmental Age, ‘” Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 16 ) (1992), pp. 209 - 221.

William Norton, "Humans, Land and Landscape: A Proposal for Cultural Geography," (and Commentary by Gerald Walker), Canadian Geographer Vol. 31 (1987), pp. 21-33.

Kenneth R. Olwig, "Historical Geography·and the Society/Nature Problematic," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 6 (1980), pp. 29- 45.

Kenneth R. Olwig, Nature’s Ideological Landscape (1984), Chapter 1, "The Morphology of the Ideological Landscape."

Kenneth R. Olwig, "Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape,” Annals, Vol. 86 (1996), pp. 630-653.

Timothy O’Riordan, "The Challenge for Environmentalism, II in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography (1989), Vol. I, pp. 77-102.

Richard Peet and Michael Watts, “Introduction: Development Theory and Environment in an Age of Market Triumphalism,” Economic Geography, Vol. 69 (1993), pp. 227-253 (useful recent bibliography) .

J. Douglas Porteous, “Bodyscape: The Body-Landscape Metaphor” in Canadian Geographer, Vol. 30 (1986), pp. 2-12.

Philip W. Porter, "Geography as Human Ecology," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 15-29 (useful bibliog. to date of pub.) .

R. A. Sayer, “Epistemology and Conceptions of People and Nature in Geography,” Geoforum, Vol. 10 (1979), pp. 19-44.

Ian Simmons, “Human Societies and Environmental Change: The Long View,” in R.J. Johnston, (ed.), The Challenge for Geography (1993), pp. 100-116.

Ian Simmons, IIIngredients of a Green Geography," Geography, Vol. 75 (1990), pp. 98 -105.

O. F. G. Sitwell and Olenka S. E. Blash, “Analyzing the Cultural Landscape as a Means of Probing the Non-Material Dimension of Reality,” Canadian Geographer, Vol. 30 (1986), pp. 132-145.

N. Smith and P. OIKeefe, "Geography, Marx and the Concept of Nature," Antipode, Vol. 12 (1980), pp. 30-39.

D. R. Stoddart, "Geography and the Ecological Approach," Geography, Vol. 5 0 (1965), pp. 242-251.

J. B. Thomas, “Environmental Systems,” in Michael J. Clark, ed., Horizons in Physical Geography (1989), pp. 27-46.

Russell D. Thompson, "Short-Term Climatic Change: Evidence, Causes, Environmental Consequences and Strategies for Action," Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 13 (1989), pp. 315-347.

B.L. Turner II, et al, eds. The Earth as Transformed by Human Action (1990), an appropriate essay of your choice.

B. L. Turner II, "The Specialist-Synthesis Approach to the Revival of Geography: The Case of Cultural Ecology," Annals, Vol. 79 (1989), pp. 88-100.

Thomas J. Wilbanks, "'Sustainable Development' in Geographic Perspective,” Annals, Vol. 84 (1994), .pp. 541-556.

Michael Williams, "The Relations of Environmental History and Historical Geography," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 20 (1994), pp. 3-21.

Anne V. T. Whyte, "From Hazard Perception to Human Ecology" in Robert W. Kates and Ian Burton, eds., Geography, Resources, and Environment, Vol. II, (1986), pp. 240 -271.

S. Zimmerer, "Human Geography and the' 'New Ecology': The Prospect and Promise of Integration," Annals 84 (1994), pp. 108-125.

NOTE: Michael J. Clark et. al., (eds.) Horizons in Physical Geography (1987) contains a number of useful state-of-the-art appraisals by geographers of where they think pure and applied physical geography is going.

G368 Fall 1997 November 13 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Region and Landscape II: The Rehabilitated Region

K. J. Anderson, “The Idea of Chinatown: The Power of Place and Institutional Practice in the Making of a Racial Category,” Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 580-598.

V. A. Anuchin, Theoretical Problems of Geography (1977), Chap. 6, "The Methodological Essence of the Unity of Geography".

Gordon L. Clark, "Capitalism and Regional Identity," Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 226-237.

Paul Claval, "The Region as A Geographical, Economic and Cultural Concept," Int. Soc. Science Journal, Vol. 39 (1987), pp. 159-172.

S. S. Duncan, "What is Locality?" in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, ed. , New Models in Geography (1989), Vol. II, pp. 221-254.

J. Nicholas Entrikin, "Place, Region, and Modernity," in John A. Agnew and James S. Duncan, eds., The Power of Place (1989), pp. 30-41.

J. Nicholas Entrikin, "Philosophical Issues in the Scientific Study of Regions," in D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston, eds., Geography and the Urban Environment, Vol. 4 (1981), pp. 1-27.

J. Nicholas Entrikin, The Betweenness of Place (1991), Chaps. 1, 2, 7, 8.

B. H. Farmer, "Geography, Area Studies and the Study of Area," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, No. 60 (1973), pp. 1- 15.

C. A. Fisher, "Whither Regional Geography?" Geography, Vol. 55 (1970), pp. 375-389.

Stephen Gale and Michael Atkins, "On the Set Theoretic Foundations of the Regionalization Problem," in Gale and Gunnar Olsson, eds., Philosophy in Geography (1979), pp. 65-107 (highly mathematical) .

Anne Gilbert, "The New Regional Geography in English and French-Speaking Countries," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 12 (1988), pp. 208-228.

L. Guelke, "Regional Geography," Professional Geographer, Vol. 29 (1977), pp. 1-7.

John Fraser Hart, "The Highest Form of the Geographer's Art," Annals, Vol. 72 (1982), pp. 1-29 and commentaries, pp. 557-559 and Vol. 73 (1983), pp. 439-443.

R. J. Johnston, "A Place for Everything and Everything in·its Place," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 16 (1991), pp. 131-147. R. J. Johnston, "The World is Our Oyster," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, NS. Vol. 9 (1984), pp. 443-459.

Rob Kroes, "The Language of the Snake: Regions and Regionalism in Europe at the United States," Soundings, Vol. 76 (1996), pp. 325-348.

Roger Lee, "The Future of the Region: Regional Geography as Education for Transformation," in Russell King, (ed.), Geographical Futures (1985), pp. 77-91.

William R. Mead, "Regional Geography" in E. H. Brown, ed., Geography Yesterday and Tomorrow (1980), pp. 292-302.

Alexander B. Murphy, "Regions as Social Constructs: The Gap Between Theory and Practice.," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 15 (1991), pp. 22-35.

Dov Nir, "Regional Geography Considered From the Systems' Approach," Geoforum, Vol. 18 (1987), pp. 187-202.

J. H. Paterson, "Writing Regional Geography," Progress in Geography, Vol. 6 (1974), pp. 1-26.

J. Richard Peet, "The Destruction of Regional Cultures," in R.J. Johnston and P.J. Taylor, eds., A World in Crisis: Geographical Perspectives (1986), pp. 150-172.

Mary Beth Pudup , "Arguments Within Regional Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 12 (1988), pp. 369-390.

Andrew Sayer, "The 'New' Regional Geography and Problems of Narrative, " Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 7 (1989), pp. 253 -276.

Neil Smith, "The Region is Dead: Long Live the Region!" Political Geog. Quarterly, Vol. 7 (1988), pp. 141-152.

R. W. Steel, "Regional Geography in Practice," Geography, Vol. 67 (1982), pp. 2-8.

Peter J. Taylor, "The World-Systems Project," in R.J. Johnston and Peter J. Taylor, (eds.), A World in Crisis? Geographical Perspectives (1984), pp. 269-288.

C. P. Terlouw, "World-System Theory and Regional Geography," Tidsschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 80 (1989), pp. 206-221.

Edward W. Soja, "Regions in Context: Spatiality, Periodicity and the Historical Geography of the Regional Question," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 3 (1985), pp. 175-190.

Erik A. Swyngedouw, "The Heart of the Place: The Resurrection of Locality in an Age of Hyperspace," Geografiska Annaler Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 71 (1989), pp. 31-42.

David Turnock, "The Region Modern Geography,” Geography, Vol. 52 (1967), pp. 374-383. (a useful though somewhat elementary and now dated introduction to the problem)

John Urry, "Society, Space and Locality," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 5 (1987), pp. 435-444.

Geog 368 Fall 1997 November 18 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: "Postmodernism" in Geography

ALL READ: Cloke, et al, Approaching Human Geography, Chapter 6, "The Differences of Postmodern Human Geography. "

R.A. Beauregard, "Between Modernity and Postmodernity: The Ambiguous Position of U.S. Planning," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 7 (1989), pp. 381-396.

A. Bonnet, "Situationism, Geography, and Poststructuralism,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 7 (1989), pp. 131-146.

Lawrence D. Bery, "Between Modernism and Postmodernism," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 17 (1993), pp. 490-507.

R. Bordessa, "Geography, Postmodernism, and Environmental Concern," Canadian Geographer, Vol. 37 (1993), pp. 147-156.

Michael Brown, "Ironies of Distance: An Ongoing Critique of the Geographies of AIDS," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , Vol. 13 (1995), pp. 159-183.

Jacquelin Burgess and John R. Gold, "Place, the Media, and Popular Culture," in Burgess and Gold, (eds.), Geography, The Media. and Popular Culture, (1985), pp. 1-32.

S. Corbridge, "Marxism, Modernities, and Moralities: Development Praxis and the Claims of Distant Strangers,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 11 (1993), pp. 449-472.

Denis Cosgrove, “Environmental Thought and Action: Pre-Modern and Post-Modern," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S., Vol. 15 (1990), pp. 344-358.

Michael R. Curry, “Postmodernism, Language, and the Strains of Modernism,” Annals, Vol. 81 (1991), pp. 210-228, and responses in Annals, Vol. 82 (1992), pp. 305-312.

Stephen Daniels and Denis Cosgrove, "Introduction: Iconography and Landscape," in Cosgrove and Daniels, (eds.), The Iconography of Landscape (1988), pp. 1-10 (and any essay).

Michael J. Dear, “Postmodernism and Planning," Environment Planning D: and Society and Space, Vol. 4 (1986), pp. 367-384.

Michael J. Dear, "Who's Afraid of Postmodernism," and replies by Richard Symanski and Denis Cosgrove," Annals, Vol. 84 (1994), pp. 295-307.

Michael J. Dear, “The Postmodern Challenge: Reconstructing Human Geography,” Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 13 (1988), pp. 262-274. Rosalyne Deutsche, "Boys Town,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 9 (1991), pp. 5-30.

James Duncan and David Ley, (eds.) Place/Culture/Representation (1993), Chap. 1, "Introduction."

Gwyn Edwards, "Alternative Speculation on Geographical Futures: Towards a Postmodern- Perspective," Geography, Vol. 81 (1996), pp. 217-224.

Michael E. Eliot Hurst, "Geography Has Neither Existence Nor Future,” in R.J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 59-91 (on reserve) .

Mireya Folch-Serra, “Geography and Post-Modernism: Linking Humanism and Development Studies,” Canadian Geographer, Vol. 33 (1989), pp. 66-75.

T. Walter Freeman et al, "The Unity of Geography," (Symposium, Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 11 (1986), pp. 441-467.

Elspeth Graham, "Postmodernism and the Possibility of a new Human Geography," and Michael Dear, "Practicing Postmodern Geography," Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 111 (1995), pp. 175-181.

Derek Gregory, “Areal Differentiation and Post-Modern Human Geography,” in Gregory and Rex Walford, eds., Horizon in Human Geography (1989), pp. 67-96.

Derek Gregory, "The Crisis of Modernity? Human Geography and Critical Social Theory" in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography, (1989), Vol. II, pp. 348.

J. Brian Harley, "Deconstructing the Map," Cartographica, Vol. 26 No.2 (1989), pp. 1-2 , and "Commentary," nos. 3 & 41 (1989), pp. 89 ff.

Cole Harris, "Power, Modernity, and Historical Geography,” Annals, Vol. 81 (1991), pp. 671-683 and comments in Annals, Vol. 82 (1992), pp. 312-315.

David Harvey, "Flexible Accumulation Through Urbanisation: Reflections on 'Post-Modernism' in the American City," Antipode ,Vol. 19 (1987), pp. 260-286.

David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity (1989), passim.

David Harvey, "Three Myths in Search of a Reality in Urban Studies," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 5 (1987), pp. 367-376 (followed by a number of varied responses) .

A.P. Lagopoulos, "Postmodernism, Geography, and the Semiotics of Space," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 11 (1993), pp. 255-278.

David Ley, “Modernism, Post-Modernism, and the Struggle for Place," in John A. Agnew and James S. Duncan, eds., The Power of Place (1989), pp. 44-65.

David Ley, "Styles of the Times: Liberal and Neo-Conservative Landscapes in Inner Vancouver, 1968-1986, " Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 13 (1987), pp. 40-56.

David N. Livingstone, “Geography, Tradition and the Scientific Revolution: An Interpretive Essay," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 15 (1990), pp. 359-373.

John Lovering, "Postmodernism, Marxism, and Locality Research: The Contribution of Critical Realism to the Debate, " Antipode, Vol. 21 (1989), pp. 1-12.

Peter Marden, "The Deconstructionist Tendencies of Postmodern Geographies: A Compelling Logic?" Progress in Human Geography ,Vol. 16 (1992) pp. 41-57.

Doreen Massey, "Flexible Sexism," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space," Vol. 9 (1991), pp. 31-57.

Chris Philo, "Foucault's Geography," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 10 (1992), pp. 137-161.

Steve Pile and Gillian Rose, "All or Nothing: Politics and Critique in the Modernism-Postmodernism Debate," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 10 (1992), pp. 123- 136.

Dagmar Reichert, "Writing Around Circularity and Self-Reference," in Peter Gould et al, eds., A Ground for Common Search ( 1988), pp. 102 -125.

Robert D. Sack, "The Consumer's World: Place as Context," Annals, Vol. 78 (1988), pp. 642-664.

Andrew Sayer, "Postmodernist Thought in Geography: A Realist View," Antipode, Vol. 25 (1993), pp. 320-344.

Neil Smith, "Geography Redux? The History and Theory of Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 14 (1990), pp. 547-559.

Susan J. Smith, "Social Landscapes: Continuity and Change," in R.J. Johnston, (ed.), The Challenge for Geography (1993), pp. 54-75.

Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (1989), Preface: Chapter 1, "History: Geography: Modernity," and Chapter 9, "Taking Los Angeles Apart, Toward a Postmodern Geography."

Edward W. Soja, "The Postmodernization of Geography: A Review," Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 289-294.

Edward Soja and Barbara Hooper, "The Spaces that Difference Makes: Some Notes on the Geographical Margins of the new Cultural Politics," in Michael Keith and Steve Pyle, (eds.), Place and the Politics of Identity (1993), pp. 183-205.

Ulf Strohmayer and Matthew Hannah, "Domesticating Postmodernism," Antipode, Vol. 24 (1992), pp. 29-55.

NOTE: (1) See especially Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 10 Nos. 1 and 2 (1992), for issues entirely devoted to articles on postmodernism and its relevance for geography. Select any article of your choice for reading. Also, scan recent issues of this journal and of Antipode for an abundance of essays advocating, rejecting, and giving substance to a variety of postmodernisms.

NOTE: (2) Pauline Marie Rosenau, Postmodernism and the Social Sciences (1993) is a fairly recent, brief overview of its subject.

G368 Fall 1997 November 20 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Geography as a Profession

AAG Special Committee on Faculty Roles and Rewards, "Toward a Reconsideration of Faculty Roles and Rewards in Geography," Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 7-18.

Ronald F. Abler, "Desiderata for Geography: An Institutional View from the United States," in R.J. Johnston (ed.), The Challenge for Geography (1993), pp. 215-238.

Ronald F. Abler, "What Shall We Say? To Whom Shall We Speak?" Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 511-524.

John A. Agnew and J. S. Duncan, "The Transfer of Ideas into Anglo-American Geography," Progress in Human Geography Vol. 5 (1981), pp. 42-57.

Andrew R. Bodman, "Geography on the Circumference," Journal of Geography, Vol. 85 (1986), pp. 7-11.

Andrew R. Bodman, "Weavers of Influence: The Structure of Contemporary Geographic Research," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 16 (1991), pp. 21-37 (also addendum, Vol. 17, pp. 108-109).

Andrew R. Bodman, "Binding Ties or Scattered Fragments? The Structure of Contemporary Research in Geography," New England/St. Laurence Valley Geographical Society, Proceedings, Vol. 25 (1994), pp. 34-53.

William Bunge, "Ethics and Logic in Geography" in Richard J. Chorley, ed., Directions in Geography (1973), pp. 317-331.

Horacio Capel, "Institutionalization of Geography and Statistics of Change," in Stoddart, ed., Geography, Ideology, and Social Concern (1981), pp. 37-69.

Michael R. Curry, "On the Possibility of Ethics in Geography: Writing, Citing, and the Construction of Intellectual Property," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 15 (1991), pp. 125-147.

William Morris Davis, "Geography in the United States," American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceedings, Vol. 53 (1903), pp.471-502; also in American Geologist, Vol. 33 (1904), pp. 156-185; and in Science, N. S. Vol. 19 (1904), pp. 121-132, 178-186.

Michael E. Eliot Hurst, "Establishment Geography, or How to be Irrelevant in Three Easy Lessons," Antipode, Vol. 5, No.2 (1973), pp. 40-59. (another copy in Archives)

T. Walter Freeman, "Geography From Congress to Congress," in Geography Through a Century of International Congresses ed. Philippe Pinchemel (1972), pp. 197-209.

T.W. Freeman, et. al., Symposium on "The Unity of Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 11 (1986), pp. 441-467.

Michael F. Goodchild and Donald G. Janelle, "Specialization in the Structure and Organization of Geography," Annals, Vol. 78 (1988), pp. 1-28, and commentary, pp. 534-549.

G. Hausladen and W. Wyckoff, “Our Discipline's Demographic Futures: Retirements, Vacancies, and Appointment Priorities,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 37 (1985), pp. 339-343.

R.J. Johnston and E.V. Brack, "Appointment and Promotion in the Academic Labor Market: A Preliminary Survey of British University Departments of Geography, 1933-1982," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 8 ( 19 8 3), pp. 100 - 111 .

R.J. Johnston, "Geographical Research, Geography and Geographers in the Changing British University System," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 19 (1995), pp. 355-371.

Pierce Lewis, "Beyond Description," Annals, Vol. 75 (1985), pp. 465-478.

Michelle S. Lowe and John R. Short, "Progressive Human Geography," and J.W.R. Whitehand, "An Assessment of 'Progress, '" Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 14 (1990), pp. 1-23 (two assessments of the journal and the field).

Melvin G. Marcus, "Coming Full Circle: Physical Geography in the Twentieth Century," Annals, Vol. 69 (1979), pp. 521-532.

D.C. Mercer, "On Marx, Morals, Method, and Meaning," Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 23 (1985), pp. 139-157 (review and commentary).

Richard L. Morrill, "The Responsibility of Geography," Annals, Vol. 74 (1984), pp. 1-8.

Bruce Mitchell, Relevance and Ethics in Geography (1982), Chaps. 2, "The Issue of Relevance" and 6, "Ethics in Geographic Research."

J. M. Powell, "The Haunting of Salomon's House: Geography and the Limits of Science," Australian Geographer, Vol. 14 (1980), pp. 327-341.

Robert A. Rundstrom and Martin S. Kenzer, "The Decline of Fieldwork in Human Geography," Professional Geographer, Vol. 41 (1989), pp. 294-303.

Milton Santos, "Geography in the Late Twentieth Century: New Roles For a Threatened Discipline," International Social Science Journal, Vol. 36 (1984), pp. 657-672.

Olav Slaymaker, "Is Geography Sustainable Without Geomorphology?" (and commentaries), Canadian Geographer, Vol. 38 (1994), pp. 290-315.

David R. Stoddart, "Growth and Structure of Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 37 (1985, pp. 271-278.

David R. Stoddart, "To Claim the High Ground: Geography for the End of the Century." Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S., Vol. 12 (1987), pp. 327-336, and Michael Williams, "Editorial: Can the Center Hold?," idem, pp. 441-467.

B. L. Turner and William B. Meyer, "The Use of Citation Indices in Comparing Geography Programs,"Professional Geographer, Vol. 37 (1985), pp. 271-278.

"Views and Opinions Feature in Writing, Editing, and Publishing," Professional Geographer, Vol. 40 (1988), pp 1-18.

J. W. R. Whitehand, “Contributions to the Recent Development and Influence of Human Geography: What Citation Analysis Suggests,” Institute of British Geographers: Transactions And Papers, N.S., Vol. 10 (1985), pp. 222-234.

John K. Wright, “The Field of the Geographical Society,” in Griffith Taylor, ed., Geography in the Twentieth Century (1951), pp. 543-564.

Narida R. Shrestha and DeWitt Davis, Jr., "Minorities in Geography: Some Disturbing Facts and Policy Measures, " Professional Geographer, Vol. 41 (1989), pp. 410-421 (useful refs.) .

Geography 368 Fall 1997 November 25 . ~ DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: "Applied" Geography

Anthony Bebbington and Judith Carney, "Geography in the International Agricultural Research Centers: Theoretical and Practical Concerns," Annals, Vol. 80 (1990), pp. 34-48.

J. W. Birch, “On Excellence and Problem-Solving in Geography,” Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, New Series, Vol. 2 (1977), pp. 417-429.

Richard G. Boehm and James D. Harrison, “Applied Geography: An Academic Response to the Structural Change of a Discipline,” in Martin S. Kenzer, ed., Applied Geography: Issues, Ouestions, and Concerns (1989), pp. 37-52.

H. C. Brookfield, Colonialism, Development and Independence (1972), Preface and Chap. 1, “On Colonialism and Development.”

John Browett, “On the Role of Geography in Development Geography,” Tidschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Vol. 72 (1981), pp. 155-161, plus "Commentary" and "Rejoinder" in ibid., Vol. 73 (1982), pp. 122-128.

Busteed, "The Developing Nature of Political Geography" in Busteed, ed., Developments in Political Geography (1983), pp. 1-67. (good bibliography)

J. T. Coppock, "Geography and Public Policy: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implications," Inst. of Brit. Geogs .: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 63 (1974), pp. 1-16.

Stuart Corbridge, “Third World Development,” Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 16 (1992), pp. 584-595.

Jacque Emel and Richard Peet, "Resource Management and Natural Models in Hazards," in Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Geography (1989), Vol. I, pp. 49-76.

John D. Eyles and David M. Smith, "Social Geography," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 41-58.

D. K. Forbes, The Geography of Underdevelopment (1984), Part 1 "Geography and Development."

Larry Ford, "Urban Preservation and the Geography of the City in the U.S.A.," Progress in Human Geography Vol. 3 (1979), pp. 211-238.

"Geography and Public Policy," (3 papers), Annals, Vol. 75 (1985), pp. 1-16.

David Harvey, "What Kind of Geography for What Kind of Public Policy," Inst. of Brit. Geogs.: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 63 (1974), pp. 18-24.

Torsten Hagerstrand, “The Geographer I s Contribution to Regional policy: The Case of Sweden," in J. T. Coppock and W. R. D. Sewall, eds., Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy (1976), pp. 243-257i (found also in Donald R. Deskins, et al, eds., Geographic Humanism, Analysis and Social Action (1977), pp. 329-346.)

Kenneth Hewitt, "Place Annihilation: Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places," Annals, Vol. 73 (1983), pp. 257-284.

Ronald J. Johnston, "Applied Geography, Quantitative Analysis and Ideology," Applied Geography, Vol. 1 (1981), pp. 213-219.

Ronald J. Johnston, "Resource Analysis, Resource Management and the Integration of Physical and Human Geography," Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 7 (1983), pp. 127-146.

Akin L. Mabogunje, "Geography and the Problems of the Third World," Int. Soc. Sci. Journal, Vol. 27 (1975), pp. 288-302.

Jonathan D. Mayer, "Relations Between Two Traditions of Medical Geography," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 6 (1982), pp. 216-230.

Terence E. McGee, "Western Geography and the Third World," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 22 (1978), pp. 93-114.

Bruce Mitchell, "Models of Resource Management," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 4 (1980), pp. 32-56.

George Myerson and Yvonne Rydin, "'Environment' and Planning: A Tale of the Mundane and the Sublime," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 12 (1994), pp. 437-452.

Gunnar Olsson, "Some Notes on Geography and Social Engineering," Antipode, Vol. 4 (1972), pp. 1- 22.

Douglas Pearce, Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis (1987), Intro. and Chaps. 1 and 11.

J. Richard Peet, "Some Issues in the Social Geography of American Poverty," in Peet, ed., Geographic Perspectives on American Poverty (1972), pp. 1-16. (Antipode Monographs, #1) (Second copy in Archives)

Allen Pred, "Urbanization, Domestic Planning Problems and Swedish Geographical Research," Progress in Geography, Vol. 5 (1973), pp. 1-77.

J. Barry Riddell, "Geography and the Study of Third World Development," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 11 (1987), pp. 264-274 and Vol. 12 (1988), pp. 111-120.

Gerard Rushton, "The Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography: Location Theory, Location- Allocation Models, and Service Development Planning in the Third World," Economic Geography, Vol. 64 (1988), pp. 97-120.

Joseph A. Russell, "Military Geography," in James and Jones, eds., American Geography: Inventory and Prospect (1954), pp. 485-495.

Robert A. Sauder and Theresa Wilkinson, "Preservation Planning and Geographic Change in New Orleans' Vieux Carre," Urban Geography, Vol. 10 (1989), pp. 41-61.

M. R. Smallman-Raynor and A.D. Cliff, "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Literature, Geographical Origins and Global Patterns," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 14(1990), pp. 157-213.

Guy P. F. Steed, “Geography, , Social Science, and Public Policy: Regeneration Through Interpretation” (and comments by L. Guelke) Canadian Geographer, Vol. 32 (1988), pp. 2- 16.

Michael J. Watts, "Deconstructing Determinism," Antipode, Vol. 20 (1988), pp. 142-168 (Review of Stuart Corbridge, Capitalist World Development) .

Michael J. Watts, “Development I: Power, Knowledge, Discursive Practice,” Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 17 (1993), pp. 257-272.

PaulWellings, “Geography and Development Studies in Southern Africa: A Progressive Prospectus,” Geoforum, Vol. 17 (1986), pp. 119-131.

NOTE: Since 1981, developments in this field (or set of fields) may be traced in the journal Applied Geography. This list is hardly comprehensive. You may prefer to browse recent journals for something that meets a specific interest.

G368 Fall 1997 December 2 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Reading List: Geography and Gender

Sy Adler and Johanna Brenner, "Gender and Space: Lesbians and Gay Men in the City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 16 (1992), pp. 24-36.

Alice C. Andrews, "Towards a Status-of-Women Index," Professional Geographer, Vol. 34 (1982), pp. 24-31, and D. Lee and R. Schultz,' "Regional Patterns of Female Status in the United States," ibid., pp. 32-41; see also comments by Jeanne Kay and Peter Jackson in ibid, pp. 438-440.

David J. Bell, "Insignificant Others: Lesbian and Gay Geographies," Area, Vol. 23 (1991), pp. 323- 329 (useful brief literature review) .

Morag Bell and Cheryl McEwan, "The Admissing Women Fellows to the Royal Geographical Society, 1892-1914: The Controversy and the Outcome," Geographical Journal 162 (1996), pp. 295-312.

Mildred Berman, "Sex Discrimination and Geography: The Case of Ellen Churchill Semple," Professional Geographer, Vol. 26 (1974), pp. 8-11 and Allan D. Bushong, "Women as Geographers: Some Thoughts of Ellen Churchill Semple," Southeastern Geographer, Vol. 15 (1975), pp. 102-109.

Sophie Bowlby, et. al., "The Geography of Gender," in Richard Peet and Nigel Thrift, eds., New Models in Geography, (1989), Vol. II, pp. 157- 175.

Manuel Castells and Karen Maxcy, "Cultural Identity and Urban Structure: The Spatial Organization of San Francisco's Gay Community," Urban Affairs Annual Review, Vol. 22 (1982), pp. 237- 259.

Stephanie Faley, "Putting Gender into Geography," Australian Geographical Studies, Vol. 26 (1988), pp. 202-213.

Jo Foord and Nicky Gregson, "Patriarchy: Towards a Reconceptualization, "Antipode, Vol. 18 (1986), pp. 186-211, and Linda McDowell, "Beyond Patriarchy: A Class-Based Explanation of Women's Subordination," ibid., pp. 311-321.

Brian J. Godfrey, Neighborhoods in Transition: The Making of San Francisco's Ethnic and Nonconformist Communities (University of California Publications in Geography, Vol. 27, 1988), Chaps. 1,2,7.

Eve Gruntfest, "Geographic Perspectives on Women," in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 673-683 (on reserve) (Grunt fest is a Clark alumna) .

Susan Hanson, "Geography and Feminism: Worlds in Collision?" Annals, Vol. 8 2 (1992), pp. 569 - 586 .

Paul Hindle, "Gay Communities and Gay Space in the City," in Stephen Whittle, (ed.), The Margins of the City: Gay Men's Urban Lives (1994), pp. 7-25.

Briavel Holcomb, "Women in the City," Urban Geography, Vol. 5 (1984), pp. 247-254 and "Geography and Urban Women," ibid, Vol. 7 (1986), pp. 448- 456 (useful reviews of the literature to those dates).

Peter Jackson, "The Cultural Politics of Masculinity: Towards a Social Geography," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, Vol. 16 (1981), pp. 199-213.

Peter Jackson, Maps of Meaning (1989), Chap. 5, "Gender and Sexuality."

Jeanne Kay, "Landscapes of Women and Men: Rethinking the Regional Historical Geography of the United States and Canada," Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 17 (1991), pp. 435-452.

Robert M. Kitchin, "Are There Sex Difference in Geographic Knowledge and Understanding?" Geographical Journal, Vol. 162 (1996), pp. 273-286.

Eleanore Kofman and Linda Peake, "Into the 1990s: A Gendered Agenda for Political Geography," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 9 (1990) pp. 313-336.

Laurence Knopp, "Some Theoretical Implications of Gay Involvement in an Urban Land Market," Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 9 (1990), pp. 337-352.

Mickey Lauria and Lawrence Knopp, "Toward an Analysis of the Role of Gay Communities in the Urban Renaissance," Urban Geography, Vol. 6 (1985), pp. 152-169.

Bonnie Loyd and Lester Rowntree, "Radical Feminists and Gay Men in San Francisco: Social Space in Dispersed Communities," in David Lanegran and Risa Palm, eds., An Invitation to Geography, second edition (1978), pp. 78- 88 .

Linda McDowell, "Coming in From the Dark: Feminist Research in Geography," in John Eyles, ed., Research in Human Geography: Introductions and Investigations (1988), pp. 155-173.

Linda McDowell 'Space, Place and Gender Relations," Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 17 (1993), pp. 157-179, 305-318.

Linda McDowell, "Women, Gender and the Organization of Space," in Derek Gregory and Rex Walford, eds., Horizons in Human Geography (1989), pp. 136-151.

Linda McDowell and Linda Peake, "Women in British Geography Revisited: Or the Same Old Story," Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 14 (1990), pp. 19-30.

Janet Hounshell Momsen and Janet Townsend, eds., Geography of Gender in the Third World (1987), Introduction and Chap. 1, "Toward a Geography of Gender in Developing Market Economies."

Frank Mort, "Archaeologies of City Life: Commercial Culture, Masculinity, and Spatial Relations in 1980's London," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 13 (1995), pp. 573- 590.

C. Nesmith and S.A. Radcliffe, "(Re) mapping Mother Earth: A Geographical Perspective on Environmental Feminism," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 11 (1993), pp. 379-391.

Ki Nimaste, "Genderbashing: Sexuality, Gender, Public Space," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol 14 (1996), pp. 221-240.

Linda Peake, ed., "The Challenge of Feminist Geography," Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 13 (1989), pp. 85-121.

Geraldine Pratt and Susan Hanson, "Gender, Class and Space," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 6 (1988), pp. 15-35.

Allen Pred, "In Other Wor(1)ds: Fragmented and Integrated Observations of Gendered Languages/Gendered Spaces and Local Transformation," Antipode, Vol. 22 (1990), pp. 33- 52.

Gillian Rose and Miles Ogborn, "Feminism and Historical Geography," Journal of Historical Geography. Vol. 14 (1988) r pp. 405-409. (Review of literature and position paper) .

Gillian Rose, "Engendering and Degendering ," Progress in Human Geography Vol. 18 (1994), pp. 507-515.

Lynn A. Staeheli and Victoria A. Lawson, "Feminism, Praxis r and Human Geography," Geographical Analysis, Vol. 27 (1995), pp. 321-338.

Pamela Thomas and Helen Skeat, “Gender in Third World Development Studi An Overview of an Underview, " Australian Geographical Studies, Vol (1990) pp. 5-15 (useful bibliography) .

Gill Valentine,"(Hetero) Sexing Space: Lesbian Perspectives and Experiences of Everyday Spaces," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 11 (1993) r pp. 395-413.

Gill Valentine, "Negotiating and Managing Multiple Sexual Identities: Lesbian Time-Space Strategies," Institute of British Geographers: Transactions and Papers, N.S., Vol. 18(1993), pp. 237-248.

G368 Fall 1997 December 4 DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN GEOGRAPHIC THOUGHT Geography in School and College

Rex Beddis, "Geographical Education Since 1960: A Personal View," and Nicholas Helburn, "Reflections on the High School Geography Project," in John Hickle, ed. Geographical Education: Reflection and Action (1983), pp. 10-28.

Andrew R. Bodman, "Academic Origins [of American Geographers], Geographical Perspectives, No. 50 (Fall, 1982), pp. 43-49.'

Allen D. Bushong, "Geographers and Their Mentors: A Genealogical View of American Academic Geography," in Brian Blouet, ed., Origins of Academic Geography in the United States (1981), pp. 193-219 (on reserve for Geog 286).

Anne Buttimer, The Practice of Geography (1983), "Interlude Three" and "American Geography in the 1950's," (pp. 186-208) (another copy in Archives).

Keith M. Clayton, "The State of Geography," Institute of British Geographers, Transactions and Papers, N.S. Vol. 10 (1985), pp. 5-16.

William Morris Davis, "A Graduate School of Geography," Science, Vol. 56 (1922), pp. 121-134, (the intellectual plan for early Clark); reprinted in Publications of the Clark University Library, Vol. 6, No.6 (Oct, 1992), pp. 1-26.

William Morris Davis, “The Need of Geography in the University,” Educational Review, Vol. 10 (1895), pp. 22-41 (microfilm); reprinted in Davis, Geographical Essays (1909); 1954), pp. 146-192.

K. DeBres, "An Early Frost: Geography in Teachers College, Columbia and Columbia University, 1896-1942," Geog. Journal, Vol. 155 (1989), pp. 392-402.

Roger M. Downs and Lynn S. Liben, "The Development of Expertise in Geography: A Cognitive Developmental Approach to Geographic Education," Annals, Vol. 81 (1991), pp. 304-327.

Roger M. Downs, et al, "On Education and Geographers: The Role of Cognitive Developmental Theory in Geographic Education," Annals, Vol. 78 (1988), pp. 680-700, and commentary in Annals, Vol. 80 (1990), pp. 123-128.

Donald L. Dorschner and Robert O. Marten, "The Spatial Expansion of Academic Geography in the United States," Journal of Geography, Vol. 89 (1990), pp. 101-108.

Charles R. Dryer, "A Century of Geographic Education in the United States," Annals, Vol. 14 (1924), pp. 117-149.

Gary S. Dunbar, "Credentialism and Careerism ln American Geography, 1880-1915," in Blouet, ed., op. cit., pp. 71-88 (on reserve for Geog. 286).

Gary S. Dunbar, “Geography in the Bellwether Universities of the United States," Area, Vol. 18 (1986), pp. 25-33.

Jerome D. Fellman, "The Rise and Fall of High School Economic Geography," Geographical Review, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 424- 437, and "Geography and Educational Reform," Annals, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 1-24.

Gilbert M. Grosvenor, "In Sight of the Tunnel: The Renaissance of Geography Education," Annals, Vol. 85 (1995), pp. 409-420.

D. Hall, "The National Curriculum and Two Cultures: Towards a Humanistic Perspective," Geography, Vol. 75 (1995), pp. 313-324.

A. David Hill, "Geography and Education: Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 13 (1989), pp. 589- 598 (recent bibliog.).

A. David Hill and Lisa A. LaPrairie, "Geography in American Education," in Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds., Geography in America (1989), pp. 1-26 (on reserve) .

Briavel Holcomb and John Tiefenbqcper, "National Geography Awareness Week, 1987: An Assessment," Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 13 (1989), pp. 159-167 (See also "Editorial: The Image of Geography, 11 pp. 125-126 of the same issue).

David Hooson, "National Cultures and Academic Geography in an Urbanizing Age," in Patten, ed., The Expanding City: Essays in Honor of Professor Jean Gottman (1983), pp. 157-178.

Martin S. Kenzer, "The Formation of an Independent Department of Geography at Northwestern University," History of Geography Newsletter, No.3 (1983), pp. 30-37.

William A. Koelsch, "Better Than Thou: The Rating of Geography Departments in the United States, 1924-1980," Journal of Geography, Vol. 80 (1981), pp. 164-169.

William A. Koelsch, "Wallace Atwood's 'Great Geographical Institute'" Annals, Vol. 70 (1980), pp. 567-582.

Elizabeth Lichtenberger, "The Impact of Institutional Forces on the State of University Geography in the Federal Republic of Germany in Comparison with Britain," in R.J. Bennet, ed., European Papers in Spatial Analysis (1983), pp. 112-130.

John Pickles, "Geographic Theory and Educating for Democracy," Antipode, Vol. 18 (1986), pp. 136-154.

Joseph M. Powell, "Australian Geography and the Corporate Management Paradigm," Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 14 (1990), 5-18 (of some general interest!)

Joseph M. Powell, "Geography, Culture, and Liberal Education," in R.J. Johnston, ed., The Future of Geography (1985), pp. 307- 325 (on reserve) .

Allen Pred, "The Academic Past Through a Time-Geographic Looking Glass," Annals, Vol. 69 (1979), pp. 175-180.

T.R. Slater, "Redbrick Academic Geography," Geographical Journal, Vol. 154 (1988), pp. 169-180.

Christopher Salter, "The University and the Alliance: A Study in Contradictions," Journal of Geography 90 (1991), pp. 55-59.

Neil Smith, "Academic War Over the Field of Geography: The Elimination of Geography at Harvard, 1947-1951," Annals, Vol. 77 (1987), pp. 155-172. (See also Commentaries, Annals,Vol. 78 (1988), pp. 144-163.)

Joseph E. Spencer, "The Evolution of the Discipline of Geography in the Twentieth Century," Geographical Perspectives, No. 33 (1974), pp. 20-36.

J. Wolforth, "School Geography and Educational Reform," Annals, Vol. 76 (1986), pp. 1-24.

NOTE: The Journal of Geography (US) and Geography (GB) are the ones most concerned with geography in the schoolsi you may wish to skim recent issues to see where the educational action is. The Journal of Geography in Higher Education has a lot of "how-to" articles; it is largely British in content.