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1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 36, 37 17-Α-Trenbolone, 151 2 250 Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals, 2011, 250-281 Index 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 36, 37 17--trenbolone, 151 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 140 2,4,5-T, 140 2,4-D, 8, 68, 70, 74, 75, 195 2-methoxyethylmercuric chloride, 201 2-nitrophenol, 228 4-nitrophenol, 228 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deetilase, 168 A absorption, 17, 19, 20, 21, 26, 33, 47, 48, 230, 231, 232 acaricides, 64 acids, 6, 8, 15 amino, 5, 8, 71, 94, 187 fatty, 8 humic, 99, 230 nucleic, 170 organic, 197 actinomycetes, 70, 228 active ingredient, 65, 66, 90, 97, 101 adaptation, 26, 203 adhesives, 148 adipose tissue, 140 adsorption, 14, 20, 21, 95, 102, 111, 147, 148, 230, 231 aerosols, 7, 18, 34 air conditioning, 3 albatross, 217 alchemy, 3 aldicarb, 65, 69, 72 aldrin, 66, 67, 71, 72 algae benthic, 115, 196 blue-green, 4, 5, 146 coralline, 187, 188, 194 epiphytic, 47 filamentous, 128 freshwater, 146, 149, 194 green, 116, 120 macroalgae, 175, 179 microalgae, 151, 187, 193, 194 symbiotic, 187, 194 algicides, 64 alkanes, 23 alkylphenol ethoxylates, 152 alligators, 77 alloys, 3 amelioration, 3, 230 aminomethylphosphonic acid, 94 ammonia, 178, 233 Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Paul J. van den Brink and Reinier M. Mann (Eds) All rights reserved - © 2011 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Index Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals 251 amoeba, 71 amphibians, 66, 76, 77, 78, 80, 96, 97, 98, 102, 112, 115, 116, 121, 146, 148, 149 analysis chemical, 167, 171, 176 meta-, 120, 174 molecular, 191 regression, 49, 175 risk, 90, 104 anemones, 199 anilines, 8 annelids. See worms anthracene, 8, 146 antibacterial agents. See biocides antibiotics, 64, 150, 151 anticoagulants, 64 antifouling paints, 169, 193, 201, 215 antimony, 7 antioxidants, 169 ants, 74, 75, 76 anuran species. See frogs aphids, 47, 48, 75, 79 apoptosis, 145 applications aerial, 95, 97, 102 herbicide, 74, 92, 95, 96 insecticide, 75, 77, 99 pesticide, 10, 68, 77, 89, 93, 112, 192 silvicultural, 97 aquaculture, 151, 166, 217 aquatic plants, 66, 102, 147, 226, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238 aragonite, 199 Aroclor, 140 arsenate calcium, 75, 76 lead, 75 arsenates, 52, 67, 69, 73, 231 arsenic, 7, 43, 50, 52, 53, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 199, 231, 232 arthropods canopy, 102 parasite, 75 predatory, 72, 74, 75 saprophytic, 72 terrestrial, 64, 72, 73, 102 assimilation, 27, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 147, 168, 229, 230 atmosphere, 7, 18, 19, 38, 189, 232 atrazine, 8, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 117, 193, 215, 218, 227 atrophy, 169 azadirachtin, 99 azinphos-methyl, 77 B Bacillus thuringiensis, 4, 71, 89, 91, 99, 194 bacteria, 5, 8, 70, 119, 145, 151, 153, 170, 172, 214, 218, 219, 225, 228, 231, 240 252 Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals Francisco Sánchez-Bayo aerobic, 27 anaerobic, 27 cyanobacteria, 141 denitrifying, 27, 71 iron-reducing, 231 methane-producing, 27 methanotrophic, 70 nitrifying, 70 psychrophilic, 28 resistant, 231 soil, 71 sulfate-reducing, 27, 227, 231, 232 badgers, 54 baits, 66, 67 barium, 50 barnacle, 171 bass, 102 bats, 78 batteries, 3, 5 Bayesian statistics, 124 bees, 74, 76 bumblebees, 76 honeybees, 66 beetles, 99 carabid, 75, 96 dung, 72 ladybird, 48, 74, 75 leaf-beetles, 79, 103 rove, 74 soil-dwelling, 66, 74, 75 staphylinid, 72, 75 weevils, 75, 79 bendiocarb, 65 benomyl, 8, 70, 72, 73 benzene, 8, 228 benzimidazoles, 6 benzo[a]pyrene, 146, 228 BHC, 75 bifenthrin, 226 bioaccumulation, 7, 10, 43, 44, 47, 48, 55, 76, 104, 140, 145, 147, 165, 170, 172, 196, 198, 213, 216 EDCs, 216 metals, 45, 46, 50, 53, 54, 216, 238 PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs, 128, 141, 142 risk, 55 bioavailability, 29, 43, 46, 51, 67, 69, 92, 141, 145, 147, 152, 170, 193, 213, 214, 217 biocides, 8, 64, 72, 192, 193, 199, 215 biodiversity, 72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 92, 94, 166, 174, 240 biofilms, 231, 232 bioindicators, 173, 174 biomagnification, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 112, 114, 140, 172, 176, 213, 216, 232 metals, 45, 46, 47, 54, 55, 238 biomarkers, 145, 166, 167, 168, 176, 190, 191, 216 biomass, 7, 27, 74, 103, 151, 173, 174, 212, 215 algal, 102, 112, 146 Index Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals 253 fungal, 73 phytoplankton, 117, 215 plant, 47, 74, 75, 94, 229, 233 biomonitoring, 50, 101, 116, 125, 128, 168 bioremediation, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 238 biosorption, 231 biosphere, 26, 70, 80 biosynthesis, 5, 6, 8, 71, 147 bioturbation, 22 birds, 8, 10, 46, 47, 54, 55, 63, 65, 80, 99, 143, 145, 149, 239 aquatic, 52, 54, 114 fish-eating, 142, 143 galliform, 51 granivorous, 66, 67, 78, 79 insectivorous, 78, 100 passerine, 53 predatory, 52, 55, 64, 67 seabirds, 215, 217 songbirds, 103 waders, 52, 53 waterfowl, 51, 52, 54, 66 birds of prey. See raptors bisphenol A, 139, 151, 169 bladder, 52 blood, 7, 8, 29, 149 clotting, 8 residues in, 48, 53 samples, 78 stream, 7, 48, 66 bluegill, 102, 118, 125 body burdens, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 144, 176 fat, 9, 103, 217 residues, 98 size, 50, 64 surface, 47 weight, 48 bone, 50 borer ash, 99 stem, 75 sugarcane, 74 botulin, 4 brain, 7, 8, 55, 76, 77 breast milk, 140 breeding, 66, 95, 101 delay in, 153 failure, 77, 79 grounds, 53, 54, 98 season, 79 brevetoxins, 4 brodifacoum, 79 bromacil, 79 bromadiolone, 79 254 Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals Francisco Sánchez-Bayo bromine, 140 bromoxynil, 8 bryophytes, 96 budworm, 89, 91, 99 buffer zones, 65, 98, 226 bushfires, 5, 6, 140, 170 butachlor, 73 butane, 8 buzzards, 67 C cabbage, 72 cadmium, 7, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 52, 53, 171, 199, 201, 212, 226, 229, 231 caesium, 50 caimans, 77 calcium, 7, 75, 76, 78, 188, 202 cancer, 7, 52, 145 captan, 70, 73 carbaryl, 8, 70, 194, 195 carbendazim, 70, 72, 73 carbofuran, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73 carbon dioxide, 6, 23, 26, 27, 227 carbon monoxide, 6 carboxamides, 5 carcasses, 51, 79 carcinogens, 146 carnivores, 46, 78, 95 caterpillars, 67 cattails, 79, 226 cattle, 48, 77, 151, 166 cattle ticks, 66 cell division, 8 growth, 97, 200 membranes, 170, 231 metabolism, 194 vacuoles, 51 centipedes, 72 chemicals anthropogenic, 28 antifouling, 189, 215 elemental, 43 endocrine disrupting (EDCs), 8, 169, 216 hydrophilic, 20, 226 hydrophobic, 15, 16 industrial, 6, 64 organic, 15, 25, 26, 34, 117, 139, 154, 168, 226 persistent, 76, 80, 143, 189, 193 recalcitrant, 78 synthetic, 27, 28 toxic, 4, 5 volatile, 18, 20 chemotaxis, 228 Index Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals 255 chickweeds, 79 Chironomidae. See midges chlordane, 67, 71, 73, 192, 194 chlorfenapyr, 64, 76 chlorine, 140, 141, 228 chloroacetamides, 6, 8 chlorodibenzofurans (PCDF), 6 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 3 chlorophyll a, 119, 146 chloroplasts, 8, 193 chlorosis, 194 chlorothalonil, 70, 71 chlorpropham, 73, 75 chlorpyrifos, 8, 70, 119, 193, 194, 195, 202, 203, 204, 227 chlorsulfuron, 8 chromium, 6, 7, 50, 226, 230, 231, 232 ciliates, 71 ciprofloxacin, 151 Cladocera. See waterfleas cladocerans, 102, 147 clams, 169 clay minerals, 28 particles, 70 climate change, 111, 188, 202, 204, 240 clotrimazole, 215 cnidarian, 141 coal, 5, 7, 55 coated seeds. See seed-dressings cobalt, 6, 231, 232 cod, 216 coefficient mass-transfer partition, 19, 21 molar absorption, 26 octanol-air partition, 16 octanol-water partition, 14, 34, 225 partition, 14, 15 solids-water partition, 15 Coleoptera. See beetles Collembola. See springtails commensalism, 104, 117 common salt, 9 communications, 3 communities algal, 146, 215 animal, 71, 102 aquatic, 66 arthropod, 64, 73, 74, 75 benthic, 145, 176, 240 bird, 239 coastal, 187 coral reef, 192 estuarine, 174 infaunal, 175 256 Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals Francisco Sánchez-Bayo insect, 78 invertebrate, 80, 113, 121 lotic, 126 macrobenthic, 174 macroinvertebrate, 141, 147 mammal, 54 mesocosm, 126 microbial, 28, 113, 141, 146, 151, 152, 232 non-target, 111 phytobenthos, 215 phytoplankton, 141, 215 plankton, 147, 214, 215 plant, 52, 68, 74, 93, 96, 239 protozoan, 71 reptile, 93 soil, 70 zooplankton, 149, 151 competition, 74, 78, 92, 94, 104, 112, 117, 119, 124, 147, 173 compounds aliphatic, 25 aromatic, 25 arsenical, 52 dioxin-like, 142, 143, 189 genotoxic, 169 halogenated, 25, 140, 143 immunotoxic, 217 inorganic, 7, 34 ionisable, 34 mercurial, 7, 64 neurotoxic, 76 nitroaromatic, 228 non-polar, 9, 226 oil, 197 organic, 8, 16, 24, 168, 174, 189, 227, 238 organochlorine, 140, 193, 217, 227, 228 organometallic, 5, 8, 189, 200 organophosphorous, 168 organoselenium, 54 organotin, 7 perfluorinated, 5, 238 phenolic, 5 synthetic, 3, 6, 215 xenobiotic, 168 concentration effective, 151, 203, 213 environmental, 33, 101, 203 gradient, 17 lowest observed effect (LOEC), 149 median lethal (LC50), 9 no-effect (NEC), 151, 239 no-observed effect (NOEC), 124 peak, 92, 112 predicted environmental (PEC), 10, 34 threshold, 123, 124, 172 Index Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals 257 conjugation, 168, 226 conservation, 29, 53, 54, 74, 80 consortia, 146, 228 coolants, 5 coot, 79 Copepoda, 121 copepods, 102, 147, 153, 171, 219, 240 copper, 7, 43, 44, 48 coral bleaching, 191, 194, 195, 198, 200, 202 corals, 166, 240 branching, 200 calcifying, 187 cup, 198 hard, 190, 194 massive, 190 reefs, 188, 190, 196 scleractinian, 187, 188, 192, 194, 202 cormorants, 50, 78, 143 corn bunting, 79 corrosive, 7 cosmetics, 3, 148, 152 coumarin, 79 cowpats, 73 crayfish, 102, 141, 142 creosote, 147 crickets, 54 crop barley, 66 Bt-canola, 75 Bt-corn, 75 Bt-cotton, 74, 75 canola, 68 cereal, 63, 79 corn, 72, 76 cotton, 68 damage, 67, 239 horticultural, 75 losses, 64 pests, 72 production, 89 protection, 74 rice, 52, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 226 soybean, 65 sustainability, 80 transgenic herbicide-tolerant (TGHT), 74 yields, 63, 73, 74, 80, 192 crude oil.
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