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A Treatise on Ordnance and Naval Gunnery

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A Treatise on Ordnance and Naval Gunnery ~1 §0lnjj;t p«ttt;jj ©hursito ^ mn to 1303 AlHi^^. Ubrarv ^,;e.r university 007^-^ The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030896850 : J^ TREATISE ORDNANCE NAVAL GTJNlSrEET, COMPILED AND ARRANGED TEXT BOOK FOR THE U. S. MYAL ACADEMY. LIEUT. EDWAKD SIMPSON, u. a. NATY. SECOND EDITION, EETISED AND ENLARGED. NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND, 192 BROADWAY, 1862. VF Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1861. By D. VAN NOSTRAND, In the Clerk's Offioe of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New Torlc. V. A. ALTORD, STBRBOTYI'BE AND PRINTRR. Bureau of Oednanck and Hydeogkaphy, Jidy Wi, 1859. Sm: The manuscript on Grnnnery, compiled by Lieut. Edward Simpson, U. S, Navy, which was sent to tliis Bureau with your letter of the 15th ultimo, is herewith returned. The Secretary of the Navy approves of the use of this work as a text book for the Academy. ******** Respectfully, Tour obd't serv't, D. N. mGEAHAM, CJdrf of the Bureau. Captain G, S. Blake, Naval Academy Superintendent of ., Anaapolis, Md. DEDICATION. TO THE HON. GEORGE BANCROFT, TO WHOM THE NAVY IS INDEBTED F O K THE UNITED STATES XAVAL ACADEMY, THIS WORK EESPECTFULLT DEDICATED. ; rilEFACE. This work, originally designed merely as a text-book for the Naval Academy, has been allowed to depart from the essential character of such a work, in the hope that it might prove more ac- ceptable to the Navy generally. The compiler of this volume, when ordered to take charge of the instruction in Naval Gunnery at the Naval Academy, could find no single work that would cover the ground necessary for an ele- mentary course in this branch. Many good works were at hand, but each bore on some speciality of the author, which it seemed to have been his object to set forth ; no one volume was sufficiently comprehensive to supply the want ; it became necessary to compile from each such parts as, when united, might embrace the whole subject. This volume is the result of the author's effijrts to achieve this object. In submitting his work to the Navy, the author desires to be understood as simply making an eflTort to circulate information which many officers, owing to constant service afloat, may not have been able to collect. This information he has endeavored to throw together in a readable and familiar form, and has avoided as much as j)ossible all scientific demonstrations, making the work elemen- tary in its charactei". He is well aware that, had this duty devolved on many of his brother officers, it would have been better executed but, trusting to the generous character of the profession, he believes that his V, ork will be generously dealt with. : : 8 PREFACE. The text is chiefly drawn from the writings of the following authors, viz. Sir Howard Douglas, Naval Gunn-ery. Captain J. H. Wabd, U.S. IST., Ordnance and Gunnery. Major Alfred Moedbcai, TJ. S. A., Notes on Gunpowder. Captain Miner Knowlton, U. S. A., Notes on Construction of Cannon., &c. Captain Johx GiBBOif, U. S. A., Artillerists Ifanual. Captain C. M. Wilcox, U. S. A., Mijles and Bifle Practice. Lieutenant W. 11^. Jefpers, TJ. S. IST., Theory and Practice of Naval Gunnery. Professor Trbadwell, Cannon of Large Calibre. M. Thiroux, Instruction d''Artillerie. Mr. W. C. E. Geeenee, Gunnery in 1858. Professor Magnus, Deviation of Elongated Projectiles. Mr. J. M. B. Scoffern, Projectile Weapons of War. Mr. Ltnall Thomas, Rifled Ordnance. M. Panot. Lieutenant Stevens, R. N., Pointing at Sea. M. Page, Theorie du Pointage. Extracts have been made also from the foUowine; works, viz. Ordnance Manual of the XT. S. Army. Ordnance Instructio7is of the U. S. Navy. Aide-M6moire to Military Sciences. ''SrnallArms^^ {Reports of Experiments, Ordnance Department^. The writings of Major J. G. Barnard, Commander J. H. Dahlgken, and Captain J. G. Benton, U. S. Army, have also been consulted, and a few extracts made from the works of the last two authors. E. Simpson, Lieutenant U. S. Navy. TJ. S. Naval Academy, Newpobt, R.I., Ociobw 16, 1861. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. AKT. Review op Ancient Arms 4 Anciest Engines op War 9 Ancient Men-op-War 14 Ancient Artillery 15 Intention op Gunpowder and Ancient Cannon, with account op their EARLIESr USES 16 Advance in Gun-Making, &c 18 Battle op Lepanto 23 Mortar 27 Introduction op Carronades 29 Resume op the History op Calibre 33 Experience of War of 1812 34 Maximum Calibres now in use in the United States Navy 35 CHAPTER II. PABIilCATION OP CANNON. Cast-Iron, Wrought-Ibon, Beokzb 37 Fabrication of Cannon 56 Boring 68 Casting on a Core 72 Turning .' 13 Vent-Pieces 75 Weakness op Wrought-Ieon Cannon 78 Nomenclature op Cannon 80 Inspection op Cannon 81 Proof op Cannon 95 Marking Cannon 99 CHAPTER III. cannon. Form op Cannon 100 Bompord's Plan for determining Form 100 Recoil, Effect op, on Cannon and Small Arms 106 WflNDAGE 110 Preponderance 115 10 CONTENTS. ABT 119 Phenombka in Bore on Combustion of the Chaege Pbofessor Teeadwbll on Lodgements Increase of Strain due to increase of Calibre " at the Muzzle 12 Injury to Bronze Cannon ; drooping Injury to Cannon in Proof Strengthening Bands on Cannon jqo Mr. Eobert Mallet on Planes of TfEAKNESS 133 Professor Theadwell on Fractures 140 Effect of Vibration 142 Effect of Shrinking in Cooling Casting on a Core, or Hollow Casting ^^^ 145 Effect op Trunnions - - 14*7 Effect of Age on Endurance To render Cannon unserviceable '^ Presertation of Cannon 151 CHAPTER IT. gun-carriages. Conditions sequiree of a Gun-Caseiagb "152 Friction Carriages 155 Bseeching. Compound Breeohin© 156 Effect of Height of Carriage 159 Iron Carriages 161 Navy Four-Truck Carriage 164 Ward's GuN-CAEiaAGB 1T3 Marsilly (Navy Two-Truck) Carriage 115 EoMME Carriage lie Marshall Carriage lit Bheestham Carriage 118 Pivot Carriages 119 Van Brunt's Carriage 182 Bed and Quoin 18S Elevating Screw 181 Ward's Screw-Quoin 188 Porter's Quoin 189 Rule for mounting Guns 190 CHAPTER V. sunpowdee. Discovery of Gunpowder 192 Nitre "Walls, Beds 194 Charcoal 198 Sulphur 201 Manufacture of Gunpowder 204 Packing Gunpowder 213 Phenomena attending the Change from a Solid to a Gaseous State.. 216 Combustion, Causes that influence the Rapidity of 213 Harmlbssness of Non-Elastic Fokoe 234 CONTENTS. 11 AUT, Proof op Powder 240 Eprouvette 241 Balustic Pendulum 244 Loss OP Force by Wikdage 246 Effect of Junk Wads 247 Effect of reduoino Wimdaoe 249 Rotary Machine 260 Natez's Machine , 261 Storaoe of Gunpowder 280 Damaged Gunpowder 282 GuN-COTTON 283 CHAPTBE TI. projectiles. Casting 287 Inspection 293 Bar-Shot 304 Chain-Shot 305 Grape-Shot 306 Canister Shot 307 Shells 309 Spherical Case , 310 Carcasses 313 Sabots 315 Martin's Shell 316 Norton's Liquid Fire 317 Resistance op the Atmosphere 319 Windage, &c '. 320 Devtations 321 Magnus' Experiment 325 Eccentricity, Effect of 328 Advantage op Large Calibre 338 Advantages op the Spherical and Elongated Form 340 Penetration 346 Rockets 347 Manufacture 349 CoNGREVE Rocket 361 Motive Power of Rockets 362 Uncertainty of Rocket Practice 367 Rockets fired prom Cannon 371 Hale's Rocket 372 Hale's Rocket Tube for Broadside Firing 375 CHAPTER VII. FUZES. Fuze-Case 381 Safety Plug 384 Water Cap 385 12 CONTENTS. JIET English Fuze ^^^ Splingaed's Shrapnel Fuze ^^" ^^-' boemann i'oze French Shrapnel Fuze oaf] CoNcrrssiON Fuzes Peussian Fuze SOHONSTEDT FuZE Snoeck Fuze *"" Splingard's Concussion Fuze Percussion Fuze 413 Moorsom's Fuze ^^^ Bourbon Fuze ^^^ Fuze used during Experiments at "West Point 418 CHAPTER Till. locks and primers. Early Methods of firing Cannon 419 First Application of Locks to Cannon 423 Percussion System 424 Natt Percussion Primer 428 English Primer 429 Navy Locks 430 Late Improvement in Mounting the Hammer 432 Friction Primers 433 English Navy Friction Primer 434 CHAPTER IX. theory of pointing guns. Preliminary 435 Trajectory in a Tacuum 449 Height of the Curve 452 Range 456 Resistance of the Air 459 All Deviations not due to Errors of Pointing 462 Trajectory in the Air 463 Height of the Curve 468 Angle of greatest Range 469 Direct Fire 411 Pointing 472 Point Blank 474, 476 and 485 Tangent Scale • 475 Negative Hausse ^80 Dispart Sight 481 Use of Graduations between " Level" and Range at Level 487 Marking Breech Sights 488 Relation between Total Hausse and Time of Flight 491 Deviations resulting from a Difference of Level in the Trucks .... 492 Chase Firing 495 CONTENTS. 13 ABT. Pendulum Hausse 496 Side Pointikg .' 49t Pointing by means of the Handles 498 Tangent Firing 499 Ricochet Firing 500 CHAPTER X. rifles. Inaccuracies that the Rifle is intended to Correct 503 Object of the Rifle Motion 505 Methods of imparting the Rifle Motion 506 Breech Loading, Matnard's Rifle 508 Deltigne's Rifle 509 Rifle a Tige 510 Gaining Twist • 513 The Helix 515 Ball a Culot 516 Pritchet Bullet 518 United States Naty Bullet 5l3 Greener's Expansive Bullet 520 Theory of Rifle Motion, Drift 521 Advantages op the Elongated Form of Bullet 523 Grooves on the Bullet, French Theory 525 Magnus' Theory op the Deviation of Elongated Projectiles 530 Rifled Cannon 538 French Rifled Cannon 539 Lancaster Gun 540 Cavalli Gun 541 "Wahrbndorpf Gun 543 The Armstrong Gun 545 The Armstrong Shell 550 The Armstrong Carriage for Broadside Use 555 Professor Treadwell's Plan for Constructing Cannon 558 The Wihtworth Gun 560 Advantages of Rifled Cannon limited to Long Ranges 566 Comparison op the Armstrong and Whitworth Guns 569 Objections to Breech-Loading Cannon 570 James's Rifle Shot 571 Sawyer's Shell 512 Pareott's Rifled Cannon and Shell 573 The Schenkl Rifle Shell 577 , CHAPTER XI.
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