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Balls Bluff Battlefield National Historic Landmark

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NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 BALL’S BLUFF BATTLEFIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Page 1 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 1. NAME OF PROPERTY Historic Name: Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Historic District Other Name/Site Number: VDHR 253-5021 / 053-0012-0005 2. LOCATION Street & Number: Not for publication: X City/Town: Leesburg, Virginia Vicinity: X State: VA County: Loudoun Code: 107 Zip Code: 20176 3. CLASSIFICATION Ownership of Property Category of Property Private: X Building(s): ___ Public-Local: X District: _X_ Public-State: _ X_ Site: ___ Public-Federal: _X _ Structure: ___ Object: ___ Number of Resources within Property Contributing Noncontributing 5 115 buildings 11 5 sites 8 24 structures 0 7 objects 24 151 Total Number of Contributing Resources Previously Listed in the National Register: 10_ 7: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Historic District (M : 12-46) 2: Catoctin Rural Historic District (VDHR 053-0012) 1: Murray Hill (VDHR 053-5783) Name of Related Multiple Property Listing: The Civil War in Virginia, 1861 – 1865: Historic and Archaeological Resources. NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 BALL’S BLUFF BATTLEFIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Page 2 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 4. STATE/FEDERAL AGENCY CERTIFICATION As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this ____ nomination ____ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ____ meets ____ does not meet the National Register Criteria. Signature of Certifying Official Date State or Federal Agency and Bureau In my opinion, the property ____ meets ____ does not meet the National Register criteria. Signature of Commenting or Other Official Date State or Federal Agency and Bureau 5. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CERTIFICATION I hereby certify that this property is: ___ Entered in the National Register ___ Determined eligible for the National Register ___ Determined not eligible for the National Register ___ Removed from the National Register ___ Other (explain): Signature of Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 BALL’S BLUFF BATTLEFIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Page 3 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form 6. FUNCTION OR USE Historic: DOMESTIC Sub: Single Dwelling COMMERCE / TRADE Sub: Warehouse FUNERARY Sub: Cemetery AGRICULTURAL / SUBSISTENCE Sub: Agricultural DEFENSE Sub: Fortification Military Facility Battle Site LANDSCAPE Sub: Forest Unoccupied Land Natural Feature TRANSPORTATION Sub: Water-related Road-related Current: DOMESTIC Sub: Single Dwelling FUNERARY Sub: Cemetery RECREATION AND CULTURE Sub: Monument / marker AGRICULTURAL / SUBSISTENCE Sub: Agricultural LANDSCAPE Sub: Park Natural Feature TRANSPORTATION Sub: Road-related Water-related 7. DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATION: N/A (Battlefield) MATERIALS: Foundation: Walls: Roof: Other: NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 BALL’S BLUFF BATTLEFIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Page 4 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form DESCRIBE PRESENT AND HISTORIC PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Summary Paragraph The Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Historic District is located along a sweeping curve of the Potomac River within Loudoun County, Virginia and Montgomery County, Maryland. Measuring approximately 5.8 miles in length and ranging between 0.4 miles and 1.9 miles in width, the Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Historic District encompasses 3,301 acres, and is comprised of two discontiguous parcels: a primary parcel of 3,291 acres that straddles the Potomac River; and a 10-acre parcel that encompasses the Civil War-era earthwork known as Fort Evans. The Fort Evans parcel is located 1.5 miles east of Leesburg and 550 feet southwest of the main parcel. The historic district is roughly bisected by the broad and eastward turning course of the Potomac River, the west bank of which defines the boundary between Virginia and Maryland. At the time of the Civil War, when the Battle of Ball’s Bluff took place, the river also marked the political and military boundary between the Union and the Confederacy. Within the Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Historic District, much of the Virginia shore is rimmed by a high, rocky escarpment, while the Maryland shore features a wide expanse of level floodplain, edged to the east by bluffs. The Potomac River, as well as the two-mile-long, 395-acre Harrison’s Island located within the bend of the watercourse, are also prominent landscape features of the battlefield that played important roles in structuring military movement and engagement during the battle. To either side of the Potomac River, the battlefield is comprised of terrain, either wooded or cleared, that has changed very little in terms of its essential character since 1861. Along the western margin of the battlefield, however, encroachment of development associated with the nearby Loudon County seat—Leesburg, Virginia— has resulted in the loss of integrity for some areas of the battlefield as defined in 2009 by the American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP), a division of the National Park Service (NPS).1 These have been excluded from consideration herein so that the historic district retains a high degree of historic integrity, especially integrity of location, feeling, and association, while individual built features possess integrity of design, materials, and workmanship. This National Historic Landmark nomination update, which amends documentation prepared in 1984, addresses a revised spatial and chronological understanding of the Battle of Ball’s Bluff that is based on careful investigation by the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) in 1993 and by the 2009 ABPP update as well as additional recent scholarship and study. The amended nomination includes a boundary expansion from the 76 acres originally accepted in 1984 to 3,301 acres. The expanded area corresponds, for the most part, with that portion of the 10,436-acre battlefield delineated as Core Battlefield by the ABPP in 2009 that retains a high degree of integrity. Following more recent scholarship, this updated nomination also includes two primary areas of additional Core Battlefield where integrity remains high. The expanded property, as defined herein, is also generally consistent with that identified in a Preliminary Information Form prepared by the Loudoun County Heritage Commission in 2013. This nomination update also clarifies the criteria, period, and areas of significance associated with the battlefield in accordance with current practices. Finally, the nomination also describes the important connection between military tactics, the events of the battle, and the cultural landscape of the battlefield using the KOCOA military terrain analysis process.2 The Ball’s Bluff Battlefield Historic District is nationally significant under National Historic Landmark Criterion 1 in the areas of Politics/Government and Military, during the period October 21–24, 1862. The Battle 1 American Battlefield Protection Program, “Ball’s Bluff (VA006).” Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation’s Civil War Battlefields, Commonwealth of Virginia, Final Draft (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, July 2009) ), 52– 54. 2 The connection between the terrain and features of the battlefield landscape and the military tactics employed by army commanders has been formalized by U.S. Armed Forces in a military terrain analysis system known as KOCOA. The system is an acronym that stands for K – Key Terrain; O – Observation and Fields of Fire; C – Cover and Concealment; O – Obstacles; and A – Avenues of Approach. NPS Form 10-900 USDI/NPS NRHP Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 BALL’S BLUFF BATTLEFIELD HISTORIC DISTRICT Page 5 United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form of Ball’s Bluff derives its significance from the way it directly influenced military policy for the remainder of the Civil War and beyond. As a result of the Federal defeat at the Battle of Ball’s Bluff, members of the 37th Congress established the Joint Committee on the Conduct of War in early December 1861. While providing itself with broad investigative powers, the Joint Committee focused on examining the causes of four prominent Union military failures during the first year of the war, namely the Battle of Big Bethel First Manassas, the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, and the Battle of Ball’s Bluff. Based on the investigation, the committee worked to influence Union military tactics and operations throughout the remainder of the war. The Ball’s Bluff Battle, which is the most temporally connected to its formation, is considered to have played a key role in convincing Congress to create the Joint Committee on the Conduct of War and the battlefield is the best location for learning about this significant story. The
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