1AWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (2), 1990: 115-140

IAWA·IUFRO WOOD ANATOMY SYMPOSIUM 1990

The third Euro-African regional wood anatomy symposium organised by the Wood Science and Technology Laboratories of the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology), Zürich, Switzerland, July 22-27, 1990.

Organising Committee Prof. Dr. H.H. Bosshard, Honorary President Dr. L.J. Kucera, Executive Secretary and Local Host Ms. C. Dominquez, Symposium Office Secretary Dr. K. J. M. Bonsen, Deputy Executive Secretary lng. B.J.H. ter Welle, on behalf ofIAWA Prof. Dr. P. Baas, on behalf of IUFRO S 5.01

ABSTRACfS OF PAPERS AND POSTERS

C. ANGELACCIO, A. SCffiRONE and B. SCHI­ MARIAN BABIAK, 1GOR CuNDERLfK and JO­ RONE, Dipartimento di Scienze deli' Ambiente ZEF KUDELA, Faculty of Wood Technology, Forestale e delle Sue Risorse, Facolta di University of Forestry and Wood Technol­ Agraria, Universita degli Studi della Tuscia, ogy, Department of Wood Science and Me­ Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, chanical Wood, 96053 Zvolen, Czechoslo­ 1taly. - Wood anatomy of Quercus cre· vakia. - Permeability and structure of nata Lam. beech wood. Quercus crenata Lam. (Q. pseudosuber Flow of water and other liquids through G. Santi) is a natural hybrid between Q. cer­ beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) caused by ris x Q. suber. The species is widespread in the external pressure gradient is described by the mediterrane an basin, from France to Al­ the steady-state Darcy's law. The validity of bania. 1t occurs throughout Italy, usually as the law was proved up to a critical value. The single trees recognisable by their evergreen critical external pressure gradient obtained in and polymorphous leaves; the bark and acorn our experiments was 0.15 MPa/cm. The per­ cupules show intermediate characteristics be­ meability coefficient can characterise the num­ tween parents. The wooJ anatomy can be ber and quality of conducting elements in characterised as follows. wood and therefore should be related to its Macroscopic features: heartwood, sap­ structure. Poisseuille's law can be used to wood and tree rings are not easily distin­ describe this relation. It was shown that the guishable; broad rays very evident. Grain value of permeability coefficient obtained strongly twisted. from Darcy's law corresponds to that based Microscopic features: the vessels are 10- upon the vessel density and diameter. The cated in long radial chains. Their diameter results also confirmed that vessels are the ranges from 200 to 400).lm in the earlywood main conducting elements in beech wood. and from 100 to ISO ).lm in the latewood. Although their structure is heterogeneous the Perforations simple; tyloses abundant. The conducting system can be simulated as a rays are uniseriate and multiseriate, the latter bunch of parallel capillaries of a given length 25 to 30 cells wide. Additional information and an average radius. was obtained from dendroecological anal­ ysis. The wood of Q. crenata appears inter­ M. BARISKA, University of Stellenbosch, mediate in its wood anatomy between Q. cer­ Republic of South Africa. - Growth stress ris and Q. suber. splits in eucalypt mining timber.

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Between 20 and 50 million Rand a year is mately 0.3 microns, running both parallel and lost in South Africa due to growth stresses of perpendicular to the cell axis. Fibre cells sawn and mining timber. The mining indus­ showed litde damage due to collapse. tries are therefore promoting research into the forecasting of long tenn splitting damages in J.R. BARNETT, School of Plant Sciences, timber at felling or the splitting susceptibility University of Reading, Whiteknights, Read­ of standing trees. Investigations have reveal­ ing, RG6 2AS, U.K. - Cambial ultra­ ed two phases of split development: a fast structure in Aesculus hippocastanum one occurring in the first 6 days after felling during reactivation in spring. and a slow one following the first phase. The Cambium from Aesculus hippocastanum two phases of split development are strongly was sampled and prepared for transmission correlated. Thus, based on the extent of split­ electron microscopy at weekly intervals from ting in the fast phase, the long tenn split January to the end of ApriL The first signs of damage can be predicted with a high proba­ cambial reactivation were observed at the end bility. The sum of the split lengths measured of March in the form of the compIetion of during the fast phase also seem to be charac­ differentiation of sieve tube members and teristic of a tree and are strongly correlated companion cells, which had overwintered in with factors such as species or provenances the cambial zone after their formation at the of eucalypts, growth site conditions, tree' end of the previous season. The formation of dimensions and material properties. These new xylem elements was preceded by com­ findings indicate that it is possible to develop pIetion of differentiation of initial paren­ a simplified technique to predict the splitting chyma cells at the growth ring boundary, susceptibility of a standing tree with a given which had also spent the winter in an in­ probability. completely differentiated state. Evidence of metabolie activity in the 'dormant' tissues M. BARISKA, University of Stellenbosch, could be observed in the form of membrane Republic of South Africa. -Collapse phen­ and coated vesicle activity long before any omena in eucalypt species. cell differentiation could be detected. Trees belonging to the genus Eucalyptus are prone to develop damages due to cOllapse J.R. BARNEIT, I. WEATHERHEAD and H. soon after felling. A number of factors seem MILLER, School of Plant Sciences, Uni ver­ to cause collapse in eucalypts, namely: tran­ sity of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, spiration in the living tree, moisture gra­ RG6 2AS, U.K. - Anatomical studies of dients, stem dimensions, interaction of the the developing graft union in Picea sitch­ surface tension of water with the anatomical ensis (Bong) Carr. structure and the material strength. There are, The development of the graf! union in Pi­ however, few facts available on the cOllapse cea sitchensis has been studied using light mechanism which takes place at the ultra­ microscopy and low temperature and conven­ structurallevel. Microscopic observations in­ tional scanning electron microscopy. The for­ dicate that essentially in the ray cells, the cell mation of a layer of resin between the graf! wall may at some stage break up into lamel­ components is followed by swelling of ray lae, which then fold parallel or perpendicular parenchyma cells which expand into the re­ to the cell axis. Two size ranges of folds gion between the scion and rootstock. These were detected: folds with a width of around cells divide to produce callus which forces 2-5 microns, and folds with a width of ap­ apart the scion and rootstock. There is also proximately 0.3 microns. These size rangts evidence of callus formation from cambial suggest that the first separation might take cells and from phloem parenchyma cells at place between the primary and secondary cell the graft interface. Differentiation of cambial wall layers. This would mostly generate cells within the callus provides the eventual folds running perpendicular to the cell axis. link between the cambia of scion and root­ The second separation would occur between stock. The first xylem elements produced the sublayers, thus creating folds of approxi- by this new cambium possesses features

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts I AWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 117 characteristic of both primary and secondary versus moisture content and temperature xylem cells. Since cambial union, and the using the theory of rate processes and De­ subsequent fonnation of a vascular system bye's theory. According to these data, the common to xylem and rootstock does not phase state of bound water in wood is inter­ occur for about six weeks following grafting, mediate between liquid water and crystalline it is clear that the callus tissue must play an ice. The correction coefficient in the Van der important part in maintaining scion viability Waals state equation for bound water in during this period. wood versus moisture content has been cal­ culated. J. BAUCH*, H. VON HUNDT*, R. LIEBE­ Deviations of the potential barrier prevent­ REI**, G. WEIßMANN***, W. LANGE*** ing reorientation of dipolar groups of bound and H. KUBEL***, *InstituteofWoodBiol­ water in wood have been deterrnined. These ogy, Hamburg University, Leuschnerstraße values are sufficient to account for any mutu­ 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, **Institute of Ap­ al orientation of bound water molecules all plied Botany, Hamburg University, ***Insti­ over the investigated ranges of temperature tute ofWood Chemistry and Chemical Tech­ and moisture content. It was found (using the nology of Wood, Federal Research Centre Kirkwood-Frölich equation) that neighbour­ of Forestry and Forest Products, Hamburg, ing dipoles of bound water mainly have the F.R.G. - On the causes ofyellow and antiparallel orientation in wood with more brown discoloration of oak wood during than 10% moisture content and parallel orien­ drying. tation in wood with moisture content less Discolorations in oak wood during drying than 7%. lead to serious reduction in wood quality. In order to develop a specific prophylactic treat­ LIVIA BERGAMIN STROTZ*, L.J. KUCERA* ment preventing the yellow and brown dis­ and J. PAUL**, *Federal Institute of Tech­ colorations it was indispensable to detect the nology, Department for Wood Science, 8092 causes for these reactions. The yellow dis­ Zürich, Switzerland, and **Cambridge Instr. colorations were identified to be caused by GmbH, Heidelbergerstrasse 17, 6907-Nuss­ the mold fungus Paecilomyces variotii Bain. loch, F.R.G. -A programme to quan· and the reacting compounds are probably tify anatomical parameters on cross sec· hydrolysable tannins. Stored lumber has to tions of soft. and hardwood. be exposed to wind under rain shade to pre­ To examine the quality of wood in ana­ vent mold growth. Brown discolorations do tomical detail we developed a special com­ not originate from predisposition in the tree, puter programme and were able to quantify but are favoured by oxygen and moisture several microscopic features on cross sec­ particularly at higher temperatures and result tions of soft- and hardwood. The method from chemical reactions. Kiln drying at low combines a microscope (Zeiss, Ortholux Ir) temperature and reduced air pressure may and an image analyser (Cambridge Instr., limit brown discolorations. QUANTlMET 970), working with a specially prepared QUIPS-programme. Several para­ V. E. BENKOV A, Institute of Forest and W ood meters can be measured in one step, such as Siberian Branch, USSR Academy of Scien­ width of the annual ring, cell wall percentage, ces, Krasnoyarsk, U.S.S.R.- The phase cell contents, and vessels: number and state and structural peculiarities of percentage of vessels per square millimetre, bound water in wood by dielectric data. number and distribution of vessels in the an­ The state of bound water in wood with nual ring, mean area and mean diameter per moisture content up to 20% in a temperature annual ring. One step in this case means the range from +20 to -150°C have been inves­ width of one annual ring (1 to c. 2000 11m tigated by the dielectric method. Activation width) in a strip of 880 11m length. The rou­ free energy, entropy, entalpy of the dipole tine automatically divided the annual ring into relaxation, diffusivity factor and viscosity of 24 strips of equal width, measured dark and bound water in wood have been detennined bright points (therefore excellent contrast and

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access 118 IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (2), 1990 good sections are important) and worked out the latter is concerned with rattan 'wood' the above mentioned parameters. The results density. The study reveals for six species of can be printed out immediately and stored on Calamus that the widest vessels are distri­ disks. To make statistical calculations the buted in the central one third of the stern data can be transferred to a personal com­ radius as vessel diameter increases from the puter. periphery to the centre in a given internode. Along the stern length there is a small in­ creasing trend from the base to the top; the LIVIA BERGAMIN STROTZ, L.J. KUCERA difference between the rniddle and top levels and U. STOCKER, Federal Institute of Tech­ is however almost negligible. The number of nology, Department for Wood Science, 8092 metaxylem vessels per unit area shows nearly Zürich, Switzerland. -Application ofim· the reverse trend although along-stem varia­ age analysis to study anatomical wood tion is not very consistent. Among the species, quallty ofhealthy and diseased beeches the vessel diameter is positively correlated (Fagus sylvatica) from two different sites with stern size showing a stronger correlation in Switzerland. with stern length. This supports the general A specially developed computer pro­ view that widest vessels occur in species with gramme in combination with an image ana­ longest sterns in order to maintain conduction lyser (QUIPS/QUANTIMET 970) has been efficiency for greater heights. The 'wood' of used to examine and quantify the biological such long and often large diameter rattan could and anatomical quality of beech wood at two therefore be relatively light as within the stern, different sites (Basel & Zürich). Four healthy 'wood' is lighter in the centre and top than in and four diseased trees were cut down at the periphery and base, where vessels are three different heights (1, 7, & 12 m). Disks generally wider. were taken (5 cm) and serial sections along the diameter (80-120 annual rings) were made. The sections showed good contrast GIDEON BIGER, Department of Geography, (stained with safranin and astrablue). We mea­ Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. - sured different parameters on the cross sec­ Historical botanical research of the wood­ tions, such as width of the annual ring, per­ en constructions in Israel before the First centage of cell walls and vessel area per World War. annual ring (vessel diameter: 18-140 j.l.m), The landscape of Israel in the 19th century number of vessels per annual ring and per was nearly devoid of trees suitable for con­ square millimetre, mean vessel diameter and struction. Most buildings never had any wood vessel area per annual ring. The width of the in them as they were built of stones, bricks, field studied was 880 j.l.m. The data were first mud and some local shrubs. Only in official stored on disks, then transferred to a per­ buildings and some religious constructions sonal computer and finally analysed statis­ wood was used, mainly for roofing. The tically with 'STATGRAPH 3.0'. wood had to be imported from abroad. Botan­ ical investigation done on the remains of the K.M. BHAT* and W. LIESE, Universität 19th century buildings shows that there were Hamburg, Ordinariat f. Holzbiol., Leusch­ two main areas from which trees were im­ nerstraße 91, D-2050 Hamburg 80, F.R.G., ported: the Middle East, which supply Cedrus *Presently: Kerala Forest Research Institute, libani, Pinus nigra, Pinus brutia and Abies, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, India. - Distri· and Western Europe, which supplied Abies bution pattern of metaxylem vessels in alba, Cedrus atlantica, Pinus sylvestris, Larix rattan palms (Calamus spp.). decidua and Picea abies. Dendrochronologi­ The distribution of metaxylem vessels in cal investigations clearly show a differentia­ rattan sterns is of particular interest to both tion between early use of trees from the Middle physiologists and anatomists. While the for­ East and later use of European trees which mer group looks at it from an angle of con­ confirm historical knowledge concerning geo­ duction efficiency of these climbing palms, graphical development in Israel.

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GENKA STOY ANOVA BLUSKOVA, Higher In­ tain plant species can be read from the vessel­ stitute of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ohridski parenchyma-pit size. Not the maximum aper­ Street, Sofia 1756, Bulgaria. - Structural ture determines the occlusion type, but the changes of Conifer wood with age. minimum aperture diameter. Plant species Tracheid dimensions in wood of 7 soft­ with a minimum aperture diameter of 3 ~ or wood species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, more always develop tyloses. Species with Black pine, Douglas fir, Rumelian pine, Sil­ minimum pit diameters less than 3 ~ always ver fir, Whitebarked pine) were studied in have gum plugs. As tyloses are extrusions of relation to growth ring number from the pith. parenchyma cells, their wall structure, wall Samples of 1 to 120-year old plants were ob­ thickness, and their contents are similar to tained from 3 to 12 trees. Research on wood those of the parenchyma cello Tylosis size, of young plantations of Scots pine, Black the presence of pits in and the rate of lignifi­ pine and Norway spruce, most cultivated na­ cation of the tylosis wall depend mainly on tive conifers, and of Douglas fir, the most the time left for tylosis formation after it is successfully introduced species, was also initiated. Gums appear mostly as homogene­ carried out. Dimensions of tracheids of 1-year ous substances, seldom as granular substan­ old plants of above-mentioned species were ces, probably depending on their origin either determined from greenhouse and field plants. in embolised or in water-filled vessels. The Interspecific and interregional differences systematic value of vessel occlusions seems were studied mainly in 24- to 30-year old limited. The diagnostic value of vessel occlu­ plantations of the said species. Diameter of sions, however, is underestimated. sterns was 4 to 20 cm. Effect of density and position of trees on wood quality was deter­ mined in 21- to 24-year old plantations of K.J.M. BONSEN* andB.J.H. TER WELLE**, Black pine. Influence of fertilisation on cell *Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, De­ dimensions was examined in 14-year old partement für Wald- und Holzforschung, plantations of Norway spruce and Douglas Professur Holzkunde und Holztechnologie, fir. Differences of dimensions of tracheids in P. O. Box, ETH -Zentrum, 8092 Zürich, juvenile and adult wood were determined in Switzerland, **University of Utrecht, Insti­ 80- to 120-year old trees of Silver fir, Rume­ tute of Systematic Botany, Heidelberglaan 2, lian pine and Whitebarked pine. The findings P.O. Box 80.102, 3508 TC Utrecht, The are important in creating plantations and in Netherlands. - The anatomy of the Urti· effective use of wood. cales. A new volume of C.R. Metcalfe's 'Anat­ omy of the Dicotyledons' is in preparation. It K.J.M. BONSEN, Eidgenössische Techni­ will include the families of the orders Bar­ sche Hochschule, Depanment für Wald- und beyales, Casuarinales, Cercidiphylales, Di­ Holzforschung, Professur Holzkunde und dymelales, Eucommiales, Eupteleales, Faga­ Holztechnologie, ETH-Zentrum, 8092 Zü• les, Hamamelidales, Trochodendrales and rich, Switzerland. - Vessel occlusions in Urticales. The farnilies of the order Urticales wood anatomical descriptions. (Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Moraceae, Ul­ The accuracy of the description of the pres­ maceae, and Urticaceae) will be contributed ence of vessel occlusions in wood anatomical by Bonsen and Ter Welle. It provides an in­ descriptions is often moderate. The main rea­ troduction to the order, wood- and leaf ana­ son for this is the fact that most wood anato­ tomical descriptions of the families with re­ mists do not realise that although all plant marks about the genera, and a discussion of species with vessels are able to occlude their their phylogenetic position with respect to vessels, vessel occlusions are developed only other dicotyledons. Wood anatomists inter­ under special conditions. Whether a species ested in providing data on any of the other relies on tylosis formation or gum deposition orders mentioned, are invited to contact the depends on vessel diameter, climate and pan­ authors or Mary Gregory, Jodrell Labora­ lyon phylogeny. The occlusion type in a cer- tory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U.K.

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THOMAS BÖR and E. GRAF, EMPA St. Gal­ which makes the drilling of a hole unneces­ len, Abteilung Biologie, Unterstraße 11, 9001 sary. The measurements are continuous and St. Gallen, Switzerland. - Impregnation are shown simultaneously on the display of a quaIity of Swiss White fir timber. portable computer. The pattern of electrical White fir (Abies alba) requires a good pre­ conductivity enables the detection of the size servative protection, if a weather exposed or and extent of altered wood, and hel ps to de­ ground contact use is planned. When pres­ tennine cambial activity, vigour of trees, fai!­ sure treated, white fir shows a much better ures of wood, and statie risk of trees. penetration than spruce (Picea abies), but the irnpregnation quality varies widely. To evalu­ 1. CARTEY CAESAR, Department of Biology, ate the reasons for the variation of treat­ Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of ability, 85 white fir trees from 14 different Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana. - Effect of sites located in three altitudes were investi­ simulated shade-light quality on stem gated. End-sealed 9 x 13 x 50 cm3 sampies anatomy of Pinus contorta seedlings. * with different sapwood/heartwood propor­ The influence of light quality [red: far-red tions was pressure treated with a water sol­ light (R: FR) ratio] and the resulting photo­ uble CCF-salt. The impregnation quality was morphogenic responses of the stem were ex­ evaluated on the basis of the liquid and salt amined in seedlings of Pinus contorta grown absorption, of the treated area of the cross in controlled environment under identical section, the average penetration and the aver­ conditions (300 Ilmol m-2s- 1 PAR; 16H pho­ age minimum penetration depth of copper. toperiod; 60% RH; 20°C) except for light First results: Within the sites of the same quality as described previously (Caesar 1989, altitude the impregnation quality varies much Photosynthetica 23: 126-129). Control plants more than between different altitudes. As to received radiation from cool-white ftuores­ the present sampies, tree age and annual ring cent lamps with R: FR of 3.67 and simulated width have no significant effect. Therefore shade irradiance was achieved by a mixture the treatability of white fir wood is apparently of fluorescent and far-red filtered incandes­ inffuenced by site depending factors. So it cent lamps with R: FR of 0.56. The stems of would be advantageous to select the wood by 45-day-old seedlings were fixed in FAA, sites before pressure treatment, because con­ embedded in paraplast, and sectioned and siderable standard deviations may occur if stained for anatomieal observations. wood of different sites is treated in the same Simulated shade-light influenced a num­ pressure process. ber of anatomie al parameters including tra­ ch~id number, xylem width, phloem width, H.P. BUCHER and L.J. KU CERA, Eidge­ tra~heid diameter, bark width and tracheid nössische Technische Hochschule, Departe­ wall thiekness, increasing the dimensions by ment für Wald- und Holzforschung, ETH­ 69%, 119%, 32%,20%,22% and 10-25%, Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. - respectively, compared with control plants. Non-destructive testing of the intemal These differences in anatomical parameters of oondition of trees and timber by me& the stem provide further evidence that phyto­ suring electrical impedance. chrome perceives light quality and dictates a The measurement of the electrical impe­ variety of photomorphogenic processes at the dance is an appropriate method for the detec­ anatomicallevel to complement morphologi­ tion of the internal condition of living trees cal and physiologieal differences. and of timber. A new tool, the Vitamat, is * Research conducted at the University of presented, which allows the testing of the Alberta, Canada and funded by a grant wood in an easy, rapid and almost non­ from the Alberta Forest Development Re­ destructive way. The pattern of electrical search Trust. conductivity to an alternating current is mea­ sured by driving two insulated steel elec­ J. CARTEY CAESAR and A. D. MACDONALD, trodes into the wood up to a depth of 30 cm. Department of Biology, University of Guy­ The electrodes are pressed into the wood ana, Georgetown, Guyana and Department

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts IAWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 121 of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder wood, sc ar tissue, gum spots, and decay Bay, Ontario, Canada. - Shoot dimor· from both cross-sectional and longitudinal phism in BetuIa papyrifera: anatomica1 (either sagittal or coronal) directions. In addi­ comparisons between vegetative long and tion the most recent advancements in NMR short shoot sterns. imaging will be discussed and the economic Betula papyrijera Marsh is a monoecious feasibility of adapting such a system to forest tree possessing long and short shoots. A products industry will be analysed. number of morphologie al and morphogenie differences between the two shoot types have DOEUNG CHOI, WILFRED A. COTE and been reported (e.g., Caesar & Macdonald ROBERT B. HANNA, Center for Ultrastruc­ 1983, 1984a, b; Can. 1. Bot. 61: 3066-3071; ture Studies, SUNY College of Environ­ 62: 446-453; 1708-1713; Macdonald et al. mental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New 1984: Can. J. Bot. 62: 437-445). The re­ York 13210, U. S.A. - Quantification of sults of the present study quantify the anatom­ compression fuilure propagation in wood ical differences between the vegetative forms in relation to its structure using digital of the two shoot types. One-year-old long image pattern recognition. and short shoots were collected, fixed in Using a digital image pattern recognition FAA, embedded in paraplast, sectioned and technique, compression failure propagation in stained for quantitative anatomical analyses. wood was quantified. Then the failure pro­ Measurements of various anatomical features pagation was related to the structure of wood revealed differences between the two shoot at the microseopie level. types. Wood-to-bark ratio was 125% greater Under axial compression, strain profiles in long shoots compared with short shoots, showed that deformation in wood was not indicating that pos session of greater folia ge uniform, but closely related to the morphol­ biomass increased photosynthate allocation to ogy of wood. Both fusiform rays and uni­ wood production in long shoots. The widths seriate rays caused disturbance in the defor­ of periderm, secondary xylem and phloem, mation field. Influence from the uniseriate as weH as cortex were 32%, 104%,26% and rays was not as great as that from the fusi­ 10% greater in long shoots. Sirnilarly, radial form rays because fusiform rays are larger. vessel diameter, number of vessels in radial The local disturbance in the deformation field files, ray frequency and pith diameter were appeared to be the major source of local fail­ greater in long shoots compared with short ures and the major factor for complete failure shoots. In short shoots, secondary xylem of the wood specimens. The results also sug­ increment ceased during the second year or gested that the local disturbance might be de­ immediate1y thereafter, indicating apremature termined by the size, location and arrange­ dormancy labortion of cambial activity. Ma­ ment of rays, the angle of initial fibre bending, ture tissue anatomical differences between and the mechanical properties of the fibres. long and short shoots may re1ate to organogen­ The propagation of complete failure was ic differences, bud composition and growth rather gradual and the direction appeared to potential, leaf number and possibly also nu­ follow the adjacent local failures. Non-linear tritional, hormonal and/or other biochemi­ e1astic deformation appears to reftect the ex­ cal/physiological factors. pansion of the complete failure region. S.J. CHANG, Department of Forestry, Uni­ versity of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky POOCHOW*, O. PEARSON** and H. VAN 40546-0073, U.S.A. - Imaging hard· DENHEUVEL**, * 110MumfordHall, 1301 wood logs with the NMR scanner. W. Gregory, University of Illinois, Urbana, In this paper, the results of imaging both IL 61801, U.S.A., **Interwil S.A., P.O. white oak and black cherry logs with a NMR Box 10342, Johannesburg 2000, South Afri­ scanner will be presented to demonstrate the ca. - The effects of included phloem on capability of the NMR scanner to reveal inter­ some mechanical properties in Kempas nal defects such as knots, tension wood, wet (Koompassia malaccensis) wood.

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Included phloem or interxylary phloem is The wood anatomy of 100 species belong­ a natural phenomenon in Kempas. The origin ing to sixteen genera of the Theaceae native to of the incIuded phloem is ascribed to injury China has been studied. Despite the wood and/or disturbance of the cambium. There anatomical homogeneity of the family, it is is a lack of information on the effects of in­ possible to key out individual genera. In gen­ cluded phloem on the strength properties of eral the wood of the Theaceae can be charac­ Kempas. Both fiat-sawn and quarter-sawn terised by exclusively solitary vessels, scala­ green Kempas sampIes (163 x 232 x 610 mm) riform perforations, opposite to scalariform containing incIuded phloem were tested to vessel wall pitting, ground tissue of long determine their strength properties by using fibre-tracheids, parenchyma scanty paratra­ the American Society for Testing and Materi­ cheal and apotracheally diffuse, and hetero­ als (ASTM) D-143 procedures. The test re­ cellular rays. sults indicate that the Kempas sampIes which The two subfamilies Camellioideae and contain included phloem obtained good and Ternstroemioideae differ from each other in adequate strength properties. They are con­ type ofvessel-ray pits and number of bars. siderably stronger than Keruing, Douglas fir, Sladenia, often treated as a genus of the Red oak, White oak and Southern Yellow pine Theaceae, is aberrant in having long vessel in their maximum bending stress or modulus multiples and alternate intervessel pits. This of rupture, horizontal shear stress, compres­ indicates' the isolated position of the genus. sive stress perpendicular to the grain (at elas­ The taxa from tropical seasonal forest tend tic limit), and surface hardness properties. It to have wider and less frequent vessels than proves that the Kempas woods with included those from subtropical provenances. Other phloem possess adequate strength. They can ecological trends could not yet be established be used in many structural and building con­ for the fairly limited geographical range anal­ struction areas. ysed.

VERA T. RAUBER CORADIN and GRACIELA DAVID R. DOBBINS, Biology Department, I. BOLZON DE MUNIZ, Forest Products Lab­ Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsyl­ oratory, Brazilian Institute of Environments vania 17603, U.S.A. - The role of rays and Renewable Natural Resources, IBAMA, in anomalous cambial activity. L4 Norte Lote 04, Brasilia, Brazil. - Field In most cases the cambium meristem as­ identification key of 50 tropical wood spe­ sumes the shape of a continuous cylinder. cies of Floresta Nacional do Tapaj6s. However, in a significant number of tropical A key for field identification of the wood species, notably lianas, the cambium varies of 50 tropical tree species from the Floresta from this scheme and is considered to have Nacional dos Tapaj6s, Para, Brazil was pre­ anomalous growth. In one type of anomalous pared. The key is based on general charac­ growth the cambium becomes discontinuous ters, density, and macroscopic characters that and fragments into segments each separated are easily recognisable under field conditions. by non-vascular tissues. A segmented cam­ The purpose of this key is to permit control bium often results in strands, wedges, or of lumbering activities by moderately trained various amounts of phloem becoming 'in­ personnel. Abrief description of general and cluded' within the xylem cylinder (= included macroscopic characters for each species is phloem). By using grafting techniques sev­ also supplied, together with illustrations (col­ eral studies have shown the cambium to have our plates of the tangential and radial planes a strong induction (Lang 1965) and will be­ and a macroscopic view of the trans verse come continuous between stock and sc ion section). even when in the graft they are misaligned (see reviews by Noel 1970; Warren-Wilson DENG LIANG and PIETER BAAS, Rijksher­ 1961). This study shows that in sterns hav­ barium, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, ing an interrupted cambial cylinder, each The Netherlands. - Comparative wood point of separation of the vascular cambium anatomy of the Theaceae from China. occurs at the point of special multiseriate

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts IAWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 123 rays. Not only is this ray multiseriate, but its ogy, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798- length is continuous the entire length of 7388, U.S.A. - An ultrastructural in­ the intemode and through the nodes. It is vestigation of torus development in dico­ hypothesised that the ray is acting as a phys­ tyledonous woods. iological barrier allowing the growth factors The torus typically is associated with in­ regulating cambial activity to be very differ­ tervascular pit membranes of gymnosperms. ent on one side of the multiseriate ray than on Nevertheless structures of similar appearance the other side allowing the induction to be are observed in some species of the angio­ broken and the cambium cylinder fragment­ spermous genera Celtis, Ulmus, Osmanthus, ed. It is evident that those species which have and Daphne. In such instances, the torus is only uniseriate rays always have a continu­ centrally located on an intervascular pit mem­ ous cambial cylinder. brane and is surrounded by a margo with minute openings. In Celtis and Ulmus, the torus develops by thickening of the primary D. DUJESIEFKEN and W. LIESE, Chair of walls of the pit membrane. This thickening Wood Biology, Hamburg Univ., Leusch­ is initiated prior to secondary wall synthesis nerstraße 91,2050 Hamburg, F.R.G.­ in associated tracheary elements. By contrast Wound reactions in the xylem of hard­ torus formation in Osmanthus americanus oc­ woods. curs by addition of thick pads of wall material After wounding trees start to compartmeri­ to both pit membrane surfaces. This material talise the damage initiated through the inflow is deposited late in cellular ontogeny after the of air and later also through microorganisms. associated pit borders are near completion. There are considerable uncertainties in tree Deposition is accompanied by vesicles and a care and tree surgery regarding the way and microtubule cluster. Deposition of torus time of pruning and the protective treatment material in Daphne species (D.odorata and of wounds. Since 1986 more than 350 trees D. cneorum) also occurs late in ontogeny and of urban stands were wounded in different is associated with microtubules and vesi-cles. ways (pruning, stern wounds, holes from in­ In these Daphne species torus material not crement borers) involving twelve tree species only is deposited on both pit membrane (Acer spp., Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula surfaces, but also impregnates the primary spp., Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, walls. Phylogenetic position of these genera Malus spp., Populus spp., Prunus spp., and comparative ontogenies of the torus indi­ Quercus robur, Q. rubra, Salb: spp. and Tilia spp.). cate that torus evolution may weil have oc­ curred in at least three separate instances in So far 190 trees were dissected and wound angiosperms. reactions analysed. The various species have a different capacity to compartmentalise the GHANBAR EBRAHIMI and AHMAD R. AzIZI, injured tissue. The same kind of wound in Department ofWood Technology, Faculty of ash, horse chestnut and poplar leads to long discolorations along the grain: in beech, lime Natural Resources, Karaj, Iran. - Compar­ ison of gross mechanical properties of and oak normally to short ones. Differences oak (Quercus castaneifolia) from two 10- in compartmentalisation due to the time of calities in Iran. wounding are more significant than due to Across its major range in the Caspean the way of pruning or treatment. Wounding Forests, Quercus castaneifolia grows in dif­ during the dormant season mostly results in ferent ecological sites, and shows variation in more discoloration than wounding in other its growth rate. Gross mechanical character­ periods. istics of oak from two localities were com­ pared. Data will be presented on modulus of R.R. DUTE and A.E. RUSHING, Department rupture, compression and shear parallel to the of Botany and Microbiology and the Alabarna grain, nail withdrawal resistance, toughness, Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn U ni­ hardness and tensile strength perpendicular to versity, AL 36849 and Department of Biol- grain.

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DIETRICH FENGEL, Institut für Holzfor­ SIEGFRIED FINK, Institut für Biologie I, Uni­ schung, University of Munich, Winzerer­ versität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle l, strasse 45, D-8000 München 40, F.R.G. - D-7400 Tübingen, F.R.G. - Further re­ Aging and fossilisation of wood and its search on the use of'transparent wood' components. in functional and structural xylem Aging of wood begins with the cutting of studies. a tree if the drying of the wood tissue is Wood samples can be made partially regarded as its first step. Further changes of transparent by infiltration with appropriate the wood substance depend on environmental monomers and subsequent polymerisation. conditions. In the hot, dry desert climate The resulting transparent polymer matrix wooden objects and cellulosic textiles are should have a refractive index of about 1.56 preserved for several millenia, while condi­ which nearly matches the average index of tions which promote the attack of rnicro­ wood. Then the cell walls become practically organisms enforce their degradation. The dissolved optically. Research in this field degradation of wood, however, may take during the past two years has shown the ap­ millions of years if the attack of micro­ plicability of this technique in various fields organisms is restricted or largely excluded. of wood research: 1) Densitometric measure­ Two different kinds of aging processes ments of increment cores as a possible alter­ can be distinguished: a) aerobic conditions as native to X-ray densitometry; 2) Visualisation prevailing in wooden buildings, sculptures of internal irregularities in wood structure; etc.; b) anaerobic conditions, valid for wood­ 3) Three-dimensional demonstration of the en items submerged in water such as foun­ course of vessels and tracheids involved in dation pillars, ships etc. or buried in the water transport. Especially the last approach ground by geological processes, such as has shown valuable results in roots, branches large forests. Submersion and underground and leaves with the use of coloured or fluo­ embedding initiate the very slow process of rescent tracers. A differential technique even fossilisation in which the cell wall substance allows the direct demonstration of embolisms is transformed into highly condensed com­ in vessels. Details of the technique and the pounds (coalification) or its substitution by results are given. minerals occurs (silification). The structural and chemical changes that R. FuNADA*, M. TABUCHI**, T. KUBO**, take place during the transformation of wood M.FuSHITANI** and T.SUGIYAMA**, *De­ tissue have been studied in several labora­ partment of Forest Products, Faculty of Agri­ tories. The results provide valuable infor­ culture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060 mation on tpe changes of the cell wall sub­ and **Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo Univer­ stance during periods of several hundreds, sity of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, thousands and millions of years. Tokyo, 183, Japan. - Seasonal variations The various wood components are sub­ in endogenous IAA and ABA in cambial jected to different kinds of degradation and regions of Pinus densiflora. conversion. The polysaccharides disappear Endogenous IAA and ABA in cambial re­ with aging and seem to be more sensitive gions were quantified at different stern heights than lignin. Nevertheless residues of poly­ of Pinus densiflora. Quantifications were done saccharides have been found in fossilised seven times from March to November by samples as old as 180 million years. Al­ GC-MS-SIM using deuterated substances as though more resistant, the lignin is converted intemal standards. Experimental trees were chemically and its structure differs increas­ pruned so that various amounts of the crown ingly from its native state. Even extractives remained. may survive millions of years, although in a IAA content showed considerable season­ changed form such as amber. There are other al variation in all trees and at all stern posi­ vegetable compounds which consist of an tions; it reached a maximum in May and then aliphatic high-polymer structure and seem to decreased. In trees with large amounts of be highly resistant to fossilisation processes. crown IAA remained relatively high after a

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts IAWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 125 peak and declined in autumn, whereas in pared at Kew (editors C.R. Metcalfe, D.F. those with small amounts of crown they de­ Cutler & M. Gregory). Three volumes have creased rapidly after a peak. On the other been published and work is proceeding on hand, ABA content was low compared with volume IV, Saxifragales (sensu Takhtajan IAA and showed little seasonal variation. 1983), with original research carried out at Relationships between seasonal variations Kew by Hazel Wilkinson, and the collabora­ in these plant growth regulators and wood tion of anatomists in other botanical institu­ formation will be discussed. tions. As well as the herbaceous Saxifragaceae PETER GASSON and DA VID CUTLER, Jodrell s. str. and the largely herbaceous succulent Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Crassulaceae, the order includes such woody Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, U.K. - De­ families as Cunoniaceae, Escalloniaceae, Hy­ velopment of a wood anatomy and wood drangeaceae, Bruniaceae, and Pittosporaceae. uses database at Kew. The characters of a hypothetical archetyp al This database is being developed at Kew woody saxifrage are compared with those of using a program written in Prime Information representatives of families in this order and by Derek Martindale and Mark Jackson of the range of wood anatomical characters is the Computer Department and is instalied on shown by aseries of photomicrographs. Kew's Prime minicomputer. The database combines descriptions of wood anatomy and J.S. GULERIA, Birbal Sahni Institute of Pa­ some physical properties using the IAWA laeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood 226 007, Lucknow, India. - African ele­ Identification (lA WA Bull. n.s. 10 (3», and ments in the Upper Tertiary flora of known uses taken from the literature fitted Rajasthan, Western India. into use categories defined in Kew's ECOS Fossil woods of tropical African genera, (Economic and Conservation Section) list. Entandrophragma C. DC., Khaya A. Juss., Basic information on the species covered, Baphia Afze!., Erythrophleum Afze!. ex G. their uses and anatomical descriptions, and Don, Tetrapleura Benth. belonging to family more complex data can be readily obtained, Meliaceae and Fabaceae recovered from Shu­ for example the anatomical features common mar Formation of Pliocene age, north-west of to woods with a particular use can be dis­ Jaisalmer, Rajasthan are discussed. They are played. It is possible to adjust the percentage presently mainly confined to tropical Afri­ match levels to any desired value. ca and Madagascar and their occurrence in The major aim of the project is to be able the Pliocene of western India is phytogeo­ to propose uses for lesser known woods, graphically and Palaeoclimatically significant. particularly those from the tropics, based on It indicates migration of plants from East their anatomical structure. This is a long-term Africa to the western part of India suggesting undertaking, and it is envisaged that the data­ that the latter was at one time the meeting base will be most useful when it contains de­ ground for the African and Arabian elements scriptions and uses of several thousand taxa. with the Indian element. It also suggests the The potential value of maintaining mixed existence of luxuriant vegetation and tropical forest for cropping is immense and as yet un­ humid climate in Rajasthan during the Plio­ assessed. The project aims to make this pos­ cene in contrast to the dry climate and desertic sible. conditions encountered in the area today. These elements, however, failed to move MARY GREGORY, PETER GASSON and further into eastern or southern India prob­ HAzEL WILKINSON, Jodrell Laboratory, Roy­ ably due to the on set of aridity as none of al Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey them have so far been recorded from other TW9 3DS, U.K. -Anatomy ofthe Dico­ Neogene deposits of India. Evidently the tyledons. present desertic conditions are the result of The second edition of Metcalfe and Chalk's post-Pliocene climatic changes. The most 'Anatomy of the Dicotyledons' is being pre- probable means of migration of the elements

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are high velocity winds, birds and animals Dabie area. The results show that there are and the possible routes are: significant differences in wood ultrastructure 1) Egypt to N. Arabia to Persia to Baluchi­ arnong these forms, and that the wood quality stan and Sind to Western India; varies accordingly (depending on microfibril 2) Ethiopia to S. Arabia to Persia to Baluchi­ angle and crystallinity). A theoretical basis stan and Sind to Western India. for the relationship between wood quality for different uses and improved genotypes; R. BRUCE HOADLEY*, REGIS B. MILLER** wood quality and silvicultural techniques, for and SHARON ZARIFIAN KITCHENER*, *Wood breeding improved genotypes and aiming at Science and Technology, University ofMas­ a high yield plantation is presented. sachusetts, Arnherst, MA 01003 and ** Cen­ KATRIN JOOS, Grenzacherstraße 215, 4058 ter for Wood Anatomy Research, U.S. For­ Basel, Switzerland. - Abrupt growth est Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pin­ changes in Dendroecology: a compari­ chot Drive, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A.­ son of two different methods. Distinguishing Pinus resinosa Ait. and Since the early eighties, abrupt growth Pinus sylvestris L. on the basis offusi­ changes in tree ring sequences have been re­ form ray characteristics. garded as an expression of altered biotic Because the woods of Scots pine (Pinus or abiotic influences on trees. Furthermore, sylvestris L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa these changes convey specific information Ait.) have been considered inseparable from about the on set, effect and persistence of the one another, a search was made for dis tin­ changed conditions. Depending on the meth­ guishing anatomical features. A routine mi­ od used by dendrochronologists, the observ­ croscopic examination of 44 specimens of ed growth patterns of a tree may diverge ex­ each species was made. These preliminary tensively, mainly because of the difference observations suggested that ray characteris­ in the distinct cIassification of several, con­ tics were most likely to show differences. secutive increment phases after the abrupt The investigation then focused on linear mea­ changes in growth have been recorded simi­ surements of uniseriate and fusiform rays larly in three stages of intensity for both re­ viewed in tangential seetions. Observations duction and increase. and measurements were evaluated statistically One method (Kontic et al. 1986; Schwein­ using discriminant analysis. The most dis­ gruber 1986) assesses each increment series criminating features were the significantly considering the character of previous growth greater average fusiform ray heights and the phases. Even though no nominal or interpre­ greater average heights of the longer of the tative differentiation is made, the cIassifica­ two uniseriate extensions of the fusiform tion of the sequences do not comply anymore rays in P. sylvestris. Using the two features with those used for the abrupt changes since together gives the strongest basis for sepa­ they are beyond the postulated stage limits. rating the two species, although occasional Another method (Joos 1988) cIassifies each specimens cannot be positively identified. growth sequence only in accordance to the initial abrupt change and takes it into account JrANG ZEHUI, Mail-box 52, Institute of For­ as leng as no adverse change occurs. Within est Products, Anhui Agricultural College, the range of the stage limits, the increment is Hefei, China. - Microfibril angle and proved systematically by the superimposition crystallinity ofwood from major natural of all phases wh ich are persistent at that forms of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia period of time. lanceolata) in the Mt Dabie area, China. A further discussion of different methods This paper presents results of a study of would certainly be useful for dendroecology. wood ultrastructure in Chinese fir (Cunning­ hamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) from China, KATRIN JOOS, Grenzacherstraße 215, 4058 addressing the determination and analysis of Basel, Switzerland. - Relationship be­ microfibril angle and crystaIIinity of wood on tween various phenomena in trees: a three natural forms of this species in the Mt multi·factor correlation design.

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Knowing how factors as age, need1e/leaf gential diameters respectively) with thin walls density, radial or twig growth, sapwood pro­ (1.2 ~m). These cells are pitted densely only portions etc. are related, is of great interest in the tangential walls but devoid of pits in particularly when aiming at an improvement their radial walls and much shorter (120-400 of the fitness-evaluation of trees. The com­ ~m) than the normal tracheids. The pits are plexity of interactions hardly allows a com­ angular or polygonal in outline and alternately prehensive interpretation of just one corre­ arranged. Pits to ray cells are oval, half­ lation between only two of all factors involv­ bordered and alternately arranged. Although ed. Proceeding from univariate correlations, the cells are surel y a kind of tracheid, they are mulü-factor studies, as partial and multiple quite different from the normal tracheids correlation models, have certainly to be pre­ which have scalariform pits on the radial ferred. walls of the earlywood and transitional to The partial correlation design under dis­ circular pits in the latewood. This tissue was cussion provides aseries of equations, be­ first described by Thompson and Bailey ginning with an individual inclusion of each (1916) as 'large, short tracheids' occurring co-variable from a set, and ending with their around the leaf, branch and also root traces combined inclusion. An analogous procedure by studying in a small twig (7 years old) and concerning multiple correlations covers dif­ root wood. After that McLaughlin (1933) al­ ferent numbers and chan ging combinations so referred to the same structure as 'vascular of the independent variables. Thus, the coef­ tracheids' but what kind of sampie he used is ficient values show numerical patterns among not mentioned. Some other authors also stud­ the correlations both within the same ranks ied Tetracentron wood but they did not men­ and between the different ranks defined by tion such tracheids or just referred to them the number of control- respectively input­ without any discussion. From the present variables. Both systems of rank orders prove study we recognise that the structure is not a similarity in their structures which again restricted to the areas of twig and root inser­ renders mutual conclusions feasible. Even tion but quite normal in mature and young though a cautious interpretation is absolutely wood of Tetracentron. indicated, these models may offer a better possibility to differentiate causal links from W ALID A. KASIR, Forestry Department, Col­ dummy relationships resulting from similar lege of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul Uni­ dependence of two factors upon a third one. versity, Iraq. - The influence of spacing on the anatomicaI properties and specif. LAJMINA JOSHI*, MITSUO SUZUKI**, To­ ic gravity of the wood of a Populus MOYUKI Fum*** and SHUICH NOSHIRO***, clone. *Department of Forest and Plant Research, The Populus clone examined in this study National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, was IRQ-6 (Populus nigra). The measure­ Godawary, Lalitpur, Nepal, **Kanazawa ments were made on the wood of trees plant­ University, Biological Institute, College of ed at spacings of 1 x4, 2 x4, 3 x4, and4x 4 Liberal Arts, Marunouchi 1-1, Kanazawa, m. Some selected anatomical properties, viz. 920 Japan, and ***Wood Techn. Div., For­ fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre wall thick­ estry Prod. Institute, Tsukuba Norin, Ibaraki ness, vessel element length and diameter, and 305, Japan. - Tissue found in Tetra· specific gravity were studied. The results centron wood - its structure and signifi. showed a significant effect of spacing upon cance. all the prcperties studied, fibres and vessel Tetracentron, a vessel-less dicotyledon, element dimensions along with the specific was first described by Harms (1897). In five gravity were found to be higher in trees mature wood sampies and two branch wood plan ted at 2 x 4 m compared to those planted sampIes we noticed the regular occurrence of at other spacings, except for the vessel ele­ a peculiar tissue in those woods: radial files ment diameter which was a tittle lower. of square or rectangular cells in cross section Variation of the properties studied in the (20-60 ~m and 20-70 ~m in radial and tan- radial direction was higher than along the

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stern axis. Fibre and vessel element dimen­ The growth and hydraulic fitness of Dou­ sions tended to increase with distance from glas fir was assessed by tree ring analysis pith, except for vessel element diameter that and determination of area and moisture con­ showed an increasing value at first and then tent of the sapwood. Ten trees from two c. decreased near the bark. Specific gravity was 30 years old stands of the Dutch Priority Pro­ found to be higher near the pith than elose to gramme on Acidification were studied at four the bark. height levels each. The annual increment of Fibre dimensions and vessel element dia­ the basal area varied, but was not related meter decreased with increasing stern height, to stern diameter or crown appearance. The while no elear trend was found for vessel ele­ moisture content of the sapwood in the ment length. Specific gravity increased with crown region was higher than at breast stern height. height. Moisture content in the sapwood at breast height decreased with increasing per­ SUSANNE KONOPATZKY, Institut für Forst­ centage sapwood area. Actual moisture con­ wissenschaften Eberswalde, Forschungsbe­ tent in each ring was slightly lower than reich Ökologie, Abt. Ökophysiologie, Alfred­ maximal moisture content calculated from the Möller-Straße 1, Eberswalde-Finow 1, 1300 amount of cell wall material, but still showed G. D. R. - Some studies of wood anat· a strong linear relationship with earlywood omy in the stem of adult Scots pine under percentage (positive) and overall cell wall different pollution levels. percentage (negative). These results seem to We have exarnined sound and damaged indicate normal hydraulic fitness of the trees pines from seven regions differently stressed studied. by air pollution and situated on medium an­ hydromorphic sites of the lowland of the JOZEF KUDELA, Faculty of Wood Technol­ G.D.R. The working hypothesis assurnes ogy, University of Forestry and Wood Tech­ quantitative and qualitative modifications of nology, Department of Wood Science and the stern sapwood formed before and after Mechanical Wood, 960 53 Zvolen, Czecho­ damage. A comparison of the width of an­ slovakia. - Strain caused by moisture nual rings showed that trees mainly damaged stress in normal tension wood. by S02 and N-compounds within the past 10 Tension wood in beech occurs not only in years reacted by reducing their growth con­ branches but also in sterns. It is typical espe­ siderably. Within the annual rings a propor­ cially for sterns with an excentric pith. Ten­ tionally smaller sapwood quantity could also sion wood that contains fibres with a non­ be observed. In the vertical stern profile the lignified intemal layer (G-Iayer) has a con­ lowest sapwood percentages were always siderably high er longitudinal shrinkage than found below the crown. The growth regres­ normal beech wood. Portions of tension sions of the damaged trees ran parallel to wood cause undesirable strain in the final those of the butt of the tree, although the product developed as a result of moisture largest ring width occurred at the crown stress. base. The number of resin ducts per mm2 A simplified mathematical model is pro­ rose proportionally to the increasing degree posed giving the possibility to calculate the of damage. However, since the number of deftection of a prisma with a given portion of resin ducts depends on ring width, the in­ tension wood for a desired moisture content creased values per mm2 are to be attributed to change. The knowledge of shrinkage coeffi­ the smaller year-ring width in the case of cients of normal and tension wood as well as damaged trees. The formation of traumatic of the moduli of elasticity in longitudinal resin ducts could not be observed. direction for static bending as functions of moisture content is required. lNGRID DE KORT, Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, STANISLAV KURJATKO and MILAN MAR­ The Netherlands. - Radial increment and COK, Faculty of Wood Technology, Uni­ hydrauIic fitness of DougJas fir. versity of Forestry and Wood Technology,

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960 53 Zvolen, Czechoslovakia. - Effect of Structure was analysed of one beech tree. ultrasound on the penetration ofpreser­ The differences were found in the last 15 vative oll into spruce wood. years, in which ring widths decreased sig­ This work is concerned with the applica­ nificantly. Quantitative and morphological tion of ultrasonic waves on the absorption, changes of vessels and fibre elements were dimension of preserved surface and depth of found. The proportion of vessels was higher preservative pitch oil into spruce wood. and their diameters were smaller. The portion Specimens were prepared from the sap­ of fibre elements and their length decreas­ wood and heartwood of 3 x 2 x 5.5 cm, the ed towards the periphery. The anatomical last dimension being in the fibre direction. changes did not significantly affect the physi­ All specimens were equilibrated before ex­ cal and mechanical properties of wood in the periments, resulting in an average moisture diseased beech. content of 25% and they were subjected to wetting, wetting and ultrasound, wetting and LI ZHENGLl (LEE CHENGLEE) and LIN IIN­ pressure, and wetting-pressure-ultrasound. XING, Department of Biology, Peking Uni­ Experiments were performed in special versity, Beijing, China. - Anatomical equipment at 50°C ultrasonic wave frequency studies of the 'hurIs' of Ginkgo. 22kHz, and 0.65 MPa press ure. For each In the mountain areas of China, especially combination of experiments the total time in the humid gorges, the stalactite-like 'burls' was 32 minutes and the duration of the ultra­ of Ginkgo biloba L. have been noticed fre­ sound treatment was 16 minutes in 2 minutes quently. This abnormal outgrowth usually intervals. We obtained the following results: forms a colurnn-shaped structure with an ob­ The effect of ultrasound on the penetration tuse end. of preservative pitch oil into spruce wood The woody structure of the 'burls' is less was positive. Values of absorption and sur­ dense than the normal wood of Ginkgo. In face and depth of penetration increased. The transverse section, the central core is rather highest effect was with the simultaneous ac­ disorganised and irregularly separated into tion of ultrasound and pressure. The preserv­ several areas by the parenchymatous tissues, ed surface of sapwood specimens was ap­ in which various sizes of cavities are visible, proximately 98%. The sapwood anatomy of some of them filled with darkly stained mate­ spruce wood was investigated after treatment rials. There are different numbers of growth by ultrasound and pressure. Damage of bor­ rings with variable widths surrounding the dered pits was found; the margO microfibrils central core. The wood rays in the 'buris' are were broken. rather coarse and composed of differently ar­ The experimental results have confirmed ranged parenchyma cells. The wood rays are the possibility of practical application of ul­ distributed in a disordered way and appear trasound in the technology of wood preser­ wide, spindle-shaped in tangential section. vation. After removal of the bark the bulged wood rays are conspicuous on the xylem surface. ST ANISLA V KURJA TKO, IGOR ÖJNDERLIK The arrangement of tracheids is looser than and IAN RACKO, Faculty of Wood Technol­ that in the normal wood. Tracheid length in ogy, University ofForestry and Wood Tech­ the burls is shorter. The otber characteristics nology, 960 53 Zvolen, Czechoslovakia. - of tracheids are more or less similar to the Wood properties ofbeech.from the stand normal ones. affected hy pollution. Six trees of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) W. LIESE and D. DUJESIEFKEN, Chair of were chosen from a stand affected by pol­ Wood Biology, Hamburg Univ., Leusch­ lution, and physical and mecbanical proper­ nerstr. 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, F.R.G. - ties were investigated. The density and me­ Principles of compartmentalisation in cbanical properties in wood of the diseased trees. beech were similar to those of the healthy The wounding of trees leads to reactions one. in the phloem and xylem to protect the living

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tissue against damage. The water conducting the xylem which were typical to pathologi­ cells are blocked and extractives from paren­ cal wood only suggest that the effect of the chyma cells deposited. In the phloem an ad­ pathogen is not only mechanical. Interrupted ditional wound periderm is formed. polar auxin transport into loops is probably Investigations of wounds in the stern and responsible for abnormal xylem formation. branches of several tree species have shown a discoloration of the affected tissue without A. Lo MONACO, P. PATERNESI and M. RO­ the occurrence of microorganisms. The in­ MAGNOL!, Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Am­ vading air leads to a discoloured tissue with biente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Univer­ vessel blockage due to tylosis, plug forma­ sita'degli studi della Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, tion orcoating of scalariform plates. A bound­ Italy. - Dendrochronological observa­ ary layer of heavy incrustations restricts the tions on Pinus nigra (Arn.) from the expansion of air. The discoloured tissue will Eastern Alps. later be invaded by rnicroorganisms which do In this paper preliminary results of a den­ not pass this borderline. Whereas the CODIT drochronological research are shown. The model, developed by Shigo, explains the study had two objectives: dating the 'stue' compartmentalisation as protection against (lock for river transport) on the Tralbe river decay, a modified interpretation is proposed and making a Pinus nigra chronology for the in terms of a protection process against de­ Eastem Alps. siccation, disfunction or general damage. The We measured radial cores taken from 26 Modified CODIT-Model accounts for the re­ living trees at Canale di Resia, S. Caterina sponse to wounding by creating boundary and Rio degli Uccelli; 12 disks taken from layers which act to counter the infiow of air trunks cut down in 1982 at Consarvon Basso and the subsequent spread of microorgan­ and Rio Aar; 10 disks taken from ancient isms into the wood. buildings (stue of Tralbe river and Pontebba town and bridge of Moggio Udinese town). NIL! LIPHSCHITZ, Institute of Archaeology, Tree ring widths were measured using Botanical Laboratories, Tel-Aviv University, Aniol's Tree Ring Measuring Device, and Ramat-Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel.­ data were processed with CATRAS v. 4.0. Wood pathology in conifers in Israel The preliminary dendrochronological curve Anatornical responses of the wood follow­ shows the following characteristics: the old­ ing infestation by scales and inoculation by est ring dated is from 1618; mean ring width fungi were compared in two coniferous farni­ 141.6; standard deviation 0.599; autocorrela­ lies: Pinaceae and Cupressaceae. Production tion 0.833; mean sensitivity 0162. of abnormal xylem in Cupressus sempervi­ 1841 is the most probable year post quem rens following inoculation by Dip/odia pinea the 'stue' in the Tralbe were built. The anal­ and Seridium cardina/e, i.e. lignified paren­ ysis made it possible to establish a Pinus ni­ chyma cells instead of tracheids, curved tra­ gra mean chronology of Eastem Alps. Syn­ cheids and polyphenol accumulation in the chronisations between the Pinus nigra chro­ injured zone was identical to abnormal xylem nology and Abies alba, Picea abies, and formation in Pinus ha/epensis and P. eldarica Larix decidua master chronologies are pos­ infested by Matsucoccus josephi. Pinus brutia sible. rarely was damaged, but when injured the same abnormal xylem was produced. In the EUSABETH A. MAGEL and H. ZIEGLER, pine species examined numerous lignified Lehrstuhl für Botanik der Technischen Uni­ resin ducts were formed also. Unseasonable versität Arcisstrasse 21, 8000 München 2, latewood and incrusted pits which were pro­ F. R. G. - Physiological gradients in the duced early in the season resulted in drying. trunkwood ofblack locust (Robinia pseu­ Mechanical lesions caused by needle punc­ doacacia L). tures resulted in the production of parenchy­ During heartwood formation the amounts ma cells instead of tracheids in all pines ex­ of secondary substances (e.g. polyphenols) amined. Changes in the orientation of celJs in increase at the sapwood-heartwood bound-

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts I AWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 131 ary. These substances originate from storage H. D. MANSFIELD-WILLlAMS and G. D. LIv­ carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars). INGSTONE, Queen Alexandra Road, High Wy­ We investigated starch components (amylose combe, Bucks, HPII 2JZ, U.K. - A tim­ and amylopectin) and starch degrading en­ her technology degree course in Britain. zymes in different growth rings of the trunk­ The timber technology degree course aims wood of Robinia pseudoacacia. The amylose/ to produce graduates with an advanced and in amylopectin-ratio increases from the outer depth knowledge of wood, wood based prod­ sapwood to the sapwood-heartwood bound­ ucts and wood processing technologies able ary. In this part of the trunkwood the de­ to understand and implement the management branching enzyme (splits a-1,6 bonds of the functions required within industries employ­ starch molecule) is active. The amounts of ing modern technologies. This is the only starch and soluble carbohydrates are highest course of its kind in Britain. in the middle of the sapwood, and decrease at the sapwood-heartwood boundary where M.M. MEGAHED and M.L.M. EL-OSTA, starch degrading enzymes show highest ac­ Forestry and Wood Technology Department, tivities. Using disc micro-polyacrylamid gel­ Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria Universi­ electrophoresis it is shown that in the young­ ty, EI-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. - Specü• est growth ring a- and ß-amylase, in the ic gravity and anatomical structure of older growth rings only a-amylase is in­ some Acacias as affected by gI'Owth con­ volved in the breakdown of starch. ditions in Egypt. Physiological gradients exist not only in As apart of wide-scale species trials, trunk cross sections but also within one some Australian Acacias were studied, viz. single growth ring (earlywood and latewood). Acacia saligna, A. cyclops, A. stenophylla, and A. victoriae. The species were planted in MATII MALTAMO and KARI KORMONEN, 4 sites distributed along the riorth-westem Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Station, coast of Egypt. These sites are quite different PL 68, 80101 Joensuu, Finland. - The in soil and water table but are only slightly National Tree Survey Data in wood qual­ different in cIimatic conditions. The anatomi­ ity research. cal structure of wood of these species is The National Tree Survey was started in described and specific gravity was deter­ 1986 by the Department of Forest Inventory mined. Discussed are the differences between and Yield of the Forest Research Institute of the locations in some quantitative anatomicaI Finland. The aim of the project is to collect features, Le., fusifonn element length, ves­ extensive tree data for improving the treewise seI diameter and frequency and volume of ray models needed in forest inventory and plan­ and parenchyma tissues, and the effect of ning systems. For instance, total biomass of growth conditions on these features. trees above ground, structure and develop­ ment of tree crown and technical quaIity of JULlO EUSTAQUIO MELO, VERA T. RAUBER the stern can be studied. About 3,000 trees CORADIN, JULlO CESAR MENDES and GRA­ chosen for felling are selected from the 8th CIELA B. DE MliNIz, Forest Products Labor­ National Forest Inventory plots, located sys­ atory, Brazilian Institute of Environment and tematically aIl over Finland. The characteris­ Renewable Natural Resources, IBAMA, L4 tics to be measured incIude diameters of the Lote 04, BrasfIia, BraziI. - Basic specific stern at 18 different heights and diameter, gravity intervals for Brazilian Amazon­ quality and location of aII branches. Scots ian hardwoods. pine, Norway spruce and birches (silver and From the basic specific gravity of 180 pubescent) are considered. wood species from the Brazilian Amazonian Some preliminary results ofbiomass, num­ area, as determined by the oven-dry method, ber, location and size, and distribution of basic specific gravity intervals for low branches are presented. The aim is to de­ density woods, medium density woods and scribe wood quality of Scots pi ne with the high density woods are proposed, based on characteristics of branches. statistical analysis. The tests were conducted

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according with the Pan-American Technical 9400, Hungary. - Relationship between Standard Commission - COPANT while the some of the questions of growing Black sampies were obtained following the direct locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) and the random method. properties of its wood. Black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia L.), a REGIS B. MILLER* and NARCISANA ESPI­ widespread species in Hungary, is partly of NOZA OE PERNIA**, *USDA, FS, Forest seed origin (35.8%), the rest being coppices. Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705- As part of a comprehensive project investi­ 2398, U.S.A. and **Universidad de Los gating rejuvenation and improvement of new Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Me­ varieties, our Department is now studying the rida, Venezuela. - Adapting the IAW A wood properties of the species. The mechan­ list ofmicroscopic features for hardwood ical wood properties are equally outstanding, identification to the DELTA system. irrespective of the rene wal method. No major OELT A (DEscription Language for TAxon­ differences in the macroscopic growth char­ omy) is a general system of computer pro­ acteristics were found. The highest excentri­ grams for processing coded taxonomic data city was observed in trees sprouted from into naturallanguage descriptions and speci­ stump (36.5%), but even in other cases it alised formats or files required by programs was about 30%. Hence reaction wood and for key-generation, numerical classification, internal stresses are typical of Black locust. and interactive identification. We adapted the Independently of the origin of locust forests, IAWA list of rnicroscopic features for hard­ curve in plane is quite frequent, curve in wood identification to the DELTA system to space occurs too. The proportion of sawlog determine if the pro grams would produce within the stern was 34 to 41 %. The propa­ suitable anatomical descriptions and if the gation of improved mast-type varieties has interactive identification programs would be begun. The growth and strength properties of useful for wood anatomists. Following DEL­ the new varieties are more homogeneous. TA procedures, we developed a character list Consequently, there is no important differ­ based on the IAW A list and recorded data ence in quality of wood between the locust from 40 commercially important Venezuelan forests of differing renewals; this also holds species. At least 5 sampies for each taxon true for repeated sprouting. Black locust, due were exarnined. The quality of the natural to its outstanding technical propenies, is a language descriptions depends largely upon species much in demand in wood industry. the detail and refinement incorporated into the Owing to its remarkable natural durability this character list and the addition of comments environmentally 'friendly' material requires to the data. Our descriptions are suitable for no chemical preservation. rough draft manuscripts. Minor wording and syntax changes in specific descriptions are PARVIS NILOUFARI, Karaji Islamic Azad more easily carried out with a word proces­ University, Karaj, Iran. - Anatomy and sor. The data and character files used for de­ distribution of Rhlzophora mucronata scriptions can be electronically converted to in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of files for the interactive identification pro­ Oman. gram. We found, however, that electronically Recently a dense forest of Rhizophora reordering the character list and data and mucronata was found along the coast of the making rninor changes to the character list is Sea of Oman. In ancient times this tree was desirable. The highly sophisticated identifi­ widespread along the Persian Gulf coasts and cation program is flexible and versatile with islands, now its distribution is much more many options to meet the needs of wood restricted. Rhizophora mucronata is the only anatornists engaged in wood identification. tropical species occurring naturally in Iran. The wood anatomy and mechanical properties of the species are being studied and will be SANOOR MOLNAR, University of Forestry compared with results on trees from Zin­ and Wood Science, Bajcsy-Zs. u. 4, Sopron gibar.

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T ADASHI NOBUCHI, Department of Wood The Olacaceae are referred to as a basic Science & Technology, Faculty of Agricul­ family within the order of the Santalales. The ture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan. Santalaceae, Loranthaceae, Opiliaceae and - Light microscopy ofray parenchyma Misodendraceae are considered to share an­ cells and tracheids and biosynthesis of cestors with groups of Olacaceae genera. heartwood phenols in Japanese cedar. The phylogenetic analysis of wood ana­ The process of heartwood formation has tomical characters resuIted in a classification been investigated microscopically with em­ of genera, different from the traditional ar­ phasis on the biosynthesis of heartwood rangement. To construct a representative hy­ phenols. A thirty-years old Japanese cedar pothesis on the phylogeny of the Olacaceae, was selected as sampie tree. Sections cut the wood anatomical characters were sup­ from the glutaraldehyde-fixed blocks were plemented with macromorphological' pollen observed after histochemical staining includ­ morphologicaI and leaf anatomical data. ing staining for phenolic substances. Micro­ The resulting phylogenetic tree of the fam­ scopic spectrophotometry has also been adopt­ ily has two main branches, one resembling ed. In the intermediate wood (or white zone), the common ancestor, with predominantly oil droplet-like structures in ray parenchyma plesiomorphic character states and one with cells reacted with cast blue which is one of apomorphic character states in morphology the staining reagents for phenolic substances. and anatomy. In the inner white zone materials migrated For the analysis of affinities within the or­ from ray parenchyma cells to tracheids which der of the Santalales the input was restricted showed both oil droplet-like and indeter­ to wood characters. The putative ancestors of minate structures. From the measurement of the other Santalalean families are located on oil droplet-like structures by microscopic the apomorphic branch of the phylogenetic spectrometer, a clear difference in absorption tree of the Olacaceae. spectra was observed between the white zone and heartwood. In the outer heartwood some MASAMITSU OHTA and KOTARO TAKEBE, of the ray parenchyma cells had nuclei and Department of Forest Products, FacuIty of starch grains. In this region, therefore, bio­ Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, synthesis of heartwood phenols has been con­ Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. - Tone sidered to be continuing. Chemical analysis characteristics of wood wind instru­ of heartwood phenols by thin layer chroma­ ments (recorder) related with wood prop­ tography also showed the changes in heart­ erties. wood phenols in the outer heartwood. It is Tone variety of alto(treble) recorders concluded it takes a long time before the bio­ made from various species of wood was synthesis ofheartwood phenols is completed. analysed in relation to their anatomical and physical properties. L. VAN DEN OEVER, Rijksherbarium, P. O. Generally speaking, in the case of wind Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Nether­ instruments, material differences of the in­ lands.- Phylogenetic wood anatomy of struments' body do not effect tone quality the Olacaceae and related families. so much as it does in string instruments, be­ The Olacaceae constitute a pantropical to cause the pipe of wind instruments does not subtropical woody family of 27 genera, in­ work as sound board or resonance board. cluding tall rain forest trees and erect or climb­ However, there are subtile differences in ing to scandent shrubs. The wood anatomy is sound when the pipe materials differ. We diverse. Conform the widely accepted Bailey­ prepared 24 middle part pipes for treble re­ an trends, the wood anatomical characters corders from different species of hardwood, range from plesiomorphic with scalariform and examined the reIationship between the perforations, scalariform intervessel pits and tone characteristics analysed by FFT analyser rays of Kribs heterogeneous type I, to apo­ or judged subjectively the anatomicalor phys­ morphic with simple perforations, short ves­ ical properties of wood. Examined items are sei members and homogeneous rays. distribution pattern of pore diameter, den si-

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ty, Young's modulus in longitudinal and tan­ centage area of fibres for beech, oak, and gential direction etc. Obtained results are Parrotia are 1185 Jl.m (44.0%), 1387 Jlm classified into several patterns. (42.0%) and 1381 Jlm (46.5%) respectively.

KATIE PARASKEVOPOULOU, Terma Alkma­ ALEXANDER PoZGAJ, Marxova 24, Zvolen nos, llissia, 115.28 Athens, Greece. - Var­ 96053, Czechoslovakia. - Water pres­ iation ofwood properties and structural sure in wood. features of Cupressus sempervirens var. According to the physical substance of the horizontalis Gord. in natural, remote forces having an effect on wood we may con­ populations of Greece. sider the two most frequent cases, the mois­ The variation of specific gravity, ring ture-sorption and mechanical stresses. The width, tracheid length and tracheid cross sec­ moisture stress represents mostly the water tional dimensions among the mutually remote pressure in wood structure. An interaction of natural forests of Cupressus sempervirens mechanical and sorption stresses often takes var. horizontalis Gord. of the Greek islands place in wood structure, e. g. when using Crete, Rhodes and Samos was studied. wood for structural purposes, or in drying. Based on mean provenance values, spe­ Owing to the theoretical calculations it is nec­ cific gravity varied from 0.447 g/cm3 to essary to know the magnitude of the inner 0.510 g/cm3, ring width from 1.73 mm to water press ure in wood structure. 3.28 mm, tracheid length from 2.56 mm to The present paper offers one of the pos­ 2.92 mm, earlywood tracheid wall thickness sible methods for calculating water press ure radially from 10.4 Jl.m to 11.4 Jl.m, tangen­ in wood both in the radial and tangential di­ tially from 11.0 Jl.m to 11.09 Jl.m, latewood ru:tions. tracheid wall thickness radially from 11.8 Jl.m to 13.3 Jlm, tangentially from 17.9 Jlm t020.2 H.G. RICHTER and H.H. NIERMANN, Insti­ Jl.m, earlywood tracheid diameterradially from tute of Wood Biology and Wood Preserva­ 60.8 Jl.m to 68.7 Jl.m, tangentially from 59.1 tion, Leuschnerstr. 91, 2050 Hamburg 80, Jl.m to 62.7 Jl.m, latewood tracheid diameter F. R. G. - Structural, technological and radially from 35.2 Jl.m to 37.6 Jl.m and tan­ biological variation in Bangkirai I Balau I gemially from 50.9 Jlm to 54.8 Jl.m. Selangan Batu No. 1 (Shorea subg. Sho­ Analysis of variance indicated that the rea, Dipterocarpaceae) from Southeast cypresses of Crete are different from the ones Asia. of Rhodes and Samos which are more sim­ Most timber graded 'select & better' and ilar. The wood from Crete is characterised by exported to the F.R.G. under these trade larger tracheid length, ring width and lower names belonged to Shorea subg. Shorea. density. In most of the studied traits the pat­ However, in grades 'standard & better' other terns of variation from pith to bark and from species, mostly Dipterocarps, were included the base to the top of the tree are presented. in shipments from Sabah and Kalimantan. The potential of the cypresses of Crete for Shorea laevis is the most widely distributed genetic improvement of the studied traits is species and most common in shipments from discussed. Borneo. It is the only species of the Bang­ kirai group to be safely identified by a com­ D. PARSA PAJOUH, University of Tehran, bi nation of structural and general characters Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj, Iran. (colour of water extract, burning splinter - Wood anatomy of3 broadleaved spe­ test). The average specific gravity is 0.94 cies native to the Caspian forest of Iran. g/cm3, weIl above the lower limits specified The wood anatomy of Fagus orientalis, for Balau (0.85 g/cm3, MGR) and Selangan Quercus castaneiJolia and Parrotia persica Batu No. 1 (0.88 g/cm3). Density range is from the Caspian forest of Iran was studied. 0.74-1.1 g/cm3. Natural durability tests Iranian beech is semi-ring-porous and Iranian with a white rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) oak is ring-porous while Parrotia is typicaIly indicate durability cIasses I and Ir (very resis­ diffuse-porous. The fibre length and the per- tant to resistant) for Bangkirai timber above a

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts IAWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 135 density of 0.85 g/cm3. Below that limit dur­ eific anatomical structures are examined to ability is likely to approach class III (moder­ explain the features. ately resistant). Balau (Malaysia, Sumatra), Bangkirai (Kalimantan) and Selangan Batu YUZou SANO and KAzUMI FuKAzAW A, De­ No. 1 (Sabah) are mixed speeies consign­ partrnent of Forest Products, Faculty of Agri­ ments to be treated on the market as ± equi­ culture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060, valent. None appears to be 'better' than the Japan. - Differences in tylosis structure other and claims of particular quality attri­ between Fraxinus mandshurica var. buted to origin should be discontinued. Sub­ japonica and Kalopanax pictus in re­ stitute species (i.e. Kapur and Resak/Giam) lation to re-wetting phenomena in the cannot be included in Bangkirai shipments heartwood. because of different biological and chemical Species of which heartwood is easily properties likely to interfere with particular transformed into wetwood, possibly have an end-uses. intrinsic anatomical structure that permits water penetration. On that assumption, mois­ K. RICHTER and J. SELL, EMPA-Dübendorf, ture distribution and structural differences in Abt. Holz, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzer­ tyloses between Fraxinus mandshurica var. land. - Impregnation pathways in white japonica, of which the heartwood contained fir (Abies alba Mill). more moisture than the sapwood, and Kalo­ White fir can be penetrated considerably panax pictus, of which the heartwood was by vacuum press ure irnpregnation. Neverthe­ dry, were examined with soft-X-ray photo­ less, impregnation quality obtained in indus­ graphy, and SEM, TEM, and UV micro­ trial processes is often not consistent - a fact scopy. which inhibits the promotion of this species The re-wetting in F. mandshurica did not for weather exposed structures. Two meth­ strictly correspond with the colouring of ods have been used to study the primary heartwood; it occurred a little later than the pathways of bulk flow and to detect anatomi­ colouring. On the other hand, the moisture cal features inhibiting liquid flow: content in K. pictus decreased gradually from a) The capillary rise method. Sampies are the outermost area inward, without an abrupt put in an aqueous solution of a blue dye change near the border of the heartwood. for 24 h. The liquid rises by capillarity Tyloses were found in the outer sapwood and stains the infiItrated parts of the of both species. Those of K. pictus tightly wood. The flow paths can be observed occluded vessels in both the sapwood and microscopicall y. heartwood, whereas those of F. mandshurica b) Vacuum-pressure irnpregnation with epoxy were destroyed simultaneously with the heart­ resin. Blocks of wood with sealed cross wood transition. sections are evacuated in an autoclave at a Each tylosis differed considerably in its vacuum of 0.5 mbar for 2 h, subsequently anatomy. That of F. mandshurica was thin­ flooded with a low-viscosity epoxy resin walled and lacked an intercellular layer. It is contrasted by a fluorescent agent and then suggested that the tyloses of F. mandshurica pressurised at 10 bar for 1 h. After poly­ are too weak and thereby could be easily de­ merisation of the resin, the sampies are stroyed by gas or some other factors asso­ analysed by both fluorescence and scan­ ciated with heartwood formation. It is our ning electron microscopy. hypothesis that these conditions are the fac­ First results: Dominant pathways are the tors responsible for allowing water invasion longitudinal tracheids, whereas fluid trans­ into the heartwood and thus its re-wetting. port in and via rays is of minor importance. The penetrated cells often form tangential ERWIN L. SCHAFFER, Forest Products Lab­ bands, situated mostly in the latewood, oratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, whereas in the earlywood only few perme­ WI 53705-2398, U.S.A. - The prediction able tracheids group together and can be dif­ and control of structural durabilitr. ferentiated from the surrounding cells. Spe- a wood qua)ity challenge.

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The competitiveness of wood and struc­ and/or scalariform to reticulate perforation tural wood products versus other materials is plates. They are distributed exclusively in the governed by a variety of factors, but none are Old World, from Africa and the Mediterrane­ as critical to wood use as is long-term dur­ an region in the West to India and the Philip­ ability! Durability is normally a term applied pines in the East. Group B consists of spe­ as a measure of performance in environments eies with multiseriate rays, simple perforation that generate biological organism attack. Struc­ plates and vasicentric to confluent axial pa­ tural durability, however, is also a function renchyma. They are found from India east­ of the effects of heat, humidity, and sus­ wards to the Solomon Islands, with the only tained load on wood members and connec­ exception of Z. pubescens Oliv. which is a tors. 1t is weIl known that the combined ef­ native of tropical Africa. Finally, group C fects of sustained load, heat or humidity re­ comprises all the New World species inves­ sult in reductions of critical strength proper­ tigated so far, with multiseriate rays, simple ties. A classic example is the 'duration of perforation plates and uni- to tri-seriate, tan­ load' rupture response of structural elements gential to diagonal parenchyma bands. under long-time load. The methodology de­ Since there have been no formal proposals veloped to predict rupture under sustained for the infrageneric delimitation of Ziziphus, load in the presence of varying heated and our wood anatomical groups are of consider­ humid environments has been empirically able taxonomic interest and may be inter­ available for many years, and is currently be­ preted as natural phylogenetic units in the ing reexamined. It is becoming very clear that sense of subgenera. the methodology predicts relatively short­ term (up to 5 years) rupture response reason­ ably well for structural lumber. However, U. SCHMITT and W. LIESE, Federal Research either assessing change in strength with time Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, In­ or controlling the loss has eluded resolution. stitute for Wood Biology and Wood Protec­ The irnplications of validly characterising this tion and Chair for Wood Biology, University response and its control, to performance of Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91, 2050 Hamburg wood in use, are directly governed by our 80, F. R. G. - Fine-structural effects due understanding of the anatomical and chemical to xylem wounding in Birch (Betula pen­ attributes of wood and wood composites that dula Roth). mechanistically control the phenomena. The Xylem wounding induces the formation of paper elueidates these implications and wood a barrier zone at the wound in order to quality ties as challenges for resolution by the confine inflow of air and invasion of micro­ wood research community. organisms. In birch, a membranous layer on the scalariform perforation plates in vessels CARSTEN SCHIRAREND, Museum für Natur­ and the formation of plugs in both vessels kunde der Humboldt-Universität, Bereich Bo­ and fibres represent the most prominent tanik und Arboretum, Späth-Strasse 80/81, structural effects. The subunits of these lu­ Berlin-Baumschulenweg, 1195, G.D.R.­ men blockades derive from adjacent paren­ The systematic wood anatomy ofthe ge­ chyma cells. According to electron micro­ nus Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae). scopical investigations the response in paren­ Ziziphus belongs to the five largest genera chyma cells can be divided into several stages of the Rharnnaceae. Its c. 100 species are dis­ between initiation and the formation of lumen tributed throughout the subtropical and tropi­ blockades: cal regions of the world, locally extending 1) Swelling of the protective layer (PL) at the even into the temperate zone. Wood anatomi­ parenchyma pits. cally the genus can be divided into three ± 2) Enrichment of filament containing vacuo­ distinct groups which correspond fairly weIl les in the cytoplasm. with the geographical distribution of the spe­ 3) Extrusion of filamentous material into the eies. Group A comprises speeies with uni­ interspace between plasmalemma and al­ seriate rays and vessels which have simple tered PL.

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4) Accumulation offilamentous material ad­ Lalitpur, Nepal, and ***Forestry and Forest jacent to the pits with a simuItaneous dis­ Products Research Institute, Tsukuba Norin, placement of the cytoplasm. Ibaraki 305, Japan.-A discovery ofTetra­ 5) Extrusion of fiIamentous material through centron fossil wood from the Miocene of the pit membranes into vessels with a sub­ Japan with a revisional note on homo­ sequent aggregation into membranous lay­ xylic angiosperm fossil woods. ers on the scalariform perforation plates, From the Miocene purnice tuff in Japan, a respectively plugs; plugs mayaiso be homoxylic fossil wood is described. The formed in fibres. fossil has distinct growth rings with an ab­ rupt transition from early- to latewood and sparse circular or transitional bordered pits in JUNJI SUGIYAMA and TAKESHI OKANO*, the latewood; those pits occur only in the ra­ HIROYUKI YAMAMOTO**, FUMITAKA Ho­ dial walls; rays are 1-5-seriate and hetero­ RII and HISASHI ODANI***, *Department of geneous with high uniseriate wings. All these Forest Products, FacuIty of AgricuIture, Uni­ features agree weH with those of Trocho­ versity of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113 dendron and Tetracentron. We also noticed Tokyo, **Fukui Technical College, Sabae, the occurrence of a peculiar structure in this 916 Fukui, ***Institute for Chemical Re­ fossil: radial files of tracheids with dense search, Kyoto University, Uji, 61l Kyoto, alternate intertracheal pits only in the tangen­ Japan.- Crystal structure ofnative cel­ tial walls. These tracheids are much shorter luloses observed by electron and X-ray and tangentiaHy a littIe wider than normal diffraction. tracheids. They agree with the 'large, short Transformation in the crystal structure of tracheids' (Thompson & Bailey 1916) or native Valonia cellulose caused by annealing 'vascular tracheids' (McLaughlin 1933), and at high temperature in the presence of aque­ are restricted to Tetracentron as far as we ous alkaline solution has been investigated by know. Thus we identified the fossil as a electron rnicroscopy. The electron diffraction member of this genus. Non-conifer type diagram of native Valonia, which has neces­ vesseIIess fossil woods are known from the sitated the 8-chain monoclinic unit cell, be­ Jurassic to the Tertiary, and they have been came a simple diagram which could be index­ referred to several form genera, i.e., Homo­ ed compIetely by a 2-chain monoclinic unit xylon, Sahnioxylon, Tetracentronites, Tro­ cell after the thermal treatment. The unit cell chodendroxylon and others. In this paper we of native Valonia, therefore, cannot be inter­ will give arevision of vesselless dicotyle­ preted by a 2-chain monoclinic unit cel!. In donous fossil woods. addition, the 2-chain monoclinic components were dirninished with a decrease in treatment temperature. Subtracting the monoclinic com­ MINORU TERAZAWA and HITOSHIIMAGA­ ponents from a diagram of native Valonia re­ WA, Faculty of AgricuIture, Hokkaido Uni­ suIted in a simple diffraction diagram which versity, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo is weil interpreted by a 2-chain triclinic unit 060, Japan. - Formation and chemistry cello The simulation studies of the diffraction of fibre sclereids in the inner bark of intensity profiles strongly suggest that the Larix leptolepis Gord. unit cell of native Valonia is the rnixture of 2- The formation of fibre sclereids in the chain triclinic and monoclinic unit cells. phloem of Larix leptolepis Gord. was studied by light microscopy and UV -microscopy. Concentric accumulation of lignin in the ceII MITSUO SUZUKI*, LAJMINA JOSHI** and wall was observed. UV absorption spectra of SHUICHI NOSHIRO***, *Kanazawa Univer­ the cell wall indicate that the lignin is guaia­ sity, College of Liberal Arts, Marunouchi cyl-lignin with an absorption maximum at 1-1, Kanazawa, 920, Japan, **Department 280 nm. of Forestry and Plant Research, National Her­ The intact fibre sc1ereids were isolated barium and Plant Laboratories, Godawary, from the phloem of L. leptolepis and were

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analysed by thioacidolysis. Monomers of N. TORELLI, Biotechnical Faculty, Depart­ guaiacylpropane units were detected by GCI ment of Wood Science & Technology, Veena MS. The high ratio of the monomer forma­ pot 2,61000 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. - On tion indicates that the lignin in the fibre scle­ the origin of the barrier zone (wall 4, reids is 'an endwise lignin' being rich in CODIT). ß-0-4 structural units. The concentric accu­ In silver fir and poplar the response to mulation of the lignin in the cell wall was wounding was studied using the CODIT mod­ characterised as endwise lignin by chemical el. At the time of injury older differentiating analyses. cells 'fossilised' at their respective stage of The fibre sclereids occur isolated in the development. In silver fir the 'baITier zone' phloem. Lignin is formed only in the sec­ (wall 4) consisted of traumatic resin ducts ondary wall and no lignin accumulation was with axial parenchyma originating from tra­ observed in the intercellular layer between the cheids. The xylem formed after wounding fibre sclereids and adjacent parenchyma cells. was 'juvenilised' (shorter axial tracheids with The formation and chemical structure of the smaller cross sections and thinner walls), fibre sclereid lignin might be a model for the probably due to the enhanced pseudotrans­ formation and chemical structure of second­ verse divisions of the cambial initials after ary wall lignin of xylem tracheids. wounding. Smaller tangential dimensions of tracheids were compensated by: a) 'swelling' of rays, b) increase in number of tracheids B. THmAUT, E. MOVASSAGHI and F. MOTIIE, between rays, and c) occurrence of new rays. LMGMC, CP 081, Universite des Sciences In poplar the barrier zone contained axial pa­ et Techniques du Languedoc, Place E. Batail­ renchyma. The xylem formed after wounding lon, 34 095 Montpellier Cooex 5, France. - was characterised by radial rows of fibres (as Heterogeneity ofwood structure within in gymnosperms), presumably due to the ab­ annual rings and veneer cutting. sence of the apical intrusive growth. The ves­ The consequences of wood structural sels were scarce and smaller. In xylem form­ changes within the annual ring of fast grown ed after wounding a drastic alteration of cell species like sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) orientation was observed. The role of the re­ and Douglas fir (Pseudolsuga menziesii) on lease of bark pressure and growth stresses in the veneer cutting process were analysed on a wood is discussed. laboratory micro-Iathe. Local wood structure was characterised BOB W.N.J. URSEM and BEN J.H. TER by X-ray microdensitometric radial profiles. WELLE, Institute of Systematic Botany, Uni­ Cutting forces, veneer thickness variations, versity of Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 2, P. O. veneer surface roughness, type, depth and Box 80.102, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Nether­ number of lathe checks were the parameters lands. - Anomalous growth patterns in describing the cutting process results. South American lianas, with special ref­ A classical statistical analysis gives highly erence to their ontogeny. significant corre1ations between wood struc­ In lianas, often anomalous growth pat­ ture and most process parameters. A more terns are found. One of the first to describe complete analysis shows that all the results the various patterns systematically was Pfeif­ can be very weIl explained and predicted by a fer (1926). Pfeiffer and most later authors physico-mechanical model taking into ac­ based their classification on anatomical stud­ count the successive positions of veneer in ies of one single level in the liana, mostly the the growth ring. It is thus possible to simu­ basal stern, without considering the pos si­ late the influence of the type or amplitude of bility of changes in the vertical direction. heterogeneity, viz. annual growth ring width. This paper reports on part of the data Video films show very distinctive phen­ obtained within the scope of an inventory of omena in the cutting process depending on Guianan rain forests. First a survey of struc­ whether the knife and pressure bar act on tural growth types according to Pfeiffer is early- or latewood. given. Secondly, vertical structural changes

Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 11:33:23AM via free access Abstracts IAWA-IUFRO Wood Anatomy Symposium 1990 139 are described in 4 species. Rourea sprucei a phenomenological model for the recon­ Schellenb. var. subcoriacea Forero (Conna­ struction of seasonal ring development has raceae) remains constant over the fulliength been postulated. The experimental data ob­ of the liana stern, and is an indisputable ex­ tained and data from the literature on physi­ ample ofPfeiffer's corpus lignosum circum­ ological mechanisms of ring growth have vallatum. Leretia cordata Vell. (Icacinaceae) been used to deve10p a simulation of seasonal shows a corpus lignosum interruptum in the growth kinetics and cell structure of the rings basal stern. The climbing stern, however, fits in dependence of climatic conditions during in the type corpus lignosumjoraminulatum. the seasons. Experimental data on the corre­ The results of Ayensu & Stern (1964), who lation between ce11 wall thickness and radial referred Passiflora glandulosa Cav. (Passi­ size have allowed to calculate ring density. fioraceae) to corpus lignosum interruptum are The model has been verified for Pinus syl­ confinned. Dioclea elliptica Maxwell (papili­ vestris from the southern part of the Kras­ onoideae), at first sight, does not fit into any noyarsk territory (USSR) and for Pinus pon­ of Pfeiffer's categories. Thickening young derosa from Arizona (USA). sterns develop unilateral tangential growth, resulting in a cross section with the shape of ROLAND E. VETTER and PAULO C. BOTOS­ a coiled shell of a snail. The structure of the SO,INPA/CPPF,C.P. 478,69011 Manaus­ central xylem body of Bauhinia (Caesalpi­ AM, Brazil. - Wood structure of Ama­ noideae) and Machaerium (Papilionoideae) is zonian species as related to the EI Niiio I essentially the same as found in Dioclea. Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. However, Bauhinia and Machaerium show Periodical changes in the wood structure strong lateral extensions due to abnormal is shown for Scleronema micranthum Ducke cambial activity (type corpus lignosum cir­ (Cardeiro) andJacaranda copaia D. Don (Ca­ cumvallatum). Our conclusion is that an stud­ roba), two tree species from the unfiooded ied species of the Caesalpinioideae and the Amazonian terra finne forest. Ring width is Papilionoideae show essentially the same correlated to EI Nifio/Southern Oscillation type of anomalous growth. This type, how­ (ENSO) events represented by the surface ever, does not match with one of the types of temperature of the Central Pacific Ocean. Pfeiffer because of its complex structure. Strong positive ENSO events result in dim­ inished growth and strong negative ENSO E.A. V AGANOV and LV. SVIDERSKA YA, In­ events in wider growth rings. stitute of Forest and Wood, Akademgoro­ dok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, U.S.S.R. - MARTIN WALTER and LADISLAV J. KUCERA, Variability ofradial sizes and cell wall Fachbereich Holzkunde und Holztechnolo­ thickness in tree rings of conifers as an gie, ETH-Zürich, Schmelzbergstr. 25, 8092 indicator of seasonal growth kinetics. Zürich, Switzerland. - Occurrence and What information is contained in the vari­ significance ofredheart in beech, exam­ ation of radial cell size within a growth ring ined in three regions of SwitzerIand. and can the information be used to recon­ The occurrence of redheart has been exam­ struct seasonal kinetics and growth condi­ ined at c. 90 sites throughout the western part tions? The solution to this problem is the of Switzerland. The infiuence of age and main purpose of our study. The radial sizes various site factors are correlated with the of more than one billion tracheids of Pinus frequency of redheart. The significance of sylvestris and Larix sibirica have been mea­ various types of redheart on quality of beech­ sured with a special device. To compare cell wood is discussed. structure of the rings and their growth kin­ etics, direct observations of ring development ELISABETH A. WHEELER, Department of (cell production, ce1l enlargement) have been Wood & Paper Science, North Carolina State carried out. A close correlation was found University, Raleigh, N.C. 27695-8005, between radial cell sizes and corresponding U.S.A. - Fossil dicotyledonous woods of relative rate of cell production. On this basis theU.S.A.

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WeIl preserved dicotyledonous woods The maximum UV absorbances of temper­ from the Late Cretaceous of southern lllinois, ate hardwoods were widely dispersed from Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas, 272 to 277 nm, whereas the tropical ones had and Middle Eocene of Yellowstone National a peak at 280 nm. Park, Wyorning, and Clarno Nut Beds, Ore­ Classifications based on lignin composi­ gon, provide information about the evolution tion in fibre walls will be discussed. Perhaps of wood structure, and about climate change this will be useful for the study of tree phy­ in the USA. The Illinois Cretaceous woods logeny and other aspects. are not referable 10 extant genera and lack distinct growth rings. The Paleocene phyllan­ SHU-YIN ZHANG*, KE BINGFAN and YUAN thoid and platanoid woods from Big Bend ZHONG, *Rijksherbarium, P.O. Box 9514, also lack distinct growth rings. Some of the 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, and In­ Middle Eocene woods are indistinguishable stitute of Forest Products, Anhui College from extant woods, while others are not. AgricuItural, Hefei, China. - Effect of These woods, literature data, and other petri­ growth rate on wood structure of East­ fied woods under study indicate that in the Liaoning Oak (Quercus liaotungensis USA vessel elements, on the average, were Koidz.). Ion ger and scalariforrn perforation plates were The effect of growth rate on wood struc­ more cornmon in the past. These data have ture of East-Liaoning Oak (Quercus liaotun­ been incorporated into a worldwide survey of gensis Koidz.) was compared with the effect the fossil record for wood (Wheeler & Baas, of age (ring number from the pith). Statistical work in progress). This study has as one of results indicated that age is a decisive factor its objectives deterrnining if changes in wood controlling wood structure, while the effect structure through time occur as would be of growth rate is less important. predicted by current concepts in ecological The structural differences resulting from wood anatomy and the Baileyan tenets. different growth rates were compared with the structural differences among different wu JING, K. FuKAZAWA and J.OHTANI, length radii from an individual disko In both Department of Forest Products, Faculty of cases growth rate (or ring width) shows a Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, sirnilar effect on wood structure. The effect 060, Japan. - Distribution of syringyl varies not only with anatornical characters but and guaiacyllignins in some Yunnan with position within a growth ring (early­ hardwoods in China. wood, latewood or the entire ring), ring width On the basis of spectral differences be­ range and age. The effect of growth rate on tween guaiacyl and syringyl lignins, some sizes of wood elements (fibre length & dia­ Yunnan hardwoods, including tropical and meter and vessel diameter) is not significant. temperate species, were investigated histo­ However, growth rate shows a greater effect chernically using UV microspectrophoto­ on tissue proportions. Growth rate does not metry. VIS absorption spectra of colour reac­ inftuence characters of earlywood or late­ tion tests, such as Mäule and Wiesner, were wood significantly, but it effects characters also studied. Syringyl aldehyde to vanillin of the entire growth ring. Within a narrow ratios (SN) were deterrnined chernically. range of ring widths (less than about 1.5 Following an earlier report (2nd PRWAC, mm), with increasing ring width (or growth Los Banos, Philippines), we confirmed that rate), fibre proportion increases rapidly while the lignins of vessel element walls, ray and vessel and parenchyma/vasicentric tracheid axial parenchyma walls, and rniddle lamellae proportions decrease markedly, then more of cell corners consisted predominantly of slowly, and finally remain more or less con­ guaiacyl residues in all hardwoods. How­ stant when ring width is beyond a specific ever, a striking difference between tropical range (larger than c. 3.0 mm). Growth rate and temperate hardwoods was found in sec­ shows little effect on the structure of juvenile ondary wall lignin of fibres; here the tropical wood, but a significant effect was found in hardwoods were rich in guaiacyl residues. mature wood.

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