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Income Inequality, Social Inclusion and Mobility

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Income Inequality, Social Inclusion and Mobility Income Inequality, Social Inclusion and Mobility There is significant evidence across countries that lower-income populations tend to suffer more from restricted transport options, have lower quality transport services available to them and travel under worse conditions (safety, security, reliability, comfort). Broad evidence also suggests that the lack of, or poor access Social Inequality, Income Inclusion to, transport options is central to limitations on access to jobs, educational institutions, health facilities, social networks, etc., which in turn generates a “poverty trap”. This Roundtable report examines mobility policies with a focus on evaluating their capacity to address transport-related exclusion of lower income groups. Income Inequality, Social Inclusion and Mobility Roundtable Report 164 Roundtable164 Report International Transport Forum 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16 France T +33 (0)1 45 24 97 10 F +33 (0)1 45 24 13 22 Email : contact@itf-oecd.org Web: www.itf-oecd.org / Shutterstock.com Photo credit: Fotos593 2017 Income Inequality, Social Inclusion and Mobility 164 Roundtable report The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 57 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre- negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. The Members of the ITF are: Albania, Armenia, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States. International Transport Forum 2, rue André Pascal F-75775 Paris Cedex 16 contact@itf-oecd.org www.itf-oecd.org ITF Roundtable Reports ITF Roundtable Reports present the proceedings of ITF roundtable meetings, dedicated to specific topics notably on economic and regulatory aspects of transport policies in ITF member countries. Roundtable Reports contain the reviewed versions of the discussion papers presented by international experts at the meeting and a summary of discussions with the main findings of the roundtable. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of International Transport Forum member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS – 5 Table of contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 11 What we did .................................................................................................................................. 11 What we found .............................................................................................................................. 11 What we recommend ..................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1. Income inequality, social inclusion and mobility. ..................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 14 Improving data and developing useful performance indicators .................................................... 16 Policy issues for deeper examination ............................................................................................ 28 Priorities for future research and discussion ................................................................................. 40 Notes ............................................................................................................................................. 43 References ..................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 2. National issues in the USA in economic development, mobility and income inequality ......................................................................................................................................... 45 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 46 The demographic challenge........................................................................................................... 47 Redistribution of population and workers ..................................................................................... 5 3 Consumer expenditures and the housing/transportation nexus ..................................................... 55 Transportation spending and the worker linkage .......................................................................... 61 Vehicle ownership patterns and social equity ............................................................................... 63 Growing homogeneity in travel behavior ...................................................................................... 65 Travel times, mode use and access ................................................................................................ 67 The advent of new technologies and new approaches to transportation demand .......................... 73 Concluding thoughts ..................................................................................................................... 75 Notes ............................................................................................................................................. 77 References ..................................................................................................................................... 78 Chapter 3. How equitable is access to opportunities and basic services considering the impact of the level of service? The case of Santiago, Chile ................................................... 79 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 80 Context: Santiago, Chile ............................................................................................................... 81 Accessibility measures .................................................................................................................. 86 Case study ..................................................................................................................................... 91 Discussion, conclusions and future work ...................................................................................... 9 7 References ................................................................................................................................... 100 Chapter 4. Housing plus transportation affordability indices: Uses, opportunities, and challenges ............................................................................................................................... 105 Introduction and overview........................................................................................................... 106 The housing plus transportation index ........................................................................................ 106 Challenges and critiques of the H+T index ................................................................................. 112 Housing plus transportation index in Mexico City metropolitan area ........................................ 114 Conclusion and transferability to other OECD nations ............................................................... 119 References ................................................................................................................................... 121 INCOME INEQUALITY, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND MOBILITY — © OECD/ITF 2017 6 – TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter 5. Perspectives for integrating housing location considerations and transport planning as a means to face social exclusion in Indian cities .................................................... 125 Urban development
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