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What Is a Tree in the Mediterranean Basin Hotspot? a Critical Analysis
Médail et al. Forest Ecosystems (2019) 6:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0170-6 RESEARCH Open Access What is a tree in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot? A critical analysis Frédéric Médail1* , Anne-Christine Monnet1, Daniel Pavon1, Toni Nikolic2, Panayotis Dimopoulos3, Gianluigi Bacchetta4, Juan Arroyo5, Zoltán Barina6, Marwan Cheikh Albassatneh7, Gianniantonio Domina8, Bruno Fady9, Vlado Matevski10, Stephen Mifsud11 and Agathe Leriche1 Abstract Background: Tree species represent 20% of the vascular plant species worldwide and they play a crucial role in the global functioning of the biosphere. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the 36 world biodiversity hotspots, and it is estimated that forests covered 82% of the landscape before the first human impacts, thousands of years ago. However, the spatial distribution of the Mediterranean biodiversity is still imperfectly known, and a focus on tree species constitutes a key issue for understanding forest functioning and develop conservation strategies. Methods: We provide the first comprehensive checklist of all native tree taxa (species and subspecies) present in the Mediterranean-European region (from Portugal to Cyprus). We identified some cases of woody species difficult to categorize as trees that we further called “cryptic trees”. We collected the occurrences of tree taxa by “administrative regions”, i.e. country or large island, and by biogeographical provinces. We studied the species-area relationship, and evaluated the conservation issues for threatened taxa following IUCN criteria. Results: We identified 245 tree taxa that included 210 species and 35 subspecies, belonging to 33 families and 64 genera. It included 46 endemic tree taxa (30 species and 16 subspecies), mainly distributed within a single biogeographical unit. -
Regional Patterns of Postglacial Changes in the Palearctic
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Regional patterns of postglacial changes in the Palearctic mammalian diversity indicate Received: 14 November 2014 Accepted: 06 July 2015 retreat to Siberian steppes rather Published: 06 August 2015 than extinction Věra Pavelková Řičánková, Jan Robovský, Jan Riegert & Jan Zrzavý We examined the presence of possible Recent refugia of Pleistocene mammalian faunas in Eurasia by analysing regional differences in the mammalian species composition, occurrence and extinction rates between Recent and Last Glacial faunas. Our analyses revealed that most of the widespread Last Glacial species have survived in the central Palearctic continental regions, most prominently in Altai–Sayan (followed by Kazakhstan and East European Plain). The Recent Altai–Sayan and Kazakhstan regions show species compositions very similar to their Pleistocene counterparts. The Palearctic regions have lost 12% of their mammalian species during the last 109,000 years. The major patterns of the postglacial changes in Palearctic mammalian diversity were not extinctions but rather radical shifts of species distribution ranges. Most of the Pleistocene mammalian fauna retreated eastwards, to the central Eurasian steppes, instead of northwards to the Arctic regions, considered Holocene refugia of Pleistocene megafauna. The central Eurasian Altai and Sayan mountains could thus be considered a present-day refugium of the Last Glacial biota, including mammals. Last Glacial landscape supported a unique mix of large species, now extinct or living in non-overlapping biomes, including rhino, bison, lion, reindeer, horse, muskox and mammoth1. The so called “mammoth steppe”2–4 community thrived for approximately 100,000 years without major changes, and then became extinct by the end of Pleistocene, around 12,000 years BP5,6. -
Description - What Is the Pattern? Than with Those of Other Continents
since the Age of Exploration began, the geographical pattern of life's kinds it has become progressively clearer that is not haphazard or random... different parts of the world support in general, continental biotas are uniform, greatly different assemblages of organisms yet distinct from others, sometimes greatly so two aspects to this matter: elements of a given biota tend to be more closely-related among themselves Description - what is the pattern? than with those of other continents Analysis - how did the pattern arise? Wallace described this in his global system of http://publish.uwo.ca/~handford/zoog1.html Zoogeographical Realms 15 1 15 Zoogeographical Realms 2 Wallace's Realms almost..... Nearctic Realm Gaviidae - Loon this realm has no endemic bird families. But Loons are endemic Antilocapridae to Holarctic Realm = Pronghorn Nearctic + Palearctic 15 .........correspond to continents 3 15 4 Palearctic Realm Neotropical Realm this realm is truly the "bird-realm" a great number of among the many families are endemic endemic families including tinamous are anteaters and and toucans cavies panda 15 grouse 5 15 6 1 Ethiopian Realm Oriental Realm gibbon leafbird aardvark 15 lemur ostrich 7 15 8 Australasian Realm so continental biotas are distinct; Monotremes - but they are not equally distinct egg-laying mammals 79 families of terrestrial mammals RE GIONS! near.! neotr. palæar. ethio. orien. austr. nearctic! ! ! 4! ! ! ! 51/79! = 73% endemic neotropical! ! 6! 15!! ! ! to realms platypus palæarctic! ! 5! 2! 1! ! ! ethiopean! ! 0! 0! -
An Evaluation of the Influence of Environment
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2006) 33, 291–303 ORIGINAL An evaluation of the influence ARTICLE of environment and biogeography on community structure: the case of Holarctic mammals J. Rodrı´guez1*, J. Hortal1,2 and M. Nieto1,3 1Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, ABSTRACT Madrid, Spain, 2Departamento de Cieˆncias Aim To evaluate the influence of environment and biogeographical region, as a Agra´rias, Universidade dos Ac¸ores, Ac¸ores, Portugal and 3Instituto de Neurobiologı´a proxy for historical influence, on the ecological structure of Holarctic Ramo´n y Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain communities from similar environments. It is assumed that similarities among communities from similar environments in different realms are the result of convergence, whereas their differences are interpreted as being due to different historical processes. Location Holarctic realm, North America and Eurasia above 25° N. Methods Checklists of mammalian species occurring in 96 Holarctic localities were collected from published sources. Species were assigned to one of 20 functional groups defined by diet, body size and three-dimensional use of space. The matrix composed of the frequencies of functional groups in the 96 localities is used as input data in a correspondence analysis (CA). The localities are classified into nine groups according to Bailey’s ecoregions (used as a surrogate of regional climate), and the positions of the communities in the dimensions of the CA are compared in relation to ecoregion and realm. Partial regression was used to test for the relative influence of ecoregion and realm over each dimension and to evaluate the effect of biogeographical realm on the variation in the factor scores of the communities of the same ecoregion. -
An Update of Wallacels Zoogeographic Regions of the World
REPORTS To examine the temporal profile of ChC produc- specification of a distinct, and probably the last, 3. G. A. Ascoli et al., Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 557 (2008). tion and their correlation to laminar deployment, cohort in this lineage—the ChCs. 4. J. Szentágothai, M. A. Arbib, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 12, 305 (1974). we injected a single pulse of BrdU into pregnant A recent study demonstrated that progeni- CreER 5. P. Somogyi, Brain Res. 136, 345 (1977). Nkx2.1 ;Ai9 females at successive days be- tors below the ventral wall of the lateral ventricle 6. L. Sussel, O. Marin, S. Kimura, J. L. Rubenstein, tween E15 and P1 to label mitotic progenitors, (i.e., VGZ) of human infants give rise to a medial Development 126, 3359 (1999). each paired with a pulse of tamoxifen at E17 to migratory stream destined to the ventral mPFC 7. S. J. Butt et al., Neuron 59, 722 (2008). + 18 8. H. Taniguchi et al., Neuron 71, 995 (2011). label NKX2.1 cells (Fig. 3A). We first quanti- ( ). Despite species differences in the develop- 9. L. Madisen et al., Nat. Neurosci. 13, 133 (2010). fied the fraction of L2 ChCs (identified by mor- mental timing of corticogenesis, this study and 10. J. Szabadics et al., Science 311, 233 (2006). + phology) in mPFC that were also BrdU+. Although our findings raise the possibility that the NKX2.1 11. A. Woodruff, Q. Xu, S. A. Anderson, R. Yuste, Front. there was ChC production by E15, consistent progenitors in VGZ and their extended neurogenesis Neural Circuits 3, 15 (2009). -
Extinction of Threatened Vertebrates Will Lead to Idiosyncratic Changes in Functional Diversity Across the World ✉ Aurele Toussaint 1 , Sébastien Brosse 2, C
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25293-0 OPEN Extinction of threatened vertebrates will lead to idiosyncratic changes in functional diversity across the world ✉ Aurele Toussaint 1 , Sébastien Brosse 2, C. Guillermo Bueno1, Meelis Pärtel 1, Riin Tamme 1 & Carlos P. Carmona 1 1234567890():,; Although species with larger body size and slow pace of life have a higher risk of extinction at a global scale, it is unclear whether this global trend will be consistent across biogeographic realms. Here we measure the functional diversity of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates in the six terrestrial biogeographic realms and predict their future changes through scenarios mimicking a gradient of extinction risk of threatened species. We show vastly different effects of extinctions on functional diversity between taxonomic groups and realms, ranging from almost no decline to deep functional losses. The Indo-Malay and Palearctic realms are par- ticularly inclined to experience a drastic loss of functional diversity reaching 29 and 31%, respectively. Birds, mammals, and reptiles regionally display a consistent functional diversity loss, while the projected losses of amphibians and freshwater fishes differ across realms. More efficient global conservation policies should consider marked regional losses of func- tional diversity across the world. 1 Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 2 Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et ✉ Diversité Biologique), Toulouse, France. email: [email protected] NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2021) 12:5162 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25293-0 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25293-0 he loss of global biodiversity is accelerating throughout the with different key aspects of their ecology and their life-history Tworld1 triggering the sixth mass extinction crisis2. -
Lawin Modern Society Lawin Modern Society
LAWIN MODERN SOCIETY LAWIN MODERN SOCIETY Toward a Criticism of Social Theory Roberto Mangabeira Unger l�I THE FREE PRESS New York lffil THE FREE PRESS 1230 Avenueof theAmericas New York, NY 10020 Copyright© 1976 by RobertoMangabeira Unger All rights reserved, including theright of reproduction in whole or in partin anyform. THE FREEPRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc. First Free Press Paperback Edition 1977 Manufacturedin the United Statesof America Paperbound printing number 10 Unger,Library ofRoberto Congress Mangabeira. Cataloging in Publication Data Law in modern society. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Sociological jurisprudence. I. Title. Law 34o.1'15 74-27853 ISBN 0-02-932880-2 pbk. NOTE This study builds upon my Knowledge and Politics (Free Press, 1975). To make the present work intelligibleto readers unfamiliar with Knowledge and Politics, it wa,; necessary in some cases to restate ideas developed in the earlier book. CONTENTS CHAPTER1. The Predicament of Social Theory 1 The "burden of the past" in social theory 1 Social theory and political philosophy 3 The unity and crisis of social theory 6 The problem of method 8 The problem of social order 23 The problem of modernity 37 Human nature and history 40 Law 43 CHAPTER2. Law and the Forms of Society 47 The problem 47 Three concepts of law 48 The emergence of bureaucratic law 58 The separation of state and society 58 The disintegration of community 61 The division of labor and social hierarchy 63 The tension within bureaucratic law 64 The emergence of a legal order 66 Group pluralism 66 Natural law 76 Liberal society and higher law 83 VII viii I Contents The Chinese case: a comparative analysis 86 The hypothesis 86 Custom and "feudalism" in early China 88 The transformation period: from custom to bureaucratic law 96 Confucianists and Legalises 105 Limits of the Chinese comparison: the experience of other civilizations 110 The sacred laws of ancient India, Islam, and Israel 110 The Graeco-Roman variant 120 Law as a response to the decline of order 127 CHAPTER 3. -
Katherine-Mckittrick-Sylvia-Wynter-On
Sylvia Wynter Sylvia Wynter ON BEING HUMAN AS PRAXIS Katherine McKittrick, ed. Duke University Press Durham and London 2015 © 2015 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Arno Pro by Graphic Composition, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sylvia Wynter : on being human as praxis / Katherine McKitrick, ed. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5820- 6 (hardcover : alk. Paper) isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5834- 3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Wynter, Sylvia. 2. Social sciences—Philosophy. 3. Civilization, Modern—Philosophy. 4. Race—Philosophy. 5. Human ecology—Philosophy. I. McKitrick, Katherine. hm585.s95 2015 300.1—dc23 2014024286 isbn 978- 0- 8223- 7585- 2 (e- book) Cover image: Sylvia Wynter, circa 1970s. Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Te New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Duke University Press gratefully acknowledges the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (sshrc / Insight Grant) which provided funds toward the publication of this book. For Ellison CONTENTS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Katherine McKitrick 1 CHAPTER 1 Yours in the Intellectual Struggle: Sylvia Wynter and the Realization of the Living Sylvia Wynter and Katherine McKitrick 9 CHAPTER 2 Unparalleled Catastrophe for Our Species? Or, to Give Humanness a Diferent Future: Conversations Denise Ferreira da Silva 90 CHAPTER 3 Before Man: -
Journal of Science Evaluation of the Reptilian Fauna in Amasya Province, Turkey with New Locality Records
Research Article GU J Sci 31(4): 1007-1020 (2018) Gazi University Journal of Science http://dergipark.gov.tr/gujs Evaluation of The Reptilian Fauna in Amasya Province, Turkey with New Locality Records Mehmet Kursat SAHIN1,2, *, Murat AFSAR3 1Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, 06800, Ankara, Turkey 2Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Kamil Ozdag Science Faculty, Biology Departmet, Karaman, Turkey 3Manisa Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Biology Department, Manisa, Turkey Article Info Abstract The present study investigated the reptilian fauna in Amasya Province, Turkey. Reptile species Received: 14/01/2018 were identified from collections made during field studies or recorded in literature, with some Accepted: 18/06/2018 new locality records obtained. Field studies were undertaken over two consecutive years (2016 and 2017). Two lacertid species, one skink species, two colubrid species and one viper species were officially recorded for the first time or their information was updated. In addition to Keywords species locality records, chorotypical and habitat selection were also assessed and the Viper International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species criteria Reptilia included. Data on the distribution and locality information for each taxon is also provided. Our Fauna findings demonstrate that Amasya might be an ecotone zone between the Mediterranean, Chorotype Caucasian, and European ecosystems. Although there are some concerns for the sustainable Eunis dynamics of reptilian fauna, relatively rich and different European nature information system habitat types provide basic survival conditions for reptilian fauna in the province. 1. INTRODUCTION Turkey is the only country that almost entirely includes three of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots: the Caucasus, Irano-Anatolian, and Mediterranean [1]. -
A Spatial Analysis Approach to the Global Delineation of Dryland Areas of Relevance to the CBD Programme of Work on Dry and Subhumid Lands
A spatial analysis approach to the global delineation of dryland areas of relevance to the CBD Programme of Work on Dry and Subhumid Lands Prepared by Levke Sörensen at the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK January 2007 This report was prepared at the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). The lead author is Levke Sörensen, scholar of the Carlo Schmid Programme of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Acknowledgements This report benefited from major support from Peter Herkenrath, Lera Miles and Corinna Ravilious. UNEP-WCMC is also grateful for the contributions of and discussions with Jaime Webbe, Programme Officer, Dry and Subhumid Lands, at the CBD Secretariat. Disclaimer The contents of the map presented here do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 3 Table of contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................3 Disclaimer ...........................................................................................................3 List of tables, annexes and maps .....................................................................5 Abbreviations -
Full Report Should Be Available Shortly
Climate Cliange 1992 The supplementary report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment Climate Change 1992 The supplementary report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment Edited by W J McG Tegart and G W Sheldon Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra © Commonwealth of Australia 1993 ISBN 0 644 25150 6 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Australian Government Publishing Service. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be add|ressed to the Manager, Commonwealth Information Services, Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601. Published for the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment and Territories by the Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra Cover illustration: Island in the Maldives (courtesy of Austral International, Sydney) Printed on 100 per cent recycled paper Printed in Australia by A. J. LAW, Commonwealth Government Printer, Canberra Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 1992 The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment Report prepared for IPCC by Working Group II Chairman: Professor Yu A Izrael (Russia) Co-Vice-chairmen: Professor O Canziani (Argentina), Dr Hashimoto (Japan), Professor O S Odingo (Kenya), Dr W J McG Tegart (Australia) Contents Preface by Professor GOP Obasi (WMO) and Dr M K Tolba (UNEP) ix Preface by Professor Bert Bolin, Chairman, IPCC x Preface by Professor Yu A Izrael, Chairman, Working -
Status, Trends and Future Dynamics of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Underpinning Nature’S Contributions to People 1
CHAPTER 3 . STATUS, TRENDS AND FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEMS UNDERPINNING NATURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO PEOPLE 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 STATUS, TRENDS AND CHAPTER FUTURE DYNAMICS OF BIODIVERSITY AND 3 ECOSYSTEMS UNDERPINNING NATURE’S CONTRIBUTIONS CHAPTER TO PEOPLE 4 Coordinating Lead Authors Review Editors: Marie-Christine Cormier-Salem (France), Jonas Ngouhouo-Poufoun (Cameroon) Amy E. Dunham (United States of America), Christopher Gordon (Ghana) This chapter should be cited as: CHAPTER Cormier-Salem, M-C., Dunham, A. E., Lead Authors Gordon, C., Belhabib, D., Bennas, N., Dyhia Belhabib (Canada), Nard Bennas Duminil, J., Egoh, B. N., Mohamed- (Morocco), Jérôme Duminil (France), Elahamer, A. E., Moise, B. F. E., Gillson, L., 5 Benis N. Egoh (Cameroon), Aisha Elfaki Haddane, B., Mensah, A., Mourad, A., Mohamed Elahamer (Sudan), Bakwo Fils Randrianasolo, H., Razafindratsima, O. H., 3Eric Moise (Cameroon), Lindsey Gillson Taleb, M. S., Shemdoe, R., Dowo, G., (United Kingdom), Brahim Haddane Amekugbe, M., Burgess, N., Foden, W., (Morocco), Adelina Mensah (Ghana), Ahmim Niskanen, L., Mentzel, C., Njabo, K. Y., CHAPTER Mourad (Algeria), Harison Randrianasolo Maoela, M. A., Marchant, R., Walters, M., (Madagascar), Onja H. Razafindratsima and Yao, A. C. Chapter 3: Status, trends (Madagascar), Mohammed Sghir Taleb and future dynamics of biodiversity (Morocco), Riziki Shemdoe (Tanzania) and ecosystems underpinning nature’s 6 contributions to people. In IPBES (2018): Fellow: The IPBES regional assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services for Gregory Dowo (Zimbabwe) Africa. Archer, E., Dziba, L., Mulongoy, K. J., Maoela, M. A., and Walters, M. (eds.). CHAPTER Contributing Authors: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Millicent Amekugbe (Ghana), Neil Burgess Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity (United Kingdom), Wendy Foden (South and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany, Africa), Leo Niskanen (Finland), Christine pp.