CERN COURIER I NO. 6 VOL. 19 SEPTEMBER 1979

25TH ANNIVERSARY ISSUE CERN COURIER Journal of High Energy Physics Editors: Brian Southworth Henri-Luc Felder Contents Gordon Fraser Advertisements: Micheline Falciola Laboratory correspondents: Argonne National Laboratory, USA R. Arnold Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA Ph. Schewe Cornell University, USA N. Mistry Daresbury Laboratory, UK V. Suller DESY Laboratory, Fed. Rep. of Germany P. Waloschek Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA R.A. Carrigan KfK Karlsruhe, Fed. Rep. of Germany M. Kuntze GSI Darmstadt, Fed. Rep. of Germany H. Prange INFN, Italy A brief history of CERN 228 M. Gigliarelli Fiumi The 25th Anniversary Ceremony 233 Institute of High Energy Physics, Peking, China Tu Tung-sheng CERN physics, past and future 239 JINR Dubna, USSR Technology Exhibition 242 V. Sandukovsky KEK National Laboratory, Japan K. Kikuchi Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, USA W. Carithers Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, USA O.B. van Dyck Novosibirsk Institute, USSR Geneva High Energy Physics Conference 243 V. Balakin Report on this year's international meeting Orsay Laboratory, France J.E. Augustin Beauty uncovered 249 Rutherford Laboratory, UK J. Litt Experiment at CERN shows hint of fifth quark flavour Saclay Laboratory, France A. Zylberstejn SIN Villigen, Switzerland Around the Laboratories G.H. Eaton Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, USA L. Keller TRIUMF Laboratory, Canada KARLSRUHE: Superconducting accelerator completed 251 M.K. Craddock Cryogenic linac switches on Copies are available on request from: Federal Republic of Germany DESY: PI A taking over . . . , 252 Frau G.V. Schlenther New positron storage ring in action DESY, Notkestr. 85, 2000 Hamburg 52 Italy — FERMILAB: Charm decay visible in big bubble chamber/Neutral INFN, Casella Postale 56, kaon charge structure 25" 00044 Frascati, Roma More measurements of charm lifetime/Looking inside the K° United Kingdom — Elizabeth Marsh CERN: Data from the North/Looking inside hadrons/Little bubble Rutherford Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot chamber/Low energy antiproton source 256 Oxfordshire 0X1 1 0QX USA/Canada — New data from muon beams/Exploiting muon pairs/Special Margaret Pearson detector to look for charm/Antiproton ring approved Fermilab, PO Box 500, Batavia Illinois 60510 General distribution — People and things 260 Monika Wilson CERN 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CERN COURIER is published ten times yearly in English and French editions. The views expressed in the Journal are not necessarily those of the CERN manage­ ment. Printed by: Presses Centrales S.A. 1002 Lausanne, Switzerland Merrill Printing Company 765 North York, Hinsdale, Illinois 60521, USA Published by: European Organization for Nuclear Research Cover photograph: On 29 October 1953, CERN Council members meeting CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland in Geneva visited the very rural site at Meyrin which was to accommodate Tel. (022) 83 61 1 1, Telex 23698 (CERN COURIER only Tel. (022) 83 41 03) the proposed Laboratory of the European Organization for Nuclear Re­ USA: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory search. Earlier in the year the establishment of the Laboratory on this site P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510 Tel. (312) 840 3000, Telex 910 230 3233 had successfully passed a referendum in the Canton of Geneva by 16 539 votes to 7332. (Photo Freddy Bertrand)

226 CERN Courier September 1979 This issue celebrates the 25th anni­ at CERN's accelerators and storage achievements are touched on in the versary of CERN, which came rings, Europe's scientists have con­ second article in extracts from the formally into being on 29 Septem­ tributed greatly to our knowledge of talk of Professor Weisskopf at the ber 1954 when sufficient ratifica­ the nature of matter. The CERN 25th Anniversary Ceremony (page tions of the Convention establishing Laboratory now has an unequalled 233) and reviewed in more detail he European Organization for Nu- range of research facilities, which is by Professor Van Hove in the lear Research were obtained from able to support the experiments in third article covering the CERN Day Member States. This was the start of which some 1 500 scientists from at the European Physical Society a great adventure in scientific the Member States are involved. It Conference (page 239). The techno­ research and international collabo­ puts European high energy physics logical achievements were the sub­ ration. research on a par with that in any ject of Professor Casimir's talk at the CERN was conceived to help other region of the world. Anniversary Ceremony (page 236) restore the quality of European CERN itself is held up as a shining and are presented in an Exhibition science, to provide research facilities example of international coopera­ which is open at CERN (page 242) beyond the means of individual tion, not only with regard to collabo­ throughout the summer months. countries and to help reunite nations, ration within Europe itself but also in not long before torn by conflict, in the the development of excellent rela­ common pursuit of understanding tions with other countries through­ the structure of matter. out the world. The Convention establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research was In the past twenty-five years, Our opening article 'A brief history signed by the representatives of twelve these hopes have been fulfilled of CERN' concentrates particularly European countries at a meeting in Paris in 1953. By September 1954 enough beyond the expectations of any of on the development of CERN's ratifications had been received for CERN to CERN's creators. From experiments research facilities. The physics come formally into being. I For the Gorman Federal Republic Pour 1* République Fédérale For the Kingdom of Norway Pour 1* Royaume de Horrige d'Allemagne rv

For the Kingdom of the Hetherlandi Pour le Boyau» de« Pays -Ban

For the Kingdom of Belgium ^^J^^^^ POUI" RoymUla* d* Belgique

f For th* United Kingdom of Great Britain Pour 1* Roymutne-TJni do la For th* Kingdom of «wrSmark Pour 1» Royaume da Danemrk *nd Her the ni Ireland Grande-Bretagne et de J 1* Ire lande du Xord

For th» French Republic Pour la République Française

J-v . .~ For the Kingdom of Sweden Pour le Royaune de Suéde

For the Kingdom of Greece Pour le Royaume de Grèce ^ dryjX- W K*I^KM^-w*>,

For the Confederation of Switzerland Pour la Confédération Suieae

For Italy Pour l'Italie

r-™~~For the Federal People'» Republic Pour la République Federative V^: f.-^*\S* A ^ .U ) of Yugoslavia . Populaire de Yougoelarie

CERN Courier September 1979 227 A brief history of CERN In June 1955 Felix Bloch, CERN's first Director General, laid the Foundation stone of the Laboratory watched by Max Petitpierre, President of the Swiss Confederation.

(Photo CERN 02.6.55)

Although scientists had been dis­ cussing the possibility of a European 2!^ £s physics laboratory for some years, the idea was first voiced publicly in a message from the French physicist Louis de Broglie to the European Cultural Conference in Lausanne in December 1949. Scientists were becoming increasingly aware that further progress in physics required resources beyond those of individual European nations, while statesmen were eager to promote worthy projects which symbolized the new spirit of European unity. With the help of UNESCO, a series of conferences in 1950 and 1951 paved the way for the establishment of an international nuclear physics laboratory. In Geneva in February 1952, eleven governments signed an agreement setting up a provi­ sional 'Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire' — hence the acronym CERN, which has been retained ever since. Later in the same year, an offer from Switzerland to provide a site near Geneva for the Laboratory was accepted. By the beginning of 1955, the Convention establishing the Organi­ zation had been ratified by twelve Member States — Belgium, Den­ mark, the Federal Republic of Ger­ many, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia. Austria joined in 1959 and Spain was temporarily a member from 1 961 to 1969 but had to withdraw, as also did Yugoslavia

John Adams announced the first operation of the proton synchrotron in November 1959. He is holding an empty vodka bottle into which he fed a polaroid photograph of the 24 GeV pulse, to be sent to the Soviet Union. The vodka had been supplied by Dubna to be drunk when the world record energy of their 10 GeV synchro-phasotron was surpassed.

(Photo CERN 1881E)

228 CERN Courier September 1979 The chamber of the 3.7 m European bubble chamber being prepared for installation in 1971.

(Photo CERN216.12.71)

mental and administrative support facilities. The synchro-cyclotron came into operation on 1 August 1957. With construction of the proton synchrotron well underway in 1958, attention turned to the provision of adequate experimental facilities to complement the power of the big machine. Work began on the new experimental technique of bubble chambers and the first in a long line of increasingly powerful computers appeared on the CERN site. On 24 November 1959, the pro­ ton synchrotron reached an energy of 24 GeV. This was a proud day for European science. It was the first proton machine of its type (using the strong focusing principle) to operate and was for a time the most power­ ful particle accelerator in the world. In 1961 the first attempts at experiments using neutrino beams began; this field of research even­ tually became a speciality of the physics programme at CERN. To monitor the interactions of these elusive particles required special detectors; large arrays of spark chambers and heavy liquid bubble chambers were developed, and the first ever bubble chamber pictures of neutrino interactions were taken at CERN in 1 963. The neutrino physics benefitted greatly from fast ejection of protons from the synchrotron, also achieved for the first time ever in 1963. in 1962, for financial reasons. struction of a smaller, less powerful While the performance of the Yugoslavia, Poland and Turkey have machine was launched to allow a accelerators was being steadily im­ the status of observer. research programme to get under proved and the physics programme way as soon as possible and to was yielding many good results, the The first accelerators — the SC provide some experience of acceler­ detection techniques used to study and PS ator building by a European collabo­ the behaviour of the particles and the ration. computer power needed to analyse At an early stage, it was decided that Excavations began on the Geneva the collected information were ad­ CERN should build an ambitious site in May 1954, with a view to vancing considerably. Several bub­ proton synchrotron using the very accommodating a 600 MeV syn­ ble chambers were in use at the latest developments in accelerator chro-cyclotron and a 25 GeV proton proton synchrotron, and to meet its technology. At the same time, con­ synchrotron with all their experi­ computing needs CERN had to

CERN Courier September 1979 229 In January 1971, Kjell Johnsen announced in the control room of the Intersecting Storage Rings that proton-proton interactions in colliding beams had been seen for the first time.

(Photo CERN 248.1.71) develop one of the largest computer centres in the world. Bubble chamber techniques were being thoroughly mastered. In 1 965 an agreement was signed between CERN and the French Atomic Energy Authority to build a very large heavy liquid bubble chamber, which be­ came known as Gargamelle. In 1967 another agreement, this time between CERN, France and the Federal Republic of Germany, cov­ ered construction of a very large hydrogen bubble chamber, which became known as BEBC — Big European Bubble Chamber. Both these detectors were initially des­ tined for operation at the proton synchrotron. There were also many advances in the domain of electronic detectors and the most important involving the properties of multiwire proportional chambers and drift chambers. They are able to give information about particles which traverse them with a precision and at.a rate never obtain­ 1978 the research was further The ISR and SPS able in a single device before. Detec­ extended when helium ions were tors of this type are now in use in accelerated in the machine, and the It became evident, following the high energy physics Laboratories use of carbon ions is planned. operation of the proton synchrotron, throughout the world and are also The proton synchrotron has seen that the information gained about finding extensive application in me­ many modifications and additions. A the nature of matter in the newly dicine, biology, solid state physics, four-ring 800 MeV Booster was accessible energy range posed etc. completed in 1972 to increase the further questions which called for The 600 MeV synchro-cyclotron injection energy and a new 50 MeV still higher energies to attempt to and the 28 GeV proton synchrotron, linac started operation in 1 978. The answer them. To obtain a consensus on which the early research at CERN machine has exceeded its design in the European community as to the was based, are still in very produc­ intensity by more than a factor of a best way to develop CERN's re­ tive use today. The synchro-cyclo­ thousand. Its reliability in operation, search facilities, a 'European Com­ tron was largely rebuilt in the early for such a complex accelerator mittee for Future Accelerators' was 1970s to produce higher proton system, is exceptionally good. It has set up. In 1 963 ECFA recommended beam intensities so that it could provided particles to hundreds of the construction of a 300 GeV remain competitive for physics ex­ experiments in its own range of proton synchrotron and of Intersect­ periments with other modern ma­ energies and it is now the source of ing Storage Rings (ISR). chines in its energy range. It is the all the protons used in the higher In 1 965 CERN Council authorized scene of many experiments in the energy machines at CERN — the a supplementary programme for the field of nuclear physics and, since Intersecting Storage Rings and the construction of the ISR to enable 1967, has had one of the world's Super Proton Synchrotron. It is two 25 GeV proton beams to be finest facilities for the study of very also a vital component of the new brought into collision. That same short-lived nuclei — the Isotope project to collide proton and anti- year the French government agreed Separator On-Line (ISOLDE). In proton beams at high energies. to make available to the Organiza-

230 CERN Courier September 1979 Inauguration ceremony for the 400 GeV proton synchrotron, the SPS, in May 1977 which was held a huge experimental hall on the North Area.

(Photo CERN4.5.77)

The accelerator, which became known as the Super Proton Synchro­ tron or SPS, began operation in June 1 976 at an energy of 400 GeV. As with the ISR, the building of the machine was completed ahead of schedule and within the authorized budget. The accelerator perfor­ mance improved rapidly so that design intensity has been exceeded and at the end of 1978 the peak energy was taken to 500 GeV. The SPS thus joined the machine at the Fermi National Accelerator Labora­ tory as the highest energy proton synchrotron in the world. Planning for experiments at the SPS started under the auspices of ECFA in 1972 and sophisticated detection systems were ready to receive particles very soon after the machine came into operation. Care­ ful design of the beamlines from the machine has resulted in beams of the highest energy, intensity and quality ever achieved. tion an area of.land adjoining the the energy available to produce Experiments at the SPS are now itial CERN Laboratory in Switzer­ phenomena of interest is equivalent by far the largest part of the CERN land for the construction of the new to that at a conventional synchrotron research programme. Three large machine which was to be fed with of 2000 GeV. experimental halls are being sup­ protons from the existing proton Performance of the Intersecting plied with beams and another is under synchrotron. Thus CERN became Storage Rings has far exceeded the construction to receive very intense the first international organization design parameters. The machine is beams, while four detection sys­ which crossed a frontier physically so perfect and reliable that usable tems, including the large bubble as well as in spirit. proton beams can circulate for many chamber BEBC, are lined up in series The Intersecting Storage Rings days without need for refilling. In the to receive neutrino beams. There is came into operation in 1971 with future it is intended to store antipro­ every hope for a continued rich crop remarkable smoothness, in advance tons in one of the rings so as to of results from these experiments in of the schedule and within the resurvey the ISR energy region, this the coming years. authorized budget. The machine was time with proton-antiproton colli­ a daring one when it was conceived sions. International collaboration but so thoroughly was the construc­ Authorization to build a 300 GeV tion executed that the ISR is widely proton synchrotron took a long time International collaboration is the life- regarded as the most perfect exam­ to obtain, mainly because of difficul­ blood of CERN. The success and ple to date of the accelerator build­ ties in site selection and in cost. development of the Organization er's art. Finally a decision was taken in and its Laboratories over the past 25 Though the study of particles in February 1971 to construct the new years reflects both the need for and the ISR was for a long time limited to Laboratory alongside the existing the usefulness of international the interaction between two pro­ one. Although at first administra­ partnership in high energy physics, tons, it has the great advantage of tively separate, the two Laboratories where experiments require consid­ observing head-on collisions where were united in January 1 976. erable resources in equipment and

CERN Courier September 1979 231 Artist's view of CERN's role in international collaboration — it is taken from the cartoon album on CERN and its work 'Hunting Particles'.

infancy, two-way contact between CERN and the People's Republic of China has been under way since 1973.

The future

In 1977, trials began to test 'stc chastic cooling' — a new metho invented at CERN for concentrating particle beams. These trials were quickly successful and showed the feasibility of storing new kinds of particle beams, notably antiprotons. In the following year, antiproton beams were successfully stored for the first time ever. As a result, ambitious plans were prepared for the SPS to take on a new role as proton-antiproton collid­ ing beam machine, and the neces­ sary construction work initiated. In the SPS, these colliding beams will open up a new domain of high energy physics, with collision ener­ gies equivalent to that of a manpower, and where a continual in the CERN programme. This 1 55 000 GeV conventional acceler­ exchange of ideas provides valuable provided valuable additional exper­ ator. Further uses of the cooled ant stimulus for further investigations. ience in those early years, and the proton beams are foreseen at the From a relatively small level in the programme has been continued and ISR and for low energy studies at the early years, the use of the CERN expanded with direct funding by PS. experimental facilities has now CERN. With the full capabilities of the grown to involve some 1 500 experi­ Also in the early years, scientific SPS yet to be exploited and the mental physicists drawn from over exchanges began with the Joint proton-antiproton project due to 100 European universities and re­ Institute for Nuclear Research at receive its first colliding beams in search institutes. It is this level of Dubna, near Moscow. A further 1981, it is still necessary to look activity which makes Europe one of important landmark was in 1967 further ahead to the longer-term the main world areas for high energy when an agreement was signed requirements for high energy phy­ physics research. between CERN and the USSR sics in Europe. In 1977, these In addition to this ever-growing covering technical contributions by studies crystallized as an ECFA collaboration of European physicists, CERN to extracted beam facilities at recommendation for a large elec­ CERN, as a Laboratory of world the 76 GeV proton synchrotron at tron-positron colliding beam ma­ class, attracts visitors from further Serpukhov. This enabled physicists chine. This 'LEP' project is now afield. from CERN Member States to carry under detailed study for the long- In 1956, when the proton syn­ out experiments at this accelerator, range future of CERN. With such a chrotron was still on paper, the Ford at that time the highest energy vigorous development programme Foundation initiated a funding pro­ machine in the world. This agree­ and with its tradition of international gramme which for the subsequent ment was extended in 1975, ena­ collaboration, Europe is well placed ten years enabled scientists and bling Soviet physicists to collaborate to maintain the position it has estab­ technologists from non-Member in experiments at the big new CERN lished in the forefront of high energy States, notably the US, to participate machines. Although as yet still in its physics research.

232 CERN Courier September 1979 The 25th Anniversary Ceremony

Jean Teillac, President of the CERN Council, opens the formal ceremony celebrating the 25th anniversary of the entry into force of the Convention establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research.

(Photo Alain Gassmann)

On 23 June a ceremony was held at CERN to mark the 25th anniversary of the Organization. A distinguished gathering (including eight Ministers from the CERN Member States, ten Ambassadors, local Genevese and French authorities and representa- ves of Laboratories and Universi- les) participated in a most impres­ sive and dignified day. The ceremony was opened by Professor Jean Teillac, President of the CERN Council. Professor Victor Weisskopf spoke on The signifi­ cance of CERN' and Professor H.B.G. Casimir on 'Big Science and Technological Progress'. We give here some extracts from these talks; the full texts will be published and will be available from CERN in the Autumn.

Professor Weisskopf: The significance of CERN

Tor me the development of CERN in fhe last three decades is not only an ics, a new type of dynamics that In the atomic realm, it is the elec­ hpressive story of success but also dominates atomic processes. It led tromagnetic force that holds things a fulfilment of a dream. Our dream to an understanding of most phe­ together and is the driving cause of was to see a great and active labo­ nomena that occur on the surface of events. In the nuclear realm two new ratory of fundamental physics in the earth, chemical processes, light forces were discovered: the nuclear Europe that transcends national absorption, emission and reflection, force which holds the nucleus boundaries and is a symbol of a bright electric and magnetic effects, and together, and the so-called weak future, when humanity will be united the diverse properties of materials, force which causes the radioactive and when national pride does not metals, minerals, plastics and li­ processes. In the subnuclear realm it refer to any specific country but quids. is the so-called strong force that refers to the whole of our great The second step opened up the holds the quarks together. The planet Earth. nuclear realm and led to the discov­ nuclear force seems to be a deriva­ I would like to consider the signif­ ery of phenomena such as nuclear tive of the strong forces between the icance of CERN in three directions: reactions, radioactivity, fission, fu­ quarks. — its Scientific impact, its European sion; phenomena that are inactive or Every step in this dramatic se­ impact and its World-wide impact. unimportant under ordinary terres­ quence of discoveries revealed new The Scientific Impact: trial conditions. natural phenomena and new forces The object of research at CERN is The third step, the subnuclear of nature. The deeper we penetrate, to study the ultimate constituents of realm, again led to the discovery of however, the higher are the energies matter and the ultimate forces of new phenomena; a large number of necessary to activate the processes, nature, the driving forces of all natu­ short-lived entities were found: me­ the larger become the accelerators ral processes. sons, antimatter, excited states of and the instruments that are needed The first step, the insight into the proton and neutron and the new to study the phenomena. After all, atomic structure, was based upon subnuclear fundamental particles: we are dealing here with processes the discovery of quantum mechan­ the quarks. that do not occur under ordinary

CERN Courier September 1979 233 Viki Weisskopf in full flight during his talk on The significance of CERN'.

(Photo CERN 599.6.79)

conditions prevalent on earth. The nuclear realm is active only in the centre of the stars, and the subnu­ clear realm becomes active (apart from laboratories like CERN) only in the great cosmic cataclysms such as star explosions or the big explosion in which the universe was born (the 'big bang'). In order to study the relevant phenomena we must create conditions that do not exist on earth. I cannot repress a certain pride as a scientist that we were able to realize such cosmic environments in our laboratories. By doing so we got nearer to the very nerve centre of nature, and closer to the answers to the questions that man has asked since he began to find his way. CERN is devoted to the explora­ tion of this third step and has contri­ buted much to it. The European Impact: CERN was created in order to establish an opportunity for Europe to participate actively in the research successful, although many people ble to pool the best brains of Europe of the fundamental structure of considered it impossible and The great success of theoretic matter. In the first third of this centu­ doomed it to failure. It became a physics at CERN is another example ry, Europe was leading in this field; unique laboratory attracting scien­ of the beneficial effect of pooling the indeed most of the fundamental tists, not only from Europe, but from intellectual capabilities of many discoveries and ideas originated in all over the world. countries. Results were achieved by Europe. After the Second World It supplied its own specifically direct contact and collaboration that War, however, this type of research European style. It was, as L. Ko- would never have been obtained in took place mostly in the USA warski expressed so succinctly, a centres distributed over the different because Europe in the West and in vehicle for the re-introduction of nations. The collaboration of people the East was suffering from the traditionally European qualities to of different nationality was much ravages of the war and was not yet the world stage of advanced phy­ easier than anticipated. He who able to construct the large facilities sics: elegance in construction, per­ enters CERN has lost his specific necessary for it. fectionist care for precision and nationality and becomes a scientist Furthermore, the size of such es­ reliability, pioneering in invention of the world. tablishments was too large for one and development of new principles The CERN idea has spread into single country in Europe, with the of instrumentation. All this was done other sciences. Since the conception exception of the Soviet Union. by a group of engineer-physicists of CERN, new European collabora­ Therefore the only way for Western that has no parallel in any other tive efforts sprang up. Some of them Europe to get out of the backwater in institution and is unique in the world. were directly spawned by CERN, fundamental physics and to acquire It was the result of the successful such as EMBL (the European Mole­ again the historic leading position in gathering of intellectual resources of cular Biology Laboratory) and ESO this field, was to establish an All- many different countries. (the European Southern Observato­ European laboratory. This daring This points to an important role of ry). Others developed independently, venture turned out to be extremely CERN. It is a place where it is possi­ such as ESA (the European Space

234 CERN Courier September 1979 The CERN Anniversary Ceremony in June provided a rare gathering of CERN Directors Gênerai, past and present. Left to right, John Adams, Willi Jentschke, Felix Bloch, Victor Weisskopf and Leon Van Hove.

(Photo CERN 614.6.79)

Agency) and the High Flux Neutron necessary to maintain the spirit of send regular observers to the meet­ Reactor in Grenoble. Many other adventure and of daring that has ings of the Council. Somehow, our such ventures hopefully will follow permeated CERN from the leading relations with Poland are especially these. Indeed, a European Fusion physicists to the last employee, the close due to the most active partici­ Laboratory, JET, is already in the awareness of participation in a great pation of their excellent physicists in making. and unique venture, pioneering not the work of CERN. Still there are not enough of them. only in science but also in social and The cooperation of CERN with the In particular some fields of industrial political innovation. It sometimes is physicists of the Soviet Union research, such as the areas of semi­ hard to maintain this spirit over deserves special mention. We intro­ conductors and of computers, would decades in a growing organization duced a programme of exchange of greatly profit from a pooling of Euro­ but it is a precondition for continuing physicists with our sister institution pean resources. There does not yet success. in Dubna and an extensive pro­ exist an all-European counterpart of The World-Wide Impact: gramme of collaboration was carried the Bell Laboratories, for example, or It always was, and is, the aim of out in connection with the construc­ European Institute of Technolo­ CERN to establish a wider commu­ tion and exploitation of the 70 GeV gy- nity than the one of its Member proton synchrotron in Serpukhov. Because of the decisive impor­ States. Right from the beginning CERN provided help and expertise in tance of CERN for a united Europe, there was close cooperation with the the construction. I n exchange, West- we must do everything in our power United States of America ; a number European physicists made scientific to keep CERN active as a centre and of American accelerator specialists use of the then largest accelerator in a spawning place of united European participated in the construction of the world. Many interesting results scientific efforts. To keep a research the proton synchrotron, and some of were obtained in a hitherto unex­ centre alive means a constant re­ the experience gathered here was plored energy region. Since then, the newal, a replacement of older obso­ very useful for similar ventures in the collaboration with the Soviet Union lete facilities by the newest and most United States. Later on, a large continues; Russian physicists parti­ modern ones. If CERN should remain number of American physicists cipate in many CERN experiments one of the few realizations of Euro­ came to Geneva in order to make use and also contributed some special pean unity, it must stay at the fore­ of the excellent facilities here, in instrumentation. Finally, the collabo­ front of research, it must constantly particular of those that had no coun­ ration with Chinese physicists is plan, develop and construct the most terpart in the USA, such as the taking shape. They plan to engage in up-to-date instruments of research, ISR. a large high energy physics effort in it must continue to invent and use The doors of CERN were always their homeland. CERN offered them the sharpest means of penetrating open to Eastern European scientists. help, advice and training. In ex­ into the deepest riddles of nature. We had guest physicists here from change, CERN will profit from this This means higher energy, larger Poland, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Cze­ collaboration when new ideas and accelerators and more sophisticated choslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and initiatives will emerge from this instrumentation. East Germany, and from Japan and enormous pool of human intelli­ To keep CERN alive it also is India. Poland, Yugoslavia and Turkey gence.

CERN Courier September 1979 235 Professor H.B.G. Casimir addresses the distinguished audience with Professor Leon Van Hove, Professor Victor Weisskopf, Professor Jean Teillac and Dr. John Adams on his left.

(Photo CERN 587.6.79)

has established a closer contact between people around the world who are engaged in these positive and constructive cultural activities. A mere quarter of a century ago, CERN became a reality in Europe. Its influence is spreading over the whole world erf physics. The lessq that we should learn from twenty five years of supernational physics at CERN is this; it is possible, it is successful, it is inspiring. May it serve as a model for a much wider aim: a united world devoted to the well-being of all mankind and to creative activities in science, art and in all other manifestations of human culture. Let CERN be a symbol and hope for peace, for a united mankind, for an end to all destructive wars.'

Professor Casimir: Big Science and Technological Progress

'It may well be said that technology These few arid incomplete exam­ some promising beginnings of such has continually been paying back itp ples indicate how deeply CERN is enterprises, such as the start of a debt to basic research. Since th involved in the world community of world university in Tokyo, the Inter­ beginning of the last century, tech­ physicists. It came almost by itself, it national Institute for Applied Sys­ nological progress has become more could not be otherwise. After all, tems Analysis (NASA) in Vienna, and and more dependent on science, and science is a supernational, human the Centre for Theoretical Physics in several of the most spectacular activity that transcends all political Trieste. Yet, today these are only innovations were not only assisted or ideological limits. This will be even small experiments and we must but even preceded by basic scientific more so in the future, when the high hope that such global enterprises discoveries. energy physics facilities will become will grow and multiply. However, when looking at the so large that certain types can only We live in a period when many installations at CERN some people be constructed at one place in the cultural values are put into doubt. may feel that here society and tech­ world, and other types at another There is a feeling of crisis in our nology have been generously over­ place. Then the supernational out­ civilization, a lack of direction and paying and that, for the time being, it look that the physicists have ac­ purpose, and a mounting fear of an is science that is in debt. quired in the past will be of utmost ultimate catastrophe in the form of a One may wonder whether work­ importance. nuclear war. However, the constant ing to produce the installations for The success of CERN in pooling growth of our insights into the CERN was really beneficial for indus­ the intellectual capacities of Europe mysteries of nature, the deeper try. I am convinced that it was bene­ should be a lesson and an encour­ penetrations into the riddles of the ficial, since in many cases industrial agement for similar ventures on a Universe are some of the positive firms had to meet specifications that world scale. Many possibilities are trends in ourera; here we find a living were at the very limit of their capa­ before us, a world university, and tradition, development, and true pro­ bilities. Meeting such specifications world institutions for research into gress. This is part of the reason why in collaboration with the designers at global problems. There are already the CERN idea has been so fruitful; it CERN must have increased the

236 CERN Courier September 1979 firms' general level of competence, special purposes were later used for into the hands of mankind formida­ and this has in some cases even led mass-produced articles. As for keep1 ble power. We are still struggling to new, generally applicable pro­ ing one's feet on the ground: that is with the problem of how to use ducts. Cooperating in high level about the worst place for the feet of nuclear energy efficiently and safely, projects like CERN, like big science in a research man to be. we are rightly alarmed at the accu­ general, helps to raise the level of A second objection is as follows. If mulation of nuclear weapons of competence of industry. CERN were also an educational annihilation. Until mankind has Even so, I feel that even better use institution it would be diverted from shown that it,can deal wisely with might be made of the superior its main task, namely research. It nuclear power, it is not prepared for competence in many fields that is would also endanger the loyal and something entirely new. Until the available at CERN. The skills in impartial collaboration of CERN with last nuclear warhead has either been designing complex apparatus can be all the universities in all the partici­ dispatched to outer space or quietly turned to good account in many pating countries. CERN does have an burnt up as fuel in an energy-produc­ fields. Are conditions optimal for educational mission, but it is best ing reactor, I would not welcome an this? I wonder. Transfer of CERN accomplished by accepting tempo­ entirely new development. I have staff into industry is, as far as I know, rary collaborators sent there by often said that I am in favour of rather limited. Does CERN often act those universities. These are indeed supporting high energy physics, pro­ as a consultant to industry on valid arguments, but I nevertheless vided that the high energy physicists problems unrelated to its purchas­ think that the idea is a good one. can promise not to produce applica­ ing? I rather doubt it. At one time I So far, I have been speaking about ble results within the next twenty- toyed with the idea that CERN might the technical content of the research five years. I am usually not taken be the nucleus for a very high-level tools designed and built at CERN. seriously when I make such remarks. graduate school of engineering. What about the real subject-matter I do, however, mean them very First-class teaching staff and excel­ of the research carried out here ? Will seriously. lent practical training facilities would it have a future impact on technolo­ There is of course also the possi­ be available. Degrees granted by gy ? Will the pattern of development bility that there will never be any CERN would be highly esteemed that prevailed during the past practical applications. Maybe the nd the young CERN graduates hundred or hundred and fifty years science-technology spiral is coming would spread the knowledge and be continued ? The fact that no large- to an end and both high energy skill obtained at CERN in many coun­ scale applications of high energy physics and astronomy are moving tries and among many industries and physics are in sight does not mean in realms outside the grasp of homo institutions. that such applications are forever faber, whilst remaining accessible to When I cautiously mentioned this excluded. If we were to brand parti­ the understanding of homo sapiens. idea in educational and governmen­ cle physics as useless we should be In that case should society in general tal circles it was not well received.In­ no less obtuse than those of our and industry in particular regret the dustry, according to some, is not predecessors who scoffed at elec­ investment? I have pointed out concerned with particle physics, nor trons. On the other hand, it must be many indirect advantages. Even if with big science, and CERN's highly admitted that particle physics has we were to disregard these advan­ sophisticated and refined methods now been with us for more than forty tages, the industrial community and apparatus will be of little use to years... If practical applications finally should be proud of its contribution to industry, even to industries in the do appear, the time delay between this magnificent effort, and extends professional equipment field. In ad­ fundamental research and applica­ its warmest congratulations to dition, it will be argued that indus­ tion will have been unusually long. CERN on the occasion of its Silver tries mass-producing products for From this I conclude that if applica­ Jubilee.' the general public do not need such tions turn up they will almost things at all: they need engineers certainly be far outside the range of Professor Teillac: that have learnt to keep their feet our present technology and even Concluding remarks firmly on the ground. This objection beyond the scope of our imagina­ is unfounded. Time and time again tion. '...We can face the future with we have seen that products and I hope that the time lag will be confidence, particularly now that methods originally designed for very longer still. Nuclear physics has put physics is becoming more exciting

CERN Courier September 1979 237 On 29 June, the Swiss authorities presented a memorable concert in honour of CERN's 25th Anniversary. The concert took place in Geneva's Victoria Hall and was presented by the Conseil Fédéral Suisse, the Conseil d'Etat de la République et Canton de Genève and the Conseil Administratif de la Ville de Genève. Horst Stein conducted the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande in a magnificent programme which included a Prologue for Orchestra 'Lux et Pax' specially composed in honour of CERN by Geneva composer Mathieu Vibert.

(Photo CERN 741.6.79) than ever. From time to time physics makes its mark on history by estab­ lishing a synthesis or opening up a completely new line of thought as in the discovery of gravity, electromag- netism, quanta, relativity, atomic structure etc. Now recent develop­ ments have indicated a possible way to another great advance. The physicists in Europe have firmly adopted this new idea; they are almost unanimously in favour of the construction of a ring for elec­ tron-positron collisions at energies in the 1 50 GeV range. We have to reach these energies in order to observe spectacular new phenom­ ena connected with the production of intermediate bosons, predicted by theoretical models which have al­ ready met with considerable suc­ cess. There is great enthusiasm for the project, particularly as the solution to a question of fundamental impor­ tance seems to be within our grasp: the unification of the weak and elec­ USSR. Furthermore, with PETRA in tunity of studying and understanding tromagnetic interactions. This the­ Hamburg, Europe now has a slight radiation by quarks and qua ory was put forward in the late lead over the USA in the construc­ recombination. This analysis may sixties and has already been sup­ tion of electron-positron rings, which even reveal a quark structure, ported by spectacular experimental owe a great deal technologically to although quarks seem at present to results. One of its first manifesta­ the first machines at Frascati and be as elementary as the electron and tions was the discovery at CERN in Orsay. the neutrino. 1 973 of the neutral current interac­ LEP will also open the door to the Yet, in order to realize the promise tion using neutrinos, then came study of another area of modern that physics holds out to us, it is charm, the tau lepton and the b physics which is just as spectacular essential that there should be con­ quark. The development of high and exciting — the structure of tinuity in the slow and difficult acqui­ energy physics in the space of a few quarks. Present theories predict that sition of knowledge. If continuity is years has thus been exceptional, and the attempt to separate two quarks broken, people are soon dispersed, now LEP has emerged as the ideal leads to the emission of 7i-mesons confidence and optimism evaporate, machine needed to make a complete principally in the direction of the pair. young people are no longer at­ study of the unification of the elec­ This is comparable to the electro­ tracted. The creation of a laboratory tromagnetic and weak interactions. magnetic radiation of an antenna is a long and painstaking process: it It must also be remembered that formed by two particles of opposite is not done by merely assembling the cost of these big machines charge when suddenly separated. people, any more than a forest is encourages complementarity rather There is no direct manifestation of created by merely planting trees than competition between the main the two quarks but mesons appear, next to each other. research centres of the world, and closely correlated in two jets. These The construction of LEP needs not the construction of LEP would be events can be more precisely ana­ only the enthusiasm of the physicists eminently suitable as a complement lysed in electron-positron collisions. but also the enthusiasm of all those to the projects in the USA and the LEP will therefore provide an oppor­ who, alone, can ensure the carrying

238 CERN Courier September 1979 CERN physics, past and future

out of this project. It may seem Introducing the proceedings on posed at CERN, remarking that this regrettable that a machine costing CERN Day at the European Physical was an early example of the contri­ approximately a thousand million Society's 1979 International Con­ butions of Poland, a non-member Swiss francs has to be built before ference on High Energy Physics, held state, to the achievements at progress in physics can be made! in Geneva, Victor Weisskopf de­ CERN. Small low-cost machines were suffi­ scribed the establishment of CERN Hadron physics at CERN had cient for testing Maxwell's equa- 25 years ago as the fulfilment of a benefitted considerably by experi­ ons and establishing the basic unity dream. With the creation of CERN, ments using bubble chambers — of the electric and the magnetic Europe was restored to the forefront first with the French 80 cm chamber interactions. But in order to verify the of fundamental physics — the place and subsequently the CERN 2 m unity of the weak and electromag­ it had occupied during the first detector. An achievement of the netic interactions, energies ten thou­ decades of the century. early sixties which paved the way for sand million times greater than In a memorable presentation, the great successes of the SU(3) those peculiar to everyday electro­ CERN Research Director General symmetry picture of hadron families magnetic phenomena are needed. Leon Van Hove painted a vivid was the determination of the relative This might seem to come low on the picture of the achievements of the parity of the sigma and lambda list of priorities of the world today. European high energy community at hyperons. In addition we must realize that CERN over the past twenty-five Work with the CERN hadron the development of increasingly years. Van Hove compared the beams had played a prominent role sophisticated technology and in­ physics panorama which has un­ in the discovery of many new creasingly esoteric science brings folded at CERN to the spectacular hadronic resonances and the deter­ with it growing difficulties of com­ view of the Alps which one obtains mination of the parameters of states munication between specialists and from Meyrin on a clear day — not the previously discovered elsewhere. others. This gives rise to some only mountain landscape in the But Van Hove thought it 'sobering' confusion, particularly as research is world, but a most impressive one. As that neither the J/psi nor the upsilon expected to benefit the economy by well as being generally imposing, it were discovered at CERN, although its discoveries.- Sophisticated tech- also includes many individual moun­ these new particles were both ology is gradually permeating our tains interesting and scenic in their quickly confirmed by experiments at daily lives; science asks for more and own right. the Intersecting Storage Rings more funds which governments Beginning with low energy nu­ (ISR). have to make provision for in their clear physics, he mentioned the In the study of hadron dynamics, budgets. work done by the on-line isotope Van Hove highlighted the discovery I believe that one of man's finest separator ISOLDE at the 600 MeV of high transverse momentum colli­ qualities is his ability, despite difficult synchro-cyclotron (SC), taking as an sions at the ISR in 1973, which conditions, to devote a small part of example the beautiful results on the showed that in strong interactions his resources to furthering his under­ shape 'staggering' between adja­ there were hard scattering centres standing of the world. I should also cent neutron-deficient isotopes of deep inside protons. This discovery say on this occasion that the mercury. was the pioneer of today's hadronic Member States have always sup­ Another low energy highlight was jet physics, now one of the most ported the Organization, even the programme of work on exotic active fields of research with hadron though there have been times when atoms, beginning with studies on and lepton beams. this was difficult. muonic and pionic atoms at the SC, However these hard scattering Our generation must not fail in its leading on to important discoveries events are only the 'outer frontier' of task. We must hand on Mto our with kaon, sigma and antiproton hadronic interactions at high ener­ successors both what has been atoms at the 28 GeV Proton Syn­ gies, a domain where many impor­ achieved so far and the means for chrotron (PS). tant experiments were done at them to continue their research. By He also mentioned the important CERN, and at the 76 GeV Serpukhov inspiring them with confidence we hypernuclear physics results using machine in the framework of the can point the way to future pro­ kaons in flight at the PS, and recalled CERN/USSR collaboration. It was gress.' the discovery in 1963 of a double at the ISR that the proton-proton hyperfragment in emulsions ex­ cross-section was discovered to rise

CERN Courier September 1979 239 777e heavy liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle in position at the CERN 28 GeV proton synchroton where in 1973 it was the scene of the discovery of the neutral current (below). 'Gargamelle is now dead, but her discoveries remain as a crown of European achievement in physics, ' declared Van Hove.

(Photo CERN 143.4.71) with increasing energy, showing that our present energies are far from asymptotic. In the early and middle sixties, the shrinkage of the proton diffraction peak was discovered at the PS, and very important experiments on pion- nucleon charge-exchange scatter­ ing, including the use of polarized targets, were also carried out. These studies gave much stimulus to the development of the Regge pole model of hadron interactions. Experiments at the ISR also discovered the diffraction minimum in high energy proton-proton scat­ tering and the remarkable property of geometrical scaling of the shrink­ ing diffraction peak. The very first result to emerge from the 400 GeV Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) in 1 977 provided valuable information on the relative production rates of J/psi particles by different hadron beams. In contrast to the rapid evolution of high energy physics as unex­ pected discoveries open the door to new areas of study, measurements of the magnetic moment of the muon (the 'g-2' experiments) span­ ned 20 years of activity at CERN, providing some of the most accurate measurements ever made in physics and displaying the impressive accu­ racy of theoretical predictions using quantum electrodynamics. Turning to weak interactions, Van Hove described an impressive array of achievements, from the first Brookhaven in 1964 sparked off a A totally fundamental discovery observation of pion decay into an flurry of activity in the study of came in the PS neutrino beam and electron and a neutrino at the SC in neutral kaon decays. In the search the Gargamelle heavy liquid bubble 1958, through to the latest results for the origin of this new asymmetry, chamber, with the observation in from the neutrino experiments at the CERN checked in 1 966 that charge 1 973 of neutral current interactions SPS. symmetry was obeyed in the decays involving both electrons and ha- Other early weak interaction suc­ of the eta meson, and 1 970 experi­ drons. cesses included the observation of ments revealed that time reversal This confirmed the predictions of the 'beta-decay' of the pion and the symmetry did not hold in the decay the Weinberg-Salam theory of the measurements of the muon's heli- of the long-lived neutral kaon, while unification of weak and electromag­ city. CPT could be retained as a corner­ netic interactions, and pointed the The discovery of CP violation at stone of field theory. way to a new age of theoretical and

240 CERN Courier September 1979 experimental particle physics. of this radiation would parallel the Wiik sketched a physics picture The same experiments estab­ discovery last century of the electro­ based on families of quarks and lished that there was a linear rise of magnetic radiation predicted by leptons, with 'grand or less grand' the neutrino-nucleon cross-section Maxwell. unification schemes of the different with neutrino energy, and confirmed He therefore compared the new forces of Nature pointing the way that the structure of nuclear matter proton-antiproton collider and ac­ towards behaviour at higher ener­ as revealed in Gargamelle by neu- companying detectors, now being gies. However signs of gluons, Higgs rino beams was essentially the prepared at the SPS, to Heinrich particles, intermediate weak bosons same as that seen in high energy Hertz' 1 9th century apparatus which and quarks should show up, he said, electron experiments at SLAC. Gar­ showed the existence of electro­ before confident predictions can be gamelle is now dead, but her discov­ magnetic radiation, describing the made for more distant energies. eries remain as a 'crown' of Europe's experimental programme at the Complementary electron-positron high energy physics achievements collider as really 'Phase 2' of Hertz' and electron-proton machines were of the last 30 years, said Van experiments. the ideal future armoury for Europe Hove. to continue in the forefront of Subsequent neutrino results, this physics, Wiik declared, but progress time using beams from the SPS, The Future into still higher energy domains have uncovered vital information on beyond might be difficult. Therefore nucléon structure and charm pro­ Leaving physics history to turn to nucléon decay, one of the important duction, and have measured the life­ prediction and speculation, the sec­ predictions of grand unification time of charmed particles. For elec­ ond speaker was Bjorn Wiikpf DESY schemes, had to be checked out, and tronic neutrino experiments, the who outlined some of the physics its details could provide important large detector at CERN had been 'in possibilities of the future. clues about the interrelation of Na­ command' of the field since 1977, I ntroducing the talk, Viki Weisskopf ture's fields of force at energies inac­ asserted Van Hove. Among many warned that what Wiik would have cessible by accelerators. other results, it had given the first to say might not necessarily be right orecision determination of the mix- in the end, but if he were wrong the g angle at the heart of the unified actual observations would be all the electroweak' theory. more interesting ! The CERN Research Director Before looking into his crystal ball, General closed his survey of 25 Wiik also underlined that the only years of CERN physics by pointing thing we know is what has already out that the next major task was to been seen and measured, and in search for the radiation field pre­ view of the not infrequent contradic­ dicted to accompany weak interac­ tion between different experiments, tions. With a unified theory of weak what we know for sure is usually the and electromagnetic interactions result of measurements in several looking so promising, the discovery experiments.

The apparatus used by Heinrich Hertz last century to produce and detect the electromagnetic radiation predicted by Maxwell's equations. Now that modern theory seems to have linked electromagnetic phenomena with weak interactions, a parallel experiment has to detect the radiation field of weak interactions. 'All that has to be done', says CERN Research Director General Leon Van Hove, is to replace Hertz' oscillator (below) by the proton-antiproton collider, now being constructed at the CERN SPS 400 GeV proton synchroton, and his detectors (above) by the vast underground experiments now taking shape at the SPS.

(Photo Deutsches Museum, Munich)

CERN Courier September 1979 241 I ecnnoiogy txhioition

Linked to the 25th Anniversary cele­ Particle detector exhibits range includes displays of many of the brations, an exhibition of some of from the CEDAR counter for particle techniques which have been devel­ CERN's technological achievements identification through to a bank of oped at CERN to respond to the was opened on 22 June. operating spark chambers pre­ stringent demands of the research Set up in a new 600 m2 Exhibition viously used in the Omega spec­ programme. Hall on the CERN site, the exhibition trometer. Components of the 3.7 m The exhibition remains until the is divided into eight technology European bubble chamber are con­ end of October and is accessible by areas — magnets, vacuum, comput­ trasted with CERN's initial 10 cm contacting the CERN Visits Service ers and data handling, survey and model chamber. The important tech­ alignment, radiation protection, niques of multiwire proportional beam monitoring and handling, de­ chambers and drift chambers are tectors, and workshop techniques. featured alongside examples of their In the magnet bay the exhibits use in positron cameras for medical range from laminations of all the applications and a spherical cham­ CERN accelerators through to a ber for X-ray crystallography. model of the recent invention for LEP In the beam monitoring and han­ magnets with concrete spacers in dling bay, the stochastic cooling of the core. Other exhibits include charged particle beams, which superconducting applications and emerged from work at the Intersect­ sophisticated ejection magnets. The ing Storage Rings and which has vacuum bay concentrates on the made the antiproton colliding beams A view of the Technology Exhibition prepared system developed for the Intersect­ feasible, is presented together with at CERN for the 25th Anniversary events. ing Storage Rings — the world's examples of monitoring systems, The Exhibition is accessible on request until largest ultra-high vacuum system. including the novel technique using the end of October. The computers and data handling Schottky noise. The workshop bay (Photo CERN 190.7.79) bay presents the data communi­ cations developments with the CERN ET computer-to-computer network, and with the STELLA experiments linking laboratories by satellite. There is also a control console of the 400 GeV proton syn­ chrotron demonstrating the system which did so much to advance computer control of accelerators. Other computer exhibits feature ERASME, latest in the line of auto­ mated bubble chamber film mea­ surement systems, and special pur­ pose processors. CERN has always had a high repu­ tation in the field of survey and alignment and several instruments developed at CERN for automating precision measurements are shown. In the radiation protection bay there are examples of systems used on the CERN site and a selection of radia­ tion resistant materials. Also shown is the fire warning technique used to protect cables.

242 CERN Courier September 1979 Geneva High Energy Physics

European Physical Society President Conference Antonino Zichichi opens the 1979 International Conference on High Energy Physics in Geneva. Also on the podium are André Chavanne (left), Geneva's Conseiller d'Etat, who welcomed delegates on behalf of the Geneva authorities, and CERN Research Director General, Leon Van Hove.

(Photo Interpresse)

To mark CERN's 25th Anniversary, periment and theory meant that things tidied up, particle physics will ie European Physical Society's nothing new could happen in the be ready for the textbooks. 1979 International Conference on immense energy gap between to­ Zichichi cautioned that such an High Energy Physics was held in day's machines and the ultra high approach implied a physics 'desert' Geneva from 27 June to 4 July. energy domain where there are at higher energies, and one had to Greeting the participants on behalf compelling reasons to suppose that wait for the concluding session by of CERN, Research Director General strong, weak and electromagnetic Abdus Salam for an indication of Leon Van Hove pointed out that the phenomena, and maybe even gravi­ how this vast desert might bloom. last time CERN had hosted such an ty, could merge into a single unified Salam's talk probably belonged international meeting was back in force. more to speculation than to theory, 1962, but the growth of the high With the Weinberg-Salam picture but counterbalanced much of the energy physics community since of unified weak and electromagnetic bread-and-butter physics which had then had meant that the require­ phenomena looking impregnable gone before. It could have made ments for such a conference had and with more and more results many physicists think afresh on their outgrown what CERN could offer on being found which broadly agree way home from the conference. site. The 800 participants therefore with the adolescent (as de Rujula Although not a presentation to the met at the impressive International described it) quantum chromody- conference in its own right, there Conference Centre in Geneva. namics theory of inter-quark forces, was a report of preliminary results Introducing the proceedings, Eu­ our understanding of particle phy­ from the search for new heavy parti­ ropean Physical Society President sics seems to be in good shape. It cles by the Indiana/London (Impe­ Antonino Zichichi sketched some of was easy to get the impression that rial College) / Saclay / Southamp­ the important results to be pre­ when the long-awaited intermediate ton collaboration at CERN of an sented later. He warned of the bosons of weak interactions are enhancement at 5.3 GeV in the danger in assuming that the present discovered in the CERN proton-anti- mass spectrum of J/psis, kaons and widespread agreement between ex­ proton collider, and a few other pions produced by a high energy

CERN Courier September 1979 243 Alvaro De Rujula's view of the relationship between experiment and theory. Experimentalists were using quantum chromodynamics in much the same way as a drunkard uses a lamp-post — for support rather than illumination.

and from the new detectors at SLAC — the 'Crystal Ball', and Mark 11, now through with its work at SPEAR and being moved in preparation for experiments at the new PEP elec­ tron-positron ring. Evidence for gluon production is building up, especially in the decay of upsilons recorded last year whe DORIS achieved record electron- positron storage energies before having to handle the positrons for the new PETRA machine. DESY Director Herwig Schopper indicated that now the new PI A positron ring is ready at PETRA (see page 252), DORIS will soon be able to return to physics at upsilon energies. First data from PETRA, although still preliminary, showed little sign of a new quark flavour. Although the energy steps between different PE­ TRA runs have been quite large, it seemed unlikely, although not im­ possible, that a threshold for another species of quarkonium could have been overshot. The polarized electron data fror SLAC which last year provided vital evidence in favour of the standard Weinberg-Salam model (see July/ August 1978 issue, page 245) has now been extended to give energy transfer spectra which are also in line with the standard model. With more experiments on asymmetry effects in atomic physics producing positive results, the Weinberg- Salam theory now reigns supreme, pion beam. This enhancement is a when there was little hard data to go and the value for the vital mixing candidate for the first sign of naked on. New results could soon pin down parameter (which relates among beauty (or bottom), the quark flavour the mechanism of charm production, other things how electromagnetism hidden in upsilons (see page 249). and other studies, for example on is embedded in the larger theory) There was news from several multilepton production, could enable now seems to be settling down at experiments that the charm lifetime the fragmentation of charmed about 0.23. now seems to agree with the theo­ quarks to be parametrized. A minor surprise was that some retical prediction of 5 x 1013 s (see Also new at the conference were charmonium levels previously re­ June issue, page 1 52, and this issue, results (many of them still prelimi­ ported from DESY experiments and page 253). The study of charm nary) from the PETRA electron- identified as spin zero, negative production seemed to have consoli­ positron ring at DESY, from the parity states were not showing up as dated since the Tokyo meeting. North Experimental Area at CERN, expected at SPEAR. Although sub-

244 CERN Courier September 1979 stitute particles will have to be found QCD calculations difficult, nobody Neutral current results from differ­ to fill up the spectrum, theorists had was ready to doubt that gluons were ent directions, including low energy been having problems with the there. James D. Bjorken was insist­ neutrino data from the Savannah lowest pseudoscalar candidate and ent that bound states of gluons River reactor, the polarized electron would not be unhappy to see it go. Cglueballs' to some) should show up studies at S LAC, high energy neu­ The study of baryonium and soon, and Salam thought that direct trino work at CERN and Fermilab, related narrow hadronic states re­ evidence for gluons was not far off. and atomic physics experiments, vived a setback when, instead of Any solution to the problem of seem to be converging. Comparison tnere being many new states to reconciling the use of an asymptoti­ with Weinberg-Salam predictions report, as predicted by theorists, cally free quark field theory with the has now reached a level where experimentalists had to assign larger continual non-appearance of quarks dynamical effects producing scaling question marks to some of the exist­ seemed as remote as ever, although violations, etc. have to be taken into ing candidates. This seemed puzz­ a technique based on an expansion account when using the traditional ling, as with evidence for the colour in inverse powers of the number of quark/parton analysis. picture of inter-quark forces looking colours was thought by some to hold In the charged current sector too, in such good shape elsewhere, some out some hope. the emphasis seems to be on careful signs of a new spectroscopy due to Another recurrent embarrassment analysis, with data on nucléon struc­ colour had been expected to show was the Higgs particles, no sign of ture functions being tidied up, quark, up (see October 1978 issue, which have yet been seen anywhere. antiquark and gluon distributions page 349). With little indication of where they separated, and QCD parameters might be found, people have to wait being extracted. Because of the Theory patiently, although some optimists volatile state of the theory, unique hope that light Higgs particles might prescriptions for extracting these Many experiments seemed to be soon be seen at existing accelera­ QCD values are not easy to find. pinning their hopes on producing tors. Rene Turlay summarized the pro­ results on quark/gluon behaviour Theorist John Miopoulos was in gress which has been made in «îsing a quantum chromodynamics confident mood and declared him­ charged current physics in the last odel. Alvaro De Rujula suggested self ready to negotiate bets on his few years when he pointed out how that some experimentalists might be predictions. As the first theorist to the simple analysis of a few years using QCD in much the same way speak in the plenary sessions, he ago has now been replaced by that a drunkard uses a lamp-post — was the first to bring up the subject detailed searches for subtle gluon for support rather than for illumina­ of the 'grand unification' of strong, effects. tion! weak and electromagnetic forces In general, it was impressive, if not While many experiments could and the accompanying prediction of striking, that there is now wide­ point to qualitative evidence for an unstable proton (see May issue, spread agreement between the gluon effects and broad agreement page 1 16). Miopoulos said that the world's big neutrino experiments, with QCD predictions, some of the implications of an unstable proton even as new detectors, such as the QCD details were a bit murky. Non- were far too important to be left to CHARM collaboration at CERN (see logarithmic 'twist' terms seemed to theorists, a motto subsequently July/August issue, page 193) pro­ be required in some calculations, and taken up by other speakers. duce their results. This contrasts such complications could make it with the situation a few years ago, difficult to extract meaningful QCD and indicates that neutral and parameters from the data, or could Weak Interactions charged current physics has now blur any comparison of results from matured. different types of experiment. In his rapporteur talk on neutral Further studies are still needed for In his concluding talk, Abdus currents, Friedrich Dydak of Heidel­ precision measurements of nucléon Salam referred to the 'delapidated berg outlined how our knowledge of structure functions and to determine house' of perturbation theory which the neutral current and its couplings the finer details of the quark/gluon still imprisons theorists. While these has now reached the stage where it content of matter. In his rapporteur shortcomings of the perturbation opens up new opportunities to study talk, Lalit Sehgal of Aachen hoped approach might make quantitative the structure of the nucléon. that this new study of nucléon

CERN Courier September 1979 245 As ever, the ubiquitous overhead projector rivets everyone's attention.

(Photo CERN 39.7.79) dynamics could be linked up with the static behaviour of hadrons. Atomic physics experiments on the optical activity of thallium vapour at Berkeley now agree with Wein­ berg-Salam predictions, and the No­ vosibirsk bismuth results, according to Lev Barkov, are now more precise than ever. After the problems of a few years ago, these delicate exper­ iments now give reproducible re­ sults. As an interesting sideline to the neutrino physics part of the confer­ ence, Martin Rees of Cambridge presented some of the astrophysics arguments which are frequently used to indicate an upper limit to the possible number of different types of neutrino. While these arguments are useful, they are not watertight and there are many escape clauses which allow the neutrino spectrum, and hence the number of quark/ lepton families, to escalate.

been developed, and these too do Sigmund Brandt from the PLUTO Electron-positron physics not reveal any signs of a new flavour. collaboration described the result One new thing which is seen is that obtained from 1250 upsilon decays A feature of the conference was the the multiplicity of produced charged seen with the detector last year at swathe of new high energy electron- particles increases at PETRA ener­ DORIS. The jet analysis of these positron data from PETRA at DESY, gies and does not follow an extrapo­ events is in good agreement with with PLUTO, TASSO, and Mark J all lation from lower energies. what would be expected for the contributing and now with JADE The hadron jets seen at PETRA production of three gluons, and a recording its first events. Results also show signs of broadening, simple phase space description can have now been amassed at a possibly due to gluon emission, and be ruled out, although more elabo­ number of PETRA energies, the description of the observed behav­ rate phase space models cannot. highest being 27.4 GeV. Luminosity iour in terms of the simple Feynman- It is now clear that energy flow at PETRA is going well, and has now Field picture of quark fragmentation diagrams showing the hadronization exceeded the 10 30 mark, so that seems to be insufficient. More of the gluons are not a good indicator design figure of 1031 is well in detailed models including gluon of gluon production, as other me­ sight. effects seem to be called for. chanisms, including phase space, Hadron production levels so far do PLUTO at its new site in PETRA can easily reproduce the three- not seem to indicate that a new has some results on two-photon pronged pattern. flavour production threshold has processes, and quantitative details New results from SPEAR, includ­ been overrun, and any sighting of should follow soon. The quantum ing data from the Mark 11 and Crystal 'toponium' will have to wait at least numbers of two-photon exchange Ball detectors, threw some doubt on for the installation of the remaining allow direct access to quark-anti- the previously-reported 3590, 3455 r.f. cavities at PETRA. quark bound states which is ex­ and 2820 MeV levels attributed to Sophisticated techniques for the cluded by a single photon mecha­ pseudoscalar charmonium states. In analysis of hadron jets have now nism. particular, the high gamma detection

246 CERN Courier September 1979 777e organizers and staff of the conference take a welcome break.

(Photo CERN 16.7.79)

data is now available from Berk­ eley / Princeton / Fermilab and Bologna / CERN / Dubna / Munich / Saclay teams, as well as from the large European Muon Collaboration at CERN. These initial muon results are in broad agreement with each other and with data from the CERN / Dortmund / Heidelberg / Saclay neutrino experiment (see also page 256). A bump in the squared momen­ tum transfer dependence of the F2 capabilities of the Crystal Ball makes Giorgio Matthiae presented new nucléon structure function (which it an ideal instrument for studying data from the CERN / Collège de describes the momentum distribu­ the decay of J/psis into three France / Ecole Polytechnique / Or­ tion of the component quarks) gammas. While most of the Crystal say / Saclay collaboration studying previously reported by a Michigan / Ball data was preliminary, all the the production of muon pairs by Fermilab experiment is not repro­ J/psi into three gamma data has pions, kaons, protons and antipro­ duced in the latest (but still prelimi­ been analysed, and no sign of the tons at the SPS (see also page 257). nary) muon data. This bump, which 2820 has been seen. This experiment gives an insight into showed up at high values of the Elsewhere in the charmonium the pion structure function and the energy of the produced hadrons, had spectrum, and in the study of the tau results agree with the Fermilab data led to speculation about possible heavy lepton, experiments are con­ (see June issue, page 150). The new threshold effects. vergent. The low energy electron- comparison of both upsilon and Daniel Treille reported on charm positron region, exploited by Adone background muon pair production by production, indicating that results in Italy, VEPP-2M in the USSR and different beams gives useful infor­ from a new CERN beam dump bCI in France, still seems to be a mation. experiment agreed with previous good resonance hunting ground, and The Frascati / Harvard / MIT/ beam dump data from the CERN / according to J.-E. Augustin of Orsay Naples / Pisa collaboration studying Dortmund / Heidelberg / Saclay more work on specific exclusive the production of muon pairs at the detector (see March 1978 issue, channels could turn up evidence for CERN ISR has a few interesting page 80), the discrepancy between new resonances. events where energetic muon pairs bubble chamber and counter statis­ (above about 16 GeV effective tics now having been ironed out. Lepton production mass) are associated with unex­ Evidence for charm production pectedly large numbers of charged has now been seen in a variety of Multilepton production by neutrinos hadrons, the hadrons also being experiments at the ISR, including seems to have progressed only more directional than at lower diffractive production of charmed slowly since last year. Although dimuon energies. baryons by the Aachen / CERN / signs of exotic new phenomena Production of single photons from Harvard / Munich / Northwestern / might be difficult to spot, people a study of high energy collisions in Riverside group. Other signs of have not yet given up hope. There the ISR by an Athens / Brookhaven charmed baryons at the ISR come are now consistent reports of a low / CERN / Syracuse collaboration from old data from a Los Angeles / level of production for muons of like was reported by Chris Fabjan (see Saclay collaboration and more re­ sign. The steady accumulation of June issue, page 153). This study cently a CERN / Collège de France / multimuon data from different types could be extended to probe the Heidelberg / Karlsruhe group work­ of experiment now means that the distribution of gluons in nuclear ing at the Split Field Magnet. idea of what is meant by a 'rare' matter. This latter group has also reported multimuon event has now changed. Erwin Gabathuler reported on charmed meson production (see However only a few events with five experiments using high energy April issue, page 76). These results outgoing muons have been seen. muon beams, where preliminary are dependent on selection of events

CERN Courier September 1979 247 Abdus Salam winds up the conference. He pointed out that higher energies from future machines could uncover whole new tribes of particles.

(Photo CERN25.7.79)

spectroscopy. If future experiments still has something to offer. Barnham do uncover a series of baryonium warned that bubble chamber statis­ states, the 1979 Geneva Confer­ tics were fast being submerged by ence will certainly mark a nadir in the spectrometer results. fortunes of baryonium. In another corner of hàdron phy­ Maurice Jacob gave a compre­ sics, the AT meson is still the subject hensive review of hadronic jet phy­ of debate after all these years, sics. Different experiments are pro­ although some new phase-shift ana ducing convergent results and the lysis from the Amsterdam /CERN / basic features of non-gluon jets Cracow / Munich / Oxford/ Ru­ seem to be well known. When therford pion studies seemed to be searches are made for more subtle helping the dust to settle. effects due to gluons, the experi­ Tony Hey of Southampton gave a mental data seems to respond quite systematic review of the methodo­ well. However the subject is not yet a logy of hadron spectroscopy. Al­ closed book and there is still work to though it cannot be described as a be done on understanding jet pro­ proper QCD mechanism, a scheme duction mechanisms at today's en­ using single gluon exchange contri­ ergies before embarking on studies butions seemed to offer an attractive of jets from high energy proton- explanation for the shortage of some antiproton colliders. baryons. Peter Weilhammer presented some nice results from the Amster­ dam / CERN / Cracow / Munich / The Future Oxford / Rutherford collaboration studying pion production by high The final afternoon of the conference with an intermediate K*, as previous energy beams at the SPS. This work was given over to future develop­ experiments at electron-positron has given the variation with energy ments. Carlo Rubbia reviewed the storage rings indicated that this of the pion-pion cross-section, al­ major project under way to convert provided the significant proportion ways interesting to compare with the SPS proton synchrotron at of D meson decays. Treille hinted other hadron cross-sections. CERN for use as a storage ring to that this assumption might have to The Argonne data on polarized collide protons and antiprotons (see be reexamined. proton scattering (see October September 1978 issue, page 291 A controversial spot was Bogdan 1978 issue, page 347) has been and March 1979 issue, page 16). Povh's report on the experimental extended to cover large scattering Rubbia was confident that the lumi­ status of baryonium. Povh said that angles. These results have still to be nosities in the new collider would he had hoped to be able to clear up explained, and to keep things on the produce ample supplies of interme­ the baryonium picture, but instead boil there is now a hint of something diate vector bosons. had to report that the situation was new in neutron-proton data ex­ Looking further ahead. Marcel even more vague. Far from finding tracted from similar Argonne experi­ Vivargent painted a picture of new states predicted by theorists, ments using deuterium targets. Un­ Europe's requirement for high en­ latest results assigned a bigger fortunately these investigations will ergy machines in about ten years' question mark to the 1940 MeV soon come to an end when the time. He hoped that firm recommen­ proton-antiproton narrow reso­ Argonne machine switches off. dations would soon emerge for nance candidate, now of some five Keith Barnham described new complementary electron-positron years standing. Some preliminary results from bubble chamber experi­ and electron-proton machines. reports did not confirm heavier ments at CERN using kaon beams And so to Salam's concluding talk. baryonium candidates. from the SPS. This data gives a new He hinted that increasing energies Clearly much more work is handle on the low transverse mo­ could uncover whole new families of required from new experiments to mentum aspects of the quark model, quark/lepton multiplets, responsible sort out this potentially interesting indicating that pre-charm physics for as yet unseen 'tribes' of new

248 CERN Courier September 1979 Beauty uncovered?

particles. Perhaps the particles we Ever since the discovery of the upsi­ and the J/psis are separated off-line. now know are just those confined in lon at Fermilab in 1977, physicists So far some 10 000 J/psis have a small corner of Nature's energy have been hoping for a sign of naked been found in these muonic triggers, scale. beauty, the fifth quark flavour. but this data sample is to be consid­ Such an explosion in the numbers Just as the J/psi, a bound state of erably increased. of 'elementary' particles might mean a charmed quark and its antiquark, Muons and hadrons are produced that even the quarks are not the heralded the charm age, so the upsi­ when a high energy negative pion asic layer in the structure of matter, lon indicated that a fifth dimension in beam hits a beryllium target. The and there might be a further stratum hadron spectroscopy was there to vertex spectrometer consists of the of 'pre-quarks' underneath. If so, be discovered. 2 m-diameter Goliath magnet then future generations of physics Now a CEN-Saclay / Imperial equipped with proportional cham­ experiments might try to measure College London / Indiana / South­ bers containing some 40 000 the pre-quark structure of quarks in ampton collaboration working at the wires. much the same way that today's CERN SPS 400 GeV proton syn­ The momentum of the energetic experiments study the quark struc­ chrotron has seen preliminary evi­ positive and negative muon pairs is ture of hadrons. dence for a resonance at 5.3 GeV in analysed in an 8 m gap before the While some people might not the mass spectra of the J/psi plus downstream muon filter. This gives relish the idea of so many particles kaon plus pion combination pro­ a high resolution (1-2 per cent at still to be discovered, Salam main­ duced by high energy pion beams. the J/psi mass), enabling the J/psi tained that Nature shows no econ­ More data has to be taken, but the and the neighbouring psi prime omy in structures, only in principles, candidate beauty signal is in line (590 MeV heavier) to be separated. and much more ground will have to with theoretical predictions. Usually in hadronic experiments the be covered before we unearth the The experiment analyses the ha­ psi prime appears as a shoulder on most economic set of basic princi­ drons produced along with J/psis. It the high energy side of the J/psi ples to describe the structure of triggers on high energy muon pairs. signal. matter.

Preliminary data from an experiment at the CERN SPS showing an enhancement at 5.3 GeV in the mass spectrum of the J/psi plus kaon plus pion combination produced by high energy pion beams. This could be the first evidence for bare beauty, the fifth quark flavour.

CERN Courier September 1979 249 Originally, the experiment was predicted that the decay of a beauty the beauty meson, there should be designed to look for naked charm meson could produce an enhance­ plenty more of them waiting to be mesons produced in association ment in the J/psi plus kaon spec­ discovered higher in the mass spec­ with J/psis. Although some evi­ trum. tra. Because it is the J/psi which dence for associated charm has While the experiment sees no unlocks the door to this new spec­ been seen, this initial aim has been enhancement in the psi plus kaon trum, hadronic experiments produc­ put to one side while the search mass spectra, something is seen in ing high energy lepton pairs will be in concentrates on naked beauty. the psi plus kaon plus an additional the forefront of this new search. Studying hadrons produced in pion. Recent theoretical arguments association with J/psis is potentially have proposed that the energy of the a good way of looking for beauty. hadronic system recoiling against The hidden charm of the psi is the J/psi favours the production of a provided by the weak decay of the kaon and a pion, rather than a single beauty quark, while the heavy mass kaon. of the psi restricts the number of Adding new data at 1 75 GeV, the additional hadrons which can be 5.3 GeV signal shows up clearly in produced, favouring simple final psi plus neutral kaon plus positive or states. negative pion, and in psi plus nega­ A sample of 6700 J/psis col­ tive kaon plus positive pion charge lected using 140 and 1 50 GeV modes. Spectra with positive kaons negative pion beams showed some do not show the enhancement, but early signs of an enhancement near the experimenters think that this is 5.3 GeV in the J/psi plus kaon plus due to problems of positive kaon pion spectra. Interest in this signal contamination by protons. began to grow when theoreticians If further data confirms that this is

View of the CEN-Saclay / Imperial College London / Indiana / Southampton experiment studying J/psi plus hadron combinations using the Goliath spectrometer (centre). The 8 m gap between the target and the downstream muon filter (top left) gives high resolution (about 1-2 per cent at the J/psi mass).

(Photo CERN200.7.79)

250 CERN Courier September 1979 Around the Laboratories

General view of the superconducting proton test linac at Karlsruhe. The cryostat is 8 m long and has a diameter of 1.5 m. The tuners for each helical resonator are mounted on top of the cryostat. Beam enters from the injector on the right and emerges into the energy analyser on the left.

(Photo Karlsruhe)

KARLSRUHE Superconducting accelerator completed

A superconducting proton test linac, prototype for accelerators with low particle velocities, has been com­ pleted at Karlsruhe. An energy of 4.5 MeV with a beam current of 150|iA (100% duty cycle) was obtained, and there have been more than 1000 hours of high field opera­ tion of the superconducting resona­ tors and more than 3000 hours operation of the cryogenic system. Energy gradients of 1 to 2 MeV/m have been obtained reproducibly for several years without any degrada­ tion and without demounting reso­ nators for additional surface treat­ ment. The linac project started under A. Citron in 1970, and M. Kuntze became project leader. The linac ises a 750 kV Cockcroft-Walton for way as to keep the peak electric used since November 1 975 without njection, and the beam is chopped fields at the helix below 1 6 MV/m any significant degradation of the and tightly bunched at 90 MHz with corresponding to energy gradients of superconducting properties. Helix less than 1 % loss of particles. The 1 to 2 MeV/m. resonators 2 and 3 have been used bunches have a length of 0.7 ns and Several technological problems since February 1977 showing the a total energy spread of 3.8% up to had to be overcome. The most diffi­ same reliability over long periods. In beam currents of 400 \iA. cult was taming the structure, partic­ April 1 978 the last helix resonators The accelerator has a helical struc­ ularly from the point of view of were completed and measurements ture operating at 90 MHz, selected stabilizing frequencies with several of the accelerator performance be­ to avoid large dimensions at low helices, which have a tendency to gan. energies, and an Alvarez structure at vibrate in various mechanical The proton beam is guided 4 MeV to study the problem of modes. This was surmounted in through the accelerator by six small medium-energy structures and the 1975 by carefully isolating from superconducting quadrupole dou­ frequency jump. The system is environmental oscillations and by blets (0.3 m long). They operate in the subdivided into nine helix resonators adding a fast feedback system. persistent current mode (104 hours with a modular length of 0.5 m and a Another problem was to achieve time constant) at gradients up to diameter of 0.2 m and one Alvarez surfaces of adequate quality and to 30 T/m. Stray fields are avoided by resonator 0.25 m long with a dia­ obtain high accelerating fields. For superconducting lead shields. meter of 0.29 m. The resonators are that purpose several surface treat­ The linac was connected to a made of niobium sheet, and the ments were applied to each helix 300 W refrigerator allowing opera­ helices of niobium tubing. With the resonator and, as the surface treat­ tion at a temperature of 1.8 K with exception of the first three, all the ment techniques improved, the ob­ superfluid helium. The cooling time helix resonators have been built tainable field values were progres­ of the linac (2 tons of stainless steel identically and are interchangeable. sively raised well above design and 0.5 tons of niobium) from room The helix design was made in such a values. Helix resonator 1 has been temperature to 1.8 K with a subse-

CERN Courier September 1979 251 /. Plan of the new positron storage ring PI A at DESY, where it is now working as positron accumulator for PETRA. 2. Photograph taken during the installation of PIA, showing the magnet structure. The piece of vacuum pipe in the foreground had still to be substituted by the 125 MHz r.f. cavity.

(Photo DESY) quent filling with 500 I of helium was about 60 hours. In May the complete linac was brought into operation and the proton beam was accelerated and analysed. These measurements were repeated in August 1978 and at the end of the year. The linac project was then terminated with the experience of more than 3000 hours cryogenic operation and more than 1000 hours of high-field operation of the superconducting resonators. The design energy gradients were obtained after clearing low-level multipactoring. By measuring the energy of the beam, the energy gradients of successive resonators were obtained. The maximum en­ ergy gain was achieved by adjusting the phase between the r.f. field in the resonator and the reference phase. A maximum beam energy of 4.5 MeV was obtained, which is extremely close to the calculated value. Establishing the right velocity pro­ file gave minirfial energy spread of the beam; it was measured to be 1 14 keV or 2.5%. Operation of the focusing system was as expected, with the exception that it was only possible to extract 85% of the input beam. Beam current is lost at known positions along the linac, but no time was spent improving the alignment of the complex system. Finally it was possible to accelerate and extract a beam current of 150 JIA from a 1 76 |iA input beam. The stability of the linac was excellent; the machine the Omega spectrometer at CERN could be shut down for long periods and a test section of a superconduct­ DESY and the beam reappeared at the tar­ ing post-accelerator for the Heidel­ get, without any adjustments, when berg tandem. PIA taking over the accelerator was turned on again. The application of superconduct­ The linac project has been a basic ing accelerating cavities for large For about twelve months the DORIS research and development pro­ electron-positron storage rings is storage ring at DESY has been used gramme on the applicability and now being investigated. A first step as a positron accumulator every time feasibility of r.f. superconductivity. It is the construction of a cavity (a joint the PETRA electron-positron ring gave rise to several other projects in CERN/DESY/Karlsruhe project) to had to be filled. Now the Positron this field, such as the superconduct­ be installed at the end of this year in Intensity Accumulator ring PIA (see ing r.f. separator in the beamline to the DORIS ring at DESY. October 1 977 issue, page 326), has

252 CERN Courier September 1979 Neutral decay of a charmed particle observed in a Fermilab bubble chamber experiment by a Berkeley / Fermilab / Hawaii / Seattle / Wisconsin collaboration. The decay is consistent with a D° meson decaying into a positron and a negative kaon, where tracks 7 and 8 are a positron and a negative kaon respectively. The decay distance is 6.7 mm. The positron does not project back to the primary vertex. Track 2 is not associated with the decay. The neutrino enters the picture from below. taken over this task, leaving DORIS vacuum provides a beam life of once more completely free for high several minutes while the beam is energy and synchrotron radiation only stored for a quarter of a second. research. The maximum number of positrons PIA was designed in 1977 and which have been stably accumu­ most components were built in lated in a single bunch was 1978. During a four-week shut­ 8.4 x 1010. This corresponds to an down in February of this year ring average circulating current of components were installed in a new 140 mA and exceeds by far the small hall at the end of Linac II. After requirements for PETRA injection. installation of the r.f. systems in May, At present PETRA is running at positrons were successfully stored 2 x 1 5.8 GeV with peak currents of in PIA on 9 June. On 4 July PETRA about 10 mA per beam (5 mA per was filled for the first time from PIA bunch and 2 bunches per beam). via the synchrotron. Since then PIA Thanks to PIA, the total time needed has run routinely for PETRA. to reach this current has been Linac II has been slightly modified reduced to less than five minutes. to provide 450 MeV positron pulses about 100 ns long at a rate of 50 Hz. Present operation consists of inject­ FERMILAB ing and accumulating nine Linac pulse trains in PIA, where they are Charm decay visible captured by a 10.4 MHz first- in big bubble harmonic r.f. system. Longitudinal damping forms a bunch of about chamber 80 cm length containing up to 1010 In recent months evidence has been positrons. At the end of the accumu­ accumulating from emulsion experi­ reported number of charmed decay lation sequence, a second r.f. system ments that the measured lifetime of candidates is small, although larger at 125 MHz is powered, reducing charmed particles must be in the numbers are expected in the near the bunch length to 25 cm. At this vicinity of a few times 10_ 13 seconds future. point the bunch is injected into the (see June issue, page 152). The Much larger neutrino event sam­ synchrotron where it is accelerated excellent spatial resolution of the ples are available in bubble chamber to the PETRA injection energy of emulsion technique has been ex­ experiments, but until recently it was 6 GeV. This procedure is repeated ploited to measure accurately decay considered unlikely that the very four times per second. distances much shorter than a milli­ short decay distances of charmed PIA has been built by a team led by metre. particles could be detected in bubble Arno Febel and Gunter Hemmie. It is Most of the emulsion events have chambers of the size used for an excellent example of the state of involved charged particles decaying neutrino experiments. In these large the art of electron storage rings. The into three charged secondaries, chambers the bubble size employed small ring (11 x7m) consists of since neutral decays involve difficult is about 500 microns, comparable eight of each of the usual bending, volume scans rather than track- with the decay paths so far observed quadrupole and sextupole magnets. following. Emulsion techniques in­ in emulsion events from the low The bending magnets are of the volve the use of auxiliary detectors energy neutrinos (horn-focused combined function type including a such as bubble chambers and elec­ spectra) used for exposures. defocusing gradient. The radius is tronic detectors to help locate Furthermore, the high multiplicity extremely small in order to provide events in the emulsion stacks and to of forward tracks tends to obscure fast radiation damping. These mag­ determine the momenta and identi­ close-in interactions or decays oc­ nets were specially designed for ties of the secondary particles. The curring within about 5 mm of the PIA. total number of neutrino-induced primary vertex. Thus until now the Some machine parameters sur­ events located to date in emulsions best that bubble chamber experi­ pass practical requirements. The is less than a thousand and the menters have been able to do is to

CERN Courier September 1979 253 Charge distributions of (a) a neutral kaon, and (b) its antiparticle, according to the quark model. The heavier strange quarks are confined to smaller radii, giving an inner charged core. Because the neutral kaons are s pinless, the charge distributions are spherically symmetric. place upper limits on charmed decay lifetimes. Now two different groups working with the Fermilab 1 5 foot bubble chamber have been able to detect visible decays of charmed particles, both charged and neutral, by select­ ing for close examination only those dilepton events expected to consist almost entirely of semi-leptonic de­ cays of charmed particles. In partic­ ular, the negative muon plus positron dilepton events induced by neutrinos should result from charged current same sample: one more neutral no missing particles. Thus this interactions accompanied by either meson decay, one charged decay, experiment has a unique advantage charmed meson decay or charmed and one 'uncertain' event where the of knowing the distribution of D° baryon decay. track obscures the decay path and momenta in the exposure, and for The kinematics of these decays the charge of the particle cannot be any given lifetime experimenters can means that the light positron is occa­ established. All events are of high predict the number of D decays sionally emitted at a large angle, visible neutrino energy and charmed which should be observable in their especially for positrons with low particle energy. dilepton sample of 250 events. In laboratory momentum. Background A unique feature of this experi­ fact, they observe one event, which processes simulating such dilepton ment was the high value of the mean is consistent with a lifetime of 5 x events are rare. The more energetic neutrino energy (90 GeV), which 10-13 seconds. charmed particles will have time- increases the probability of decay dilated laboratory decay distances distances greater than the resolv­ and may be observable. able 5 mm. A maximum likelihood Neutral kaon The first definitely established method has been used to determine charge structure bubble chamber charmed particle lifetime values for D° and D+ visible decay was observed by mem­ mesons, assuming equal popula­ A Chicago/Wisconsin/ETH Zurich bers of the Berkeley / Fermilab / tions, utilizing the observed decay team has recently isolated the elec­ Hawaii / Seattle / Wisconsin distances plus the distribution of tromagnetic structure of the neutral collaboration during routine check­ minimum resolvable distances from kaon. The experiment, using an idea ing of 35 negative muon plus posi­ events where no decay was ob­ proposed by Zel'dovich many years tron dilepton events, part of a served. The result for both lifetimes ago, had greater sensitivity and was subsample of 11 000 charged cur­ was about 3 x 10_13 seconds, within less prone to systematic uncertain­ rent neutrino events already located a factor of 2. ties than several earlier attempts in a neon-hydrogen exposure. This In another Fermilab bubble cham­ (see May 1977 issue, page 145). first event, consistent with the decay ber experiment, a Brookhaven / Feinberg first pointed out that the of a D° meson, includes a negative Columbia collaboration has obtained K° may have a charge structure. The kaon/positron vee some 7 mm from a large negative muon plus positron K°, unlike some neutral particles, for the primary vertex. The neutral kaon dilepton sample with a series of instance the pion, differs from its decay background is excluded by the wide-band horn-focused neutrino antiparticle. If a particle and its anti- high value of the negative pion/ exposures in a neon-hydrogen mix­ particle are truly identical, the charge positron invariant mass. The posi­ ture, yielding over 100 000 charged distribution must vanish everywhere tron track does not extrapolate back current neutrino events. since conjugate charge distributions to the primary vertex, the distance of This sample is large enough to are required. Thus the TI0 is truly closest approach being 1200 ± 300 produce a D bump in the K°7i+7i~ neutral while the K° need not be. microns. mass spectrum corresponding to In the framework of the quark Three other charmed decay ev­ about 60 events of the hadronic model, the K° consists of an anti- ents have been observed in this decay D° -> K°7i+7i- where there are strange quark of charge+1/3 (s) and

254 CERN Courier September 1979 a normal quark of charge -1/3 (d). are almost equal mixtures of K° and The measurement was carried out Since an s is thought to be more K°) with electrons will 'regenerate' in the M4 neutral beamline at Fermi­ massive than a d, the s will be short-lived Ks mesons. lab. The forward and finite angle confined to smaller radii and thus The experiment consisted of a regeneration were studied indep­ give the K° a positively charged core. detailed study of the angular distri­ endently and simultaneously with

Because the K° is spinless, its consti­ bution of Ks regeneration from a lead two optimized targets situated tuent charge distributions are spher- target. The strong force regenerates in two sharply separated neutral cally symmetric so that the quark much more copiously than the elec­ beams vievyed by the same spec­ mass splitting results only in a radial tron scattering. In the exact forward trometer. The roles of the beams distribution for the charge. The K° direction, the regeneration from the were interchanged every pulse by antiparticle will have the opposite atomic electrons is coherent with alternating the targets about two distribution. that from the nucleus so that an hundred thousand times. This proce­ Because of the spherical symme­ interference term between the two dure allowed the minimization (or try, there will be no force between a processes is present. Away from the elimination) of corrections due to K° and an electron unless the elec­ forward direction, the processes are multiple scattering in the targets, CP tron is inside the K°, in which case incoherent and there is essentially violation in the K° decay, and relative there will be an attractive force. In pure 'nuclear' regeneration, since normalization between the two tar­ effect a measurement of the magni­ the electron contribution can be gets. tude of this force yields a determina­ neglected. A comparison of the rate Over forty million events were tion of the mean square charge exactly at zero degrees with that recorded. Two diffraction minima radius of the K°. extrapolated to zero degrees from are seen and a signal due to Prima- The measurement is accom­ larger angles yields a measurement koff production of neutral K*(892)s plished by noting thatsince the force of the interference term, expected to has been isolated. will be repulsive for K°, the interac­ be about 3 per cent in the energy The magnitude of the mean tion of long-lived KL mesons (which range of the experiment. square charge radius was deter­ mined in each of seven momentum bins. An important check of the result is that it be independent of kaon momentum. The result is a constant, independent of momen­ tum, and negative. The inclusion of all systematic uncertainties results in the value -0.054 ± . 026 x 10-26 cm2. The value is in good agreement with recent theoretical estimates, and is in fact negative as the naive quark model would suggest.

Results from a Chicago/Wisconsin/ETH Zurich team studying the electromagnetic structure of neutral kaons. An analysis of over forty million events gives this angular distribution for the regeneration of short-lived kaons. Two diffraction minima are seen and a signal due to Primakoff production of neutral K* (892)s has been isolated. The results enable the interference between regeneration from atomic electrons and target nuclei to be determined. The expanded view shows the way the results are extrapolated to zero degrees.

CERN Courier September 1979 255 View of the EHN2 muon hall in the North Experimental Area of the CERN SPS. The high energy muon beam enters at the bottom of the picture and passes through two large experiments — first the European Muon Collaboration, and subsequently the 50-metre magnetized iron spectometer of a B ologna /CERN/Dubna/Munich/Saclay team.

(Photo CERN30.7.78)

CERN Data from the North

One of the features of the Geneva High Energy Physics Conference (see page 243) was the new data coming in from the North Experi­ mental Area at the CERN SPS 400 GeV proton synchrotron. These results nicely complement the stu­ dies which have been under way at the SPS West Experimental Area since 1 977. Although much of the data is still preliminary, these results are likely to be the first of a new batch of physics which will extend the already significant contributions from the SPS. The North Experimental Area is situated on CERN's Prevessin site, separated from the main (Meyrin) CERN site by several kilometres and wholly on French territory. As well as being the scene of physics with high energy extracted beams from the SPS, the Prevessin site is also the home of the SPS control centre and power supplies. Two experimental halls are now in action in the North Area. Hall EHN1 houses several hadronic experi­ ments, while Hall EHN2 is the home of two large detectors using muon beams. A third underground hall is under construction and will enable experiments to be carried out using high intensity beams without inter­ fering with neighbouring physics. Already these three experiments tion comprising over some 70 physi­ The first North Area experiments have contributed a great deal to our cists. It uses a forward spectrometer to report results are a CERN / Col­ knowledge of the structure functions consisting of a wide aperture mag­ lège de France / Ecole Polytechni­ of nucléons and pions and will go on net together with drift and propor­ que / Saclay collaboration studying to provide more precision informa­ tional chambers to measure the mo­ muon pair production by different tion on the structure of hadrons. mentum of the muons and hadrons. high energy hadron beams (see next The European Muon Collaboration Triggering on scattered muons is page), and the two big detectors is certainly an easy way to describe a provided by three planes of scintilla­ using muon beams — the European CERN / DESY / Freiburg / Kiel / tion counters before and after a Muon Collaboration and the Bolog­ Lancaster / LAPP (Annecy) / Liver­ magnetized iron block, which are na / CERN / Dubna / Munich / pool / Oxford / Rutherford / Shef­ able to eliminate slow muons com­ Saclay team. field /Turin / Wuppertal collabora­ ing from pion decay.

256 CERN Courier September 1979 Data from a CERN'/Collège de France/Ecole Polytechnique/Orsay/Sac/ay collaboration studying the production of muon pairs by 200 GeV positive pions, showing clear J/psi and upsilon signals. This is the first time that upsilons have been produced by pion beams.

Data has been taken using 280 gan / Fermilab experiment had re­ and 250 GeV positive muon beams ported signs of a bump in the using both iron and hydrogen tar­ squared momentum transfer depen­ gets, and about 1 5 per cent of the dence of the structure function at raw data has been analysed. higher masses of the hadronic A clear signal of J/psi production system, W. This 'high-W' anomaly was soon revealed in the forward had led to speculation about the spectrometer, indicating that this onset of new threshold effects such spectrometer is a valuable tool for as 'colour brightening', in a way studying the virtual photoproduction which brings to mind the 'high-y' of J/psis. anomaly reported several years ago The Bologna / CERN / Dubna / in neutrino experiments, and which Munich / Saclay collaboration has was subsequently erased by better large toroidal iron spectrometers, statistics (see July/August 1977 2.7 m in diameter, surrounding a issue, page 244). The high-W ano­ 50 metre-long target. Proportional maly is not seen in the new muon counters and liquid scintillators are data. inserted into the iron to record the While the main thrust of these trajectories of the muons as they experiments will continue to be in pass through the iron. The experi­ precision measurements of struc­ ment is downstream of the Euro­ ture functions, surprise behaviour by pean Muon Collaboration and uses hadrons produced by high energy the same muon beam. muon beams cannot be ruled out. Iron for the spectrometer was supplied by the Soviet Union, and Looking inside the properties of the long magnet are such that muons are trapped inside hadrons a superconducting magnet of 1.6 m the torus, making for high detection One of the first experiments in the bore and 31 planes of multiwire efficiency. Some 20 per cent of the North Experimental Area of the SPS proportional chambers containing a data amassed so far has been to produce data is a CERN / Collège total of 26 000 wires (the largest analysed. de France / Ecole Polytechnique measuring 20 m2) together with Details of the nucléon structure (Palaiseau) / Orsay / Saclay colla­ muon filters. Use also of a liquid functions extracted from preliminary boration studying the production of hydrogen target allows the atomic data samples of both muon experi­ muon pairs by different types of number dependence of muon pair ments are in good agreement with hadrons. production to be measured. each other, with a Berkeley / Prince­ This gives a window on the For the first time the upsilon parti­ ton / Fermilab muon beam experi­ dynamical quark structure of unsta­ cle, discovered by the Lederman ment and with data from the CERN / ble hadrons, such as pions and team at Fermilab in 1977 using a Dortmund / Heidelberg / Saclay kaons, which cannot be studied in 400 GeV proton beam, has been neutrino counter experiment. the same way as nucléons through produced by pions. The pion- The European Muon Collaboration deep inelastic lepton scattering. produced upsilons are seen at an

results show that the F2 structure The incident particles come from average mass of 9.7 GeV with a very function (which gives the quark an unseparated secondary beam. clean signal-to-background ratio of momentum distribution inside the Antiprotons and kaons are tagged by about 4 to 1. However the experi­ proton) varies with the squared differential Cherenkov counters, and ment cannot resolve the three sep­ momentum transfer in the way positive pions by threshold Cheren- arate upsilon resonances. The upsi­ predicted by quantum chromody- kovs. lon is also seen in the negative pion namics over a wide range of energy Muon pairs produced at 200 and data, but with more muon pair transfer to the produced hadronic 280 GeV in a platinum target are continuum background due to the system. analysed in a large acceptance spec­ charge asymmetry of the production Previous results from a Michi­ trometer. The apparatus consists of mechanism.

CERN Courier September 1979 257 More data from a CERN/Collège de France/Ecole Polytechnique/Orsay/Saclay collaboration showing the relative production of muon pairs by positive and negative pions for platinum and hydrogen targets. A way from the upsilon resonance, the continuum production levels are proportional to the square of the electric charges on the participating quarks, so that the ratio of positive to negative pion data converges to an asymptotic value. At the upsilon, the ratio jumps to unity.

Upsilons are produced about thirty times more copiously by pions than by protons. This is because pions contain an energetic antiquark, which fuses hadronically with one of the target proton quarks to form an upsilon. With protons, the produc­ tion depends on rare virtual anti- quarks. The experiment has also provided valuable information on the produc­ tion of the J/psi by different types of incident hadrons. Subtracting the effects due to the J/psi and upsilon resonances gives the continuum muon pair spectrum, attributed to the 'Drell-Yan mechanism' where a quark and an antiquark from the colliding hadrons annihilate electro- magnetically into a heavy photon, which subsequently decays into a characteristic muon pair. The continuum muon pair produc­ tion cross-section is proportional to the square of the (fractional) electric charge of the annihilating quarks. Therefore the ratio of cross-sections ment at Fermilab (see June issue, production. Muon pairs produced by for incident positive and negative page 1 50). The experiment at CERN negative kaons are also being stu­ pions is expected to converge at has obtained data from positive as died, and will provide the first meas­ large muon pair masses to an well as negative incident pions, urements of the kaon structure func­ asymptotic value of 1/4 for an iso- which enables the contribution of tion. scalar target. The corresponding the 'sea' of virtual quarks and anti- value in platinum is about 1/3 quarks to be fixed. The fractions of because of the neutron excess, and the pion momentum carried by the Little bubble chamber the value in hydrogen is 1/8. valence and sea quarks agree with Assuming this production me­ quark model predictions. What is probably one of the smallest chanism, measurements of the ef­ Quantum chromodynamics calcu­ bubble chambers ever to operate for fective mass and longitudinal mo­ lations predict corrections due to physics, and certainly the smallest mentum of the muon pair determine gluon effects which increase the rapid-cycling chamber, recently the fractional momenta carried by muon pair production level to about completed its first data taking run in the annihilating quarks. twice that of the simple Drell-Yan a high energy pion beam in the North Using the Drell-Yan model as model. These predictions can be Experimental Area of the CERN input allows extraction of the hadron checked directly by using incident 400 GeV proton synchrotron. structure functions, which describe antiprotons whose structure func­ Only twenty centimetres in dia­ the dynamics of the hadron consti­ tions are the same as those of meter and containing just one litre of tuents. These results can then be protons, known from deep inelastic liquid hydrogen, the rapid-cycling compared with structure functions lepton scattering experiments. chamber is designed to achieve the from other experiments. The experiment is now collecting high resolution required to directly The pion structure function fol­ antiproton data at 1 50 GeV and the detect the production and decay of lows similar behaviour as that meas­ results will be an important test of charmed particles in high energy ured by a Chicago/Princeton experi- our understanding of muon pair hadronic interactions. This refine-

258 CERN Courier September 1979 /. A view of the new 20 cm-diameter high decay vertex (arrowed) is seen 1.3 cm resolution rapid-cycling bubble chamber built downstream. The strange particle vee decay at CERN to search for charm production in (top right) comes from the production vertex hadron collisions. or the first decay vertex. This pattern is what would be expected for the production and (Photo CERN20.9.78) decay of a charmed particle pair. The coarse-grained horizontal tracks are due to 2. The little chamber has already produced high energy pions passing through the a strong candidate for the first example of chamber early in the expansion cycle. The the production of a pair of charmed particles circle under the scale shows for comparison by a hadron beam. A decay occurs about the size of a single bubble in the 3.7 m BEBC 0.5 mm from the main vertex, and a second chamber.

1.

ment of the bubble chamber techni­ il luiocueu Li idL une ui ivvu iiauiuino against a membrane, the stroke of que was suggested by Colin Fisher of interactions per thousand could con­ the piston being just 1.2 mm. The the Rutherford Laboratory and Hein- tain a pair of charmed particles. A expansion system is a miniature rich Leutz at CERN. The aim is to detailed Monte Carlo study at version of that under construction obtain high resolution information Rutherford (see October 1976 edi­ for the 80 cm rapid-cycling chamber more easily and rapidly than in emul­ tion, page 346) showed that a for the European Hybrid Spectro­ sion experiments, while the use of chamber which could work with a meter. During its first run, LEBC hydrogen gives the added advantage bubble diameter of 50 microns achieved cycling rates of up to of a clean proton target. should enable particles with life­ 50 Hz. The tiny detector has earned the times in the 5 x 10_13 s region to be Photographing bubbles 50 mic­ name LEBC — Little European efficiently detected by simple scan­ rons across is not easy, so that the Bubble Chamber — to distinguish it ning. optics form a critical part of the from the mighty 3.7 m diameter Built for a Brussels / CERN / design. One consequence of high BEBC — Big European Bubble Oxford / Padova / Rome / Ruther­ optical resolution is small depth of Chamber— in the West Experimen­ ford / Trieste collaboration, the field, and under the required operat­ tal Area. The first LEBC pictures are chamber, cryogenics system, expan­ ing conditions the depth of field is very promising and display clearly sion system and optics have been only 4.5 mm, so that events must be how the chamber records the fine constructed at CERN in record time selected where the beam is confined details of hadronic collisions. by a collaboration of several bubble in a narrow slice. The theoretically predicted charm chamber groups. The first high reso­ Operating conditions are chosen lifetime of about 5x10_13s now lution pictures were taken less than to give a high bubble density and looks in good shape from neutrino six months after the start of the slow bubble growth, however the experiments using emulsion targets project and the collaboration suc­ small size of the bubbles means that (see June issue, page 152). This cessfully concluded a data taking run the photographic flash delay is only means that high energy charm a short while later in July. 200 jis, compared with the BEBC decays could take place on about the The small chamber is made of figure of some 10 ms. same scale as a single 500 micron- Lexan, using the techniques devel­ Because of its small size, the diameter bubble in BEBC, so that oped for the Track Sensitive Target probability of interaction in the LEBC there is difficulty in seeing the details (TST) at BEBC (see April 1 978 issue, hydrogen is small, and triggering is of these interactions in a big cham­ page 120). It is perfectly clean with essential. More than 1.1 million ex­ ber. (However BEBC can see the no seals or rough edges to produce pansions were made during the ten subsequent decay products, see for unwanted spurious boiling. This, day run, from which LEBC produced example June issue, page 1 54, and coupled with the need to allow only 110 000 triggered pictures, con­ encouraging new results have come small bubbles to develop, provides taining about 70 000 interactions of from the Fermilab 1 5 foot chamber- excellent conditions for fast cyc­ the 340 GeV negative pion beam. see page 253.) ling. The collaboration is busily scanning Recent indirect evidence on Expansion is by means of a the sample for examples of charmed charm production at SPS energies hydraulically-driven piston pushing events. Already several candidate

CERN Courier September 1979 259 People and things

events have been found. proton project will be decelerated in Momentum measurements and the PS before being passed to the identification of secondary particles LEAR ring to produce high quality would require the addition of a beams in the 0.1- 2 GeV range. downstream spectrometer. As well The physics possibilities of such a as being a tailor-made tool for charm new source include low energy parti- physics, LEBC could also go on to cle-antiparticle annihilation — as yet discover evidence for the production a relatively unexplored field, the and decay of additional flavours. search for proton-antiproton reso­ nances, and studies on exotic atoms. One immediate objective for LEAR Low energy experiments will be the search for antiproton baryonium states, as the present experimental situation seems to be source confused and contradictory (see page 248). Following the recent workshop on Subsequent LEAR developments low energy antiproton physics at could include a gas jet target, forma­ Karlsruhe (see June issue, tion of antiprotonic atoms in flight, page 148), approval has now been and low energy colliding be,ams of given in principle for the construc­ protons and antiprotons. However tion at CERN of the first phase of a these must await further technical Low Energy Antiproton Ring improvements. (LEAR). Originating from a paper submit­ Detailed proposals are now to be ted to the 1 977 Serpukhov acceler­ prepared for a stretcher ring as the ator conference, LEAR has been first phase of the project. A second nurtured by many enthusiastic and Lew Kowarski stage using colliding beams could devoted proponents, including Ugo follow later. Gastaldi, Kurt Kilian, Dieter Môhl On 27 July Lew Kowarski a founder LEAR is another outcome of the and Gunther Plass. The hope is that member of CERN and one of its beam cooling technique pioneered the small LEAR ring, with its modest greatest personalities, died at the at CERN. While the success of needs, will go on to produce a rich age of 72. Lew Kowarski became stochastic cooling has enabled the crop of physics results. involved in the first informal discus­ high energy proton-antiproton col­ sions about CERN as a leading liding beam project at the SPS to get scientist in France who had already under way in record time, it also an established reputation in the offers the prospect of low energy field of nuclear power. In 1939 he antiproton beams over a thousand had participated with F. Joliot and times more intense than existing H. von Halban in the first experi­ sources, and with momentum reso­ ments to demonstrate uranium fis­ lution and beam stability compara­ sion and nuclear chain reactions. ble to the levels attainable with a With von Halban he took the world's Van der Graaff machine. entire stock of heavy water into The first phase of LEAR will be a England at the beginning of the war stretcher ring to be built in the South to continue research at Cambridge Hall of the CERN 28 GeV Proton where he obtained the first strong Synchrotron (PS). Cooled antiproton evidence for the feasibility of a con­ beams of 3.5 GeV from the Antipro­ trolled nuclear reactor. A few years ton Accumulator now under con­ later Kowarski led the construction struction for the SPS proton-anti- of reactors in Canada and in France.

260 CERN Courier September 1979 N. N. Bogolyubov

In 1952 he was chosen as Direc­ Sin-itiro Tomonaga died of esopha­ tor of the Laboratory Group plan­ geal cancer on 8 July. Professor ning the CERN site, administrative Tomonaga was awarded the Nobel methods, finance, workshops, etc. Prize in 1965 together with R. Feyn- and when CERN moved to Geneva man and J. Schwinger for his funda­ in 1954 he became Director of the mental work on quantum mechanics Scientific and Technical Services and the theory of the interaction of Division. He decribed these early charged particles with the electro­ years in a CERN report 'An Account magnetic field. He had a distin­ of the Origins and Beginnings of guished career in physics mainly CERNf which remains the most based at Tokyo University. He was complete account of CERNfs early a member of the Japanese Acad­ history. He later led the Data Han­ emy and was awarded the Japanese dling Division, promoting the use Order of Culture. He played an im­ of computers. portant role in establishing the Insti­ Lew Kowarski was an impressive tute for Nuclear Study at Tokyo and character — big in physical stature, the KEK Laboratory where he was gifted with a prodigious memory, a Member of the Board of Council­ clear in thought and articulate in lors. expression. It was very moving that, despite several months of severe illness, he was able to attend the Seventieth birthday ceremony on 23 June to mark the of Bogolyubov 25th Anniversary of the Organiza­ tion he helped to create. Nikolaj Nikolaevitch Bogolyubov, Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and an outstanding theo­ nerstones of current nuclear theory. retical physicist, celebrated his At the beginning of the fifties, 70th birthday on 21 August. he turned his attention to axiomatic Non-linear mechanics, problems formulations of quantum field theo­ of statistical physics, the theory of ry. This work subsequently exerted superconductivity, quantum field a strong influence on thinking in theory, elementary particle interac­ physics and it became clear that tion symmetries, are but a few of new standards of mathematical the topics linked with the name of support and more convincing Bogolyubov. models would be required to de­ In the theory of imperfect quan­ velop quantum field theory further. tum macrosystems, he introduced N.N. Bogolyubov is also a talented a mathematical scheme (the Bogo­ teacher and organizer. Many well- lyubov transformation) which was known physicists acknowledge him subsequently used to describe the as their mentor with pride and res­ energy spectrum of superf/uid and pect. He established Schools of superconducting systems. A deeper Theoretical Physics and Non-linear knowledge of superconductivity and Mechanics in Kiev, and Schools of superfluidity of Fermi systems led Theoretical and Mathematical him to discover a fundamental Physics in Moscow and Dubna. effect — the superfluidity of nuclear He has been presented with many matter — which is one of the cor- awards, including the Lenin Prize and State Prizes in the USSR, the Sin-itiro Tomonaga M. V. Lomonosov Prize and various (Photo S. Kikuchi) international prizes. He is also an

CERN Courier September 1979 261 Some of the Nobel Laureates at this year's Lindau reunion. Left to right, front row: L Esaki, J.S. Schwinger, P. Kapitza, I.M. Frank, behind: W.E. Lamb Jnr, E.P. Wigner, I.I. Rabi, S.C.C. Ting, P.A.M. Dirac, L.V. Kantorovich (Economics, 1975), N.G. Basov, W.H. Brattain.

(Photo W.S. Newman) honorary member of many foreign academies. His creative power con­ tinues to flourish as he enters his seventieth year, and for his many friends, 21 August was a day for celebration.

On people

USA Laboratory Directors: Leon Lederman took over from Phil Livdahl as Director of the Fermi Laboratory on 1 June. He set the pace of his reign of office on the first day with an early morning run around the accelerator ring. Don Kerr has been appointed Director of Los Alamos in succession to Harold Agnew. He worked for ten years at Los Alamos on various positions of responsibility until join­ ing the Department of Energy in 1976. His appointment took effect on 1 August. Walter Massey has been appointed Director ofArgon ne in succession tô Bob Sachs and took up his appointment on 9 July. Walter Massey worked at the Labo­ ratory from 1966 to 1968 and was consultant until 1975. He moved to the Laboratory from the position of Dean at Brown University.

Ron Martin has asked to concen­ trate on the heavy ion fusion pro­ gramme at Argon ne, becoming Research Program Manager for Heavy Ion Fusion. Bob Kustom will succeed him as Director of the Accelerator Research Facilities. Another Argonne appointment we missed earlier in the year was that of Bob Diebold as Associate Labo­ ratory Director for High Energy Physics. He succeeded Gerry Smith who has returned to Michigan State University.

1. Rich Muller and daughter.

2. Sir Geoffrey Allen.

262 CERN Courier September 1979 On 9 July, Piotr Kapitza visited CERN on the occasion of his 85th birthday. Seen here raising their glasses to the future are (left to right) CERN Directorate Members Robert Lévy-Mandel and Italo Manne/li, Kapitza and Donald Glaser, who invented the bubble Research Director General Leon Van Hove. chamber technique with work on centimetre Paying tribute to someone whose life spans scale models, photographed while visiting the entire history of particle physics, CERN the CERN Technology Exhibition in front of Executive Director General John Adams a large picture of the 3.7 m European bubble described Kapitza as a man who combines chamber, BEBC the talents of a scientist with the ingenuity of an engineer. (Photo CERN 36.7.79) (Photo CERN 98.7.79)

the Queen. Sir Geoffrey succeeded their reunions have now grown to Sir Sam Edwards in 1977 and has attract over 20 laureates and 500 been a regular UK delegate at the students and staff from German meetings of the CERN Council. and other European universities. This year's Nobel lecturers in­ Hermann Grunder has received a cluded such 'old-timers' as Paul Humboldt US Scientist Award from Dirac (1933 prize) speaking on the the West German government to variation of the gravitational con­ work at the GSI Laboratory, Darm­ stant, Eugene Wigner (1963) on stadt, home of the Unilac heavy ion causality, Hannes Alfvén (1970) on linac, for a year. Grunder is asso­ cosmology. Rudolf Môssbauer ciate director of the Accelerator (1961) spoke on neutrino stability, and Fusion Research Division at Sam Ting (1976) on photons and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory new particles, and the 'new boy' of Richard Muller from Berkeley has where he has played a major role the Nobel clan, 85 year-old Piotr received the 1978 Alan I. Waterman in the development of LBL's heavy Kapitza (1978) lectured on high- Award of the National Science ion accelerators. temperature plasmas. Foundation. It carries a grant of Peter Koehler from the Tevatron The trend of physicists towards $50 000 to finance research of his Department at Fermilab is another other fields was exemplified by choosing over the next three years. recipient of a Humboldt Award. He Leon Cooper (1972) talking on the It followed closely another award has moved for a year to the DESY visual cortex, Donald G laser (1960) of $35 000 — the Founder's Prize Laboratory to work on experiments on a physicist's view of biology and of the Texas Instruments Founda­ at the PETRA electron-positron Ivar Giaever (1973) on biology and tion. Richard Muller has led a very storage ring. solid surfaces. inventive and original life in science But even more interesting than following in the footsteps of his Nobel physicists meet these formal lectures were the so­ mentor Luis Alvarez. His contribu­ cial occasions. One evening, in a tions include the new accelerator At the end of June in Linda u, the large hall at long tables each hosted technique of radioactive dating, the island town on Lake Constance, by a laureate, young students met measurement of the earth's motion Nobel prizewinners met for their the physics élite to chat over Bavar­ through the cosmic ray background annual reunion. This year it was the ian food and drink until some hours radiation and the invention of a turn of the physicists, the three-year later the band and dancing stopped rubber telescope to minimize distor­ cycle covering also medicine and all verbal communications. One tions in astronomical observations. chemistry. The reunions started afternoon was devoted to an ex­ modestly in 1951, when six Nobel tended scientific discussion, and Geoffrey Allen, Chairman of the Prize winners in medicine met aspir­ on the last day there was a steamer Science Research Council in the ing students and researchers. Under trip to Bernadotte's garden island UK, has received a Knighthood from the presidency of Count Bernadotte, of Mainau.

CERN Courier September 1979 263 On 1 June, his first day as Fermilab Director, Leon Lederman set the pace by inviting everyone to join him in a jog around the main ring. More than fifty people took up his invitation.

(Photo Fermilab)

rate will be scaled up to five a /CFA Workshop week. Installation will take place in specially scheduled shutdowns over A second Workshop organized by the next several years. the International Committee for Future Accelerators will be held at PEP progress Les Diablerets in Switzerland from 4 to 10 October. The subject will Our latest news on the construction be 'Accelerator and Detector Possi­ of the Berkeley/Stanford electron- bilities and Limitations'. Sub-groups positron storage ring PEP is that have been set up on Electron-posi­ considerably progress has been tron colliders (convener A.N. Skrin- made on the crucially important r.f. sky). Proton accelerators and pro­ system. All eleven klystrons and ton-antiproton colliders (Lee teng), the twenty-two cavities have been Extraction and external beams (Bas completed, tested and cleared for de Raad), Electron-proton interaction installation. Construction of the regions and experiments (Gus We­ quadrupoles and sextupoles is com­ ber), Experiments at electron-posi­ plete ahead of schedule but various tron and proton-antiproton colliders Acts of God are interfering with (Barry Barish), Deep inelastic exper­ the production of the bending mag­ iments with lepton beams (G Bar- nets. There are no basic problems biellini), Hadron and photon exper­ but bringing things together on iments at fixed target machines schedule is a struggle. It is still ex­ (Yu.D. Prokoshkin), Detectors and pected that particles will be brought data handling (George Trilling). On into PEP when the linac comes back 10 October the conveners will pre­ on the air in October. sent the results of their work at an Fermilab Energy Saver open meeting in CERN. Workshop on Neutrino The start of construction of the Bubble Chamber Physics Healthy beams for fusion Fermilab Energy Saver project has at Tevatron Energies now been authorized by the US An important step towards demon­ Department of Energy. The con­ Physicists interested in doing Teva- strating the feasibility of nuclear struction phase is authorized for tron-energy neutrino bubble cham­ fusion using heavy ion beams has $46.6 million of which $12 million ber physics are invited to attend a been taken at the Argon ne Labora­ will be available before 1 October. pair of Workshops to be held this tory with tests on a pre-accelerator The balance of the funding will Fall/Winter. The first Workshop will to produce beams of xenon ions. come over the next two years. be held 29/30 October near Fermi­ Beams of 50 mA of singly Approval for the project had been lab. It is planned to form 'working charged ions at 1.1 MeV have been granted by the US Congress last parties" at this first Workshop who achieved. These early results are December. Since that time the pro­ will report back at a second meeting regarded as showing that the pre- ject has been under intensive tech­ to be held in early January 1980. accelerator is a convincing proto­ nical review both by panels A goal is to prepare a coherent plan type of what will be needed in a appointed from within Fermilab and for upgrading the 15 foot bubble heavy ion fusion reactor. (For more by the Department of Energy. chamber hybrid system which could details on the reactor requirements, Authorization of the construction facilitate proposals to do significant see November 1978 issue, phase signals the successful com­ neutrino physics when Tevatron page 384.) pletion of the reviews. neutrino beams are available. A The preferred concept of such a The construction timetable calls preliminary agenda is being pre­ reactor at Argon ne goes under the for the completion of 21 /i super­ pared by Professor V. Peterson name of Hearthfire. The Laboratory conducting magnets every week (University of Hawaii), Workshop has recently learned that its re­ until October. Then the production organizer. search programme in this field will

264 CERN Courier September 1979 receive additional support next year with funding from the Department of Energy, probably in the region of $6 million. The work is being led by Ron Martin, Bob Burke, Jerry Watson and Rick Arnold.

ZGS Symposium

On 1 October the 12.5 GeV Zero Gradient Synchrotron at the Ar­ gonne National Laboratory will close down after sixteen years of opera­ tion for high energy physics exper­ iments. To mark the occasion a Symposium on the History of the ZGS is being organized at Argonne on 13-14 September. It will cover the conception, construction and operation of the accelerator and the physics programme it has sup­ ported, conveying the crucial role the machine has played in develop­ ing high energy physics in the mid- West USA. Further information on the Symposium may be obtained from Beverly Mar zee at Argonne. The ZGS is the largest high energy physics facility ever to be closed down and the American Institute of Physics Center for the History of Physics will follow the Sympo­ sium. CERN COURIER hopes to pay tribute to the machine and its achievements in a forthcoming issue.

A good time was had by all at the CERN Experimental Physics Division's Summer fete. 1500 physicists, family and friends turned up to enjoy the fun. Seen here is Jack Steinberger leading the WA1 experiment team to victory in the obstacle race. Another feature of the afternoon was the release of 500 helium-filled balloons. The map above shows where some of the balloons were subsequently picked up, one having travelled some 300 km.

(Map copyright 1979, Hal/wag)

CERN Courier September 1979 265 TRIUMF TRIUMF Cyclotron development and Safety Group Beam development Groups

Junior Research Scientist has a position available for a Health Physicist. A joint appointment to the above groups is avail­ The successful applicant will be required to estab­ able for a physicist, engineer, or engineering phys­ lish a safety program for all radiochemistry oper­ icist, to collaborate in the program to upgrade the ations at TRIUMF. This person will supervise 520 MeV H~ cyclotron to provide beams of very technicians who will perform routine radioactivity high intensity (>100|iA), and also of high energy surveys, and decontamination procedures, and resolution (100keV) with separated turns. The maintain radioisotope inventories. successful candidate will be expected to work on both the experimental apparatus and the ion Applicants with a Degree in Chemistry or Physics optics of the cyclotron. and experience in radiochemistry operations will Candidates should have a degree (preferably be given first consideration. M.Sc. or Ph.D.) in Physics, Engineering or Engi­ neering Physics. Salary negotiable depending on Applications, including curriculum vitae, should qualifications and experience. be forwarded by October 1, 1979, to: Applications, including curriculum vitae, should Mr. W.J. Bryan, Administrator, be forwarded by October 1, 1979, to: Management & Technical Services Dr. J. T. Sample, Director TRIUMF TRIUMF University of British Columbia University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C. Vancouver, Canada V6T1W5 Canada V6T1W5

PHYSICISTS

Fermilab, a major accelerator facility for research in particle physics, has a number of staff positions available for expe­ The NUCLEAR ENTERPRISES range of scientific rienced Physicists. instruments for medical, scientific and industrial Staff members contribute to the laboratory program in the applications is internationally known. To enable us to following areas: maintain our leading position in a highly competitive world market we require a: Operation and advanced developments of our existing accelerators, experimental areas and facilities. Work on new projects, including the 1000 GeV superconducting Tevatron and the pp colliding beams facility. Senior Sales We welcome inquiries from Physicists whose experience is not specifically in the above areas, to work in the advanced technology environment characteristic of particle physics Engineer-CAMAC research. to be responsible for the promotion of sales in the U.K. Staff members have the opportunity to devote some of their and overseas of our highly successful CAMAC digital time to individual high energy physics research. Salary and data processing modules and systems. term of appointment will depend on qualifications, ability Applicants, male or female, must have previous and experience. experience of selling in the minicomputer/digital data Research associate positions in high energy and accelerator processing field. physics are also available. This position offers an attractive commencing Applicants should submit a resume, list of publications and salary. Company car, first class conditions of the names of three referees whom you have asked to send employment and re-location expenses if appropriate. letters of recommendation to: Please write in the first instance giving details of Dr. Roy Rubinstein, Secretary relevant experience and career to date to — Fermilab Committee on Scientific Appointments Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Mr G.R. Leal, Personnel Manager, P. O. Box 500 Nuclear Enterprises Limited, Bath Rd., Batavia, Illinois 60510 Beenham, Reading, Berkshire, England.

Fermilab has an Affirmative Action Program and is an Equal A member of the EMI group. International leaders in music,electronics and leisure Opportuny Employer. NUCLEAR ENTERPRISES LIMITED

266 CERN Courier September 1979 New Mass Storage Devices!

How much time are you having to sacrifice to mass storage access? Seconds? Milliseconds? Microseconds?

Our new RAM Module Type 1635 provides faster, cheaper and thinner mass storage: - Non-volatile RAM storage, even if unpowered for over a year (thanks to built-in battery back-up) -< 1 |xs access time and thus compatible with maximum Camac transfer rates up to 1 MHz - Up to 32k-bytes (or 16 k-word s of 16-bit) in a single-width Camac module - Memory-protect feature prevents erroneous overwriting - Compatible with a number of available RAM chips - Allows in-crate program development with Macamac* (Macpos software permits WRITE, DELETE, LIST commands in Basic or Assembler) - Matching Prom module also available (Type 1643)

* Macamac is the result of Borer integrating a micro- ware up to multi-processor systems with communi- processor into a Camac Crate Controller together with cations networks. Macamac is available with high a powerful stand-alone operating system on Prom. level real-time programming facilities in BASIC (on It allows modular extension of hardware and soft- Prom) and many other software utilities. borer CH-4501 SOLOTHURN/SWITZERLAND Tel: 065/311131 Telex: 34228 BORER ELECTRONICS AG

POSITION OPPORTUNITY POSITION OPPORTUNITY RESEARCH SCIENTIST IN PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH ASSOCIATES IN PARTICLE PHYSICS The INSTITUTE OF PARTICLE PHYSICS OF CANADA invites applications for Research Scientist positions. Applicants should have The INSTITUTE OF PARTICLE PHYSICS OF proven ability in Experimental Particle Physics. CANADA invites applications for Research Initial appointments will be for three years Associate positions. Openings exist in the followed by a review which, if favorable, will lead Canadian experimental particle physics groups to a continuing career appointment. Initially located at Carleton, McGill, Ottawa, Toronto and Research Scientists will be expected to join one York Universities. These groups are collaborating of the existing I.P.P. collaborations at Fermilab in experiments at Fermilab and SLAC. or SLAC but the opportunity to initiate new experiments will also exist. Applications including curriculum vitae, tran­ Applications including curriculum vitae, tran­ scripts and the names of 3 referees should be scripts and the names of 3 referees should be sent to : sent to :

J.D. PRENTICE J.D. PRENTICE Department of Physics Department of Physics University of Toronto University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7 c'^phm^ Canada Canada

CERN Courier September 1979 267 A new journal Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields Subscription Information: Editors in Chief: 1979. Volumes 1—2 (4 issues each). G. Kramer, IL Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Lumper Chaussée 149, Sample copy upon request. 2000 Hamburg 52, FRG H. Satz, Fakultât fur Physik, Universitât Bielefeld, Postfach 8640, North America: 4800 Bielefeld 1, FRG 1979. US $205.00, including postage and handling. Editors: K. Fujikawa, Tokyo; K. Gottfried, Cornell; K. Kajantie, Subscriptions are entered with pre­ Helsinki; A. Krzywicki, Orsay; P. Landshoff, Cambridge; J. J. Sakurai, payment only. Send your order or UCLA; P. Soding, DESY; B. Stech, Heidelberg; J. Steinberger, CERN request ^> your bookseller or to: Springer-Verlag New York Inc., Aims and Scope: Zeitschrift fiir Physik C, Particles and Fields is devoted 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, to the experimental and theoretical investigation of elementary particles. NY 10010, USA In view of the steadily growing interplay of theory and experiment in this field, particular emphasis is given to a clear and complete presentation All other countries of research. (except North America) 1979. DM 392,—, plus postage and The topics covered include: strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions handling. of elementary particles, the constituent structure of elementary particles, Send your order or request to your interactions and classification of constituents, and symmetry and bookseller or directly to: unification schemes of different interactions. Springer-Verlag, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Physik appears in three parts: A: Atoms and Nuclei, Information' Zeitschrif ten, B: Condensed Matter and Quanta, C: Particles and Fields. Postfach 10 52 80, Each part may be ordered separately. 6900 Heidelberg, FRG Coordinating editor for Zeitschrift fiir Physik, parts A, B and C: O. Haxel, Heidelberg.

Information for Authors: Zeitschrift fiir Physik C, Particles and Fields is devoted to the experimental and theoretical study of elementary particle physics. Submitted manuscripts should present original research; they may not be simultaneously submitted to other journals nor be published elsewhere. All manuscripts should be in English and be prepared in accordance with Springer-Verlag's "Instructions to Authors" (available on request). Normally, the length of an article should not exceed twenty printed pages; Springer-Verlag under special circumstances, e.g., for the comprehensive presentation of a complete experiment and its results, longer papers will be accepted. Berlin Manuscripts may be submitted to any editor of the journal. Heidelberg There is no publication charge; fifty reprints per article will be provided New York to the author(s) free of charge.

268 CERN Courier September 1979 We congratulate Cern on its outstanding contribution to the field of High Energy Physics during the past twenty-five years, NUCLEAR and wish it every success in the future. As a Company, we are very LIMITED Sighthill, Edinburgh EH11 4EY. Scotland proud to have had the opportunity Tel: 031-443 4060 Telex: 72333 of supplying Scintillators, NIM and Bath Road, Beenham, Reading RG7 5PR and CAMAC units, and Health Tel: 073-521 2121 Telex: 848475 Physics equipment to meet the Associate Companies: experimental requirements of NE Nuclear Enterprises, Geneva Nuclear Enterprise GmbH, Munich CERN. Nuclear Enterprises Inc., San Carlos, Calif., USA

CERN Courier September 1979 LEMO -univer/Qlly recognized to be the fine/t connector/ in the world, guaranteeing the /tronge/t connection/! Ever since 1957 when the first LEMO self-locking connectors roused the enthusiasm of experts all over the world, LEMO has never ceased setting ever higher standards of quality, culminating in near-perfection from the points of view of appearance, simplicity and efficiency. LEMO connects all types of cable: coaxial, multiple, high voltage and combined. And if your problem calls for a new solution, LEMO will find it for you ! LEMOSM LEMO - Electrotechnique Tel. (021) 711341 Telex 24683 1110 Morges (Switzerland)

Hall 23/Stand 547

(AUS) JOHN BARRY GROUP OF COMP. (JL)RAC0M ELECTRONICS CO. LTD. ARTARMON, N.S.W. SYDNEY TEL: 439 69 55 TEL-AVIV TEL: 44 31 26 Œ) LEMOSA GES. M. B. H. WIEN CO LEMO ITALIA S. R. L. MILAN TEL: (02) 738 18 91 TEL: (02 22) 63 92 27 ;j~> K.K. CODIX TOKYO TEL: TOKYO 436-64 41/5 ^ B) CLOFIS S.P.R.L. CNO geveke ELEKTR0NICA EN AUTOMATIE BV ^_ OVERIJSE/BRUSSEL TEL: (02) 65718 05 AMSTERDAM TEL (020) 80 28 02 (DÎO KfSIUD KAMUK A/S LYNGBY TEL: (01) 88 38 33 N HENACO A/S OSLO 5 7EL (0?) 22 41 50 fSF) 0Y CHESTER AB HELSINKI 51 TEL: 73 57 74 CE) CRESA BARCELONA TEL: (03) 230 55 07 rp) JUPITER S.A. CONSTRUCTIONS ELECTRIQUES ••

270 CERN Courier Septembe High-power triodes and tetrodes for scientific applications

• CW output power up to 1000 kW • Widely used in France as well as elsewhere • Peak output power up to 5 MW in Europe, in the United States and in Japan • Operating frequencies up to 400 MHz • the right tube for your particular application • Incorporating the latest advances in power-grid Contact your national THOMSON-CSF Electron Tube tube technology: Pyrobloc® pyrolytic-graphite Division representative for full details. grids and Hypervapotron® anode cooling

THOMSON-CSF DIVISION TUBES ELECTRONIQUES 38, RUE VAUTHIER / 92100 BOULOGNE-BILLANCOURT / FRANCE / TÉL. : (1) 604.81.75

GERMANY - THOMSON-CSF ELEKTRONENRÔHREN GMBH SWEDEN - THOMSON-CSF KOMPONENTER & ELEKTRONRÔR AB LEERBACHSTR. 58 / 6000 FRANKFURT AM MAIN. 1 BOX 27080 / S 10251 STOCKHOLM 27 / TEL.: (08) 225.815 TEL. : (0611) 71.72.81 UNITED KINGDOM - THOMSON-CSF COMPONENTS ITALY - THOMSON-CSF TUBI ELETTRONICI SRL AND MATERIALS LTD VIALE DEGLl AMMIRAGLI 71 / I - 00136 ROMA / TEL. : (6) 638.14.58 RINGWAY HOUSE / BELL ROAD / BASINGSTOKE RG24 OQG JAPAN - THOMSON-CSF JAPAN K.K. / TBR BUILDING TEL.: (0256) 29155 / TELEX: 858865 KOJIMACHI 5-7 / CHIYODA-KU / TOKYO / f 102 / TEL.: (03) 264.63.41 U.S.A. - DUMONT ELECTRON TUBES SPAIN - THOMSON-CSF TUBOS ELECTRONICOS S.A. 750 BLOOMFIELD AVENUE / CLIFTON NJ 07015 CALLE DEL SEGRE, 17 / MADRID 2 / TEL. : (1) 250.84.07 TEL.: (201) 773.20.00

CERN Courier September 1979 271 Dewald Electronic AUGAT Series 500 DIP Single Eurocards sockets and leader in IC have 35 pat­ Series 700 lead terns, double socket carrier Dackaaina cards 85. assembly Universal cards feature Augat's have conti­ two-piece nuous rows of machined tape­ contacts suita­ red entry contact ble for 8 to assembly. 40 pin IC's. Inner contact is gold. Available ex stock. Sleeves available in gold or tin plating. Avail able from 6 to 40 pins ex stock. Teflon sockets for TO-5 outline. 6, 8, 10 and 12 con­ tacts. Ultra low profile glass filled nylon transistor and IC sockets. 3, 4, 8 and All these 10 contacts. Available products are ex stock. lanufactured i Switzerland

Dewald AG International enquiries: Seestrasse 561,8038 Zurich Augat SA, 9, allée de la Vanne, F-94263 Fresnes Telefon 01 4513 00, Telex 52 012 Telefon 668.30.90 Mmmmmmm mtÊÊÊÊÊTTiM}EORHUCLEAR i Vuniiti RESEARCHMil l J it8 ^HUCLEAR POWER BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS VACUUM VESSELS TOKAMAKS BEAM TUBES THIN-WALL FABRICATIONS METAL SEALS FLEXIBLE METALLIC HOSE TRANSFER LINES COUPLINGS All-stainless-steel thin-wall vacuum vessel segments and intermediate, ported, sections prior to final assembly for the HBTX1A experiment at the UKAEA Laboratory at Culham. Congratulations on your 25th.

Avica Equipment Ltd.; Avica International Mark Road, Hemel Hempstead, BP147 Principauté de Monaco Hertfordshire. HP2 7DQ Telephone: (93) 30-09-39 AVI [A Telephone : Hemel Hempstead 64711 Telex: 469 771 MC GR0UP0F COMPANIES Telex: 82256

272 CERN Courier September 1979 1 ' C0>

write or call for our big CAMAC catalog

KiubIic Systems IntBrn&tion&l S«Hu 6 Chemin de Tavernay, Dept CC789 • 1218 Geneva, Switzerland * (022)98 44 45 11 fVlaryknoIl Drive, Dept. CC789 • Lockport, Illinois 60441 * (815) 838 0008

CERN Courier September 1979 273 V V ml mk kû wmn

2m 2 m 2m mm mm

ù NftlfSSV*

Digital display METRAVO® 60 D multimeter with 26 ranges for a.a, d.c. and resistance measurements. 10 Mohm input, overload protection and indication, automatic zeroing, 8 hours' continuous operation on no- maintenance, rechargeable NiCd cells.

The hallmark of the specialist The BBC METRAWATT and BBC-GOERZ instrument

BBC-METRAWATT's and BBC-GOERZ' wide range of carefully designed instru­ ments makes it easy to find the most suitable multimeter. These instruments are backed up by two kinds of know-how: in circuit technology, controls and design, and in the selection of measuring ranges and channels. Nothing is left to chance in our multimeters. Take this opportunity of finding the ideal measuring instrument for your purposes. Ask for details — a phone call will do.

METRAWATT AG FOR MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Sales office Felsenrainstrasse 1.P.O. Box, 8052 Zurich. Tel. 01-51 35 35. Telex 59436 GOERZ BBCMETRAWAT T BROWN BOVERI

274 CERN Courier September 1979 SERVOGOR R 733 and 734 XY - YT recorder in slide-in construction for Dl N A3 and DIN A4 format; multi-range measuring slide-in units with ranges from 0.05 mV/cm to 5 V/cm; calibrated zero suppression 10x10 cm; time component slide-in unit for X-axis 0.05 sec/cm to 100 sec/cm; recording with Rotring or felt pen.

Recorder system in slide-in format

INELTEC Hall 27©Stand 377

Servogor potentiometer printers represent the acme of construction, precision and reliability. The Servogor system features the most advanced engineering and design, simple and foolproof operation and an impeccable after-sales service. Any measurement can be made in the best possible way with the aid of a wide range of accessories, which can even be added later. Servogor, the versatile modern print-out system. Ask for our technical bro­ chures — a telephone call is enough. METRAWATT AG FUR MESSAPPARATE Sales office: Felsenrainstrasse 1, Postfach, 8052 Zurich. Tel: 01-51 35 35. Telex 59436 BBC GOERZ BROWN BOVERI METRAWATT

CERN Courier September 1979 275 From Laben

LOBEn

MONTEDISON GROUP division of moriTEDEL monTEOison VIA E. BASSINI, 15 20133 MILANO SISTEmi TELEFONO (02) 23.65.551 TELEX 312451. SCINTILLATION DETECTORS Head-on Photomultiplier tubes MICROCHANNEL PLATES Single anode-high speed Multi anode-high speed high resolution

For MEDICAL For HIGH ENERGY INSTRUMENTATION PHYSICS • Gamma Cameras • Calorimeter Detectors • Emission Tomography • Hotoscope Detectors • CT Scanning • Cerenkov Counters

Photomultiplier tubes with less than 300 picosecond rise time are now available.

Write for Data sheets Demander nos Fiches Techniques Escribanos por las Especificaciones Datenblâtter sind auf Anfrage erhàltlich T- 9 t VF2v>. Richiedeteci i Dati Tecnici $-*4 h % gp-$- HAMAMATSU HAMAMATSU CORPORATION • 420 SOUTH AVENUE • MIDDLESEX, NEW JERSEY 08846 • PHONE: (201) 469-6640 International Offices in Major Countries of Europe and Asia.

CERN Courier September 1979 277 BBC-Partner fur Hochenergiephysik und konlrollierte Fusion

Ablenkmagnet fur die Strahlfùhrung beim Schwerionen- beschleuniger der GSI in Darmstadt.

Sextupolmagnetfùr die Strahlfùhrung vom Synchrotron zur Experimentier- halle bei Desy- Hamburg

Vierfachquadrupol fur den Booster-Beschleuniger im Europâischen Kernforschungszentrum Cern in Genf.

• Magnetsysteme fur Strahlfùhrung Unsere umfangreichen Lieferungen fur namhafte • Spektrometermagnete nationale und internationale Institute an • Spulensystemefùr Fusionsanlagen elektrischen Ausrùstungen, wie z.B. die • Supraleitende Spulensysteme abgebildeten Magnete, sowie dafùr geeignete • Hochstabilisierte Magnetspeisungen hochstabilisierte Stromversorgungen machen uns • Rotierende und statische Stromversorgungen zu Ihrem kompetenten Partner bei der Lôsung biszu hôchsten Strômen und Spannungen Ihrer Aufgaben und Problème. • Steuer- und Regelsysteme • Sonstige Komponenten fur obige Gebiete BBC -Technik fur eine lebenswerte Zukunft

BROWN, BOVERI&CIE • AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT • MANNHEIM Geschàftsbereich GroBmaschinen BBC Geschàftsbereich Industrieanlagen BROWN BOVERI

278 CERN Courier September 1979 Hello again from DAIMFYSIK!

To all Photomultiplier and Multiwire-proportional Chamber Users Just a reminder about the Multichannel High Voltage Systems available from DAN FYS IK.

« Units now tested and approved by CERN »

* MODEL 1130 4 channel - NIM unit - 3 or 6 kV.1) * MODEL 140 32 channel - 1 77 mm x 500 mm rack unit - 3 or 6 kV. MODEL 141 Computer/CAMAC interface with possibility to control up to 24 model 140's. - Serial or parallel modes of operation. "MODEL 150 Recommended for 700 channels and up - basic system block 720 channels in 2 m x 0.5 rack, 2, 3, or 6 kV. All units available with positive or negative voltage.

For more information contact: Danfysik A/S, Jyllinge, DK-4000 Roskilde DENMARK Telephone: 03-388 150-Telex: 43 136

or one of our representatives:

PEABODY SCIENTIFIC, P.O. Box 2009, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, USA, Tel: (617)5350444. CRYOPHYSICS SA, 3, Rue Antoine Coypel, F-78000 Versailles, France, Tel: 950 65 78. DAINISEIKOSHACO. LTD., 31-1 Kameido, 6-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Tel:682 1111. SILENA, Via Negroli, 10/A, Milano, Italy, Tel: 749 05 65. WENZEL ELEKTRONIK, 8 Munich 82, Wardeinstr. 3, West Germany, Tel. : 089-42 10 91. For CERN, United Kingdom and Scandinavia contact DANFYSIK A/S direct.

1 ) The N1130 is manufactured under licence by Wenzel Elektronik, Munich, West Germany. DANFYSIK JYLLINGE DENMARK

CERN Courier September 1979 279 ROC H LIN G Haren KG

You'll

find them

here. Our 1979/80 catalogue contains over 250 pages of foils, wires, rods, powders, tubes and compounds, Durostone including many unique glass fibre reinforced plastics or hard-to-get items. Its Advantages Production Range Some Applications Over 100 different - excellent electrical Sheets - low and medium insulating properties standard size voltage switchgear pure metals and alloys - high arc resistance 2000 x 1000 mm construction are available for - outstanding resis­ from 1 mm thickness - transformers and tance to tracking Rings generators immediate despatch - high heat resistance profiles by - electric furnaces in small quantities for - high mechanical pultrusion as well - mechanical resistance as all other construction research. Non-standard parts machined to items made to order drawings of samples take a little longer. For further details, please, contact Telephone dial direct Rôchling Haren KG D-4472 Haren, Ems 1 Phone 05934-1011 International Access Agent for Switzerland: Code +44 + 223+69671 KUNDERT AG.,CH-8714 Feldbach Phone 055/42 28 28 Telex 7 55 54 DeutscherKatalog- alle Preise in diesem Katalog sind in DM Spécialiste des composants einschliesslich Luftfracht pour le VIDE et l'ULTRAVIDE und Lieferung an Ihre Adresse. Aile Einfuhrform- basés sur les soudures verre-métal alitàten werden von uns erledigt und Sie bezahlen direkt auf unser deutsches Bankkonto-genau wie Hvérélec wenn Sie im Inland kaufen. Aus Deutschland wàhlenSie 0044 22369671 vous propose um einen Katalog zu bekommen Catalogue Français- tous les prix sont en FFr. Ils comprennent le transport aérien de fret, l'assurance et la livraison gratuite à votre adresse.Nous nousoccuponsdu dédouanement et réglons les taxes d'importation (si nécessaires) et vous pouvez payer directement à notre banque en France - comme pour une commande placée en France. En France composez le 19 44 223 69671 pour recevoir notre catalogue. PASSAGES BASSE TENSION Goodfellow Metals Ltd Cambridge Science Park connecteurs JAEGER 1,5 KV/5A NIVEAU ZÉRO En outre, notre activité ne se limite pas au Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4DJ England hublots matériel présenté ici, une équipe de techni­ Telephone Cambridge (STD 0223) 69671 STANDARD ciens se tient à votre entière disposition d'observation AMAGNÉTIQUES pour étudier toute réalisation sur plan ou Telex 81683 Goodmt G toute modification du matériel standard. passages de passages de The latest technicités are used. thermocouples courant Also we guarantee a perfect nightness. All our produ'ction is tested with helium. fil GOODFELLOW raccords RIGIDES In addition our activity is not limited to the material presented here, a team of techni­ tubulaires SOUPLES cians is at your entire disposal for studying any work from drawing or any modification UJ METALS of standard equipment.

for research and industry vérélec 91, av. de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges - 94600 Choisy-le-Roi (France)

280 CERN Courier September 1979 High Energy Physics More than10000000 are transmitted during the life-cycle F&G - Your reliable partner - not of our high-voltage pulse cables in the only for pulse cables transmission of high-energy pulses Pulses between pulse forming networks and magnets FELTEN & GUILLEAUME We can even transmit pulse voltages in the CARLSWERK AG 100 kV range with cables which are both ii Telecommunications Division flexible and easy-to-handle, so high is the Postfach805001 • 5000 K6ln80 standard of our manufacture and the quality Telephone (0221)676-1 of our materials. Telex 8873261 fug d Discuss your special needs with us. Federal Republic of Germany

Low-noise cable used in neutron- RF power cable for pressuretight Special camera cable, e.g., for flow measuring equipment for use in submarines. use in drilling shafts, sewers monitoring and control in and industrial chimnies. nuclear power stations.

CERN Courier September 1979 281 GENERATEUR DE PUISSANCE HF ROHDE &SCH WARZ type SMLH

Modulable en AM et FM

Gamme de fréquence 10 kHz... 40 MHz

Résolution 1 Hz

Excellente stabilité de fréquence et pureté spectrale

Niveau de sortie: 2 W

Représentation générale ROSCHI 3000 Berne 31 ' P0B- 63 et service pour la Suisse Télécommunication SA Téléphone 031 442711

We've Got a Best Seller! s~ â\ Friedrichsfeld M |FrjedrichsleldJ

Hundreds, in fact. Our new 237 page catalog of ultra high FRIALIT DEGUSSIT vacuum components and research equipment tells the story. For quality with economy, Huntington® Products of Oxide Ceramics for wrote the book. Our compre­ engineering and the chemical industries hensive catalog contains complete information on our ultra high vacuum valves, Our fabrication range includes tubes and bell jars and custom chambers, multi-bore tubes, laboratory utensils, dies, viewports and glass adaptors, guides, balls, seal rings and bearings, etc., to­ feedthroughs, Vac-U-Flat® gether with an extensive programme of fine flanges and other high quality Huntington® components! grinding tools. The catalog is available on request. Write or phone Hun­ tington® today. 800-227-6059 European Representatives: Toll free outside Hositrad/Holland California, Alaska Jacob Tomassen 6 Hawaii Simon Stevinstraat 3 Amersfoort, Holland Phone: (033) 10080/11575 415-964-3323 from California, Peter Czermak CJT Vacuum Technik GmbH Alaska & Hawaii Asbacherstr. No 6 8061 Ramelsbach TWX 910-379-6944 West Germany Phone: 08139/6237

Huntington® Mechanical Laboratories, Inc. Degussa (Schweiz) AG 1400 Stierlin Road Mountain View, California 94043 U.S.A. Postfach 2050 • 8040 Zurich TelefonOI-54 3900 • Telex 57946

282 CERN Courier September 1979 Flowmeters Marking Wires QI Calibrated and non- Marking sleeves calibrated instruments for liquids and gas type 1100 Available from our stock MMNHttHttHq|jf § ) ? in Zurich

Heraeus lenses, mirrors, Quartz glass cuvettes, hatches, disks, prisms, rods, tubes

Triple prism in isotopic and homogeneous SUPRASIL quality, deposited on the moon in a retro-reflector-system as part of the Apollo program.

Ask for further information KABEX Hot-stamping tools Oerlikonerstrasse 88 Tel. 01/46 40 40 formerly Wismer AG 8057 Zurich

Is there water Look at these unique 12 different to solve all in dry air or gas? Now you can features: Battery check marking systems identification have the answer fast, exact switch-dial readings on air problems and automatically. or gas irrespective of flow Nothing could be simpler. rate- Automatic dry down 1. Switch on. and calibration - Portable- wide selection of letters, figures and 2. Place fingertip over outlet Government tested for safe symbols to international standards. 3. Chamber head rises. use in hazardous areas. Read dial. 4. G*P electronic Ltd ERNST HESS + CIE No more Thermometers - Zurcherstrasse 65 - 4006 Basel Graphs-Pumping - Bernerstrasse 1 82 cooling - recoating or CH 8064 Zurich/Switzerland Tel. 061/42 54 00 mathematical gymnastics. Tel.: 01/64 32 31 P. Euler Telex 63156 64 45 55 The Shaw Automatic Dewpoint Meter Telex: CH 54806 GPEL

CERN Courier September 1979 283 IGC—very big in superconducting magnet systems.

PHOTO, COURTESY OF OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY. Full scale model of superconducting winding for Tokamak toroidal field coil (Oak Ridge National Laboratory Large Coil Program).

Did you know that IGC (Intermagnetics General Corporation) is a leading supplier of NbTi superconductor for fusion magnets, MHD magnets and high energy physics applications? In addition to conductor for the ORNL Large Coil Program (Cryostable Cable— 13,000 Amps at 8T — see photo), we are supplying superconductor for many other large-scale applications including: • Lawrence Livermore Lab MFTF Magnet (6.5 mm square monolith — 11,000 Amps at 8T) • BNL ISABELLE Accelerator (97 strand braid — 5,000 Amps at 5T) • Fermilab Energy Doubler/Saver Accelerator (23 strand cable — 5,000 Amps at 5T) • CDIF Giant MHD Saddle Magnet (NbTi strands cabled over a stabilizing core — 6,000 Amps at 71)

WHAT SPECIAL NbTi or Nb3Sn CONDUCTOR DO YOU NEED? For complete information, contact Paul Swartz, Vice President of Marketing and Sales, Charles Industrial Park, Guilderland, New York 12084. Telephone: (518) 456-5456. TWX No. 710-441-8238. llîTERIÏMGnETICS CORPORATION

284 CERN Courier September 1979 VACRYFLUXNS For High Magnetic Fields i

Successfully tested flat cable wit fully transposed solid diffusion

A15-Nb3 Sn superconductors with high current densities and for application at high flux densities. Copper stabilization in connection with diffusion barriers.

VACUUMSCHMELZE GMBH Gruner Weg 37, D-6450 Hanau, Tel.: (061 81 ) 362-1

thinking about comparators, discriminators,amplifiers, . hvdividers, adc...?

hybrid circuits fast from I.RM.

IDDUSTRIfl POLITECniCfl mERIDIOnALÉ ELETTRONICA - TELECOMUNICAZIONI DIREZIONE ESTABILIMENTO VIA RETTIFILO AL BRAVO 90-92- 80022 ARZANO (NA)Sf 710518-flS1 081/7312033 PBX- ITALY

CERN Courier September 1979 285 Simultaneous reading of current Dosimentor and charge measurement in the Current Meter and Attached Charge Integrator ranges from 1-10"14... 1-10-8 Ampere (3 ranges) 1-10"14... 5-106 Coulomb In addition to the digital display: Readout facility for „current" as analogue signal (0.001 ...1.999 Volts D.C.) and in PTW BCD code Readout facility for „charge" in BCD code Protected against electro­ magnetic waves (Klystrons for example) as they exist in the neighbourhood of accelerators. Special cable (with plug and socket) up to 100 m length with­ out influence on sensitivity and time constant of instrument. Cable diameter approx. 3.5 mm. Smallest bending radius approx. 1.5 cm. 7800 Freiburg, Lôrracher Str.7, West Germany, Telex 7721439

SELF-EXTINGUISHING AND CHLORINE-FREE CABLES , M fia mm

CABLES AUTOEXTINGUIBLES ET SANS CHLORE

1BE2 E9BE3 @@ @@ @@

SOCIETE ANONYME DES CRBLERIES &TREFILERIES COSSOINJRY DE COSSONRY

Vente par CABLEX S.A., b.p. 274,1110 morges, Tél. 021/710981, Télex 25784

286 CERN Courier September 1979 Integrated AMPLIFIER/ DISCRIMINATOR Tube Socket Assembly

• TTL COMPATIBLE OUTPUT • COMPATIBLE WITH ALL PFR PMT CHAMBERS • TWO VERSIONS: ADS-001: 100 KHZ maximum count rate ADS-120: 12 MHZ maximum count rate

ADS-001 is compatible with the Products for Research Model CT-100 Digital Counter-Timer. COLOR FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION Call or write for complete engineering and The MCD 4001, a microprocessor controlled color dis­ performance information plus price and delivery. play, offers a wide range of display applications, both in alphanumeric and graphic. PRODUCTS FOR RESEARCH,INC. It may be used in commercial computer systems and in 78 HOLTEN STREET process control applications. DAN VERS, MA 01923 • (617) 774-3250 The MCD 4001 can be connected to any computer via RS 232 C (V 24) interface. An optional Dual Floppy Disc may be used to store customer software or up to 74 display pictures. There is a powerful on-board graphic software package available to execute vectors, arcs and polygons. The OEM-version offers excellent display features at an extremely low price. RICO-Gouttières à câbles Chemins de câbles RF/Microwave Equipment

Eléments fabriqués en série, disponibles de stock, prêts à être assemblés selon le principe — J3 • „ de la boîte de construction, permettent des gains de temps importants dans l'établissement des plans, dans les AWFR AMPM*«* *J bureaux d'études, sur le chantier et à l'atelier.

^ 0

For Low Noise or High Power Amplifiers or any other RF/Microwave Equipment - Tele­ meter Electronic is the right partner to deal with. Ask for documentation.

Telemeter Electronic AG

RIETH & Co. Fabrik fur Eisenkonstruktionen Max Bânninger AG 8027 Zurich Telex 57287 D-7312 Kirchheim-Teck 8050 Zurich Tel. (07021) 45051 Nansenstr. 1 Tel. 01/2027872 Telex 07267881 Tel. 1/46 36 42

CERN Courier September 1979 287 Un groupe de niveau européen dans la prestation de services •NET Nettoyage industriel Nettoyage d'ateliers, bureaux, laboratoires, cliniques Hygiène, désinfection, désinsectisation, dératisation Manutentions Office nouveau du nettoyage ON ET

13008-MARSEILLE 12bis, boulevard Pèbre tél. (9-1 ) 762850 75-PARIS 4 et 6, rue du Buisson-Saint-Louis-Xe tél. (1) 6079484 GENÈVE 55/57, rue Prévost-Martin tél. (022) 206848 74-ANNECY 6, avenue de Mandallaz tél. (50) 514641 01-SAINT-GENIS Route de Gex - zi BP 25 tél. (50) 419133 Fournisseur du CERN à Genève, du CEA à Marcoule, Pierrelatte, Cadarache, La Hague, de l'ONU et de l'UlT à Genève.

©197wis/ 7/ ivirtnrvrtMARKADu SERVICocnviuEc CO./all rights reserved C-27f Tube Fittings (3 - 18 mm) Install them. Forget them. Tube Fittings make their seai and grip choice of standard sizes, shapes and materials to the tubing in a patented way that allows you to meet your needs exactly. And they're locally forget tubing connections as a source of trouble in available, off the shelf, from your Full Service your system. They offer the industry's widest Distributor.

Stocked by KONTRON ! % *"^f '

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1/i KONTRON AG CRAWFORD FITTING COMPANY 29500 Solon Road, Solon, Ohio 44139 I kl ABTEILUN6 PRAZISIONSARMATUREN CH-8048 Zurich - Bernerstrasse-Sud 169 • *S? 0162 92 62 Crawford Fittings (Canada), Ltd., Ontario D-8057 Eching b. Miinchen • Oskar-v.-Miller-Str. 1 • -55? (0 8165) 7 72 88 A-1140 Wien • Ameisgasse 49 • © 94 56 46

288 CERN Courier September 1979 WIDE BAND / PRECISION CURRENT MONITOR TRANSFORMERS With a Pearson current monitor and an oscilloscope, you can measure pulse or ac currents from milliamperes to kiloamperes, in any conductor or beam of charged particles, at any voltage level up to a million volts, at frequencies up to 35 MHz or down to 1 Hz. The monitor is physically isolated from the circuit. It is a current transfromer capable of highly precise measurement of pulse amplitude and waveshape. The one shown at left, for example, offers pulse-amplitude accuracy of + 1%, -0% (typical of all Pearson current monitors), 10 nanosecond rise time, and droop of only 0.5% per millisecond. Three db bandwidth is 1 Hz to 35 MHz. Whether you wish to measure current in a conductor, an electron device or a particle accelerator, it is likely that one of our off-the-shelf models (ranging from Vz" to 10%" ID) will do the job. Contact us for engineering data. PEARSON CURRENT MONITOR TRANSFORMERS Useful Pulse Characteristics ApproximatSine Wavee Characteristicl/F Maximums (Accuracy +1%, —0%) Hole Diameter Maximum Current (Amperes) (NanosecondRise Time) (V'//secDroop) (AmIT pMaximu Sec.m) 3Lo wdB Frequenc Point (Hzy ) (AmpPesr PeaHz)k Output* (Volts/Amp) (in.) Peak RMS 4100 1.0 0.5 500 5 10 0.07 0.0020* 140 0.0062 2100 1.0 2 500 5 20 0.06 0.0053f 115 0.017 31001 1.0 3.5 500 5 50 0.02 0.030} 40 0.096 150 0.5 2 1,000 10 20 0.04 0.021; 30 0.067 325 0.25 3.5 2,000 15 30 0.1 0.093 200 0.58 410 0.1 0.5 5,000 50 10 0.12 0.27 240 1.7 411 0.1 0.5 5,000 50 10 0.0005 0.19* 1 0.59 110 0.1 2 5,000 50 20 0.0005 0.49* 1 1.5 110A 0.1 2 10,000 50 20 0.0005 0.49* 1 1.5 310t 0.1 3.5 5,000 40 40 0.02 0.58 40 3.6 lOlOt 0.1 10.75 5,000 120 50 0.15 0.7 300 4.4 1025 0.025 2 20,000 150 100 0.14 0.60 270 3.7 30251 0.025 3.5 20,000 150 100 0.004 3.2 7 20. 301Xt 0.01 3.5 50,000 400 200 0.002 22. 3 138.

* Initiai pulse response with one megohm in parallel with 20 pF load impedance. A 50 ohm termination will cut the output in half, t Double shielded. t May need small bias current through secondary for maximum rating. 4007 TRANSPORT ST. / PALO ALTO. CA 94303 PEARSON ELECTRONICS, INC. TELEPHONE (415) 494-6444 / TELEX 171 412

If you need professional tantalum or plastic film capacitors we will help you

CELM Componeriti Elettronici Méridionale S.p.a. Via NazionaledellePuglien0 177- 80026 CASORIA (Napoli)Tel. 081/75.99.033 PBX Telex 710518-ITALY

CERN Courier September 1979 289 CAMERA CRATE

RADIATION RESISTANT VIDEO CAMERA

RÉF. CERN (CH), SACLAY (FR), ORSAY (FR)

CONSTRUCTIONS ÉLECTRONIQUES ET MÉCANIQUES DU LÉMAN - C.E.M.E.L Rue Leone de Joinville 01170GEX FRANCE Tel. (50)41 50 07

Brésil France Finlande ltalie choisissez Tél. 1 1/445-1445 Tél. 88/326026 Tél. 90/5022 55 France Tél. 2/324120 Norvège Israël Gde-Bretagne Tél. 1/5831 854 Etats-Unis Tél Tél. 415/548-1966 Tél. 02-352087 - 32089, 34607 Tél. 01-8760589 Pays-Bas ~~ Hongrie Tél. 01891-4233 Tél. 495-340, 495-940 knùrr Belgique Suède Tél. 31/384837-384851 Tél. 08/88 77 77, 97 60 70 Danemark Afrique du Sud Espagne Tél. 2 534003 | Tél. 01-3434 11 Tél. 975-54-58 RFA-Munich Tél. (089) -4154-1 Autriche Australie k Tél. 0222-8241 99 Tél. 5448244 pupitres À livrables en 26 profils différents Personne d'autre ne peut vous offrir 60 pupitres aux dimensions standard et aux formes aussi élégantes, avec un aussi grand nombre de facilités de montage et à un prix aussi avantageux; nos prospectus en quatre couleurs vous convaincront.

Demandez

notre catalogue Industriestr. 47, Postfach, 8152 Glattbrugg/Zùrich Telefon 01/8101444/43, Telex 59706 knuag

290 CERN Courier September 1979 p-v* const INSTRUMENTS POUR LA TECHNIQUE DES PROCEDES INDUSTRIELS

Darauf kônnen Sie sich bei CONVERTISSEUR DE MESURE idealen Gasen verlassen - aber wie genau messen Sie den Druck p? Wirklich genau mit Pour des données électriques et non élec­ Datametrics-Barocel triques telles que cou­ den hundertfach bewâhrten kapazitiven rant, tension, puissance, cos. cp, fréquence, Absolut- und DifferenzdruckmeBgerâten température, nombre de révolutions

Exécutions spéciales possibles même pour de petites séries

PERIPHERIE

- Instruments encastrés, *l ! 3 B dimensions selon DIN 43700 avec échelle quadrangulaire, MeBgeràt 1400 mît MeBkopf 590 profilée et circulaire - instruments à panneau digital - Instruments avec index » u réglable Eînige Vorteile:

- Relais électroniques de 5 mesure MeBbereich 5000 bis 10~ Torr (mbar) - Régulateur à 2 et 3 points MeBempfindlichkeit bis zu 5X10"6 Torr (mbar) MefBgenauigkeit bis zu ±0,03% Service et livraison rapides Reproduzierbarkeit bis zu ±0,005% Arbeitstemperatur bis zu 450° C gasartunabhàngig messend APPAREILS DE MESURE ET DE TEST Neue Baureihe 590: MESSUMFORMER-TESTER MeBbrLicke im MeBkopf integriert, 1111 MU-T Gesamtpreis unter DM 4000-, Eingang 28 V, Ausgang 0-10 V Combinaison d'instrument de lecture et de source pour (oder mit MeBgerât 1400) mA = et mV = avec MU-T lecture digitale Verlangen Sie Prospekt 2005 und 590/1401 \ 9 Autres appareils:

multimètres enregistreurs contrôleurs d'isolement contrôleurs de conductance

ULRICH MATTER S.A., 5610 WOHLEN Instruments électriques de mesure Téléphone (057) 614 54 / 6 28 34 KLAUS SCHAEFER & CO. 8050 Zùrich-Oerlikon • Gubelstrasse 28 Telephon (01)46 28 67

CERN Courier September 1979 291 CAMAC FROM FISHER

You know our System Crate, with powerful interfaces for PDP-11, HP21 MX, Nord 10.GEC 2050/4080, Nova, LSI-11, Interdata... and the Interrupt Vector Generator, Branch Coupler, System Crate Test Unit etc ... but do you know our IG 25601 (256-bit/lnput Gate), ADC 1232 (12 bit 32 channel Analogue-to-Digital), DAC1216 (12 bit 16 channel Digital-to-Analogue), MSS1601 (320 channel Matrix Status Scanner), and other analogue and digital input and output units...?

... and our SCC 2401 (L2 Serial Autonomous Memory SC-TST-1 Crate Control 1er)? Channel for PDP-11 DMA at up to 2M Byte/sec

9 * We also offer microprocessor-based crate controllers (both LSI-11 and Intel ft* 8085) with memory, floppy disc, etc., software, configurations,test equipment, peripheral drivers and so on. We rep­ resent Hytec (UK) and Standard Engine­ ering (USA) for the whole of their Camac equipment, including microprocessors, modules and full and half-sized powered crates.

How may we he I pyou? PI ease contact Bob Broomfield at Zwicky Machines (Geneva 42 36 50) or direct to us at A. IIS SCC 2401 ADC 1232 IG 25601 Fisher Controls Ltd. Control Systems Division Formerly G EC-Elliott Process Automation Ltd.

CAMAC Sales Dept. New Parks Leicester LE3 1 UF England Telephone: 0533 871331 Telex: 34551

292 CERN Courier September 1979 STOCK LIST!

SEFORAD After supplying many Custom made spectrometers which are operating successfully in many research centres all over the world, has expanded production and is now delivering OFF STOCK AT LOW PRICES

We make high quality gamma and x-ray spectrometers : - Ge (Li) standard and true coaxials with relative efficiencies from 5 to 20% at 1.33 MeV - Ge (Li) and Si (Li) planars, thin window, with areas from 10 to 1000 mm2 - Standard and OFB electronics - Pure germanium planars

For further information please contact: 1 1, ch. G.-de-Prangins nucletron CH-1004 LAUSANNE Tél.: (021)25 24 23/24 13 15 sa Télex: 25 182 NUCLE CH : ; \ Hadron Structure and Particles and Fields Lepton-Hadron Interactions edited by David H. Boal and Abdul N. Kamal This book presents recent experimental and theoretical Cargese 1977 developments in particle physics and field theory. Leading edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Louis Basdevant, investigators in the field report on their own original David Speiser, Jacques Weyers, research, and review such topics as extended objects, Raymond Gastmans, and Jean Zinn-Justin lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, Reggeon field theory, and colliding electron-positron beam In this important volume, distinguished physicists experiments. 470 pp., 1978, $42.50 ($51.00/ £26.78 outside examine in detail current experimental and theoretical US) advances in high-energy physics and theoretical elemen­ tary particle physics. The topics covered include analyses of new high mass bosons, unusually accurate results of New Frontiers in neutrino scattering, and current electron-positron data. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Series B: Physics, High-Energy Physics Volume 39. edited by Arnold Perlmutter and Linda F. Scott 744 pp., 1979, $65.00 ($78.00/£40.95 outside US) This volume surveys recent advances in high-energy physics, stressing results in the study of strong interactions, and examining several areas that will prove Advances in especially significant in the coming years. Studies in the Natural Sciences, Volume 14. 680 pp., 1978, $59.50 Nuclear Physics ($71.40/£37.49 outside US) Volume 11 edited by J. W. Negele and Erich Vogt PUBLISHING CORPORATION This volume addresses three major areas of current research, offering a theoretical review of clustering phenomena in high-energy reactions; an experimental PLENUM PUBLISHING CORPORATION review of (p,7i) reactions; and an examination of the mean- 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 field theory. 434 pp., illus., 1979, $37.50 ($45.00/£23.63 In United Kingdom: Black Arrow House, outside US) 2 Chandos Road, London NW10 6NR, England V ZI J CERN Courier September 1979 293 CAOUTCHOUC MAAG SA

; \ 4

Nous répondons à vos besoins particuliers tout en vous offrant nos conseils techniques, notre documentation inégalée, nos propres ateliers ainsi que nos représentations d'usines spécialisées. Donnez - nous l'occasion de résoudre vos problèmes dans les domaines suivants:

Articles moulés (propre construction des Produits d'entretien et pour la protection du moules) en caoutchouc et polyuréthane travail - Bottes, chaussures de sécurité, vêtements imperméables, masques, casques, Tuyaux flexibles - types spécialement conçus lunettes, papier de nettoyages, Oil-Dri, gants pour l'exposition aux irradiations Eléments d'étanchéité - Joints toriques, Accessoires pour tuyaux - coupleurs rapides, bagues à lèvre et à manchettes, éléments raccords à sertir, brides etc. d'étanchéité pour l'hydraulique POLYPAC, Profilés en caoutchouc et matière plastique garnitures presse, étoupe STOPAC, garnitures Flexibox, joints plats et en corde ronde. Eléments de transmission - accouplements élastiques, courroies, poulies, roulements à Eléments hydrauliques - tuyaux et raccords billes Koyo, variateurs de vitesse à sertir, Presses à sertir, raccords à bagues coupantes BELL, Coupleurs rapides, pompes Matières plastiques - produits semi-ouvrés et à engrenages, filtres et accessoires, groupes finis confectionnés par moulage, boudinage hydrauliques complets. ou usinage en PTFE, polyamide, POM, PE, PVC, PMMA, PC, PUR etc.

CAOUTCHOUC MAAG SA GUMMI MAAG AG Chemin du Suchet 5 Sonnentalstr. 8 1024 Ecublens 8600 Dubendorf 1 Tél. 021/35 74 64 Tel. 01 821 31 31 Télex 24084 Télex 53183

ses produits dépassent son nom YOUR ««,EB SUPPLY Désirez-vous déplacer des charges de 0,1 jusqu'à 1000 tonnes? Aucun problème SWITCH MODE & LINEAR POWER SUPPLIES pour nous! Nous pouvons le faire sans autre avec nos elements de Build up your requirements from this comprehensive range levage à broches livrables en unités normalisées de'0.5,2.5, 10,15,20,25,50 et 100t de charge de levage. Modèles à blocage automatique réglables pour une durée à déterminer. Marche synchronisée aussi en cas de plusieurs unités General purpose Longueur de broche blocks compatible jusqu'à 8 m. Rayon with CERN d'action de-50°C specifications jusqu'à 150°C. Vitesses de levage minima COMPACT DESIGN possibles. FEATURES:- 1. Voltage & Current Monitoring Points 2. Inputs & Outputs via Burndy Connector 3. Soft Start (Controlled Inrush Current) Low Cost SWITCH MODE TYPES LINEAR REGULATOR TYPES RATING TYPE CASE RATING TYPE CASE 5 V 10A 07.61.24.150.0 A 5V3A 07.61.24.100.0 A 5V 20A 07.61.24.200.0 B 15V 1A 07.61.24.250.0 A 24V 5A 07.61.24.400.0 B ±15V0.5A 07.61.24.300.0 A 24V 1A 07.61.24.350.0 B CASE I A B I DIMENSIONS 110H X 85WX120D 110H X 170W X 120D I (Cas(f3<:ep rlimpncinndimensionsc in millimptrpmillimetresO) I PLUG IN LINEAR SUPPLIES NIM RACK SIZE 3H 1L RATING TYPE 5V 2A 07.61.28.050.0 NIM RACK SIZE 3H 2L RATING TYPE 5V 5A 07.61.28.053.0 ±15V1A 07.61.28.085.0 24V 2A 07.61.28.101.0 Nous fournissons en outre : ALSO AVAILABLE TRIPLE UNIT Engrenages coniques, IN5H2L 5V 2.5A PLUS accouplements, arbres de NIM RACK SIZE 5H 2L ±15V 250MA RATING TYPE jonction, paliers verticaux, 5V 5A 07.61.28.056.0 NIM RACK SIZE 3H 4L soufflets à plis pour la 5V 10A 07.61.28.062.0 5V10A 07.61.28.059.0 protection des broches. + 15V 1A 07.61.28.088.0 24V 5A 07.61.28.107.0 24V 2A 07.61.28.104.0 ALSO AVAILABLE IN 3H 4L 24V 5A 07.61.28.110.0 30V 5A Belix also specialise in custom built power supplies Write or telex us for further information or quotation to: Belix Co. Ltd. 175 Hook Road, Surbiton Surrey, England. Telephone 01-397 0921 Telex 8951747 pfaffsilberblau PFAFF-SILBERBLAU WINDEN UND HEBEZEUGE AG Furtbachstrasse 364 8107 Buchs/ZH Tel. (01) 84414 66

CERN Courier September 1979 295 296 CERN Courier September 1979 NORD-100 - la nouvelle gamme d'ordinateurs Norsk Data allant du "mM"au"supennini'' NORD-100 bénéficie du logiciel La gamme NORD-100 supporte complet éprouvé depuis des le logiciel de Norsk Data: années sur le matériel Norsk Data • le système d'exploitation dans des domaines aussi variés SINTRAN lll/VS créé en 1973 que la gestion, la recherche et permettant les traitements l'éducation, les réseaux d'ordina­ temps réel, temps partagé, par teurs, la communication, le lot en local ou à distance contrôle de processus, le traite­ simultanément. Norsk Data ment de texte et beaucoup • COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, Ferney-Voltaîre: d'autres. La gamme des NORD- RPG II, PASCAL et SIMULA. Norsk Data France 100 offre des modèles de 90 000 • le système de gestion de base "Le Brevent" francs à 1 400 000 francs de données: SIBAS, le premier Avenue du Jura totalement compatibles avec des SGBD aux normes CODASYL 01210 Ferney-Voltaire possibilities d'extension du plus sur un mini-ordinateur en 1973. Tel.: (050) 40 85 76 petit au plus performant. De plus, • le système de gestion de Tlx. : 385653 nordata fernv une grande variété de systèmes transactions TPS sur un.ou Paris: plusieurs ordinateurs. 120 Bureaux de la Colline multiprocesseurs est disponible. 92213 Saint Cloud Cedex La gamme NORD-100 est entière­ • NSHS gestionnaire d'écrans, Tel.: (01)60 23 366 ment compatible, tant au niveau DATA ENTRY, système d'acqui­ Tlx.: 201108 nd paris logiciel qu'au niveau matériel, sition de données. avec le NORD-10, mais elle est • NORDNET, logiciel de com­ conçue à partir de la technologie munication pour ordinateur la plus récente. La performance NORD, compatibilité x 25, du processeur est considérable­ émulateur de communication ment améliorée, la mémoire vers des centres IBM, HB, centrale peut être augmentée Cil, CDC, Univac. jusqu'à 32 moctets et la capacité des disques jusqu'à 2300 moctets.

CERN Courier September 1979 297 HIPOTRONICS DELIVERS I MEGAWATTS I

Part of an 8.4 MW HV DC Power Supply which HIPOTRONICS recently delivered to Oak Ridge National Laboratories for continued research in Nuclear Fusion! When the requirements got tough Hipotronics has also manufactured a Hipotronics got the call. Oak Ridge wide range of high voltage power needed 168 kilovolts at 50 Amps for supplies for other applications: the next phase of development of • Capacitor Bank Charging their Fusion Reactor. So they turned • Klystron Tubes to Hipotronics, the leader in high volt­ • Travelling Wave Tubes age technology. They got exactly • High Powered Lasers what they wanted, a well regulated • Accelerators high power supply that is rugged Whatever your requirements, pulsed enough to withstand repeated crow­ or continuous duty, brute force or bar shorts with no damage to the finely regulated, call us. power supply. Remember — Innovative design approaches are HIPOTRONICS DELIVERS! everyday occurrences at Hipotronics We design, manufacture and fabri­ cate every important component J and our facilities are the largest and finest in the industry. That allows us i 1 the flexibility to meet the most de­ manding specifications and condi­ HIPOTRONICS, INC. tions of high technology programs P.O. Drawer A, Brewster, NY 10509 such as Neutral Beam Injectors and (914) 279-8031 Twx 710-574-2420 High Power Lasers. Amex Symbol: HIP

298 CERN Courier September 1979 Introducing the next stage CAMAC of the most powerful CAMAC Controller System ACC2103/CCA2 2089

ACC 2103 Auxiliary Crate Controller - 16 bit Texas TM 9900 microcomputer - 16 K 16 bit RAM directly addressable from CAMAC at 1/xs/Word - up to 8 K EPROM for permanent programs - TTY and RS 232 C interfaces -built-in LAM Grader - CAMAC module addressed as memory positions for simple software - programming in assembly language or high level language - CAMAC Read/Write cycle less than 10 /as in autonomous mode - also compatible with SCC-L2 and Nord 10-PIO Controllers

CCA2 2089 A2 Parallel Crate Controller - fully conforms to the new EUR 6500 specs - single board construction

SYSTEM OPERATION The A2 Crate Controller is a parallel Crate Controller and includes all the same func­ tions plus new control logic for local data handling using a microprocessor module (as ex. ACC 2103). The A2 provides access to the N and L lines via a rear panel connector for the Auxiliary Crate Controller placed in any normal station. It also handles the remote/local access request conflicts. Front-end data processing is governed by the ACC 2103 just as long as the man computer does not require access to this particular crate: However, when this occurs, the local processor is released, its status saved and the Branch Demand processed. Once the Branch Demand has been filled, control returns to the ACC 2103.

Brief configuration guide - For systems not requiring permanently available high-level languages the ACC 2099 (single width) is normally sufficient. - to improve input/output and intersystem communication, the SEN CI 2092 communications interface (high speed, multi-channel, buffered, micro-processor controlled) may be added. - for fully autonomous systems, a version combining the features of the ACC 2103 and of a Crate Controller will be available shortly (Type STACC 2107 - Stand Alone CAMAC Computer).

France: ORTEC Sari; 7, rue des Solets; Tel. (1) 6872571 - Tlx 202553F, F-94 RUNGIS - Germany : SEN ELEKTRONIK GmbH; Brandstucken 11 ; Tel. 041 802046- Tlx 2163705d, D-2000 HAMBURG 53 - DIDAS Digital System; Radspielstrasse 8; Tel. 089 91 6710 - Tlx 529167d - D-8000 MÙNCHEN 81 - Switzerland: SEN ELECTRONIQUE SA; CP 39; Tel. (022) 442940 - Tlx 23359ch - CH-1211 GENÈVE 13 - SEN ELEKTRONIK AG; Austrasse 4; Tel. (01) 9455103; Tlx 58257ch - CH-8604 VOLKETSWIL - United Kingdom: SEN ELECTRONICS LTD; London Street; Chertsey; Tel 9328.66744 - GB - KT168AP SURREY - OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. Headquarters: SEN ELECTRONICS S.A.; Avenue Ernest-Pictet 31; Tel. (022) 442940 - Tlx 23359ch - CH-1211 GENÈVE 13 ELECTRONIQUE Fine spectrometry outside the laboratory

• Detector with special cryostat SH005P

ENERTEC has developed a completely new type of cryostat which is portable and capable of orientation at any angle without risk of liquid nitrogen spillage. The portable cryostat can be used with any of the different x and y ray detectors made from silicon and germanium. • Small size • Light weight (12 kg) • Holding time of 5 days • Capable of orientation at any angle SH005P cryostat may be a joker for you who have to deal with topographical constraints, near accelerators, reactors or outside the laboratory.

• Dedicated electronics

Remote preamplifier and amplifier adapters (7145, 7146) this set of two modules is designed for long range transmission, over several hundred meters of analog signals without degradation of resolution.

DET. — PREAMPLI — 7146 £ 7145 AMPLI

NIM

AMPLIFICATEUR RESEARCH % AMPLIFIER

O • Linear amplifier for high resolution 7147

Nuclear spectrometry amplifier 7147 for high resolution. z Especially adapted to high counting rate owing to an excellent base line restoring é circuitry. - Can be directly connected to pile up rejector unit 71 50.

ENERTEC Branche Instrumentation Nucléaire 1, rue Nieuport - 78140 VELIZY-VILLACOUBLAY - FRANCE

300 CERN Courier September 1979 CONGRATULATIONS |2â CERN

Philips'Electronic Components and Materials Division congratulates you on y ourfirst twenty-five successful y ears as Europe's international centre for high energy physics research. As the oldest name in electronics, Philips is also celebrating this year: the centenary of electric lighting, in which we have played a major rôle. And we like to think that the discovery of the electric lamp, and the work of the early pioneers, like our Gerard Philips, has contributed to the development of the electrical and, later, the electronics industry, without which none of today's study of the fundamental nature of matter would be possible. As a major supplier of professional electron tubes andferrite materials to your organisation, we are proud of the contribution we have made to your achievements. We wish y ou a long and successful future and we look forward to continuing the close cooperation that has been established between our organisations.

PHILIPS! Electronic Components PHILIPS ^ Materials

CERN Courier September 1979 301 LINEAR POSITION TRANSDUCERS PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS AND TRANSMITTERS

MODEL 5175 HIGH TEMPERATURE LINEAR POSITION TRANSMITTER

Bourns Instrument Inc. has specialized in the engineering, development and production of high quality Position, Pressure and Solid State Transducers and Transmitters. These instruments have found service in an unending variety of applications.

The Transducers and Transmitters of Bourns Inc. have been a vital part of the Oil and Gas exploration industry serving at high temperature "down the hole" service at 20,000 psi Océanographie industry has utilized capability of Bourns transducers . .. and these instruments have performed their operations in hundreds of industrial requirements.

Your local Bourns Representative will be pleased to discuss your application, and to quote your requirements.

Bourns (Schweiz) AG, 6340 Baar, Tel. 042 33 33 33

302 CERN Courier September 1979 Stesalit resolves your individual problems in fiberglass and carbon fiber construction — for science and advanced technic.

Frames for proportional chambers spark chambers drift chambers coasting boxes for Cerenkov counters. Parts and profile material of all types, also in combination with carbon fiber. Upon request parts can also be laminated with copper or aluminium foil.

Stesalit AG Kunststoffwerk CH-4249 Zullwil SO Telefon 061-80 06 01

Telex 63182 03.003

JANNEY MEETS THE DEMANDS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS COMMUNITY 6 with Ultrahigh Purity, Ultrahigh Conductivity Wrought Copper Components

Janney is the major source for ultrahigh-purity, wrought copper components for linear accelerators, vacuum tubes and superconductor cable used in high energy physics programs; programs which have stringent requirements for:

• Ultrahigh Conductivity (98-102% IACS)

• Excellent Brazing Characteristics

• Vacuum Integrity

• Shaped Wrought Geometries

• Experienced Metallurgical Control

Special Alloys

JANNEY CYLINDER COMPANY Subsidiary of Pittsburgh Forgings Co. 7401 State Road, Philadelphia, Pa. 19136 U.S.A. Phone: (215) 624-6600 Telex: 834364 Janney Cyl. PHA.

CERN Courier September 1979 303 • Hochreine Gase • gaz de haute pureté

• Gasgemische, • mélanges de gazy Eich- und Prufgase gaz étalons i 1 1 m " ' "" ""||||m|11 m| • Tiefkalte Flussiggase • fluides cryogéniques • Druckreduzierventile • manodétendeurs • Zentrale • installations centrales Gasversorgungsanlagen de distribution de gaz • Tief tern pe ra tu r materia I • matériels cryogéniques

versorgung in der Forschung butîon de gaz dans un laboratoire de recherche