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By Cecil Torr P R E F A C E H AV E r i di u r I hea d this quest on sc ssed eve since was a child , r u but have never yet w itten anything abo t it except, in my Sma ll Ta lk a t Wre lc md . r I y In the First Se ies , page 75 , was talking r n I : about t avelli g on the Continent , and said Plenty of people went to Switzerland at the time when I first — — went 1 869 far more than when my father went there thi rty but i r r . years before , nothing l ke the c owds that go the e now They kept more to peaks and passes then ; and they were always talking ’ o : of Hannibal s passage of the Alps . 'unius was talked ut Tich borne and Dreyfus were yet to come ; and Hannibal filled the gap . I used to hear them at home as well as there ; and they all had their ’ u al — d Ar entiere r pet ro tes for Hannib Col g , Mont Genev e , Mont ni r Ce s , Little Mont Cenis , Little St Be nard and Great St Bernard , m and even Si plon and St Gothard . In 1 87 1 I went looking for traces of the vinegar on the Great St Bernard . My father upheld the Cenis routes as the onl y passes from which you can look down al upon the plains of Italy . I doubt if Hannib did look down . I think he may have shown his men their line of march up on a u Ari sta ora s u ShOW r r map , j st as g sed a map to the Spa tans thei line of march 282 years earlier . I A for Arista oras wrote naxagoras by mistake g , and passed it in the proofs ; and it was printed in the first impression of the r I r . First Se ies , though co rected in the second impression men tioned r 1 02 my mistake in the Second Se ies , page , and this and other instances led me on to say “ I fancy that the Greek and Latin authors wrote the wrong r . vi wo d now and then , and never noticed it That is not the ew of textual critics and editors : they ascri be all errors to the men who t i rr copied out the manuscri pts . But his l mits them to e ors that r t u r might a ise in copying , and h s rest icts the choice of emendations I s a f u . w or Amy far too m ch Take such an emendation as in Livy , xxi . 1 . r 3 This makes Livy say that the iver was the Isere, not the o ui u Sa ne ; but the context req res him to say it was the D rance , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ otherwise he would be saying ri ght instead of left a few lines r A r a rm for is a u . i m f rthe on copy st might easily w ite , so this u u . emendation is accepted , altho gh it does not s it Such emendations are deceitful things . In this case they make i an d Pol b os 1 . Livy say the Isere , make y say it also , i i 49 , though he says something else ; and then Members of the Al pine Club go r r u saying that the ive m st have been the Isere , since Livy and Pol bios r y agree in saying that it was . Othe folk may say it does not matter what the ri ver was ; but that is a reason for leaving the o for . u u whole thing alone, not getting it wrong If y take it p at ou ul ri r W ur a all , y sho d not sk the so t of snubbing that estb y g ve r r - ou l : the he ald afte cross examination Go away, y sil y man you ’ ’ don t even understand your own sill y science . ( v i ) That brought me letters from Members of the Alpine Club and from a former President who is a champion of the Isere route . And this is my reply . CE CI L T O R R . Y O WR E Y L AND N D E R , U I G L ST LE H , D E V O N . l POSTSCRIPT . I fear there is much repetition in the fol owing I for pages , but have a reason it . The same facts recur in different contexts ; and I have sometimes thought it better to re - state a i - fact than merely g ve cross references . SIMPLON G REAT SAINT BERNARD LITTLE SAINT BERNARD MONT CENIS MONT GENEVRE Proposed route COL DE LA TRAVERSETI' E COL D’ARGENTIERE f 1 Pol bios u a r ut r . r . y , of co rse , is the best a ho ity He was bo n ’ 1 in Hannibal s lifetime ; and he mentions (iii . 48 . 2) that before ’ r u A he w ote his acco nt of Hannibal s passage of the lps , he went over the ground himself to make qui te sure . A di — 2 . s he writes in Greek , he gives the stances in stades nine — 6—10 r 600 stades make an English mile and (iii . 39 . ) he eckons 2 1 600 r A ur stades from Cartagena to the Ebro, from the e to mp ias , 1 600 at the Mediterranean end of the Pyrenees , from there to the ’ di a ba szs 1 00 al r crossing ( ) of the Rhone , 4 ong the iver from its ana bolé A 1 200 r crossing to the ascent ( ) of the lps , and ac oss the Al ps into Italy . ul 0 A ri 3 . He says (iii . 39 . 8) that he calc ated the 16 0 from mpu as to the crossing of the Rhone by the milestones on the Roman road , reckoning eight stades to a Roman mile . Thus , in Roman di u 2 r 200 A ur miles his stances wo ld be 3 5 to the Eb o , to mp ias , 00 n 1 ri 1 0 Al 2 . to the Rho e , 75 along the ver, and 5 across the ps 6 . He also says (iii . 5 3) that Hannibal took fifteen days in marching 1 800 200 . 0 . 1 the stades , and (iii 5 ) took ten days in marching , or 10 part of the 1400 . Both cases give an average of 80 stades Roman mil es a day ; and this looks as if he knew the time employed di d di c al c u here but not know the stance covered , and therefore l lated the di stance from the time . He certain y knew the time as employed upon the march of fifteen days , he elsewhere gives 1 . 0 8 2 . I 2 . 6 . 6 . 8 the days in detail , ii 5 5 , , 5 , , 53 5 , , 9 , 54 4 , 55 , , l 1 . n u 56 . But Han ibal wo d not really have gone at the same pace on the fifteen days when he was fighting his way through the mountains as on the ten days when he was marching up the river Pol bios r u . nopposed y must have taken a standard ate, and used it indiscriminately when he had no help from milestones . A hi am 8 00 1 0 0 4 . fter giving distances w ch ount to 4 stades or 5 — . 6 1 0 . 1 1 Roman miles in iii 39 , he goes on in iii 39 to give their a t 1 1 total as about (p r) 9000 stades or 25 Roman mil es . There must be an error in the total or the items . I fancy the total should be 8000 1 000 was l stades or Roman miles , as he more ikely to reckon iii . 1050 as about 1000 than as about 1 1 25 . He mentions ( 56 3) that Hannibal took five months on the march ; and 1 50 days for the 1 050 miles gives an average of 7 Roman miles a day . Large forces coul d not move fast . The column woul d be some miles in - u length , and the advance g ard might be close to the new camping ground before the rear- guard left the previous camp ; and time - would have to be allowed for the rear guard to come up . 1 0 Pol bios but 5 . Strabo was 5 years j unior to y ; the Roman r . 1 . oad from Spain would not have moved , and he says (iv 3) that it crossed the Rhone at Tarascon . He goes on to say that it r u Aix A bifurcated there , one b anch going thro gh to ntibes on the ( 2 ) rr t r ai Medite anean coast , while the other went h ough Cav llon and along the Durance to the beginning of the ascent (a na ba sis) of the A 6 ru r r lps , 3 miles from Tarascon , thence to Emb n , 99 miles fu the r a di ri 1 on , and thence through the B i ncon st ct in 7 miles to in . u Cesanne , the first town Italy (The road m st thus have crossed the Al ps by the pass of Mont Genevre . ) Strabo here treats the n A beginni g of the ascent of the lps as a definite point , marked by Pol bios A a milestone, just as y treats the ascent of the lps and the crossing of the Rhone as defini te points from which measurements coul d be made .
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